Unity State SOUTH SUDAN

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Unity State SOUTH SUDAN

Bureau for Community Security South Sudan Peace and Small Arms Control and Reconciliation Commission

United Nations Development Programme European Union

The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Gov- ernment agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small arms and community insecurity to peace and development.

The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace.

The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and Arms Control Project, supports the CSSAC Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state and county levels.

The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the European Union.

Cover photo: Community members in Abiemnhom sketch their county map on the ground using locally available materials. © CSAC/UNDP

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Unity State South Sudan

Published by

South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission

United Nations Development Programme

MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN

CONTENTS

Acronyms ...... i Foreword ...... ii Executive Summary ...... iv

1. Introduction ...... 1 2. Background of Unity State ...... 3 3. Methodology 3.1. Training of Trainers ...... 5 3.2. Community Consultations ...... 5 3.3. Validation Meeting ...... 7 4. Summary of conflict and insecurity in Unity State 4.1. Cattle raiding ...... 8 4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands ...... 8 4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups ...... 11 4.4. Border conflicts ...... 11 4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya ...... 12 4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting ...... 12 4.7. Unemployment...... 12 4.8. Food insecurity ...... 13 5. Insecurity issues affecting women and girls ...... 13 6. Insecurity issues affecting the youth ...... 15 7. County-specific findings 7.1. Rubkona County ...... 17 7.2. Guit County ...... 20 7.3. Abiemhnom County ...... 23 7.4. Leer County ...... 27 7.5. Koch County ...... 32 7.6. Mayendit County ...... 37 7.7. Panyijar County ...... 41 7.8. Mayom County ...... 44 7.9. Pariang County ...... 49 8. Next Steps ...... 53

Maps Map of Unity State ...... 4 Incidence of cattle raids/theft ...... 9 Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict ...... 10

ACRONYMS

AfDB African Development Bank BCSSAC Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control CAP Community Action Plan CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CRMA Crisis Risk Mapping and Analysis CSAC Community Security and Arms Control DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration FAO Food Agricultural Organization GoSS Government of South Sudan MOWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation NGO Non- Governmental Organization PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RMGs Rebel Militia Groups RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal SAF Sudan Armed Forces SPLA/M Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement SSLA South Sudan Liberation Army UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNMAO United Nations Mine Action Office UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan

FOREWORD

At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan is the achievement and sustainability of security among communities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends. However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community safety and largely, to the political stability and economic development of the country.

The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building bridges between communities and the Government towards peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will address the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms.

The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with technical and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities’ knowledge and opinions of community security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for pro- gramming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most affected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will address these issues.

The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the outcomes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers.

The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the community members who were actively involved in the consultations.

Major General Daniel Deng Lual Chairperson Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Ministry of Internal Affairs South Sudan

FOREWORD

Following South Sudan’s independence in July 2011, communities most affected by conflict have made security their chief priority. The Government and communities recognized that security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally important that the Government interface with communities to understand their needs and concerns.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in South Sudan supports the country’s state-building process by focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community security efforts. We work with the Government and communities to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county planning.

The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP’s peacebuilding efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to address the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by supporting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local government the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or ci- vilian use of small arms.

UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities’ top-most security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels.

UNDP fully supports the Government’s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing community security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most affected by conflict.

George Conway Country Director, a.i. United Nations Development Programme South Sudan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Govern- ment of South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure peace and stability through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP’s Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconcilia- tion Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states.

The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level designed to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of the Government. Through extensive dialogue between the communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions to existing insecurity. Con- sultations were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the challenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the exercise aimed to identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for Unity State.

Unity is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region and is one of the oil-producing states in South Sudan. The Nuer are the predominant tribe. Agriculture, livestock, fishing, hunting and trading are the main sources of livelihoods. Rebel militia groups as well as the Misseriya (Arab nomads) have reportedly displaced communities and have contributed to the insecurity in the state. Around 85,000 returnees from Sudan have settled in Unity State since 2010, the highest number of returnees by far settling back in any state.

Community consultations in Unity were held in November-December 2011 and March 2012 in nine counties. The process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data i.e. key informant interviews, community mapping, preference ranking and community action planning, in each of the nine counties. The consultations also looked into how insecurity affects women and youth, particularly through the use of the gender daily calendar. These aided in obtaining an in- depth understanding of community members’ perceptions on the different security issues affecting their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted in separate groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders, security organs/law enforcement team and county administrators.

In summary, participants identified the following key causes of conflict across Unity State:  Cattle raiding  Competition over water and grazing lands  Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs)  Border conflicts  Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya  Inter- and intra-clan fighting  Unemployment  Food insecurity

In addition, insecurity issues affecting women surfaced, issues which can be attributed to the nature of the labour culturally assigned to and expected from women. The presence of arms and the al- leged attacks by rebel militia groups are also sources of conflict that affect women. These have shown dire consequences in women participants’ domestic and social lives. For instance, women and girls are traditionally tasked to collect water and find food; in the process they are prone to rebel

Men from Guit County review their group output . © UNDP

militia attacks or abduction when travel- ling to or from far-flung water points, or to domestic violence if they did not provide these household needs. Additionally, young women are seen as either a cause of conflict, such as in cattle raids where men acquire more livestock to afford the steep dowry, or as an indirect party to conflict where young men compete for a woman to be his bride.

Meanwhile, participants saw the youth as the primary actors involved in conflict incidences, such as young men directly engaging in cattle raids or border disputes. The lack of educational, livelihood and leisure opportunities leave the youth with idle time and no other options, which could lead them to other activities that result in conflicts.

Detailed findings were documented per county, including a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a Community Action Plan. These are presented in detail in Section 7. Findings from the consultations were used to develop state government projects, with support from CSAC, addressing the top-most insecurity priorities of communities. A map of Unity State in Section 8 illustrates the various locations of these projects.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa’s longest running civil war. The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the country.

UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that support national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are essential.

The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government in strengthening its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects.

CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau for and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), formerly the Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation. Since 2009 CSAC has been providing capacity building support to both agencies, as well as to state and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile and Warrap. The consultations support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the county level. Through a developed strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is initiated where communities have an opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed into decision-making and state planning. The ‘force multiplier’ are conflict sensitive projects which are implemented based on the Com- munity Action Plans and priorities set by community members during the consultations.

Consultations done in Unity in 2011-2012 aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop action plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifically, the consultations aimed to:  Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key priorities in addressing and mitigating insecurity;  Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a regional state;  Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for the regional state;  Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then feed into the eventual state and county planning process; and  Form Local Steering Committees in each county and in each state to oversee the implementation of identified conflict-sensitive projects.

Information gathered from the consultations will not only help the Government develop and initiate projects that will address conflict, but it will also support the Government’s (state and county level) general planning of programmes and policies. Outcomes of these consultations will also be useful for other UN agencies, international and national organizations, donors and other stakeholders working towards community security, conflict prevention and development in South Sudan.

Women from Pariang County list their daily domestic chores. © UNDP

2. BACKGROUND ON UNITY STATE1

Unity State is one of the 10 states in South Sudan located in the country’s north-central part. With a total area of 35,956 sq km, Unity state is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region. It borders Warrap, Lakes, Jonglei, and Upper Nile states, as well as Southern Kordofan and Abyei in the north. Unity State is composed of nine counties: Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona, Pariang and Abiemnhom. The capital of Unity State is Bentiu. The estimated population of Unity State is approximately 585,801.

