MEYSYDD BRWYDRO HANESYDDOL HISTORIC BATTLEFIELDS IN WALES YNG NGHYMRU The following report, commissioned by Mae’r adroddiad canlynol, a gomisiynwyd the Welsh Battlefields Steering Group and gan Grŵp Llywio Meysydd Brwydro Cymru funded by Welsh Government, forms part ac a ariennir gan Lywodraeth Cymru, yn of a phased programme of investigation ffurfio rhan o raglen archwilio fesul cam i undertaken to inform the consideration of daflu goleuni ar yr ystyriaeth o Gofrestr a Register or Inventory of Historic neu Restr o Feysydd Brwydro Hanesyddol Battlefields in Wales. Work on this began yng Nghymru. Dechreuwyd gweithio ar in December 2007 under the direction of hyn ym mis Rhagfyr 2007 dan the Welsh Government’sHistoric gyfarwyddyd Cadw, gwasanaeth Environment Service (Cadw), and followed amgylchedd hanesyddol Llywodraeth the completion of a Royal Commission on Cymru, ac yr oedd yn dilyn cwblhau the Ancient and Historical Monuments of prosiect gan Gomisiwn Brenhinol Wales (RCAHMW) project to determine Henebion Cymru (RCAHMW) i bennu pa which battlefields in Wales might be feysydd brwydro yng Nghymru a allai fod suitable for depiction on Ordnance Survey yn addas i’w nodi ar fapiau’r Arolwg mapping. The Battlefields Steering Group Ordnans. Sefydlwyd y Grŵp Llywio was established, drawing its membership Meysydd Brwydro, yn cynnwys aelodau o from Cadw, RCAHMW and National Cadw, Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Museum Wales, and between 2009 and Cymru ac Amgueddfa Genedlaethol 2014 research on 47 battles and sieges Cymru, a rhwng 2009 a 2014 comisiynwyd was commissioned. This principally ymchwil ar 47 o frwydrau a gwarchaeau. comprised documentary and historical Mae hyn yn bennaf yn cynnwys ymchwil research, and in 10 cases both non- ddogfennol a hanesyddol, ac mewn 10 invasive and invasive fieldwork. achos, gwaith maes heb fod yn ymyrryd a As a result of this work The Inventory of gwaith a oedd yn ymyrryd. Historic Battlefields in Wales O ganlyniad i’r gwaith hwn mae Rhestr o (http://battlefields.rcahmw.gov.uk/) is in Feysydd Brwydro Hanesyddol yng development, led by the RCAHMW on Nghymru behalf of Cadw. This will be an online (http://meysyddbrwydro.cbhc.gov.uk/) yn interpretative, educational and research cael ei datblygu, dan arweiniad Comisiwn resource aimed at increasing knowledge Brenhinol Henebion Cymru ar ran Cadw. and raising awareness of battlefields in Bydd yn adnodd deongliadol, addysgol ac Wales, as well as a prompt for further ymchwil ar-lein, yn anelu at gynyddu research. It is due to be launched in gwybodaeth a chodi ymwybyddiaeth o spring 2017. feysydd brwydro yng Nghymru, yn ogystal ag ysgogi ymchwil bellach. Gobeithir ei lansio yn ystod gwanwyn 2017. Mae’r tabl isod yn rhestru’r brwydrau a’r The table below lists the battles and sieges gwarchaeau a ymchwiliwyd. Bydd researched. Reports will be available to adroddiadau ar gael i’w llwytho i lawr o’r download from the online Inventory as Rhestr ar-ein yn ogystal ag o Coflein well as from Coflein (http://www.coflein.gov.uk/), y gronfa (http://www.coflein.gov.uk/), the online ddata ar-lein ar gyfer Cofnod Henebion database for the National Monuments Cenedlaethol Cymru (NMRW). Record of Wales (NMRW).

ENW/NAME DYDDIAD SIR NPRN YMCHWIL/RESEARCH /DATE HANESYDDOL/ HISTORIC COUNTY

Aberllech 1096 Sir Frycheiniog 404446 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Brecknockshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Pont Cychod (Menai 1282 Ynys Môn 404319 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol ac Ynys Môn) (Chapman, 2013) Anglesey Bridge of Boats Documentary and historical (Menai and Anglesey) research (Chapman, 2013)

Bryn Derwin 1255 Sir Gaernarfon 402322 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Caernarfonshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Bryn Glas (Pillth) 1402 Sir Faesyfed 306352 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Radnorshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Cloddfa (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2013)

Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Excavation (Archaeology Wales, 2013)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Campston Hill 1404 Sir Fynwy 402328 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Cilgerran 1258 Sir Benfro 405201 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Pembrokeshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Coed Llathan 1257 Sir Gaerfyrddin 403587 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Carmarthenshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Non-invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014) Castell Coety 1404-05 Morgannwg 545701 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) /Coity (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Glamorgan Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Coleshill 1157 Sir y Fflint 402325 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (2009) Flintshire Documentary and historical research (2009)

Craig y Dorth 1404 Sir Fynwy 402327 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Crug Mawr 1136 Sir Aberteifi 402323 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Cardiganshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Castell Cymaron 1144 Sir Faesyfed 545328 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchaeau) / (Gildas Research, 2013) Cymaron Castle 1179 Radnorshire (sieges) Documentary and historical 1195 research (Gildas Research, 2013)

1215

Cymerau 1257 Sir Gaerfyrddin 404717 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Carmarthenshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014) Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Non-invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Castell Dinbych 1282 Sir Ddinbych 545687 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1294-5 Sir Ddinbych 545613 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1460 Sir Ddinbych 545718 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1468 Sir Ddinbych 545720 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1646 Sir Ddinbych 545789 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dryslwyn 1287 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545605 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) / (Gildas Research, 2013) Dryslwyn Castle Carmarthenshire (siege) Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Carregwastad - 1797 Sir Benfro 308824 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Abergwaun (Border Archaeology, 2009) (ymosodiad) / Pembrokeshire Carregwastad Point – Documentary and historical Fishguard (invasion) research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Gŵyr/ Gower 1136 Morgannwg 404856 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Glamorgan Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Grosmont 1405 Sir Fynwy 402333 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Hyddgen 1401 Sir Drefaldwyn 402310 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Montgomeryshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Pont Irfon 1282 Sir Frycheiniog 403411 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Llanganten) / Irfon (Chapman, 2013) Bridge / Brecknockshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Cydweli / Kidwelly 1258 Sir Gaerfyrddin 404729 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Carmarthenshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Castell Talacharn 1189 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545245 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) / (Gildas Research, 2013) Laugharne Castle 1215 545341 (sieges) Documentary and historical 1257-8 545436 research (Gildas Research, 2013) 1644 545746

Maes Gwenllian 1136 Sir Gaerfyrddin 402324 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Carmarthenshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Maes Moydog 1295 Sir Drefaldwyn 403416 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Montgomeryshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Trefaldwyn / 1644 Sir Drefaldwyn 405168 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Montgomery (Gildas Research, 2013) Montgomeryshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013

Mynydd Carn 1081 Sir Benfro 300319 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Pembrokeshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Castell Newydd 1287-8 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545606 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Emlyn (gwarchae) / (Chapman, 2013) Newcastle Emlyn (siege) Carmarthenshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Newydd 1645 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545768 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Emlyn (gwarchae) / (Chapman, 2013) Newcastle Emlyn Carmarthenshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Gwrthryfel y 1839 Sir Fynwy 405003 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Siartwyr, Casnewydd (Border Archaeology, 2009) / Newport Chartist Monmouthshire Uprising Documentary and historical research (Border Achaeology, 2009)

Painscastle 1198 Sir Faesyfed 402326 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Radnorshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Cloddfa (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2013)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Excavation (Archaeology Wales, 2013)

Pennal 1472/4 Meirionnydd 403495 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Merioneth Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Pentraeth 1170 Ynys Môn 404315 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Anglesey Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013) Pwllgwdig 1078 Sir Benfro 405188 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Pembrokeshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Pwll Melyn 1405 Sir Fynwy 402320 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Castell Rhaglan 1646 Sir Fynwy 545797 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) / Raglan (Gildas Research, 2013) Castle (siege) Monmouthshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Sain Ffagan / St 1648 Morgannwg 307776 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Fagans (Border Archaeology, 2009) Glamorgan Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2013)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2013) Twthill 1461 Sir Gaernarfon 403421 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Caernarfonshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Grŵp Llywio Meysydd Brwydro, Hydref 2016 Battlefields Steering Group, October 2016

Welsh Battlefields Historical Study

The Siege of Dryslwyn Castle 1287 Carmarthenshire Historical Assessment

Gildas Research

Report No: 100/11 1

The Siege of Dryslwyn Castle Llandeilo Carmarthenshire NGR: SN 554203

Report on Historical Assessment

Prepared For: Cadw Plas Carew Unit 5/7 Cefn Coed Parc Nantgarw Cardiff CF15 7QQ

Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales Crown Building Plascrug Aberystwyth SY23 1NJ by Gildas Research 31 Dinas Terrace Aberystwyth SY23 1BT

December 2013 2

Contents

Acknowledgements ...... 4 1. Summary...... 5 2. A Narrative of the Action ...... 6 2.1 Prelude ...... 6 2.2 The Siege ...... 7 2.2.1 The Trebuchet and Richard the Engineer...... 7 2.2.2 The Siege-mining operations ...... 9 2.3 Details of Troops and Casualties...... 10 2.4 Aftermath...... 11 3. Evaluation ...... 13 3.1 Discussion of Primary Sources ...... 13 3.1.1 Chronicle sources ...... 13 3.1.2 Financial Records...... 24 3.2 Discussion of Secondary Sources ...... 28 3.3 Battle Location ...... 30 3.4 Archaeology and Historic Terrain Assessment ...... 30 3.5 An Assessment of the Historical Significance of the Battle ...... 30 4. Bibliography ...... 31 4.1 Primary Sources ...... 31 4.2 Secondary Sources ...... 32 4.2.1 Unpublished Secondary Sources ...... 35 4.3 Cartographic Evidence ...... 35 4.4 Web Resources ...... 35 5. Map of Site ...... 37

3

Acknowledgements

This report was commissioned by Cadw and the Royal Commission of Wales, and Gildas Research would like to acknowledge John Berry and Louise Barker for their assistance.

Research was carried out at the National Library of Wales, the Hugh Owen Library, the National Monuments of Wales and the staff of these institutions are thanked for their help. Thanks also to Dr Chris Caple for providing a copy of the 2001 report by Chris Phillpotts.

This report was compiled and written by Scott Lloyd.

4

1. S ummary

The siege at Dryslwyn in the summer of 1287 is one of the best documented sieges in Medieval Welsh history. This fact combined with an extensive series of archaeological digs over fifteen years and the publication of a detailed monograph in 2007 make it the most intensively studied medieval siege in Wales. The financial accounts detail the movements, payments and origins of the troops involved and also the construction and usage of a siege engine at the site. Although the aim of the siege was to bring an end to the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd which didn’t happen, the sheer number of troops mustered by the crown, over 11,000, shows how important it was to Edward I that the any Welsh rebellion, following his success in 1283, should be dealt with swiftly and decisively. The siege of Dryslwyn was an important event in the history of post- conquest Wales and we are fortunate to know so much about it.

5

Siege of Dryslwyn Castle 1257

2. A Narrative of the Action

The siege of Dryslwyn Castle has already been subjected to a detailed programme of documentary research by Chris Phillpotts, as part of the excavations at the site led by Chris Caple and published in Excavations at Dryslwyn Castle 1980–95 (2007). The following report draws upon those published findings and the accompanying unpublished grey literature, in order to fulfil the needs of the Battlefields research project as laid out in the tender document. Updated references have been added wherever possible.