Unity has a dry season and a wet season. The average wet season usually lasts from May to Novem- ber. The White Nile River, the Bahr el Ghazal (Nam) river and other rivers that traverse the state, generate significant seasonal flooding. Many of the agro-pastoralists in the state move with the seasons, as the expansion of the waterways alters the landscape and creates considerable areas of swampy terrain during the rainy season.

Unity state is a predominantly Nuer homeland. However, in Abiemnhom and Pariang counties, the predominant group is the Dinka tribe. Both Dinka and Nuer communities are ruled by traditional courts, a head chief and a sub-chief of a certain clan. The elders in the communities must endorse the case among conflicting parties.

The most important socio-economic activities in Unity are agricultural production, cattle keeping, fishing, hunting and local trading. Since independence, the areas of Unity State and other areas bordering the north have been affected by commodity shortages, contributing to inflation. As North- South tensions spiked ahead of independence in 2011, the Government of Sudan imposed a blockade on North-South supply routes.

Unity State is a part of the oil producing area of South Sudan and the oil resources have generated additional income for the state. However, the oil production has also contributed to conflict and displacement and led to substantial negative impact on the environment. Local populations have com- plained over water contamination, which have resulted in the death of livestock and serious illness.

Several militia groups have been active in Unity State and rebel activity continues to be a source of instability in northern Unity. Rebel activities affect the local populations as these led to displacement and food shortages, as well as re-mining and counter-insurgency operations. Some of the militia commanders that operate in Unity have participated in forming the South Sudan Liberation Army (SSLA) – a loose constabulary that have operated more often as independent units than a unified movement.

In September 2011, several incidents of cattle raids and violence erupted in Mayendit County where 28 people reportedly died and 18 were injured2. Witnesses reported that, unlike in traditional raids, the attackers tried to maximize the number of casualties inflicted, including targeting women and children.

1 Unity: South Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission. Accessed March 2012. http://www.ssddrc.org/states/unity.html Unity State: Government of the Republic of South Sudan. Article last updated January 2010. http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/states/ unity.html South Sudan: Compounding Instability in Unity State. Africa Report No. 179. International Crisis Group. October 17, 2011. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/ regions/africa/horn-of-africa/south-sudan/179-south-sudan-compounding-instability-in-unity-state.aspx Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan. United Nations Security Council. November 2, 2011. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp? symbol=S/2011/678 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evalua- tion, p. 8.

2 ”Warrap cattle raiders kill 28 people in Unity state.” Sudan Tribune. September 12, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Warrap-cattle-raiders-kill-28,40125

Parts of the territory of Unity State are also used by the Misseriya or Arab nomads who, for genera- tions, have migrated into South Sudan with their cattle during the dry season when water and fertile grazing land recedes in the north. However, due to conflicts and increased violence, the Misseriya has in recent years sometimes been blocked from entering into Unity State.

With South Sudan’s independence, the shared border remains in dispute. Also, internal border conflicts remain a persistent source of insecurity. Clashes between communities over tracts of land have resulted in injuries and deaths, such as those between Mayom and Rubkona, Rubkona and Guit, Leer and Mayendit, and Pariang and Guit.

South Sudan’s independence in 2011 prompted the return of huge numbers of South Sudanese who were residing in Sudan. More than 340,000 have gone back to South Sudan since October 2010, some 85,000 of them to Unity, far more than any other state.

Conflict, erratic rainfall and the high food and fuel prices caused by North-South border closures have led to a situation of food insecurity in several counties in Unity State. Projections for 2012 indi- cate that the cereal deficit could reach the double of the estimated 2011 deficit.

3. METHODOLOGY

Consultations in Unity State were conducted on 23 November – 5 December 2011, in seven counties including Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona, Pariang and Abiemnhom. Due to security considerations, consultations in Mayom and Pariang were conducted later on 3-9 March 2012. A total of 454 community members and leaders participated in the consultation meetings from all nine counties. The outputs of the consultations included a conflict analysis in each county, ranking of security needs and a community security action plan. These are presented in detail in Section 7 – County-Specific Findings.

The county consultations are the initial steps of a wider support process of building the capacity of national partners and supporting the development and implementation of conflict-sensitive development projects. The support also includes consultation teams undergoing training, engaging communities in active participation and holding a validation meeting with authorities.

3.1. Training of Trainers To prepare individuals designated to conduct the county consultations, a comprehensive five -day Training of Trainers on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology was held for community resource persons. Trainees were provided with a number of PRA tools to assist them in working with communities to identify, map, and analyse the causes and effects of conflict as well as prioritise community security issues. These tools included community mapping, seasonal calendar, trend lines, gender daily calendar and semi-structured interviews.

3.2. County consultations Consultations - overview The consultation workshop lasted for three days in each of the counties consulted and included key tools such as community mapping, conflict analysis matrix, seasonal calendars, gender daily calendars and semi-structured interviews.

Participation Men, women, youth and elders are often affected differently by conflict and have accord- ingly different ideas about what make them safe. In order to obtain sustainable peace it is therefore essential to build on a wide range of experiences and perspectives, and to ensure that planning is based on the knowledge of all the members of a community. To ensure that the participants represented all the members of the county, each county commissioner was requested to mobilize 50 participants comprised of:  An equal number of women and men (25 women and 25 men);  Both youth and elders/traditional leaders (female youth and male youth, female elders and male elders);  Participants from law enforcement agencies/security forces; and  Participants from all the different payams in the county.

However, out of a total number of 332 participants from Rubkona, Guit, Abiemnhom, Leer, Koch and Mayendit counties, only 110 participants (33 percent) were women.

Mapping of Conflict Issues and Areas This phase involved the sketching of a county map to identify conflict zones and critical issues which affect the stability in the county. The mapping exercise was done on the ground in an open space, using locally available materials, to give the entire community the opportunity to participate.

Seasonal Calendar The seasonal calendar was used to map out the seasonality of insecurity and conflict issues, enable discussions on the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of possible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity.

Trend Lines Drawing trend lines from recent years made it possible to explore changes in security dy- namics and the number of incidents for each of the conflict issues identified, and to discuss the causes of any increase or decrease in conflict.

Gender Daily Calendar The tool outlined the activities women, men and youth are engaged in during a typical day. The calendar explored the different situations of men and women in the community and encouraged discussions on gender roles and how men and women can be affected differently by conflict and insecurity.

Semi-Structured Interviews Semi-structured interviews were conducted with county administrators, youth, men and women. County administrators with particular knowledge about the security situation in the counties were chosen as resource persons. Women and youth were chosen for group interviews to make sure their views and concerns were captured.

Conflict Analysis Matrix Findings from the consultations using the above tools unearthed the various issues causing insecurity in the county. After organizing the data collected, the consultation team extracted the focal problems identified by the community, including causes, effects, parties involved in the conflict, parties supporting the conflict and possible opportunities to address the problems. The product of this process was the conflict analysis matrix.

Preference Ranking Participants were divided into groups of men, women and youth to discuss conflict issues they previously identified, and prioritise which of these were the most important for their security and safety situation. All the identified conflict issues were ranked, with one being the highest priority and 10 as the lowest priority.

Community Action Plan (CAP) The most tangible result of the community consultations is the CAP for each county, in- tended to delineate the following:  Proposed projects as agreed collectively by the community;  Proposed actions and resources;  Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules; and  Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance.

Steering Committee A County Steering Committee was created in each county with representatives from the local youth, women, men/elders and government. The roles and responsibilities of the Com- mittee are to:  be the bridge between the community, county administration, state authority, the Bureau and UNDP;  participate in the project approval before implementation;  oversee the implementation of the projects;  ensure routine monitoring;  provide leadership;  ensure community mobilization; and  ensure quality control.