2.1 Prelude During the Welsh war of 1282–3 Rhys ap Maredudd the lord of Ystrad Tywi was on the side of King Edward I against Llewwelyn ap Gruffudd. By 1287 Rhys had written to Edward I with his grievances against Robert Tibetot the man entrusted with overseeing West wales and was made justiciary of the region for a period of five years, shortly before the king left for Gascony in early 1287.1 The exact nature of the grievances is unclear but Tibetot had summoned Rhys to appear at court in Carmarthen on several occasions and he had refused to attend. In a letter dated April 15 1287 from Bordeaux, Edward I ordered Edmund, the earl of Cornwall, to send Ralph de Hengham, John de Cobbeham and Roger de Burghall to West Wales to attend to the process.2 The three Justices attended the Carmarthen county court on 5 June, but Rhys did not attend and in his absence no errors were found in Tibetot’s case. Aggrieved with the legal process Rhys attacked royal castles in South Wales in early June and took the castles of Dinefwr, Carreg Cennen and Llandovery and slaughtered their garrisons.3 He also raided as far as Llanbadarn Fawr, Swansea and Ystlwyf (a small commote due west of Carmarthen).4 The chroniclers who record the events focus on the bloodiness of his actions and it is clear that the revolt was taken very seriously by the crown. Although the English and Marcher lords reacted quickly to the raiding by Rhys, there is little evidence that he had any considerable native Welsh support for his actions. By July Rhys had consolidated his power in Cantref Bychan and Cantref Mawr and it may be that this was his aim from the start, but the English crown was not prepared to allow such open rebellion and began the process of gathering a large army together, in order to quell any further disturbances.5

Edmund Earl of Cornwall had been left in charge of affairs in Britain whilst Edward I was in France and he was keen that the revolt should not turn into something similar to that of 1282 and quickly set about gathering together a large force. The detailed financial records show that the first troops arrived at Dryslwyn Castle on 12 August and

1 J. Beverley Smith, ‘The Origins of the Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 21.2 (May 1965), 158. 2 Calendar of Charter Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office Vol. 6 (London, 1927), pp. 295–6. 3 J. Williams ab Ithel (ed.), Annales Cambriae (London, 1860), p. 109. 4 Ralph A. Griffiths, Conquerors and Conquered in Medieval Wales (Stroud, 1994), p. 72. 5 Ibid. 6

soon after over 11,000 troops arrived, all with the intention of capturing Rhys ap Maredudd.6

2.2 The Siege The surviving financial records allow a clear picture of the arrival of troops from different regions, their number and how much they were paid. Following the arrival of the earl of Cornwall’s troops on August 12, the troops of Tibetot, Reginald Grey and John de Bevillard arrived on Friday 15 and Saturday 16 August and further troops drawn from other Welsh districts had arrived by Sunday 17 August. The total number of troops gathered at Dryslwyn by Sunday August 17 numbered some 11,400. It is not known exactly where they were encamped, but it must have been nearby to the castle yet out of the range of archers. Financial records show that supplies had been ordered in advance from all of the border counties even as far as Warwickshire. This was a well organised and well-funded expedition and it is fortunate that the detailed records kept at the time have survived. Although the records record the number of troops and costs of the siege, with the exception of the collapse of the excavations under the castle wall we know little else of events during the three week siege.7

The last day accounted for in the records for the operation of the siege engine is September 8, suggesting that this was the last day of the siege. The records show that the troops were paid off in nearby Carmarthen on 13 September and that by 24 September the castle of Dryslwyn was granted to Alan de Plucknet.8 Although the siege was successful the Anglo-Norman forces failed to capture Rhys ap Maredudd who had fled the castle as some point prior to it being captured. The total cost of the siege can be accounted at £10,640 a massive sum of money indicating just how determined the English crown was, to crush the Welsh rebellion and avoid any repeat of the events of 1277–82.9

2.2.1 The Trebuchet and Richard the Engineer. Aside from the large number of troops involved the siege is notable for its use of a siege engine and a mining operation to being down the walls, both of which are referred to in the surviving documents. The siege engine most likely took the form of a trebuchet, which by using a counterweight could hurl stones weighing 50kg a distance of 120 meters.10 The records note the amounts spent on materials for the construction of the ‘engine’ at Dryslwyn. The financial records (TNA E101/4/16) show that the following materials were bought at Carmarthen and other expenses associated with the siege engine.

For 2 ropes bought for the engine 14d. For 3 ropes bought for the same 2s. Also for 4 pieces of iron bought for the same 12d. Also for 2 ropes bought for the same 10d. Also in 1 rope bought for the same 6d. Also in 1 rope bought for the same 2s. Also in 1 rope bought for the same 12d.

6 Ibid, pp. 73–4. 7 Chris Caple, Excavations at Dryslwyn Castle 1980–95 (Leeds, 2007), p. 187–8. 8 Ibid, p. 190. 9 John E. Morris, The Welsh Wars of Edward I (Oxford, 1901), p. 209. 10 Ibid, pp. 194–5. 7

Total: 8s 6d.

For the expenses of Reginald Carpenter of Swanhill at Dryslwyn for the lord King. Sunday after St Bartholomew for 1 horse led from Dryslwyn to Carmarthen 6d. Also on the Wednesday following for small boats led from Carmarthen to Havensmirche and in carrying ropes and transport 3s 8d. Also on Wednesday after St Bartholomew for horses working for 2 days' work 12d. Also in carrying and transport of ropes and stones, and for other necessary things purchased 3s 2½d.

Also for fat bought to smear the engine 12½d. For 1 board bought for the same 5d. Also in timber brought out of the wood to the engine 11d. For 2 carts working for the same 12d. For 1 white-tawed horse-hide bought for the same 14d. Also for 2 carts going from Carmarthen to Dryslwyn to transport stones and ropes 16d. Also for 1 rope bought for the engine 2s. Also in 2 stones bought 3d. Total: 17s 6d.

Purchases for the Engine For 6 ox-hides 11s 6d. Also for 1 horse-hide 2s. Also for fat and for lashings [?] 18d. Also for 3 horses working at various times 18d. Also for small ropes bought for the engine 9d. Also for lashings[?] 17d. Also for transport of stones 11d. Also for a boat [?] 6d. Also for fat for the engine 8d. Also for canvas bought for keeping[?] ropes 3s. Total: 23s 9d

Total for these schedules: 49s 9d.11

Further information is contained in the Pipe Rolls 1286 Mich-1287 Mich (TNA E372/132 m1) which details the amount paid for the making of ammunition and for its transport to the engine at Dryslwyn Castle.

And to Master Adam the Mason and his companion, each of whom receives 4d a day, and 18 other workers in the quarry, each of whom receives 2d a day, for their wages at the quarry in preparing stones for the

11 Benjamin F. Byerly and Catherine Ridder Byerly (eds.), Records of the Wardrobe and Household 1286–1289 (London, 1986), pp. 440–1, nos. 3642–4. English translation from Chris Phillpotts, ‘Siege of Dryslwyn Castle 1287: Historical Research Contract Stage One Report: Source Material’ (unpublished Report, 2001), unpaginated. 8

Engine from 16th August to 29th August, i.e. for 14 days, counting both days 5ls 4d. And for 4 carts with their horses hired to carry the stones to the Engine from 22nd August to 8th September, i.e. for 18 days, counting both days 56s. And for 35 pieces of iron bought to make 15 axes and 21 pick-axes, and delivered to Master Richard the Engineer to cut a trench[?] and throw down the walls 7s 3½d, at 2½d a piece. And for making these axes and in steel bought for them 2s 8d. And for making these pick axes with steel for them 2s 2d. And for 5 axes and 2 pick-axes bought and delivered to Richard the Engineer to do the same 2s. And for charcoal bought for this with its transport 5s 11d. And for nails made for the Engine by Walter de Huntercombe 20s. Total £7 7s 4½d.

And for an anchor taken from Walter Goban by Master Richard the Engineer for the Kings' Engine outside Dryslwyn Castle 40s. And for iron, steel, nails, lead, pulleys and tanned hides bought by the same and for various things whose names are contained in a schedule attached to the roll of particulars for this Engine 50s 10d. And for a thick rope bought for the Engine from the same Walter by Master Richard 37s 6d. And for other smaller ropes bought from various people, noted by him in this schedule 75s 4d. And for the transport of quarrels and the other things above 15s 7d. Total £10 19s 3d.12

The siege engine was constructed by Richard the Engineer who had been involved in the building of the Edwardian castles in North wales. He likely arrived at Dryslwyn with the troops from Chester under the command of Grey and following the siege returned to Chester and spent the remainder of his life repairing and modifying the castles of Flint, Chester and Rhuddlan and was in charge of building the bridge over the Menai Straits in 1295.13

2.2.2 The Siege-mining operations The Exchequer records for 23 August (E101/4/16) note the payment of a specialist team of diggers to undermine the walls.

Fossatores Item pacacio xxvi fossatoribus ad removendos lapides et morttirium ad capellam et ad prosternendum murum capelle pro diebus Lune, Martis, Mercurii et Jovis per iiii dies, xxvi s. iiii d. unde magister capit per diem iiii d. et quilibet de aliis iii d.14

Diggers – also paid to 26 diggers to remove stones and mortar at the chapel and to throw down the wall of the chapel for the days Monday, Tuesday,

12 Phillpotts, ‘Siege of Dryslwyn Castle’. 13 Rick Turner, ‘The Life and Career of Richard the Engineer’ in Diane M. Williams and John R. Kenyon (eds.), The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales, (Oxford 2009), pp. 49–50. 14 Byerly and Byerly, Records of the Wardrobe, p. 431, no. 3556. 9

Wednesday and Thursday for 4 days 26s 4d, of whom the master takes 4d a day and each of the others 3d.15

The undermining of castle walls by digging down to their foundations and dismantling them or digging under them and then holding them up with props before burning them away and making the walls collapse, was a commonly used tactic when besieging castles.16 The collapse of this trench or pit at Dryslwyn whilst being inspected by Anglo-Norman knights is the most widely-noted aspect of the siege reported in contemporary chronicles (detailed in section 3.1 below). The knights involved were named as William de Montechesney, Nicholas Baron of Stafford, Gerard D’Lisle and John de Bevillard, more on whom below in section 2.3. The exact date of this collapse is uncertain, but the evidence suggests it was in the last week of August.17

2.3 Details of Troops and Casualties The siege was the subject of a massive gathering of forces and the financial accounts survive (see 3.1 below) that show the payment to these troops Earl Edmund funded the expedition by loaning money from merchant bankers from Lucca in Italy.18 This meant that the troops were paid for as long as they were required, unlike the feudal system, whereby once their statutory service was finished they would often leave. It has been noted that this is the first emergence of a professional British army.19

The major troops came from Gwynedd (2000), Carmarthenshire (1000), Ceredigion (400), Powys (1000), Cheshire (1200), Herefordshire (1280), Shropshire (600) and lesser numbers from Cynllaith, Nanheudwy, Radnor, Cemaes, Emlyn, Gwidigada, Elfed, Amgoes, Peuliniog, Dyffryn Clwyd, Bromfield, Maelor Saesneg, Rhos, Rhufoniog, Tegiengl, Ial, Caus, Ellesmere, Llanstephan, Montgomery, Derby, Bristol and London. In total some 11,400 men were at Dryslwyn on 17 August, primarily to besiege the castle and deal with the followers of Rhys ap Maredudd.20 The remarkable size of the army reflects the Crown’s determination to quell the revolt as soon as possible.

Casualties In 1901 Morris suggested, based upon the number of men paid in the Exchequer accounts, that some 700 men were killed trying to attack a breached wall, however it has been pointed out that the decrease in numbers is more likely to be associated with troops leaving the siege rather than being killed.21 The records also show some more irregular losses from 29 August22 which have been suggested as representing men lost whilst assaulting the castle, but this is not certain.23 The digging operation to undermine the walls was however, the cause of the most high profile losses. Work to undermine the wall was well underway when several Anglo-Norman knights came to investigate

15 Phillpotts, ‘Siege of Dryslwyn Castle’. 16 Keith Wiggins, Siege Mines and Underground Warfare (Oxford, 2003). 17 Caple, Excavations at Dryslwyn, p. 189. 18 Kaeuper, R. W., Bankers to the Crown. The Riccardi of Lucca and Edward I (Princeton, 1973), pp. 195–9. 19 Caple, Excavations at Dryslwyn, p. 186. 20 Ibid, pp. 186–7. 21 Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 213. 22 Byerly and Byerly, Records of the Wardrobe, pp. 452–3, nos. 3809–18. 23 Caple, Excavations at Dryslwyn, p. 188. 10

the progress. The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes gives the most detailed description of what happened.

Not long after, when the English army had begun to besiege another castle, which Rhys ap Maredudd had similarly taken by surrender, with planned cunning they began to undermine it, so that a great part of the wall was trimmed to throw it down, and the part undermined was supported by props placed underneath, which were much too weak however. Certain of the English, not foreseeing this, entered the pit [?trench] one day, to examine and inspect the structure of the underground cavern, and so the weight of the earth of the pit lying on top supported by ineffective props, suddenly fell down, and killed many, destroyed by its weight; of which the most renowned was Lord William de Montchensey, a noble knight rich in land and possessions, and many other knights and nobles whose names we do not know.24

A less detailed description of events can be found in other chronicles, but additional information is present in the London Annals and Hailes chronicle which both name Nicholas Caro, the Baron of Stafford25 and Gerard d’Lisle,26 as well as William de Montchesney,27 as victims of the collapse.28 A further death is noted in the Welsh Brutiau which state that ‘John Pennardd, leader of the men of Gwynedd, was bodes’ [drowned, or submerged, in the sense of buried] at Dryslwyn, this is almost certainly related to the same collapse that killed the three named Anglo-Norman knights.29 John Penardd can be identified as John de Bevillard who was, along with Otto de Grandison and John Havering, one of the leading men representing Edward I in Gwynedd.30

The number of diggers paid on 3 September was only twelve rather than twenty-six of the previous week,31 which may suggest that the other fourteen died in the collapse, but this is by no means certain.32 There is no mention of any casualties from the Welsh side in any of the surviving documents, but it is difficult to imagine that the small force defending Dryslwyn against 11,000 troops, didn’t suffer some losses.

2.4 Aftermath Rhys had escaped Dryslwyn before the siege ended on 8 September and it wasn’t long before he renewed activities starting with the capture of the castle at Newcastle Emlyn on 2 November along with the garrison commander Roger Mortimer.33 Despite the massive force that had been gathered to take Dryslwyn, little effort seems to have been made to find Rhys, but his capture of Newcastle Emlyn and subsequent raiding in the surrounding area forced Robert de Tibetot into action.34 From late November Tibetot

24 Phillpotts, ‘Siege of Dryslwyn Castle’. See section 3.1 below for the Latin text. 25 The Complete Peerage, 12 part I, (1953), p. 172. 26 The Complete Peerage, 8 (1932), p. 48. 27 The Complete Peerage, 9 (1936), pp. 422–4. 28 See Section 3.1 for the London Annals and Hailes Chronicle. 29 Arnold Taylor, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, (London, 1985), pp. 209–27. 30 Ibid, p.214. 31 Byerly and Byerly, Records of the Wardrobe, p. 433, no. 3595. 32 Caple, Excavations at Dryslwyn, p. 189. 33 J. G. Edwards (ed. and trans), Calendar of Ancient Correspondence Concerning Wales (Cardiff, 1935), pp. 158–9. See also Paul Remfry (trans.) Annales Cambriae (2009), p. 229. 34 Griffiths, ‘The Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd’, 75. 11

was hard at work raising a force to try and strengthen Dinefwr Castle drawing upon men from Cardiganshire and the lordship of Kidwelly for fear of a siege by Rhys. This fear led to the Government appointing new custodians throughout the region and the Edmund who had led the army at Dryslwyn ‘clashed with castle-constables in the area over the inadequacy of the garrisons.’35

By the end of December a decision was made to recover Newcastle Emlyn from Rhys and to that end the trebuchet that had been used at Dryslwyn in the summer was moved northwards. The machine was drawn by forty oxen and by 28 December had reached Carmarthen and then was moved via St Clears (Sanctum Clarum), Cilgerran (Kilcrennan) and Cardigan by 31 December. It was joined at Cardigan by Tibetot and his forces. It was then moved to Llandygwydd (Llandogi) and Trefdryer? (Trefdreir) before the final movement up to Newcastle Emlyn.36 Stones for the trebuchet were gathered from the sea shore at Cardigan and then moved up river as far as Llechryd before being moved by cart to Newcastle Emlyn.37 With the trebuchet reconstructed and ready for action it spent six days bombarding the castle and the Annales Cambriae note that ‘Lord Robert Tibetot took the same castle, killing several of the garrison.’38 Before the castle surrendered on 20 January, Rhys ap Maredudd had managed to escape once more and despite local rumours that he had escaped to Ireland little is known of his whereabouts until he was finally betrayed by four sons of Madog ab Arawdr in the woods of Mallaen on 2 April 1292.39 Robert de Tibetot sent him in chains to Edward I who was on his way to Scotland and on 2 June he was convicted of murder, arson, theft and the destruction of royal castles. His sentence was to be drawn and hung on the same day and his body was left in a gibbet at Knavesmire for three days before being cut down.40

Dryslwyn castle itself was garrisoned by the English following the siege until xxx and from the number of documents dated there would seem to have been an important administrative centre. The castle next saw military action in the early years of the Glyndwr revolt following which it went into steady decline until it was nothing more than a picturesque ruin, a position that it still holds. Only with the detailed excavations of the castle that began in 1980 has the true history of the site become clear.

35 Ibid. 36 Byerly and Byerly, Records of the Wardrobe, pp. 489–90, sections 4137–8. 37 Ibid, p. 490, section 4140. 38 Paul Remfry Annales Cambriae A Translation of Harleian 3859: PRO E. 164/1: Cottonian Domitian, A1: Exeter Cathedral Library MS 3514 and MS Exchequer DB Neath, PRO E. 164/1, (2007), p. 229. 39 Griffiths, ‘The Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd’, 76. Mynydd Mallaen is centred on SN 7245 midway between Lampeter and Llanwrtyd Wells. 40 Ibid, 76–7. 12

3. Evaluation

3.1 Discussion of Primary Sources There are two major types of contemporary historical records relating to the siege, chronicles from England and Royal financial accounts both available in large numbers. Only three notices of the event survive from a Welsh perspective.

3.1.1 Chronicle sources The revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd, the siege at Dryslwyn and the death of William de Montchensey are frequently, albeit usually very briefly, mentioned in medieval chronicles that cover the year 1287. The chronicle references are given below and as can be seen many of them are very similar and give few details about the siege. The most notable additions are in reference to the tunnel or pit dug to undermine the wall and the names of the knights killed when it collapsed. Nearly all of them mention William de Montchesney whose death was obviously a great shock to the chroniclers. Many of the chronicles borrow information from each other and the exact direction of that borrowing is not always immediately obvious. The relevant sections of the annals from Hailes and Hagnaby remain unedited, but they were transcribed by Chris Phillpotts in his unpublished 2001 report on the documentary sources. The chronicle sources regarding the siege at Dryslwyn were first listed by Arnold Taylor in his 1976 and then extracted in full by Phillpotts. What follows is indebted to that report and I have added little, apart from adding and updating some references and checking the texts in light of material published since 2001. Further information on each chronicle can be found in Historical Writing in Britian c.550–1307 by Antonia Gransden.41 The English translations are those of Phillpotts and I have only made very minor changes for the sake of consistency.

Waverley Annals Covers the period from the incarnation to 1291 and has independent entries from 1277 onwards, although the entry for Dryslwyn is confused having the Welsh besieging the castle. [1287] Item Rhesus Meraduk, congregata multitudine Wallensium, exercitum movit contra populum Anglorum, et terras Angliae Wallensibus adjacentes in brachio extento invasit atque praedavit, et stragem magnam in populum terrae fecit, et eo ferocius quia dominum regem agere noverat in remotis. Eadmundus vero comes Comubiae, in regis absentia custos terrae deputatus, magno exercitu collecto versus Walliam iter arripuit, volens sed non valens vires tantae multitudinis enervare, quia Wallenses, vulpina dolositate, in suis latubulis se receperunt, fraudes et dolos consuetos assidue machinantes. Castrum igitur de Drossan viriliter obsiderunt dicti Wallenses, vias subterraneas dolose sub muris facientes, per quas vias quidam Angliae proceres minus caute gradientes, a muro miserabiliter sunt oppressi. Inter quos famosus miles dominus Willelmus de Monte Canesy oppressus succubuit.42

41 Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307 (London, 1974). 42 H. R. Luard (ed.), Annales Monastici de Wintonia et Waverleia (London, 1865), pp 404–05. 13

Also Rhys ap Maredudd, having collected a host of Welshmen, advanced his army against the English people, and attacked and plundered the lands of England adjacent to the Welsh in a broad sweep[?], and he made great carnage in the people of the land, and this more ferociously because he had known that the lord King was in a far­ off land. However, Edmund earl of Cornwall, appointed as guardian of the land in the king's absence, having gathered a large army, took the road to Wales, wishing to weaken them with such a force of people, but unable to, because the Welsh withdrew into their hiding-places with cunning deceit, continually devising their customary tricks and stratagems. Therefore these Welsh vigorously besieged Dryslwyn Castle, craftily making underground passages under the walls; certain nobles of England incautiously walking through these passages were piteously crushed by a wall. Amongst whom the famous knight Lord William de Montchensey was crushed and succumbed.

Dunstable Annals A work covering the period from the incarnation to 1297, it contains independent annals for the period 1242–97 and is a reliable source of information.

[1287] Eodem anno, in aestate, Resus a Mereduth, Walensis, in suis partibus Walliae guerram movit, pro eo quod Robertus Typetop et Alanus Plukeneth, senescalli domini regis ibidem, arctarunt eum ad sequendum comitatum et hundred, sicut alibi in Wallia tune fiebat, contra libertatem quam idem Resus habuit pwe dominum Edwardum regem Angliae. Et quia dictus Resus hominibus domini regis plurima damna fecit, episcopus Eliensis, prior Hospitalis Jerusalem, et comes Gloverniae cum barnagio Angliae adierunt partes illas. Et fugatus est dictus Resus; et qui cum eo fuerant sunt disperse; et castra sua sunt prostrate. Et in ruina muri cujusdam ex ipsis castris, dominus Willelmus de Montechenisio et quidam alii ex nostris sunt oppressi.43

[1287] The same year, in summer, Rhys ap Maredudd, the Welshman, began war in his part of Wales, because Robert Typetot and Alan Plucknet, the lord king's stewards there, constrained him to pay suit to the county and the hundred, as was then done elsewhere in Wales, which was against the liberty which Rhys had from Lord Edward, king of England. And because Rhys did many injuries to the lord king's men, the bishop of Ely, the prior of the Hospital of Jerusalem and the earl of Gloucester with the barons of England went to that country. And Rhys was put to flight; and those who with him were scattered; and his castles were thrown down. And in the ruin of a wall of one of these castles, Lord William de Montchensey and certain others of our men were crushed.