A State Steering Committee was also formed, chaired by the Director General for the Minis- try of Local Government and Law Enforcement, and includes members from key state line ministries and departments, along with United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Civil Affairs.

3.3. The Validation Meeting

The validation meeting took place two days after the last county consultations. Present in the validation meeting were the deputy governor, county commissioners, members of the Bureau, SSPRC, community members, and staff from UNDP and UNMISS. The meeting in- tended to share the outcomes of the county-level consultations on a wider scale with all rele- vant authorities and stakeholders, and to validate the agreements made with the communities to ensure that their identified priorities during consultations were properly recorded and would be addressed. The validation meeting also served to avoid any duplication of efforts with other organizations in communities’ proposed projects. Due to travel obstacles, several county commissioners were not able to attend the meeting.

4. SUMMARY OF CONFLICT AND INSECURITY ISSUES

Outcomes from these consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on socio-economic threats and risks, through UNDP’s Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA) Pro- ject. CSAC and CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a layered and in-depth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA mapped data on socio-economic risk and threat complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the conflict drivers identified in the consultations supported by CSAC.

4.1. Cattle raiding Cattle are the foundation of cattle keepers’ social, economic and cultural life. Owning a high number of cattle is considered prestigious, a source of pride and wealth. It is ascribed to culture and traditional practices such as providing dowry. Since the amount of cattle required for dowry can be enormous, young men who wish to marry resort to cattle raiding to secure the necessary number. Revenge attacks for stolen cows are common where fights can easily escalate into full conflicts. Furthermore, the abundance of small arms in the hands of civilians aggravates these conflicts. As one of the participants commented, “To procure arms is as easy as buying food stuff.”

Cattle raiding is a widespread problem and consid- Community members in Mayom County illustrate the intensity of conflicts over time. © UNDP ered a key insecurity issue in all of the nine counties consulted in Unity State. It is particularly rampant during the dry season when people and animals can move more easily and need to walk longer distances in search for water. Participants during the consultations indicated that unemployment, lack of alternative livelihood options, food insecurity, competition over wealth, grazing land and water, and the absence of security organs at the payam level are the key drivers for cattle raiding. This has resulted in fights, deaths, loss of livestock, revenge attacks, food insecurity and even divorce when the aggrieved party discovers and reclaims the stolen cattle that were paid for dowry.

Cattle raiding influences people’s way of life in Unity State, including their relations within counties and with bordering states wherein water sources and grazing lands become points of contention.

4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands Cattle herders compete over scarce water and grazing land for their livestock. Clashes occur more frequently during the dry season and decline during the rainy season when movement of both humans and animals are restricted. When competition escalates into fights, human lives and cattle are lost. The value of livestock and their survival amidst scarce water and pasture is very critical for cattle keepers. “Before a cow dies because of inaccessibility to water and pasture, men should have died first,” as one participant noted.

Pressure on available pastureland has increased with the influx of citizens returning to South Sudan. Moreover, populations are pushed to look for other grazing land as they are forcefully evicted from their traditional land when oil fields are discovered, as experienced by participants from Koch County.

9 Incidence of cattle theft in Unity State

Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict—Unity State

Conflicts also arise from competing over water for human consumption due to the inadequate supply of boreholes and the shortage of harvested run-off water during the rainy season. Injuries, ethnic fights and deaths have resulted from water-related conflicts. Competition over water resources can also mean contention over fishing areas, as noted by participants from Guit County. This has led to fights over the shortage of fish and the ensuing lack of income, and at times the destruction of boats and fishing equipment.

Furthermore, participants, particularly those in Pariang County, claimed that oil companies operat- ing here have polluted the environment through poor waste disposal, toxic gas emissions and oil spillage due to bombings. This has rendered some land areas barren where they can no longer grow crops or let cows graze. This has forced residents to move to neighbouring counties and thereby compete for water and pasture land. Maps on the preceding pages show the location of cattle raids, incidences of conflict over water/ boundaries as well as tribal conflict in Unity State.

Scarce water resources also impose an extra burden on women and girls who walk long distances in search of water. They lose productive time doing so and the long distances between the water source and their homes have exposed them to sexual violence. Carrying heavy water containers over vast distances has also led to women’s poor health conditions. Women further revealed that husbands subject their wives to violence if they could not find or collect water.

4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs) Although seen as small in number, RMGs have been closely associated with a series of landmine explosions and sporadic attacks resulting in deaths, rape, or injuries. Sporadic and indiscriminate attacks by the RMGs have also disrupted and temporarily halted the education and learning calendars of children. RMGs have also been reported to abduct or recruit child soldiers.

Their presence has further displaced and distorted the movement of communities, affecting their socio-economic and livelihood activities. This has led to less commercial activities and posed a huge challenge in delivering services, goods and commodities.

Participants believed that RMGs prevail in Unity State because they struggle for power and posi- tions, and are discontented from elections and influences from the Sudan government. The presence of RMGs was identified by participants in Rubkona, Abiemnhom, Koch, Mayom and Leer counties.

4.4. Border conflicts Internal border conflicts are a problem between counties or between its neighbouring states such as Warrap (Tonj East County), Lakes (Rumbek North County) and Jonglei. External border conflicts, on the other hand occur between Unity and the neighbouring Southern Kordofan in Sudan. These conflicts are common during the dry season when communities from the conflicting counties, states and regions are in need of water for household use and livestock. Partici- pants noted that although cross-border conflicts have been witnessed in the past, the creation of new states and counties have resulted in an upward trend of these conflicts, pushing populations outside original geographic location.

Abiemnhom County residents identify locations where conflicts occur. © UNDP

The root causes behind border conflicts, as perceived by participants, include the artificial colonial border demarcation, disputes over land ownership, competition over land resources, e.g. oil fields, grazing land and water sources, and migration of people. While elders and government officials are responsible for deliberating and making decisions regarding border issues, the youth are directly involved in fights over territories. Border conflicts in Unity State have resulted in loss of lives and property, displacement of communities, injuries, and revenge attacks.

Participants claimed that external border conflicts that occur between Unity and its northern neighbour Southern Kordofan have caused territorial disputes which typically occur during the dry season when the Misseriya (Arab nomads) migrate to the south in search of water.

4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya Every year, the Misseriya are known to move southwards to Unity for water and grazing land. At the end of the dry season as they head back north, they have been reported to steal cattle and kill people who get in their way. Participants in Rubkona and Abiemnhom counties, who identified this as one of the biggest threats to security, have stated that the Misseriya are supported by the Govern- ment of Sudan. Participants noted though, that conflicts have declined in the last two years as the South Sudan security forces can now halt the movement of Misseriya at the border.

Participants also reported that the Misseriya have abducted children for child labour and slave trade. There were reports that boys were mutilated to prevent them from escaping, and that girls were abducted to be the “wives” of these boys.

4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting Inter- and intra-clan fighting is a common phenomenon in several counties in Unity state. Inter-clan fighting takes place between different counties or tribes while intra-clan fighting occurs between sub -clans within the same county.

Inter and intra-clan fighting is often a result of competition over grazing land and over border de- marcations. The conflicts may lead to killings, inciting a spate of revenge attacks, thus furthering a vicious cycle of community insecurity. In Panyijar County, complex inter-clan fights have occurred out of inequitable distribution of stolen cattle between two clans which have jointly carried out a raid. Should some of the clan’s youth be killed during the planned raids, the aggrieved payam/clan would expect compensation from their partner clans. These situations have frequently resulted in disagreements and fights.