Kilkenny Chronicle A brief Irish chronicle written… in which the revolt of Rhys ap Mearedudd and the death of William Monchensey are mentioned, but wrongly located at Rhuddlan castle.

43 H. R. Luard (ed.) Annales Monastici Vol. 3 Annales Prioratus de Dunstaplia (London, 1866), pp. 338– 9. 14

This is likely due to the Latin forms of Rhuddlan and Dryslwyn, Rothelan and Droselan, being similar and the Irish chronicler being more familiar with the better known Rhuddlan, than Dryslwyn, hence the mistake.

1287 Eadwardus Rex transfretavit in Wasconiam et Aragoniam. Item obiit Alexander Rex Scocie. Item oritur discordia inter barones Anglie et Reysmeredic. Et castrum de Rothelan capitur ubi occiditur dominus de Moncheneli et alii.44

1287 King Edward crossed the sea to Gascony and Aragon. Also King Alexander of Scotland died. Also dissension began between the barons of England and Rhys ap Maredudd. And Rhuddlan Castle was taken, where Lord Montchensey was killed with others.

Thomas Wykes Closely related to the Osney chronicle for the years 1278–89 and gives a good account of the siege and provides the fullest account of the mine collapse during the siege.

[1287] Cumque tam furiosa debacchatio et ipsius provinciae deporanda desolatio ad. notitiam domini comitis Comubiensis, cui, rege extra regnum agente, delegata fuit regni custodia, devenisset; provinciae desolatae compatiens, innumerabilem de Anglia traducens exercitum, castrum nequiter occupatum obsidione valida circumcinxit; quo comperto supradictus Res a Mereduth uxorem suam et omnes obsessos intempestae noctis silentio per secretum quoddam posticum ignorantibus obsessoribus clam eduxit, et in locis tutissimis collocavit, ad quem nostri nee accedere poterant nee audebant Nee multo post cum exercitus Anglicorum aliud castrum, quod idem Res a Mereduth similiter in deditionem acceperat, obsidere coepissent, et praemeditata calliditate coepissent suffodere, ita quod magna pars muri ruere putaretur, et pars suffosa appodiamentis suppositis nimis tamen debilibus fulciretur, quidam de Anglicis minus provide una dierum ingressi sunt in foveam, ut structuram specus subterranei considerarent et inspicerunt, et ecce moles terrae foveae supercumbens, deficientes appodiamentis ipsam supportantibus, subito cecidit, et plurimos intefecit suo pondere conquassatos; de quibus famosissimus fuit dominus Willelmus de Muntchanesy, miles ingenuus, terrarum et possessionum locupletissimus, et alii multi rnilites et nobiles quorum nomma ignoramus.45

[1287] And when the deplorable destruction of this province with such frenzied fury reached the notice of the lord earl of Cornwall, to whom the keeping of the kingdom had been deputed while the king was out of the kingdom, sympathising with the devastated province, leading a numberless army from England, he surrounded the wrongly-occupied castle with a powerful siege. Having discovered this, Rhys ap Maredudd secretly led out his wife and all those besieged in the silence of the dead of night by a

44 Robin Flower, ‘Manuscripts of Irish Interest in the British Museum’, Analecta Hibernica, 2 (Jan. 1931), 333. 45 H. R. Luard (ed.), Annales Monastici de Oseneia, Chronicon Thomae Wykes, et de Wigornia, (London 1869), pp. 310–11. 15

certain secret postern gate without the besiegers knowing, and settled in safe places, which our men could not and dared not approach. Not long after, when the English army had begun to besiege another castle, which Rhys ap Maredudd had similarly taken by surrender, with planned cunning they began to undermine it, so that a great part of the wall was trimmed to throw it down, and the part undermined was supported by props placed underneath, which were much too weak however. Certain of the English, not foreseeing this, entered the pit [?trench] one day, to examine and inspect the structure of the underground cavern, and so the weight of the earth of the pit lying on top supported by ineffective props, suddenly fell down, and killed many, destroyed by its weight; of which the most renowned was Lord William de Montchensey, a noble knight rich in land and possessions, and many other knights and nobles whose names we do not know.

Bartholomew Cotton Written from 1291 onwards, this chronicle does contain original material, but in regard to Dryslwyn it is mainly concerned with the death of William de Mutchanesy.

[1287] Eodem anno dominus Willelmus de Munchesi obsidebat quoddam castrum in Wallia, et dum ipse et familia sua quemdam murum effodebant, ut eis in dicto castro pateretur ingressus, cecidit murus super eum et familiam suam, et ita in amaritudine cordis et vultu incomposito tributum mortis persolvebat. In cujus casu tota gens Anglicana condoluit, quia miles strenuus et in bello circumspectus ab omnibus habebatur.46

[1287] In the same year Lord William de Montchensey besieged a certain castle in Wales, and while he and his followers were digging out a certain wall, so that a way into the castle should be opened to them, the wall fell down onto him and his followers, and so with a bitter heart and disordered expression he paid the price of death. At this event, all the English people felt great pity, because he was considered to be a vigorous knight and wise in war.

Hagnaby Chronicle This unpublished chronicle consists of brief but original aentries from 1252 onwards. It shows an interest in events in wales and may have received information via its Premonstratensian sister abbey at Talley in Carmarthenshire, the only one of this order in Wales. The abbey was only eleven miles north-east from Dryslwyn and was patronized by Rhys, making it a very likely conduit for information.

Anno XV Regis illo in Francia orta est Guerra verum in Wallia Eadwardi inter Robertum de Tibitoft custodem Wallie et dorninum Reys amaraduch. Quapropter idem Reys mare transfretavit et venit ad regem Anglie et fecit ei fidelitatem et optinuit litteras pacis ad dominum Robertum de Tibitoft set nichil ei profuerunt, inde dictus Reys cum uxore et familia intravit castellum suum. Et dictus Robertus cum multitudinem anglorum castellum obsedit et radicitus evellere conabatur. Ibique prodolor oppressi sunt sub

46 H. R. Luard (ed.), Bartholomaei de Cotton Historia Anglicana, (London, 1859), p. 168. 16

quodam muro dominus [blank] miles et multi alii, set dominus Reys latenter affugit cum suis et ignoratur quo devenerit.47

In the 15th year of King Edward, when he was in France, nevertheless war broke out in Wales between Robert de Typetoft, the guardian of Wales, and Lord Rhys ap Maredudd. Because of this Rhys crossed the sea and came to the king and did fealty to him and obtained letters of peace addressed to Lord Robert de Typetoft, but they were of no benefit to him, and so Rhys entered his castle with his wife and household. And Robert besieged the castle with an English host and tried to tear it up by the roots. And there lord [blank], knight, and many others were grievously crushed under a certain wall, but Lord Rhys fled in secret with his people, and it is not known where he went

Hailes Abbey Chronicle Unpublished chronicle written in 1314 which mentions the siege and names the three knights killed in the collapse.

[1287] Rees ab Meredith a pace regia circa pentecostem discessit hanc provocante domino Roberto de Typetot de Keyrmeurthin et illis partibus tunc custode. Collectoque exercitu predictus Rees terras regis anglie invasit, homines suos spoliavit, villas combussit et occasiones magnas fecit. Ad huius igitur malicia refn!nanda Dominus Edmundus comes Comubie tunc custos Anglie collecto exercitu Anglicane gentis Walliam adiit et castrum de Drosselan que dicti Rees erat invasit, et murum dicti castri subfodere fecit. Quo cadente milites egregios S dominum Willelmum de Monchenessi le Riche et Gerardum de Insula et quamplures alios ex parte regis castrum ingredi festinantes oppressit. Set dictus Res de castro latitantur antea egressus fuit et in nemoribus profugus permansit. Et sic eadem castro vi capto. Walenses capitaneo carentes penitus sunt dispersi et anglici ut circumque victoria potiti, ad propria sunt reversi. Ipse vero Rees sororem domini Johannis de Astinges prius desponsaverat.48

[1287] About Whitsun Rhys ap Maredudd departed from the king's peace, having been stirred to this by Lord Robert de Typetoft of Carmarthen, then guardian of this country. Having assembled an army, Rhys attacked the lands of the king of England, plundered his men, burned towns and made great molestations. Therefore, to restrain his malice, Lord Edmund earl of Cornwall, then guardian of England, having assembled an army of the English people, went to Wales and attacked Dryslwyn Castle, which belonged to Rhys, and caused the wall of this castle to be undermined. Falling down, it crushed the illustrious knights Lord Sir William de Montchensey ‘le Riche’, Gerard de L'Isle and many others on the king's side who were hurrying to enter the castle. But before this Rhys secretly went out of the castle, and survived as a fugitive in the woods. And so this castle was taken by force. The Welsh, being without a captain, were

47 British Library, Cotton MS Vespasian B xi, f.32, Phillpotts 2001. For a recent discussion of this chronicle see, Michael Prestwich, ‘Document: Edward I’s Wars in the Chronicle of Hagnaby Priory’, Journal of Medieval Military History, 10 (2012), 197–213. 48 British Library, Cotton MS Cleopatra D iii, fol. 46v, in Phillpotts ,2001. 17

completely scattered, and the English, having gained the victory on all sides, went back to their own country. In fact this Rhys had previously married the sister of Lord John de Hastings

William Rishanger A short chronicle with little of original value.

[1288] Interim, Resus filius Mereduci, Walliam conturbavit; impugnareque coepit aliqua Regis castra... Profectio in Walliam, contra Resum Vazham Per idem tempus, Edmundus, Comes Cornubiae, cui Rex Angliae in sua absentia regni commiserat custodiam, magnum ducit exercitum in Walliam, contra Resum. Cum autem castrum de Drusellan, quod erat Resi, obsideret, et muros ejus suffodi faceret, casu illorum subito, vir nobilis, Willelmus de Monte Canusii, aliique milites plurimi, et scutiferi, opprimuntur.49

[1288] Meanwhile Rhys ap Maredudd threw Wales into disorder, and began to attack some castles of the King... Expedition into Wales, against Rhys Vaghan. At this time, Edmund earl of Cornwall, to whom the King of England had committed the keeping of the kingdom in his absence, led a great army to Wales against Rhys. However, when he besieged Dryslwyn Castle, which belonged to Rhys, and caused its walls to be undermined, suddenly by a fall of them, the noble man William de Montchensey and many other knights and esquires were crushed.

Flores Historium by Matthew Paris, continuation The Flores Historium by Matthew Paris was continued following his death in 1259 by several continuators until 1326. The entry for Dryslwyn is derivative of the Waverley Annals.

[1287] Walenses, instigante quodam dicto Rees a Mereduc, rebellare coeperunt, stragesque magnas in populo Anglorum fecerunt. Edmundus igitur comes Cornubiae custos Angliae in regis absentia, versus Walliam cum magno exercitu properavit, volens sed non valens cervicositatem Walensium reprimere per potentiam quam habebat. Walenses vero dolositate vulpina se in suis latibulis receperunt, fraudes et dolos, secundum illorum antiquam consuetudinem, machinantes. Anglici igitur castrum de Droslan viriliter obsederunt, vias subterraneas facientes. Sub muro tandem castri illius quidam nobiles gradientes incaute, a muro miserabiliter sunt oppressi. Inter quos famosus miles dominus Willelmus de Montenesi oppressus succubuit.50

[1287] The Welsh, incited by a certain Rhys ap Maredudd, began to revolt, and made great carnages in the English people. Therefore Edmund earl of Cornwall, guardian of England in the king's absence, hastened to Wales

49 H. T. Riley, (ed.), Chronica Monasterii Sancti Albani. Willelmi Rishanger Chronica et Annates, (London, 1865), pp. 116–7. 50 H. R. Luard, (ed.), Flores Historiarum, per Matthaeum Westmonasteriensem collecti, vol. 3 (London, 1890), p. 66. 18

with a large army, wishing to curb the stubbornness of the Welsh by the power that he had, but not able to. For the Welsh withdrew into their hiding-places with cunning deceit, devising tricks and stratagems, according to their ancient custom. Therefore the English vigorously besieged Dryslwyn Castle, making underground passages. At length certain nobles of England incautiously walking under a wall of this castle, were piteously crushed by the wall. Amongst whom the famous knight Lord William de Montchensey was crushed and succumbed.

Worcester Chronicle This chronicle is independent from 1281 to 1307, but the reference to the siege is very brief.

[1287] Quinto idus Junii Res Ab-Meraduc non ferens injurias a ministris regis sibi et aliis illatis, tria castra prostravit et constublarios cum omnis aliis interfecit... Willelmum de Munchanesy cum militibus aliis et armigeris multis suffodiendo castrum de Thristlan murus oppressit. Res Ab-Meraduc se subdidit voluntati regis tunc in Gallia existentis.51

[1287] On 27 June Rhys ap Maredudd, not enduring the injustices done to him by the king's officers and others, overthrew three castles and killed their constables with all the others... William de Montchensey, with many other knights and esquires, was crushed by a wall while undermining Dryslwyn Castle. Rhys ap Maredudd submitted himself to the will of the king, who was then in France.

Nicholas Trevet Annals The Annals of Nicholas Trevet were compiled in 1320 and cover the history of kings of England from Stephen to Edward I and relies heavily upon earlier sources and fro Dryslwyn he relies upon Rishanger.

[1288] Interim Resus filius Mereduci Walliam conturbavit, impugnareque coepit aliqua regis castra... Comes Eadmundus Cornubiae, cui rex Angliae in sua absentia regni commiserat custodiam, magnum ducit in Walliam exercitum contra Resum. Cum autem castrum de Druselan, quod erat Resi, obsideret, et muros ejus suffodi faceret, casu illorum subito vir nobilis, Willelmus de Monte- Canisii, aliique milites plurimi et scutiferi opprimuntur.52

[1288] Meanwhile Rhys ap Maredudd threw Wales into disorder, and began to attack some castles of the King... Earl Edmund of Cornwall, to whom the King of England had committed the keeping of the kingdom in his absence, led a great army to Wales against Rhys. However, when he besieged Dryslwyn Castle, which belonged to Rhys, and caused its walls to be undermined, suddenly by a

51 H. R. Luard (ed.), Annales Monastici IV. De Oseneia, Chronicon, Thomas Wykes, et de Wigornia, (London, 1869), pp. 493–4. 52T. Hog (ed.), Nicolai Triveti Annales, (London, 1845), pp. 314–5. 19

fall of them, the noble man William de Montchensey and many other knights and esquires were crushed.

London Annals The annals covering the late thirteenth century rely heavily upon the Flores Historiam, although they do add the names of two of the knights crushed at Dryslwyn.

[1287] Eodem anno, ad festum Sancti Petri, quod dicitur ad vincula, Edmundus comes Comubiae custos Angliae in absentia domini regis, cum aliis comitibus, baronibus, militibus et toto exercitu Angliae, adivit Walliam contra Rees-a-Meraduk, qui sustinuit guerram contra dominum Robertum Tipetot; et ibidem ad insultandum cujusdam castelli nomine Droselan occisi fuerunt domini Willemus de Montekanesi, Gerardus de Insulis, Nicholaus Karo et plures alii per quendam murum, qui ruit super eos, cum vias subterraneas fecerunt.53

[1287] In the same year at the feast of St Peter ad Vincula [1st August] Edmund earl of Cornwall, guardian of England in the lord king's absence, went to Wales with other earls, barons, knights and all the army of England, against Rhys ap Maredudd, who maintained a war against Lord Robert Typetoft; and there at the assault on a castle called Dryslwyn, Lord William de Montchensey, Gerard de L’Isle, Nicholas Caro and many others were killed by a certain wall, which fell down upon them when they were making subterranean passages.

The Norwich (or Wroxham) Continuation of Les Livres de Reis de Brittanie e Le Livere de Engleterre. A later continuation including material drawn from various sources, but it contains nothing original and wrongly names William de Montchesney as the head of the Anglo- Welsh army.

[1287] En la quinzime an de soun regne surt contec en Wales par entre Sire Roberd de Tipetot, gardein leroy, e Res Ameraduc: dunt li gardeins leroy firunt banier le ost leroy pur prendre Res Ameraduc, e dune vint Sire Wiliame de Muntchensi e asist le chastel de Droscelan, e fist miner le mours; e il memes ala si pres de le mour ke Ie mour chei sur li e sur autres plusours e murirent iloec.54

[1287] In the 15th year of his reign a quarrel arose in Wales between Sir Robert de Tiptoft, the king's warden, and Rhys ap Maredudd. Then the king's wardens called out the king's host to capture Rhys ap Maredudd; and then Sir William de Montchensy came and besieged Dryslwyn Castle, and caused the walls to be undermined; and he himself went so near the wall, that the wall fell on him and on many others, and they died there.

53 W. Stubbs, (ed.), Chronicles, Edward I and Edward II. Annales Londonienses de tempore Edwardi Primi, (London, 1882), p. 96. 54 J. Glover, (ed.), Le Livere de Reis de Brittanie e Le Livere de Engleterre, (London, 1865), pp. 306–307. 20

Opus Chronicorum Covers the period 1259–96, written in St Albans c.1307 and confuses material drawn from earlier sources, making William de Montchesney the head of the besieging army. Anno millesimo ducentesimo octogesimo quarto, qui est annus regni Regis Edwardi Tertii quintus-decimus, - iterum Walenses,jam tertio, levaverunt aculeos suos contra Regem et custodes suos. Cum id Regi nunciaretur, ultra quam credi possit, iratus est. Mox jussit cunctos proceres convenire, ut eorum superbiam et bestialem praesumptionem debilitarent et impugnarent. Dominus Robertus Typetot'tunc temporis praecipuus Custos et Justiciarius totius Wallie effectus est; et Ates Maredeu castella Regis offirmabat, et quaedam obsidebat. Saepius vero Anglicanos fugabat atque dissipabat, et nunc ad nemora, nunc ad oppida eos diffugere cogebat. Fuit inter eos dubia proeliorum decertatio:Tunc accessit Dominus Willelmus de Munchensy, et obsedit oppidum de Glosseran, in quo Ates Maredeu diffugerat, et, inconsulte agens, muros illius oppidi diruere et effodere conatur, et obsessum Principem ad proelium provocare. Corruit murus, et oppressit eum, et multos alios qui secum convenerat. Statim mortui sunt, et sic captum est oppidum quod obsederant, et opes intro positae non aequa sorte diversae sunt.55

In the year 1284, which is the 15th year of the reign of King Edward III [sic] the Welsh again raised their stings against the King and his guardians, now for the third time. When this was announced to the King, he was enraged, beyond what could be believed. Immediately he ordered all the nobles to gather, to crush and attack their arrogance and bestial presumption. Lord Robert Typetoft was then made principal Guardian and Justiciar of all Wales; and Rhys ap Maredudd persisted against the King's castles, and besieged some of them. Indeed he often put the English to flight and scattered them, and now in the woods, now in the towns, he forced them to disperse. The issue of the battles was doubtful between them. Then Lord William de Montchensey approached and besieged the town of Dryslwyn, into which Rhys ap Maredudd had fled, and acting imprudently, tried to pull down and dig out the walls of this town, and goad the besieged Prince into battle. A wall collapsed and crushed him, and many others whom he had gathered with him. They died at once, and so the town which they had besieged was taken, and the wealth placed within it was divided by lot unequally.

Thomas Walsingham The section for Dryslwyn is derived from the Annals of Nichoas Trevet and the continuations of Matthew Paris.

[1288] Interim, Resus filius Mereduci Walliam conturbavit; impugnare coepit aliqua Regis castra... Per idem tempus, Edmundus Comes Comubiae, cui Rex Angliae in sua absentia regni commiserat custodiam, magnum ducit exercitum in Walliam contra Resum. Cum autem castrum de Drusselan, quod erat Resi, obsideret, et muros ejus suffodi faceret, casu

55 H. T. Riley, (ed.), Chronica Monasterii Sancti Albani. Johannis de Trokelowe et Henrici de Blaneforde Chronica, (London, 1865), p. 43. 21

illorum subito, vir nobilis Willelmus de Mote Canisii, aliique milites plurimi et scutiferi, opprimuntur.56

Meanwhile Rhys ap Maredudd threw Wales into disorder, and began to attack some castles of the King... At this time, Edmund earl of Cornwall, to whom the King of England had committed the keeping of the kingdom in his absence, led a great army to Wales against Rhys. However, when he besieged Dryslwyn Castle, which belonged to Rhys, and caused its walls to be undermined, suddenly by a fall of them, the noble man William de Montchensey and many other knights and esquires were crushed.

Lanercost Chronicle The section covering 1285–91 is contemporary and contains some information not found elsewhere.

Eodem anno Risamaraduc, quidam de nobilissimus Walliae, cepit debellare contra regales, et maxime Anglicos. Unde dominus rex Angliae misit tantum in expensis pedalium quindecim millia et quinquaginta librarum argenti, exceptis expendis magnatum; qui ultimo captus fuit et apud Eboracum tractus. Eo tempore murus castri de Droslan cecidit, et oppressit dominum Wilelmum de Michensi et baronem Staffordiae.57

In the same year Rhys ab Maredudd, one of the most noble men of Wales, began hostilities against royalists, and especially the English. Wherefore my lord the King of England expended 15,050 pounds of silver upon infantry alone, besides the expenses of the nobles. He was ultimately captured and drawn at York. At this time the wall of Castle Droslan and crushed Sir William de Michens and the Baron of Stafford.58

References to the event are also found in chronicles written from a Welsh perspective starting with the Latin Annales Cambriae

Annales Cambriae: C-Text Version Annus Domini MCCLX:XXVII. Resus filius Maredut dominus de Estratewy mota discordia inter ipsum et dominum Robertum Tybetot tunc justiciarum regis de Karmardyn die Dominica proxima ante festum Beati Barnabae Apostoli cepit castra de Lanamdevery, de Dynewr, et de Carregkennen, et postea combussit villam de Sweynese et manerium de Osterlof, cum majori parte patriae et villam de Lanpadamvaur et villam de Karmardyn usque ad portas. Advenientes autem Anglici de Anglia in forti manu castrum ipsius Resi de Deresloyn obsederunt circa gulam Augusti, et tandem muros subfodiendo castrum ceperunt, in qua subfossione oppressus est sub muro dominus Willelmus de Montthenesy baro cum aliis pluribus, et captum est castrum novum super Teyui et recuperata castra per Resum

56 H. T. Riley, (ed.), Chronica Monasterii Sancti Albani. Thomae Walsingham Historia Anglicana, Vol. 1 (London, 1863), p. 30. 57 Joseph Stevenson (ed.), Chronicon de Lanercost (Edinburgh, 1839), p. 122. 58 Sir Herbert Maxwell (trans.), The Chronicle of Lanercost 1272–1346 (Glasgow, 1913), p. 51. 22

prius occupata, et evasit Resus cum paucis, omnibus hominibus suis ad pacem regis venientibus.59

1287 AD. Rhys ap Maredudd, lord of Ystrad Tywi, dissension having begun between him and Lord Robert Typetot, then the King's justiciar of Carmarthen, on the Sunday before the feast of St Barnabas the Apostle [11 June] took the castles of Llandovery, Dinefwr and Carreg Cennen, and afterwards he burned the town of Swansea and the manor of Ystlwyf, with the greater part of the country and town of Llanbadarn, and the town of Carmarthen up to the gates. But the English arriving in strong force from England besieged Rhys's castle of Dryslwyn about Lammas day [1st August], and at length they took the castle by undermining the walls; in which under-digging, Lord William de Montchensey, baron, was crushed under a wall with many others; and the new castle on the Tywi was taken, and the castles which Rhys had previously occupied were recovered; and Rhys escaped with a few men, all his men coming into the King's peace.