Inter- and intra-clan clashes have also occurred as a result of competition over girls, adultery, elope- ment3, pregnancies outside of marriage, failure to pay dowry and forced marriages. Fighting over girls/women and the associated cattle raiding to secure dowry, was in some communities considered the biggest cause of insecurity between clans and families. The actors involved in inter- and intra- clan fighting are mainly young men; however young women, parents and elders might be indirect actors. What may have started as a family conflict in many cases could spill over to the entire community, resulting in indiscriminate killing of women, men and children.

4.7. Unemployment The lack of jobs and incomes, according to participants are caused by the low level of education, lack of capital or skills, limited or no economic opportunities, lack of awareness of various opportunities

3 Elopement of girls, as defined by the community, either means a woman eloping with and living with a man before the dowry is paid, or relations without the father’s consent. This can become a source of insecurity for the woman because her parents often send her brother/s to demand for dowry from the man’s family. By eloping with a man, the value of the woman in terms of the number of cattle she would have acquired is reduced. In places like Pariang, women reported that when brothers are sent to avenge the sister, other women and men are killed or injured.

and hindrance of investment from the blockage of the north-south roads. Participants also mentioned that people have an attitude of expecting the Government to provide them with employment.

Unemployment particularly affects both the male and female youth. Low employment rate in a county can lead to redundancy, low standards of living, increased numbers of street children, divorce, dependency on other family members, cattle raiding as a means of affording dowry, increased crisis in the areas, migration (rural and urban) and depopulation. When young men are idle they also tend to get involved in conflicts such as cattle raiding, inter-clan fighting and skirmishes over young women.

4.8. Food insecurity Food insecurity can either be a cause or an effect of other underlying security issues, as indicated by participants. Food shortage is usually caused by drought, floods or the limited access to other markets which has been particularly problematic during the rainy season when roads are impassable or flooded. In some areas, food shortage has worsened when the roads connecting Bentiu to Adok and to Khartoum in Sudan were closed. Insecurity and risk of attacks have further prevented communities from accessing these markets or other food sources.

Food shortages have led to increased food costs in the market, often beyond the purchasing power of the majority of households. With the lack of food and proper diet, people have suffered from anaemia or malnutrition. Women’s security has been compromised as well. Wives have claimed that they suffer from increased domestic violence if there is no food in the house, and women looking for food late at night are prone to attacks from militia groups or wild animals.

Additionally, the influx of returnees and reduced food distribution from relief agencies has put an even greater pressure on the food supply in Unity.

5. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING WOMEN AND GIRLS

5.1. Division of labour according to gender Although men in some counties worked for hours each day fishing and cultivating, women’s workload in most counties is significantly higher than men’s. In rural areas, women do both the household work and most of the tasks in the farm. They perform an abundance of duties and travel long distances on foot to fulfil the household’s needs. Several of their duties are physically demanding and can take several hours each day to accom- plish. Women have no breaks in their workday – except when breastfeeding, which constitutes one of the few times they sit down during the day. Both younger and older married women perform all the household duties including washing, grinding maize and fetching water and firewood in addition to a number of pastoralist tasks.

Both men and women expressed that this division of labour was in accordance with tradition and that it was the woman’s role to do this type Women’s group in Pariang County with the consultation team. of work. If women do not perform the work they © UNDP

are expected to do, their husbands may beat them up or divorce them. In one workshop, male participants said that women were born to do this kind of work and mentioned the dowry as a justification. When participants were asked if they see any problems with the division of work, some replied that the workload could cause trauma and illness. One female participant’s reply to the question of whether this would be a problem was “You can marry another wife.”

5.2. Insecurity risks faced by women and girls Women suffer considerably in times of conflict, often left alone to look after the family when the husband leaves to fight and herd cattle or when he dies in conflict. As such, women are still expected to provide the next meal for the family, as well as protect the children and help them escape when conflicts worsen. However, women are rarely consulted on issues of security and conflict resolution.

A typical day for women in Pariang County. © UNDP Women and girls are often afraid to walk long distances to fetch water or go to the forest to collect firewood or material for building fences. They face risks from landmines, wild animals and attacks from rebel militia groups (RMGs) which were reported to have committed murder, rape and abduction, and have forcefully stolen water containers from women. Women who work at night, e.g. to brew beer for sale or to harvest water lily for food, are at a particular risk of attacks from wild animals and RMGs. In Abiemnhom County, women reported fear of attacks from the Misseriya. To reduce the risk of these militia attacks, women expressed that a solution to the risk of attacks from militia groups was to have water sources be established closer to their homes.

Deployed soldiers living within the villages are perceived as often causing problems and posing threats to local women, who reported of harassment especially when soldiers are intoxicated. Women expressed that the payams need police and SPLA presence, but women would rather have the soldiers be accommodated outside the villages.

Domestic violence is still common and some women have claimed they are most insecure at home with their husbands. If they do not fulfil the tasks they are expected to do, for instance providing food or water, they can be severely beaten by their husbands. Participants said that the depreciation of women stems from the fact that when having paid a high dowry, some men perceive of their wives as a commodity.

5.3. Sociocultural practices Some sociocultural practices do not recognize women’s rights, such as the right to inherit property. Prevailing practices include wife and property inheritance by relatives after the husband’s death. Early and forced marriages also occur wherein ex-combatants or undisciplined soldiers have reportedly kidnapped girls to make as their wives. However, women interviewed in the consultations said that forced marriages were not as common as before, as society changes and women are becoming more educated.

However, it is possible for women to go to traditional authorities to get a divorce or seek help for battery or other forms of domestic violence. According to women participants, it is more common to go to traditional leaders for help instead of availing of the formal judicial system where the process is tedious. Meanwhile, the inflicted damage may have already worsened before the case is resolved.

5.4. Lack of health facilities Without proper and accessible medical facilities, women are often at high risk during childbirth because they are unable to travel on roads believed to be laid with landmines. Neither is it safe for doctors or midwives to take the same road to attend to the woman. Furthermore, the few medical facilities lack trained doctors, medical personnel and medicines.

5.5. Women and food security Widowed women are expected to provide food for their families but since they do not own any cattle, they depend on costly meat sold in markets. Women are then left with limited food choices, com- promising the quantity and quality of food provided to the family. Furthermore, women are dis- couraged from raising crops either for subsistence or to raise their income, for fear of landmines and of possible militia attacks. They were, however, willing to do so if security organs would provide stability in rural areas.

6. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING THE YOUTH

6.1. Definition of youth Youth, in the context of these community consultations, are generally defined as young men and women, married or unmarried, below the age of 35. As participants were divided into groups of men, women and youth, they were allowed to join the group they found appropriate. Thus, married women who are in the early years of marriage and those without children are also referred to as youth.

6.2. Roles of youth Consultations showed that there is no distinction between young women and older women’s roles and division of labour; they generally take care of all household chores in addition to tending to vegetable gardens and cattle. Young men’s roles, on the other hand, revolve almost exclusively around the cattle; their main responsibility is cattle keeping including moving with the herd according to the seasons. This role transitions young men into potentially good providers particularly of dowry, and is considered as the rite of passage to manhood. If unmarried, though, young men felt marginalised in their households especially if they have older, married brothers. They are also frustrated with the steep dowry requirements that come with increased social Youth group in Mayom County creates this seasonal calendar. pressure, discouraging them from marrying. © UNDP

Young women, as other married women, have more responsibilities and have very little free time. Young men, on the other hand, have a lot of leisure time outside of their cattle-keeping duties. The large amount of idle time, however, frustrates young men since they claimed to have hardly any opportunities for income-generating or recreational activities.

6.3. Young men and women in the midst of conflict Youth are seen as the main actors during conflict wherein young men are direct participants to the conflict, with young women getting embroiled as well. Fights erupt, for instance, when young men compete for girls as they herd cattle during the dry season. Some participants also shared that it is common for young unmarried men and women to have relations during the season’s cultural dances, resulting in pregnancies and thereby feuds between clans.

As main custodians of cattle, young men are the most prominent parties in cattle raiding and clashes over grazing land and water. Driven by a desire to get married to secure enough dowry or moti- vated by a culture of revenge, young men are often caught in a vicious cycle of attacks and counter- attacks.

Idleness can also be a trigger for conflict. Several male participants pointed out that without jobs or leisure activities, they are vulnerable to being recruited by rebel militia groups to participate in cattle raids. Young men, even those who have not been parties to previous incidences, are enticed as conflict issues turn into vicious cycles of attacks and retaliation. Young men from Guit County told how they can be tracked down in Bentiu in case someone wants to avenge other members of their clan.

Meanwhile, young women indicated that they were more concerned with insecurity in their households and immediate communities; i.e. issues that affected their everyday life. Domestic violence and disputes over lack of employment or livelihood are key insecurity issues, as well as being treated as property based on the dowry paid to the woman’s family.

While communities generally perceive youth as the main driver of insecurity and conflict, the youth also see themselves as agents of positive change. However, they lack opportunities and alternative livelihoods.

6.4. The need for education and employment During the consultations, youth participants repeatedly identified the lack of education, training and employment opportunities as a main concern, especially among young men who said they had few vocational opportunities. Elders and county authorities echoed this sentiment as well. Without a proper education, the youth do not meet the skills requirement for employment. On the other hand, very few vocational opportunities and alternative livelihoods, such as those in agriculture, are available, leaving the youth to fall back into cattle keeping as their main source of livelihood. Combined with idleness and the potential enticement from militia groups, youth are easily drawn into conflict.

Young unmarried men face additional challenges, especially if they are the youngest of the sons in the household. They want to get married but high dowry demands combined with a lack of cattle in their households place them under strain. In addition, there is a lack of employment opportunities and tools for taking up agriculture. Consequently, young men reported a particular predicament as they face social pressures, including falling under the weight of their own expectations.

A general perception among participants in the county consultations, including elders and county authorities, was that there is an overriding lack of educational and training facilities, which contrib- ute to the lack of alternative livelihoods for youth. The establishment of vocational training centres should preferably be demand-driven and optimise youth leadership, including establishing youth associations.

7. COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS

This section provides detailed results of the consultations in each of the nine counties. The outputs of these consultations include a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a community action plan. It should be noted that all of these findings were a direct expression of thoughts and opinions of community members, drawn out through group discussions. While editing on grammar and syntax was done according to publication standards, the matrices in this section re- tained participants’ own wordings to preserve the integrity of the results.

7.1. Rubkona County

Rubkona County is located in the centre north of Unity State and covers an area of 3,597 sq km with a population estimated at 100,2364. It borders Guit County to the east, Southern Kordofan state to the north, Abiemnhom County to the northwest, Mayom County to the west and Koch County to the south. It has two key towns, Rubkona (formerly known as Yoahnyang) and Bentiu which hosts the state government. Rubkona County consists of 10 payams, namely Bentiu, Rubkona, Nhialdhiu, Kal- jak, Budaang, Panhiany, Dhorbor, Wathjak, Ngop and Norlamwuel. Most parts of Rubkona County remain inaccessible. The Nuer is the predominant ethnic group in the county.

Agriculture, livestock and fishing are the traditional livelihood activities in Rubkona County. Devel- opment of the petroleum sector provides important economic and employment opportunities. The closure of the Khartoum-Bentiu road that links the north with Unity state after the 2011 referendum resulted in a shortage of commodities in the county. About 90 percent of the business activities in Rubkona are run by communities from Sudan and from Darfur as well as by Nubian merchants.

Participants in the Rubkona County Consultations

Women Men Total 20 35 55

Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the Effects Solutions conflict

Cattle raid-  Competition over  Male youth of Rubkona  Communities  Loss of lives  Deployment of ing wealth among clans vs Mayom  Chiefs  Loss of properties police across coun-  Low levels of edu-  Rubkona vs Misseriya  Government  Diseases ties cation youth of Sudan  Population decrease  Enforcement of law on cattle raiders  Presence of small  Rubkona Payam vs  Hunger arms in the public Wathnyona Payam of  Construction of  Competition over Guit, police outposts at grazing land  Budaang Payam vs Tor the borders/  Undefined county Payam of Parieng, payams raiding borders  Panhiany Payam vs cattle  Shared land and Bou Payam of Koch  Formation of com- water resources  Kerguin Payam of Guit, mittees from com- Ngop Payam of munities leaders, Rubkona vs Chatjak youth and women Payam of Mayom  Provision of transport and communication equipment for police  Compensation of stolen cattle Cont... 4 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.

Cont… Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the Effects Solutions conflict

Competition  Shortage of water in  Women internally  Youth and men  Loss of human lives,  Drilling of boreholes over water the local area in  Youth from Rubkona vs of Rubkona and cattle and productive  Construction of haffirs (large South Kordofan Youth of Misseriya Government of time in search of water catchments) where the Misseriya  Rubkona youth vs Koch Sudan push other water sources reside Youth Misseriya youth  Forced migration  Rubkona youth vs Guit  Loss of productive youth time as women must walk long distances in search of water  Deaths Competition  Undefined borders  Youth from Rubkona vs  Government of  Cattle raiding  Establishment of border over grazing between communi- Misseriya youth Sudan  Loss of properties committee land ties  Displacement  Use of legal document for  Lack of pasture  Loss of lives movement  Abduction of chil-  Deployment of UN troops dren Rebel  Competition over  RMGs vs SPLA  Government of  Loss of lives and  Peace negotiations between Militia power and wealth  SSLA vs SPLA Sudan properties the government and the Groups  Tribalism  SSLA vs organised  Population decrease RMGs (RMGs)  Discontentment forces  Insecurity  Deployment of SPLA over election results  Displacement  Dialogue between Sudan  Distortion of move- and South Sudan government ment  Presence of landmines  Violent attacks  Recruitment of child soldiers Border  Artificial colonial  Male youth and the  Youth and men  Loss of lives and  Demarcation of borders conflicts border demarcation communities of from both sides cattle  Deployment of police across  Competition over Rubkona vs youth  Elders  Migration the border the ownership of  Men and the communi-  Head of secu-  Loss of properties  Construction of police posts land ties of Mayom, Koch, rity in the state  Diseases  Provision of transport and  Competition over Guit and Pariang coun-  Governor communication equipment ties, plus Misseriya of land resources, e.g.  SPLA to police oil and grazing land South Kordofan  Road connectivity  Migration of people Abduction  Child labour  Rubkona community vs  Government of  Loss of children  Dialogue with Misseriya of children  Slave trade Misseriya male youth Sudan  Trauma  Deployment of police forces by Mis-  Loss of manpower  Border demarcation seriya Inter/intra-  Competition over  Rubkona youth in the  Elders  Restriction of move-  Enforcement of law clan fighting grazing land villages vs Guit/ ment  Jobs creation  Competition over Mayom youth  Lack of trust and  Construction of schools girls  Youth in the sub-clans suspicion  Laws on dowry reduction within the county  Border conflicts  Broken relationships  Vocational training centres  Revenge  Loss of lives and for youth  Eloping of girls and properties  Engagement of faith groups early pregnancy  Diseases  Establishment of joint courts  Adultery  Population decrease  Critic songs  Displacement  Limited manpower