Brut y Tywysogyon: Peniarth 20 Version Bluydyn gwedy henne y torres rug bren hyn lloigyr a Ry sap moredud arglwyd y drwflwyn ac ena y doeth llu er brenhyn o gemre ac oloy gyr amben y drysslwyn ac ena y bodes jhon penlard tywyssauc gwyr gwyned ac or diwet drwy hir emlad wynt agawssant y castell agurru rys ap moredud ar herw.60

[1289] A year after that, the breach came between the king of England and Rhys ap Maredudd, lord of Dryslwyn. And then the king's host from Wales and from England came against Dryslwyn. And then John Pennardd, leader of the men of Gwynedd, was drowned. And at last by a long siege they took the castle, and drove Rhys ap Maredudd into outlawry.61

Brenhinedd y Saesson Anno Domini Mil cc.lxxxix. y torres rnng y brenin a Rys ap Mredudd ap Owain ap Gruffydd ap yr Arglwydd Rys, yr hwnn oedd arglwydd y Dryslwyn. Ac yn hynny o amser y doeth llu y brenin o Gymry a Lloegr am benn kastell y Dryslwyn. Ac yna boddes John Penardd, tywysoc gwyr Gwynedd. Ac o'r diwedd drwy hir ymladd y kad y kastell, a gyrv Rys ap Mredudd ar herw.

1289 AD, there was a breach between the king and Rhys son of Maredudd son of Owain son of Gruffudd son of the Lord Rhys, who was lord of Dryslwyn. And during that time the king's host from Wales and England came against the castle of Dryslwyn. And then John Pennardd, leader of the men of Gwynedd, was drowned. And at last, after a long siege, the castle was taken, and Rhys ap Maredudd was driven into outlawry.62

59 J Williams ab Ithel (ed.), Annales Cambriae, (London, 1860), pp. 109–110. 60 Thomas Jones (ed.), Brut y Tywysogyon Peniarth 20, (Cardiff, 1941), p. 229a. 61 Thomas Jones (trans.), Brut y Tywysogyon or The Chronicle of the Princes: Peniarth MS 20 Version, (Cardiff, 1952), p. 121. 62 Thomas Jones (ed. and trans), Brenhinedd y Saesson (Cardiff, 1971), pp. 260–1. 23

Finally, unpublished letters (TNA SC1/25/52, 67 and 68) by Edmund Earl of Cornwall to William de Hamelton are dated at Dryslwyn on August 26–9 and attest to his presence there at the height of the siege.63

3.1.2 Financial Records The events of 1287 in West Wales are well documented in the government records of that year. The patent Rolls for 1287 lists the names of those who went into Wales to quell the revolt on the kings service. The entry for June 24 at Westminster is a list of seventeen nobles who will be paid until Michaelmas to go to Wales in the king’s service, July 2, eighteen nobles to Wales, thirty more on July 16 at Gloucester, then five more on July 17. It continues on July 20 at Hereford with eighteen more and then five more at Hereford on July 22 making ninety-six in total. Then further entries for July 23 at Hereford with thirty-three more, then twenty-one on July 24 and a further five on July 30. This makes 155 payments in all, before arrival at Dryslwyn.64 The Welsh Roll (TNA C77) consists of a summary of material found in other official records extracted to form a roll specifically about Welsh matters.65 The Liberate Rolls kept a record of the order of payments made to local officials and one of them (TNA C62/64 m4) details the movements of a contingent of crossbowmen from Bristol to Dryslwyn.66

The detailed financial records in the records of the Kings Remembrancer (TNA E/101) enable a detailed picture of the troops utilised in the siege at Dryslwyn and in trying to stop the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd. The collection contains four documents concerning the payments of troops during the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd and in particular the siege of Dryslwyn Castle. All four documents have been edited and each individual entry given a reference number in Records of the Wardrobe and Household 1286–1289 and much of what follows relies upon this work.67 English translations of the most important sections can be found in Chris Phillpotts 2001 report for Cadw, as part of the Dryslwyn Castle Project. The four documents can be summarised as follows and cover primarily the payment of troops in the period leading up to the siege and through the siege itself.

E101/4/16 Receipts of John de Monte Alto and Vincent de Hilton for the pay of the army of South Wales.68 This roll consists of a record of the deliveries of money from the merchants of Lucca who had agreed with Edward to finance the expedition to Wales.69 The money was paid by their agent Francisco Bendin at Hereford, Llanbadarn Fawr and Dryslwyn and finally at Carmarthen following the lifting of the siege. The summary of accounts for the period in question is given below.

John and Vincent account to have received at Hereford on Friday the feast of St James the Apostle 25th July in the above year from Francisco, merchant of the Lucchese Society, £300

63 Caple, Excavations at Dryslwyn,, p. 187. 64 Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–92, (London, 1893), pp. 271–5. 65 Calendar of Various Chancery Rolls 1277-1326 Welsh Rolls (London, 1912), pp. 306-11 concern Dryslwyn. 66 TNA C62/64 m4. 67 Byerly and Byerly, Records of the Wardrobe. 68 Ibid, pp. 423–31. 69 Kaeuper, Bankers to the Crown, pp. 195-9. 24

They account to have received at Llanbadam the Tuesday after the feast of St Lawrence 12th August £23 10s of the remainder of £100, which Vincent de Hulton received from the Lucchese Society. They account to have received the Monday after the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, ie 18th August, by the hands of the same Francisco from the tallage of the Jews £500. John accounts to have received on Thursday the eve of the decollation of St John, ie 28th August, at Dryslwyn by the hands of Francisco Bendin of the Luchese Society £400. He accounts to have received on Friday the feast of the decollation of St John, ie 29th August, at Dryslwyn by the hands of Francisco Bendin £400. He accounts to have received on the Sunday after the decollation of St John, ie 31st August, at Dryslwyn from Francisco Bendin £200. He accounts to have received at Dryslwyn on Monday the feast of St Giles Albis, ie 1st September, from this Francisco £430. He accounts to have received on Saturday the eve of the Exaltation of Holy Cross, ie 14th September, at Carmarthen from the Lucchese Society £1033 6s 8d, ie salt money[?]. He accounts to have received for footsoldiers who departed without licence £18 11s 8d.70

The daily accounts are ordered by the region from which the troops were raised and an example of a daily account is given below.

Payment made at Dryslwn on Friday the feast of the Assumption of St Mary 15th August in the same year. Cardiganshire - paid to Madoc ap David and 3 other constables with 4 unbarded horses for themselves and 400 foot-soldiers for this Friday 68s 8d. Chester - he accounts to have paid William Lancelin constable and 9 other constables with 10 barded horses for themselves and 1000 foot-soldiers of the county of [Staffordshire and Shropshire deleted] Cheshire, being under the command of Lord Reginald de Grey, for this Friday, Saturday and Sunday following for 3 days £27 15s. Welshpool - also paid to Fulk de Erby constable and 9 other constables with 10 barded horses for themselves and 1000 foot-soldiers of Lord Owain of Pool for these 3 days £27 15s. Mortimer- also paid to John Godard constable and 4 other constables with 5 barded horses for themselves and 500 foot-soldiers of Radnor, Kenthles and Launendo for these 3 days £13 17s 6d. Ellesmere - also paid to Robert Dodd and Stephen de Francton with 2 barded horses for themselves and 240 foot-soldiers of Ellesmere for these 3 days £6 12s. Staffordshire and Shropshire - also paid to Reginald de Scaninton constable and 2 other constables with 3 barded horses for themselves and 300 foot-soldiers of the counties of Staffordshire and Shropshire for these 3 days £8 6s 6d.

70 Byerly and Byerly, Records of the Wardrobe, p. 423, no. 3467. English translation from Chris Phillpotts 2001 (unpaginated). 25

Strettonsdale- also paid to William de Strangford constable and 2 other constable with 3 barded horses for themselves and 300 foot-soldiers of Strettonsdale, Oswaldstry and Bishop's Castle for these 3 days £8 6s 6d. Montgomery - also paid to Roger Elys and John de Whiteminster with 2 barded horses for themselves and 200 foot-soldiers of the land of Montgomery for these 3 days 111s. Caus - also paid to Hywel de Ampton and John Cook constables with 2 barded horses for themselves and 200 foot-soldiers of Caus for these 3 days 111s. Macclesfield - also paid to Thomas de Macclesfield and Henry de Daneport with 2 barded horses for themselves and 200 foot-soldiers of Macclesfield for these 3 days 111s. Overton- also paid to Robert de Bures constable with 1 barded horse for himself and 100 foot-soldiers of Overton for these 3 days 55s 6d. Woodcutters - also paid to Richard Carpenter and 20 other woodcutters for these 3 days 16s, of which Richard took 4d a day and each of the others 3d. Fulk fitzWarren and John Strange- also paid to Henry de Knockin and Owain ab Eynon with 2 barded horses for themselves and 200 foot- soldiers of Lord Fulk fitzWarren and John Strange for these 3 days 111s. Total: £121 16s 8d.71

E101/4/17 Account of Walter de Pedwardyn and Master Thomas Cantok of expenses of the Welsh war.72 The second roll also provides details of troop payments and in addition whether payments were made for barded (armoured) horses. Troops came from Shropshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, London, Bristol, Gloucestershire and Crickhowel; and Welsh levies from Gwent, Penrhyn, Kidwelly, Cemaes and Newcastle Emlyn. The roll notes payments on 24 and 27 July payments at Hereford, then Usk and Newport by the end of the month. Payments continued on the march west at Cowbridge, Margam and Carmarthen. The roll ends with a summary of where the money came from, ‘Bendin of Lucca delivered £400 to Hereford, 305 marks to Dryslwyn and Pedwardine received £509 from john de Montaut and Vincent de Hulton at Dryslwyn.’73 The daily accounts are ordered by the individual constables, rather than the region as in E101/4/16 above. An example of a daily account is given below.

Payment made at Dryslwyn on Wednesday after St Lawrence ie 13th August for the preceding Tuesday, and this Wednesday, and the Thursday following. First to John le Clerk for himself and 230 foot-soldiers £6 2s 7½d with an unbarded horse. Also paid for the same days to Edmund de Pedwardyn for himself and 200 foot­ soldiers £5 8s with a barded horse. Also paid for the same days to Peter de Pedwardyn for himself and 200 foot-soldiers £5 8s with a barded horse.