Rubkona County: Prioritisation of Conflict Issues

Issue Men Women Youth Total Rank 1—Highest 7– Lowest Cattle raiding 3 4 2 9 3

Competition over water 4 2 6 12 4

Competition over grazing land 6 7 5 18 6

Attack by RMGs 2 3 1 6 2

Border conflict 1 1 3 5 1

Abduction by Misseriya 7 6 7 20 7

Inter- and intra-clan conflict 5 5 4 14 5

Rubkona County: Community Action Plan

Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start Who will follow up date Priority 1: Provision of land by the County authority 1 Jan County authority, Construct six police posts in: community, labour by the 2012 community leaders,  Ngob Payam (Wangkei) community, provision of UNDP  Tanjiang Payam (Kerthou) building materials

 Budaang Payam (Reng)  Norlam Payam (Jornjang)  Panhiany Payam (Tuet)  Bentiu Payam (Kei)

Priority 2:  Meeting with chiefs,  County authority 30 Nov Community com- Establish irrigation projects for youths and women, and Community 2011 mittee youth and women in: discuss what is leaders.  Wathjar needed for the project  State govt/ com-  Ngob to be implemented munity/ county  Kaljak  Land authority  Dhorbor  Labour  UNDP, AECOM  Water pumps(4)  UNDP, AfDB  Water pipe  UNDP, FAO,  Tractor Min. of Agric/  Seeds state  Irrigation tools; axes,  UNDP, Bureau/ holes MOWRI

Priority 3: Community mobilization, County authority, 1 Jan County authority, Drill boreholes provision of land by the community leaders, 2012 community leaders, community, provision of central and state gov- Local steering Com- local materials, provision ernment, UNDP mittee, UNDP of building materials, labour

7.2. Guit County

Guit County was formerly part of Rubkona County but was accorded separate status as a result of the devolution of power in the CPA agreement. Guit covers a surface area of 3,432sq km5 and borders the following counties: Pariang in the north, Rubkona in the northwest, Koch in the South and Old Fangak in Jonglei State to the east. It is situated along the Nile River with three significant ports.

Guit County has vast resources such as oil, cattle, fish and grasslands. Guit County has eight payams, 24 bomas and 208 villages. The payams are Niemni, Kuach, Nyathoar, Kedad, Kuerguini, Wathnyona, Chotyiel and Bil. All payams are connected to the county headquarter by murrum roads.

The population is estimated at 33,0046 of which the majority are youth. Guit is predominantly occupied by the Jikany clan of the Great Nuer tribe with a small of number of Fallath Arab Nomads and some Darfurians. The majority of the population is comprised of cattle keepers but the population also engage in subsistence farming and modest commercial fishing. The majority of the population lives in rural areas with only a few elites residing in the urban centres of Unity State. During the dry season, water and pasture becomes a challenge which leads people to move over long distances to other areas.

Participants in the Guit County Consultations

Women Men Total 13 46 59

Guit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict Causes Parties Effects Possible solution Issues Unclear  Control over taxation. People  Tax collectors  Occasional fighting  Border demarcation borders taxed are from Guit but tax col-  Politicians  Death  3-party mediation: 2 communi- lected by Pariang  Settlers in the contested  Instability ties and mediation by an exter-  Competition over state capital areas  Tension nal party (not the government ) ownership  Communities in Payam  Referring to old (colonial) maps  Communities claim land of Ben- to establish facts tiu  Engage elders knowledgeable of  Political interest of having higher local history of the exact borders population to increase political  Traditional conflict resolution weight and have more seats in the mechanism State Parliament  Engage communities in recon-  Higher population means more ciliation access to developmental State  Establishment of border court funds allocated (formal judicial system) to solve  Misunderstanding/mistrust be- controversies tween communities Unemploy-  Attitude of seeking Government  Women  Insecurity caused by  Formation of consortia or busi- ment employment  Men idleness ness groups  Lack of skills  Population at large but  People are unable to  Family-based business project  Unfair competition from skilled mainly youth support their families based on resources owned traders  Youth  Business initiatives of  Awareness/sensitisation on op-  Idleness/inertia as consequence of poor traders suffo- portunities, business ideas, tech- war, people have no initiative cated by stronger trad- niques, skills  Laziness: people look for clerical ers  Create own business opportuni- jobs and do not consider farming ties without relying only on pub- or labour intensive work lic employment

Cont… 5 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Cen- tre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8. 6 Ibid, p.12.

Cont… Guit County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Issues Causes Parties Effects Possible solution

 Women are not supported by  Vocational training in brick husbands/families in their en- making, catering, hotel man- trepreneurship agement, mechanics  Lack of transparency and merit in public post recruitment

Conflict over  Elopement  Families  Girls punished  Respect rights of others marriage/  Failure to pay dowry  Girls  Inter-family fighting  Respect women’s rights to dowry  Early pregnancy  Youth  Reduced family choose partner  Dowry paid but pregnancy  Community wealth  Awareness: girls are not just a with another man occurs before  Forced marriage source of wealth marriage  Trauma in marriage  Shift dowry from cows to  Arranged marriages (unfaithfulness, adul- money (no need for raiding) tery, domestic vio-  Community consultation on lence) dowry  Death

Competition  Rubkona men coming to Guit  Youth  Fighting  Community leaders to facili- over grazing for pasture during dry season  Men  Cattle raiding tate youth movement land, fisheries  Presence of only one fishing site  Lack of food  Channel water from river Nile (Lel Ganyai)  Lack of income to Guit  Provision of tools for fishing  Border demarcation  Cleaning the river to expand fishing ground

Presence of  Power struggle  RMGs  Presence of land-  Peace talks à try to solve CPA rebel militia  North Sudan trying to cause  SPLA, SAF mines pending issues groups insecurity in the State  Deaths  Peace dialogue in the commu- (RMGs)  Disabilities nity  Road blockade  Border demarcation  Police posts and patrols

Inter-clan  Competition over girls/  Youth  Death  Alternative livelihood and fighting marriage  Diseases employment opportunity  Pregnancy before marriage  Injuries/disabilities  Youth engagement  No opportunity for  Traditional leaders to help movement solve controversies  Education and training

Cattle raiding  Culture / Tradition  Young men  Death  Cutting down trees and reset-  Lack of education  Famine tle in Nyatuol, Chang Pageny,  Lack of economic opportunities  Diseases Pam, Nyayouk  Lack of food  Disabilities  Expanding agricultural and other livelihood activities  Loss of life and property  Provision of agricultural tools including water tanks

Long distance  Lack of water points  Men  Rape  Boreholes drilling for humans to water points  Women responsibility to fetch  Women  Overwork and animals water  Grinding mills

Domestic  Dowry  Men  No appreciation of  Solve inequality through access violence  Women low status in the soci-  Women women from men to education ety  Women not involved  Provision of reproductive in decision making health services  Cultural belief that  Support to orphans and wid- women have no ows rights  Adult education  Clan fights

Guit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank 1—Highest 9– Lowest Unclear borders 3 1 1 5 1 Unemployment 2 3 7 12 4 Marriage/dowry 9 8 6 23 8 Competition over grazing land, water and fisheries 7 2 2 11 2 Cattle raiding 6 5 8 19 7 RMG presence 5 4 5 14 5 Inter-clan fighting 4 6 4 14 5 Domestic violence 8 9 9 26 9 Long distance to water points 1 7 3 11 3