71 Ibid, pp. 427–8, nos. 3508–20. 72 Ibid, pp. 442–58. 73 Ibid, p. xxi. 26

Also paid for the same days to Hugh le Mey for himself and 100 foot- soldiers 15s 6d with a barded horse. Also paid for the same days to Roger de Baverton for himself and 200 foot-soldiers £5 6s 10½d with an unbarded horse Also paid for the same days to Walter Osbem for himself and 100 foot- soldiers 54s 4½d with an unbarded horse. Also paid for the same days to Philip Storel for himself and 100 foot- soldiers 54s 4½d with an unbarded horse. Also paid for the same days to Henry de Mudbury for himself and 100 foot-soldiers 54s 4½d with an unbarded horse. Also paid for the same days to Thomas de Newburgh for himself and 200 foot­ soldiers £5 8s with a barded horse. Also paid for the same days to John Bras for himself and 100 foot-soldiers 54s 4½d with an unbarded horse. Also paid for the same days to Richard de Burley for himself and 200 foot- soldiers £5 8s with a barded horse. Also paid for the same days to Llywelyn ap Meurig for himself and 200 foot-soldiers £5 8s with a barded horse. Also paid for the same days to Richard Wroth for himself and 100 foot- soldiers 55s 6d with a barded horse. Also paid for the same days to William Barry for himself and 100 foot- soldiers 55s 6d with a barded horse. Also paid for the same days to John le Butiler for himself and 140 foot- soldiers 75s 4½d with an unbarded horse. Also paid for the same days to Richard de la Mote and his companion, constables with barded horse, for themselves and 400 foot-soldiers of William de Valence £10 6s. Also paid for the same days to the Crossbowmen of London and Bristol £4 10s. Also paid for the same days to Thomas de Hunteley for himself and 100 foot-soldiers 54s 4½d. Total £78 19s 3d.74

This level of detail remains broadly consistent for all fifteen daily entries on the roll, although the names and numbers vary for each day.

E101/4/18 Particulars of the account of William de Rither of receipts for the Welsh war.75 A single entry regarding Dryslwyn exists in this roll, concerning the account received from Johanne de Monte Albo and Vincencio de Hulton for the siege at Dryslwyn as detailed in E101/4/16, for £100.

E101/4/19 is a small roll that was kept by Robert de Tibetot and his chaplain during the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd. It details the expenses of guarding land and property in Cardiganshire at the beginning of the revolt and also provides many details of payments made to troops during the siege at Dryslwyn.76

74 Ibid, p. 448–9. English translation from Chris Phillpotts, 2001 (unpaginated). 75 Ibid, pp. 459–66. 76 Ibid, pp. 467–76. 27

E101/4/20 contains the Roll of Receipts and Issues of the Keeper of Dryslwyn Castle, starting immediately after the siege.77 It provides evidence of how Dryslwyn became an administrative centre following the siege when it passed into the hands of Alan de Plucknet.

Extracts from the accounts noted above were copied into the Pipe Rolls 1286 Mich- 1287 Mich (TNA E372/132 m1), noted above in section 2.2 and they act as a useful cross reference to the four documents described here. The total cost of paying the troops, workmen and feudal lords up to the end of the siege was £7,516 (equivalent to £6.2 million today)78 and by the time the further costs of besieging Newcastle Emlyn and garrisoning nearby Dinefwr are taken into account, the whole expedition had cost the crown £10,606. (£8.85 million)79 After all of this organisation and cost, Rhys ap Maredudd was still free and was not finally captured until 1292.

3.2 Discussion of Secondary Sources Dryslwyn Castle is briefly mentioned in the Itinerary of John Leland written in 153980 and Humphrey Llwyd in his Cronica Wallia, written 1559, briefly mentions the siege and the death of William Mondecasinio drawing upon the chronicle of Nicholas Trivet.81 David Powel gives an expanded version of events by drawing upon the account of Thomas Walsingham and also adds that the baron of Stafford was killed in the collapse, a name that otherwise only appears in the Lanercost chronicle.82

Apart from references back to Powel the siege at Dryslwyn makes no further appearances in antiquarian sources, such as the works of Camden and Edward Lhuyd and seems to have made little impression on the Tourists of the late eighteenth century either.83 The site was visited by members of the Cambrian Archaeological Society in the summer of 185584 and a short note regarding the siege and the death of ‘Nicholas Lord Strafford and William Montmerncy’ appeared in 1865.85 The level of understanding about the origin of Dryslwyn is best illustrated by an article in Archaeologia Cambrensis in 1893 that although referring to the siege thinks that the castle was constructed by Edward I, rather than Rhys Gryg in the 1220s. 86A majority of the chronicle sources that referred to the siege had been published by the end of the nineteenth century, but it was not until 1901 that any serious research was published.

The first discussion of the siege in anything beyond a few sentences was that of John E. Morris in his ground-breaking work of 1901, The Welsh Wars of Edward I. This work drew, for the first time, upon the financial documents described above and was a huge leap forward in the use of such records for the history of Wales. The gathering of troops

77 Ibid, pp. 477–82. 78 Values calculated using the web resource available at www.measuringworth.com. [accessed Jan 23, 2014). 79 Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 219. 80 Lucy Toulmin Smith (ed.), The Itinerary of John Leland (London, 1906), p. 57 and 114. 81 Ieuan M. Williams (ed.) Humphrey Llwyd Cronica Wallia (Cardiff, 2002), p. 223 and note on p. 255. 82 David Powel, Historie of Cambria (London, 1584), p. 379. 83 See for example the brief mention in Benjamin Heath Malkin, The Scenery, Antiquities and Biography of South Wales: From Materials Collected During Two Excursions in the Year 1803, vol. 2 (London, 1807), p. 462. 84 Anon, ‘Ninth Annual Meeting Llandeilo Fawr’, Archaeologia Cambrensis (1855), 303. 85 Llwyd, ‘Llangathen Carmarthenshire, Historical Notes’, Archaeologia Cambrensis (1865), 76. 86 Anon, ‘Meeting at Llandeilo Fawr Report of Proceedings’, Archaeologia Cambrensis (1893), 136–7. 28

and the siege itself are described in detail and this is the first modern work on the siege at Dryslwyn.87 In 1935 further primary sources regarding the siege were published in Calendar of Ancient Correspondence Concerning Wales by J. G. Edwards88 and the same year saw the two volume, A History of Carmarthenshire by J. E. Lloyd which gives a brief note of the siege.89 With the Victorian Rolls editions of the chronicles and the full publication of Brut y Tywysogyon (1940–55) it was possible for J. Beverly Smith to put together his account of the origins of the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd in his detailed 1965 article for the Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies90 and for Ralph Griffiths to provide an account of the entire revolt, including a detailed section on the siege at Dryslwyn, in the Welsh History Review the following year.91 These two works still form the basis for our understanding the revolt. The next advance in Dryslwyn studies took place in A.T. Taylor’s 1976 article which focused upon the identity of John Penardd named in the Welsh Brutiau as the leader of the men of Gwynedd who was smothered at Dryslwyn.92 Taylor identified him as John de Bevillard and also brought together many of the chronicle references to the siege, albeit only briefly in a footnote.93

Dryslwyn Castle was transferred from the Cawdor estate into state care in 1979 and a series of excavations began in 1980 under the directorship of Peter Webster. His deputy director Chris Caple took over as director in 1984 until the final seasons of excavations in 1995. A number of interim reports were published keeping the archaeological community up to date on the progress at the site and a full list can be found in the Bibliography under their respective names. A majority of the earlier articles were published in Archaeology in Wales, CBA newsletters and brief notices in Medieval Archaeology, therefore did not have a wide readership, the earliest publication to bring the site to a wider readership was a chapter in Castles in Wales and the Marches by Webster.94 The appearance of Caple’s article in the international castle studies journal, Château Gaillard in 1990 brought the site to even wider attention.95 The castle was finally opened to the public in August 1996 and the CADW guidebook to the site, by Sian Rees and Chris Caple, appeared in 1999. Chris Phillpotts undertook three reports on the documentary evidence for the site in 2001 but these remain unpublished. The publication of a monograph about the site by Chris Caple in 2007 brought together all of the results of the sixteen seasons of excavation, along with Phillpotts’ documentary research, into one of the most detailed and comprehensive reports of any castle in Wales. The siege of Dryslwyn can often be found in more general works on medieval

87 John E. Morris, The Welsh Wars of Edward I (Oxford, 1901), pp. 207–14. 88 Edwards, J. G. (ed. and trans.), Calendar of Ancient Correspondence Concerning Wales (Cardiff, 1935). 89 J. E. Lloyd, A History of Carmarthenshire, vol. 1. (1935), p. 205. 90 Smith, J. Beverley, ‘The Origins of the Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 21.2 (May 1965), 151–63. 91 Griffiths, Ralph A., ‘The Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd, 1287–8’, Welsh History Review, 3.2 (1966), 121–43. 92 A. T. Taylor, ‘Who was ‘John Penardd, Leader of the Men of Gwynedd’’, English Historical Review, 90 (1976), 79–97. This article was reprinted in 1985 in Arnold Taylor, Studies in Castles and Castle- Building (London, 1985), 209–27. 93 Ibid, 217, n. 3. 94 Peter Webster, ‘Dryslwyn Castle’ in J. R. Kenyon and R. Avent (eds.) Castles in Wales and the Marches (Cardiff, 1987), pp. 89–104. 95 Chris Caple, ‘The Castle and lifestyle of a 13th century independent Welsh lord: excavations at Dryslwyn Castle 1980–1988’, Château Gaillard, 14 (1990), 47–59. 29

siege warfare96 and a detailed article about Richard the Engineer who built the siege machine was published in the 2010 collaborative volume on The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales.97

3.3 Battle Location The castle site is now a scheduled ancient monument and tourist attraction managed by CADW. The exact site of the mining operations and the wall damaged by the trebuchet are noted in section 3.4 below.

3.4 Archaeology and Historic Terrain Assessment The detailed archaeological report in the 2007 monograph by Chris Caple has an exhaustive section on the archaeological evidence of the siege and warfare that deals extensively with the finds in relation to the 1287 siege.98 The excavations recovered 92 arrowheads, 6 crossbow bolts, 3 spearheads and a macehead. Further evidence for the siege can be seen in the extensive repairs to the walls, especially the upper half of the curtain wall on the eastern side of the Inner Ward99 and the discovery of trebuchet balls in the vicinity suggests ‘that the trebuchet was positioned to the east of the castle firing up at the Inner Ward from the valley floor below.’100 A majority of the physical evidence for the siege was found covering the floor of the Great Chamber and they constitute one of the largest and most precisely dated collections of arrowheads and lithic projectiles from any British excavation, whilst the macehead is only the second starhead mace recovered from an archaeological context.101 Three trebuchet balls were found showing signs of having been crafted by hand to conform to a template of 330mm in diameter with a weight of approximately 50kg.102

The exact location of the mining works to bring the walls down, where the Anglo- Norman knights were killed, is uncertain. The documents state that the walls of the chapel were to be undermined, but according to Caple, ‘the undermining efforts were almost certainly effective in breaching the earthen banks supporting the walls of the town and Middle and Outer Ward defences, rather than the hard crystalline limestone bedrock underlying the Inner Ward.’103 The castle and the immediate vicinity is already a scheduled ancient monument and therefore protected from development.

3.5 An Assessment of the Historical Significance of the Battle Having brought Wales under his control following the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and his brother Dafydd in 1283, Edward I was determined that any further revolt should be dealt with quickly and overwhelmingly. This explains the huge number of forces gathered together in order to quell the revolt in south-west Wales and the even higher number for the siege at Dryslwyn. The siege lasted for some three weeks making it the longest siege at any Welsh castle in the medieval period and the surviving records show

96 P. F. Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege: 1200-1500 (Woodbridge, 2009), p. 83 briefly summarised, one long paragraph, with no reference to 2007 publication, only cadw guidebook and a few primary sources. 97 Rick Turner, ‘The Life and Career of Richard the Engineer’ in Diane M. Wiliams and John R. Kenyon (eds.), The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales, (Oxford 2009), pp. 46-58. 98 Caple, Excavations at Dryslwyn, pp. 191–213. 99 Ibid, p. 195. 100 Ibid, p. 197. 101 Ibid, p. 192. 102 Ibid, p. 213. 103 Ibid, p. 197. 30

the scale of the organisation of the large number of troops used to squash the rebellion. Following Dryslwyn no further rebellion of any size was raised until that under Madoc ap Llewelyn in 1295. The event benefits from an extensive series of archaeological excavations and the survival of detailed financial records alongside chronicle references making it an important addition to any register of conflict sites across Wales.

4. Bibliography

4.1 Primary Sources

Annales Cambriae in J. Williams ab Ithel (ed.), Annales Cambriae, (London, 1860) translated in Paul Remfry, Annales Cambriae A Translation of Harleian 3859: PRO E. 164/1: Cottonian Domitian, A1: Exeter Cathedral Library MS 3514 and MS Exchequer DB Neath, PRO E. 164/1, (2007).

Bartholomew Cotton in H. R. Luard (ed.), Bartholomaei de Cotton Historia Anglicana, (London, 1859).

Brenhinedd y Saesson in Thomas Jones (ed. and trans), Brenhinedd y Saesson (Cardiff, 1971).

Brut y Tywysogyon in Thomas Jones (ed.), Brut y Tywysogyon Peniarth 20 (Cardiff, 1941) and translated in Thomas Jones (trans.), Brut y Tywysogyon or The Chronicle of the Princes: Peniarth MS 20 Version, (Cardiff, 1952).

Calendar of Charter Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office Vol. 6 (London, 1927).

Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–92, (London, 1893).

Dunstable Annals in H. R. Luard (ed.) Annales Monastici Vol. 3 Annales Prioratus de Dunstaplia (London, 1866).

Flores Historium in H. R. Luard, (ed.), Flores Historiarum, per Matthaeum Westmonasteriensem collecti, vol 3 (London, 1890).

Hagnaby Chronicle in British Library, Cotton MS Vespasian B xi, f.32, quoted in Phillpotts 2001.

Hailes Abbey Chronicle in British Library, Cotton MS Cleopatra D iii, fol. 46v, quoted in Phillpotts, 2001.

Kilkenney Chronicle in Robin Flower, ‘Manuscripts of Irish Interest in the British Museum’, Analecta Hibernica, 2 (Jan 1931).

Lanercost Chronicle in Joseph Stevenson (ed.), Chronicon de Lanercost (Edinburgh, 1839) and translated in Sir Herbert Maxwell (trans.), The Chronicle of Lanercost 1272– 1346 (Glasgow, 1913).

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London Annals in W. Stubbs, (ed.), Chronicles, Edward I and Edward II. Annates Londonienses de tempore Edwardi Primi, (London, 1882).

Nicholas Trivet in T. Hog (ed.), Nicolai Triveti Annales, (London, 1845).

Norwich (or Wroxham) Continuation of Les Livres de Reis de Brittanie e Le Livere de Engleterre in J. Glover, (ed.), Le Livere de Reis de Brittanie e Le Livere de Engleterre, (London, 1865).

Opus Chronicorum in H. T. Riley, (ed.), Chronica Monasterii Sancti Albani. Johannis de Trokelowe et Henrici de Blaneforde Chronica, (London, 1865).

Records of the Wardrobe and Household 1286–1289 edited by Benjamin F. Byerly and Catherine Ridder Byerly, (London, 1986).

Thomas Walsingham in H. T. Riley, (ed.), Chronica Monasterii Sancti Albani. Thomae Walsingham Historia Anglicana, Vol. 1 (London, 1863).

Thomas Wykes in H. R. Luard (ed.), Annales Monastici de Oseneia, Chronicon Thomae Wykes, et de Wigornia, (London 1869).

TNA The National Archives

TNA E101/4/16, 17, 18, 19 and 20.

TNA E372/132.

TNA C62/66.

TNA SC1/25/52, 67 and 68.

Waverley Annals in H. R. Luard (ed.), Annales Monastici de Wintonia et Waverleia (London, 1865).

William Rishanger in H. T. Riley, (ed.), Chronica Monasterii Sancti Albani. Willelmi Rishanger Chronica et Annates, (London, 1865).

Worcester Chronicle in H. R. Luard (ed.), Annales Monastici de Oseneia, Chronicon Thomae Wykes, et de Wigornia, (London 1869).

4.2 Secondary Sources

Anon, ‘Ninth Annual Meeting Llandeilo Fawr’, Archaeologia Cambrensis (1855), 292– 312.

Anon, ‘Meeting at Llandeilo Fawr Report of Proceedings’, Archaeologia Cambrensis (1893), 129–78.

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Arnold, C., Avent, R., Butler, L. A. S. and Webster, P. (eds.), Interim reports on excavations at three castles in Wales 1981–1982 (Cardiff, 1983).

Avent, R. and P Webster, P. (eds.), Interim reports of excavations at Laugharne Castle, Dyfed, 1976–1980, and Dryslwyn Castle, Dyfed, 1980 (Cardiff, 1981).

Caple, Chris, ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Medieval Archaeology, 29 (1985), 229.

––– ‘Dryslwyn, Dyfed’ CBA Newsletter and Calendar 8 (1984–85), 138.

––– ‘Dryslwyn castle excavation 1989: interim report’, University of Durham & University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Archaeological Reports 1989 (1990), 55–60.

––– ‘The Castle and lifestyle of a 13th century independent Welsh lord: excavations at Dryslwyn Castle 1980–1988’, Château Gaillard, 14 (1990), 47–59.

––– ‘Dryslwyn castle excavation 1990: interim report’, University of Durham & University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Archaeological Reports 1990 (1991), 53–5.

––– ‘Dryslwyn castle excavation 1991: interim report’, University of Durham & University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Archaeological Reports 1991 (1992), 51–4.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’ Medieval Archaeology, 36 (1992), 230.

––– ‘Dryslwyn castle Excavation 1992: interim report’, University of Durham & University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Archaeological Reports 1992 (1993), 56–61.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Medieval Archaeology, 37 (1993), 300.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Archaeology in Wales, 32 (1993), 79–80.

––– ‘Dryslwyn castle excavation 1993: interim report’, University of Durham & University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Archaeological Reports 1993 (1994), 56–61.

––– ‘Dryslwyn castle’, Medieval Archaeology, 40 (1994), 281–3.

––– ‘Dryslwyn castle Excavation 1995: interim report’, University of Durham & University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Archaeological Reports 1995 (1996), 69–75.

––– Excavations at Dryslwyn Castle 1980–95 (Leeds, 2007).

––– and S. Denison, ‘Rise and Fall of Welsh Power at Dryslwyn’ British Archaeological News July 1994 (1994), 2.

––– and O. Jessop, ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Archaeology in Wales, 36 (1996), 85–6.

––– Excavations at Dryslwyn Castle 1980–95 (Leeds, 2007).

Edwards, J. G. (ed. and trans.), Calendar of Ancient Correspondence Concerning Wales (Cardiff, 1935).

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Griffiths, Ralph A., ‘The Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd, 1287–8’, Welsh History Review, 3.2 (1966), 121–43.

––– Conquerors and Conquered in Medieval Wales (Stroud, 1994).

Kaeuper, R. W., Bankers to the Crown. The Riccardi of Lucca and Edward I (Princeton, 1973).

Kenyon, J. R. and Avent, R. (eds.) Castles in Wales and the Marches (Cardiff, 1987).

Lloyd, J. E., A History of Carmarthenshire, 2 vols. (1935–9).

Llwyd, ‘Llangathen Carmarthenshire, Historical Notes’, Archaeologia Cambrensis (1865), 73–7.

Malkin, Benjamin Heath, The Scenery, Antiquities and Biography of South Wales: From Materials Collected During Two Excursions in the Year 1803, vol. 2 (London, 1807).

Morris, John E., The Welsh Wars of Edward I (Oxford, 1901).

Powel, David, Historie of Cambria (London, 1584).

Prestwich, Michael, ‘Document: Edward I’s Wars in the Chronicle of Hagnaby Priory’, Journal of Medieval Military History, 10 (2012), 197–213.

Purton, P. F., A History of the Late Medieval Siege: 1200-1500 (Woodbridge, 2009).

Smith, J. Beverley, ‘The Origins of the Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 21.2 (May 1965), 151–63.

Smith, Lucy Toulmin (ed.), Leland’s Itinerary in Wales (London, 1906).

Taylor, A., ‘Who was ‘John Penardd, Leader of the Men of Gwynedd’’, English Historical Review, 90 (1976), 79–97. Reprinted in Taylor, Arnold, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, (London, 1985).

Taylor, Arnold, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, (London, 1985).

The Complete Peerage, second edition, 14 vols. (1910–98).

Turner, Rick, ‘The Life and Career of Richard the Engineer’ in Diane M. Williams and John R. Kenyon (eds.), The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales, (Oxford 2009), pp. 46-58.

Webster, Peter,’Dryslwyn Castle’, Archaeology in Wales, 20 (1980), 56–8.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Medieval Archaeology, 25 (1981), 203.

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––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle 1980’, in R Avent and P Webster (eds.), Interim reports of excavations at Laugharne Castle, Dyfed, 1976–1980, and Dryslwyn Castle, Dyfed, 1980 (Cardiff, 1981), 34–54.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’ Medieval Archaeology, 26 (1982), 223–4.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Archaeology in Wales, 22 (1982), 30–3.

––– ‘Dryslwyn, Dyfed’, CBA Newsletter and Calendar 5 (1982), 144.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle 1981–2’ in C. Arnold, R. Avent, L. A. S. Butler and P. Webster (eds.), Interim reports on excavations at three castles in Wales 1981–1982 (Cardiff, 1983), 12–22.

––– ‘Dryslwyn, Dyfed’, CBA Newsletter and Calendar 6 (1983), 154.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Medieval Archaeology, 28 (1983), 63.

––– ‘Dryslwyn Castle’ in J. R. Kenyon and R. Avent (eds.) Castles in Wales and the Marches (Cardiff, 1987), pp. 89–104.

––– and Chris Caple, ‘Dryslwyn Castle’, Archaeology in Wales, 23 (1983), 55–7.

Wiggins, Keith, Siege Mines and Underground Warfare (Oxford, 2003).

Williams, Ieuan M. (ed.) Humphrey Llwyd Cronica Wallia (Cardiff, 2002).

4.2.1 Unpublished Secondary Sources

Phillpotts, Chris, ‘Siege of Dryslwyn Castle 1287: Historical Research contract: Stage One Report: Source Material’ (Unpublished Report, 2001). ––– ‘Siege of Dryslwyn Castle 1287: historical research contract, Stage Two Report: siege article (Unpublished Report, 2001). ––– ‘Siege of Dryslwyn castle 1287: historical research contract, Stage Three Report: accounts translations, (Unpublished Report 2001)

4.3 Cartographic Evidence

1813 Ordnance Survey Drawing ‘Llanon’, (OSD 188).

1839 Tithe Map for the Parish of Llangathen (The Tithe Maps of Wales #357).

4.4 Web Resources

Archwlio www.archwilio.org.uk

Coflein www.coflein.gov.uk 35

Portable Antiquities Scheme http://finds.org.uk/database/search/advanced

People Collection Wales http://www.peoplescollectionwales.co.uk/Places/FullMap

Measuring Worth www.measuringworth.com

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5. Map of Site

Boundary of Area of interest

Potential site of mining operation

© Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Royal Commission on the Ancient & Historical Monuments of Wales. Licence number: 100020548, 2013. Figure 1: Location Map of Dryslwyn Castle.