Guit County: Community Action Plan

Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up

Priority 1: Show the site Community 5 Jan 2012 Steering Committee Opening of existing wa- formed by the payams ter canal to provide ac- Clear the site County government cess to water

Provide labour and inspect the UNDP existing canal Provide security Local administration

Provide construction company UNDP and Steering Committee

Priority 2: Community mobilization Community 1 Jan 2012 Community leaders, Mechanised agricultural Steering committee projects (all payams) Identification of land County authorities Steering Committee

Formation of farming associa- County authorities and commu- Feb-Mar 2012 Payam authorities and tions and membership nity Steering Committee

Training of farmers through their County authorities, UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee Associations Purchase of a tractor UNDP Steering committee

Purchase of farm inputs (seeds, UNDP Steering Committee and tools, pesticide) county authorities Priority 3: Awareness, identifying actual County and payam authorities Jan 2012 Steering committee and Construction and equip- locations in Thow Managor and payam authority ping of two police Chang Payams posts Land clearing Local Mar 2012 Payam authority

Tendering process Steering Committee, UNDP Steering Committee

Mobilisation of local materials Community and payam Community

Actual construction, provision of Contractors/UNDP Steering Committee/ equipment/furniture, communi- UNDP cation equipment, vehicle Hand over to government UNDP Steering Committee

7.3. Abiemnhom County

Abiemnhom County is situated in the northeast of Unity state bordering South Kordofan and Abyei in Sudan. Abiemnhom further shares borders with Mayom County to the southeast, Pariang County to the north, Rubkona County to the east, and Twic County (Warrap State) to the south. Abiemnhom has a surface area of 2,380 sq km and has an estimated population of 17,0127, most of whom are Dinka Alor along with some Nuer. The main economic activity in Abiemnhom is agriculture.

Until 2005 Abiemnhom was part of Mayom County but became an independent county with the signing of the CPA. Abiemnhom’s population was almost wiped out during the second civil war in 1983, which saw the majority of people fleeing to Sudan. Re-settlement only began in 2003. Parts of Abiemnhom remain unsettled and especially along the borders this allows for easy movement of RMGs who use Abiemnhom as a corridor for launching attacks in Mayom County.

Participants in the Abiemnhom County Consultations

Women Men Total 24 36 60

Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the Effects Solutions conflict Presence of  Abiemnhom is the  RMGs and SPLA  Government  Presence of landmines  Deployment of security forces RMGs corridor to Mayom of Sudan  Disabilities (SPLA and police) along the – Bangbang payam  Government  Loss of lives border of Bangbang and Awarpiny payams  No police presence/ of South Su-  Restriction of move- security dan ment  Construction of roads for easier deployment and delivery of  Food insecurity supplies  Construction of boreholes along the insecure borders for easier access to water for security forces Competition  Lack of pasture  Male youth and  Government  Displacement  Deployment of security forces over grazing north of the border men from of Sudan  Burning of houses (SPLA and police) along the land of Sudan during Abiemnhom – and gardens border with Sudan dry season Misseriya youth  Loss of property  Construction of police posts  Khartoum govern-  Loss of lives and provide transport, com- ment incites Mis- munication and provisions  Abduction of children seriya to capture land  Soft border since independence Competition  Lack of clean water  Youth (men and  Communities  Insecurity  Connection of water pipes over water  Lack of boreholes women) from Abiemnhom -  Loss of lives  Construction of more bore-  Competition over Abiemnhom – Khartoum  Long distances to holes fisheries Misseriya youth fetch water for  Clear/demarcation of borders  Competition over womenà miscarriages river Kiir and health problems Competition  Presence of oil  Government of  Government  Inadequate oil  International interventions – over oil  Ownership of oil Sudan of Sudan  Food insecurity demarcate borders  Government of  Government  Insecurity  Involvement of UN security South Sudan of South Su-  Fear council dan  Lack of development  Resolve outstanding CPA issues  Displacement  Loss of lives 7 Ibid, p. 12. Cont...

Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the Effects Solutions conflict Presence of  RMGs allegedly  Youth and men of  Government  Restriction of move-  UNMAO should carry out landmines sent by Khartoum the militia group of Sudan ment demining in the affected areas government to  Food insecurity  The government of South Su- plant landmines  Inflation dan should raise the issue in  Loss of lives the international community  Limited access to  Deployment of troops to inse- medical care for preg- cure payams nant women and  UNMISS should patrol the farmers areas affected Attack by Mis-  Control over re-  Youth and men of  Government  Loss of cattle  Deployment of police and seriya sources, e.g. gum Misseriya of Sudan (they  Loss of lives military in the payams Arabic, fisheries give arms to  Rape  Border demarcation the Misseriya)  Grazing land  Displacement  Water  Destruction of prop-  Khartoum govern- erties ment instigation to  Abduction of children divide the Dinka and Nuer tribe Border conflict  Struggle for re-  Youth and men  Government  Assault/harassment of  Deployment of police and sources, e.g. grass, from Abiemnhom of Sudan women particularly army to the payams at the sand, fish, etc. vs. Misseriya  Restriction of move- border  Quest to annex ment  Clear demarcation of Sudan some lands  Underdevelopment and South Sudan  Grazing land  Lack of education  Mediation of this dispute over border between north and south done by the international community Cattle raiding  Presence of arms in  RMGs  Divorce (if cows sto-  Increase the number of police hands of Misseriya  Misseriya len are discovered forces at the border  Wealth and pres-  Youth and taken back)  Awareness and intercom- tige  Fights munity dialogues  Ex-combatant  Loss of lives  Provision of water dams and (need for survival)  Loss of livestock canals  Lack of rule of law  Revenge attacks  Roads network  No police presence  Food insecurity  Establishment of Joint courts  Dowry  Displacement  Disarmament (regional)  Water issues  Loss of livelihood  Border protection and restric-  Community Incite-  Enmity/sour relation- tions ment ship among the community Presence of  Demobilised and  Misseriya  Government  Displacement  Police presence (well small arms not disarmed SPLA  Militia groups of Sudan  Intercommunity fight- equipped) Ex-combatant  Youth from War-  Unknown ing  Clear border demarcation (disserted) rap state militia groups  Collapse business  Disarmament  Presence of RMGs  Ex-combatants  Lack of commodities  Increase dialogues between the  Presence of Mis- (SPLA)  Hunger and malnutri- two countries seriya (Arab no- tion  Prison along the border mads)  Diseases  Cattle Raiding  Loss of lives  Protection of  Close down of schools wealth  Fear/stress leading to premature delivery/ miscarriages  Disabilities  Increased number of orphans  Bad effect on babies/ children Cont...

Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the Effects Solutions conflict Unemployment  Insecurity  Youth (women  Low standard of liv-  Income generating activities  Low level of educa- and men) ing  Provision of loans for small tion  Increase the number scale business  Lack of capital of street children  Vocational training (carpentry,  Lack of entrepre-  Divorce African gum, fisheries, brick neurial Skills  Dependency laying)  Blockage of North-  Increase crisis in the  Agricultural farming projects South Roads thus areas  Provision of sewing machines investment dis-  Cattle raiding due to for women’s groups couraged redundancy and de-  Construct recreational centre sire for dowry for youth activities  Migration (rural and urban)  Depopulation  Redundancy

Abiemnhom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank 1—Highest 10– Lowest Cattle raiding 4 2 5 11 3 Competition over water 3 3 2 8 2 Competition over grazing land 5 5 6 16 5 Unclear border 6 4 3 13 4 Presence of small arms 7 6 9 22 8 Misseriya attacks 1 1 1 3 1 Presence of RMGs 2 8 7 17 6 Unemployment 9 7 4 20 7 Competition over oil fields 8 10 10 28 10 Presence of landmines 10 9 8 27 9

Abiemnhom County: Community Action Plan

Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up

Priority 1: Identify location and land Community, payam Jan 2012 Steering Committee, Construction of police authorities Commissioner, com- posts in at least four, munity leaders preferable seven payams Survey the location County surveyors Feb 2012

Identify building materials Community Mar 2012 Steering Committee (local) Tendering process UNDP, Government Apr 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP Procurement of materials UNDP Apr 2012 Steering Committee Government Commissioner Community leaders Actual construction Apr 2012 Steering Committee Commissioner Community leaders Purchase furniture and UNDP Jul 2012 UNDP equipment Steering Committee Hand over UNDP Aug 2012 Government Priority 2: Provision of land Community Jan 2012 Steering Committee, Construction of seven county authorities boreholes in the Provision of local materials Community payams (with pay) Provision of labour (with Community pay) Provision of security County authorities

Provision of accommodation

Provision of construction UNDP company Priority 3: Meet with communities and County commis- Jan. 2012 Steering Committee, Sorghum farming in the authorities sioner county authorities, seven UNDP payams Search for fertile land Community

Machines for tree cutting UNDP State Government Community FAO WFP NGOs Seeds

Labour

Thresher machine

Generator

Water

Pumping machine

Pesticides

Fertilizers

Storage facility

7.4. Leer County

Leer County is situated in the southeast part of Unity State, approximately 135 km from the state capital Bentiu. It consists of 16 payams and 48 bomas. It is the most densely populated county in Unity State, with an estimated population of 53,022 and an area of 1,612 sq km.8 The county borders Koch County to the North, Mayendit County to the East, Panyijar County to the southeast and Jon- glei State to the East. The border between Leer and other counties is not yet demarcated.

The population in Leer relies on livestock, fishing and subsistence agriculture. The county receives rains between June to October which often results in floods. The swampy terrain makes the county endemic to diseases such as malaria and to parasitic infections like Kala Azar and bilharzias, among others.

Participants in the Leer County Consultations

Women Men Total 18 38 56

Leer County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict Causes Parties in the Parties to Effects Solutions Issues conflict the conflict Competi-  Less rainfall  Youth of  Parents  Loss of herds of cattle  Water sources construction tion  Drought Leer, May-  Elders  Loss of life  Mobile animal health clinics over  Claim of ownership endit and  Tradi-  Spread of livestock diseases  Formation of youth organiza- pasture Panyijar of communal grazing tional  Degradation of vegetation and tions in cattle camps land leaders land  Youth training on peace build-  Revenge  Violent fights ing and unity  Inadequate water  Mistrust between counties  Creation of income earning/job sources for pasture opportunities growth  Burning of bushes should be  Justice system still stopped slow, laws on raiders  Creating ranches not used  Overstocking of animals  Revenge to acquire dowry for sisters who have been eloped Poor man-  Limited funds  Sudan and  Humani-  Pressure on existing resources  Allocation of adequate basic agement of  Unclear return polices South Su- tarian and services services – water, education, returnees  Poor planning of dan Govern- partners  Increase of crime health etc return process ments  Incompatible cultural practices  Creation of job opportunities

 Concentration of from different diasporas  Vocational training and income returnees in urban  Over-population generating activities for the areas  Competition over land, water, youth  High influx of return- education etc  Awareness raising on return ees during the refer-  Increased unemployment policies endum  Language barrier – medium of  Inadequate humani- instruction is English so children tarian support from Sudan are unable to fit in  Fear of statelessness  Natural resources mismanagement  Mismanagement of return resources

Cont... 8 Ibid, p. 12

28 Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in the Parties to the Effects Solutions Issues conflict conflict

Competition  Drying up of rivers –  Women, youth  Elders and  Long waiting time at water  Increase water sources/ over water Gaar, Tiam and and children leaders points points in all payams Kuelnyang  Fights among youth in de-  Surface water harvest-  Long dry spell seasons – fence of their sisters and ing which takes about 5 mothers; months  Women have less sleeping  Inadequate water sources time because many hours in all payams whereby are spent at water points people have to share one  Fights among women and borehole – Pillieny and girls from various payams Thornyang payams  Miscarriage among expect-  Five payams do not have ing women boreholes – Adok, Dhor-  Less food in the house gani, Gander, Gir, Juong  Poor personal hygiene at  High returnees influx household level  Broken boreholes  Health conditions deterio- rate leading to neck, head, chest pain and miscarriage by expectant mothers  Women are beaten by husbands if there is no water in the house  Girls drop out of school to support with water fetching for the family

Borders  Creation of new counties  Youth in Leer  Elders,  Fighting over resources  Border demarcation disputes  Discovery of oil fields in and Mayendit women and (water and schools)  Inter-county dialogue Leer politicians  Restriction of movements  Adequate allocation of  Displacement of people  Displacement of people funds and services by  Unjust system of com-  Mistrust among communi- government to all coun- pensation between Leer ties ties regardless of popu- and Mayendit  Loss of life and property lation and size  Un-institutionalised con-  Out migration by men  Empowerment of local authorities to mobilize flict management mecha-  Rape of women and chil- communities on peace nisms ( when a good dren officer who manages matters and coexistence  Inter-county disputes over conflicts well is trans-  Provide more equip- compensation paid by the ferred the new person ment for security organs oil company to destructed hired uses bad mecha- farms, houses and resources  Proper management of nisms) the return process  Fear that the less popu-  Empower local authori- lated areas would be ties in resource mobili- annexed zation  Fear that counties would  Support the reintegra- not be allocated resources tion of returnees or get services due to  Adequate basic services less population (Water, Health, Educa-  Perception by some peo- tion); ple that traditional justice  Cultural awareness applied favours some people  Confusion on voter regis- tration  Scramble to control counties between Mayendit and Leer (main roads taxes) Cont...

29 Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in the Parties to the Effects Solutions Issues conflict conflict

Attacks by  Failure to reintegrate militia  Youth organ-  Political  Fighting  Deployment of forces along Rebel Militia to national army ized by leader that  Killings the borders Group  Failure to succeed in captur- Galuak failed to  Displacement of  Comprehensive disarmament (RMG) ing political seats by certain capture his people  Reintegration of militia groups seat politicians  Rape of women and  Dialogue between Govern-  Illegal possession of firearms children ment and RMGs by citizens  Restriction of move-  Border demarcation between  Motivation to accumulate ment South Sudan and Sudan wealth  Forced recruitment  Unconfirmed ranks of children  Opposition of elections and  Low production of referendum food  Rape of women  Stealing of water containers and cooking pots

Cattle  Less job opportunities  Youth of Leer  Parents  Cross-border fight-  Construction of police stations raiding  Inadequate food supply and Mayendit, who push ing and deployment of police  Absence of security forces Koch, Mayom, their sons to  Displacement of  Promote job creation for the Rubkona and raid  High cost of dowry people youth Panyijar  Militia who  Revenge  Loss of property  Construction of road to link supply State Headquarters with coun-  Presence of arms  Restricted move- guns ments ties  Lack of awareness on the  Support foreign investors to effects of cattle raiding and  Less production of create job opportunities other opportunities for gen- food erating wealth  Out-migration by  Improve communication systems to access security organs  Less food importation from men and youth in time of need the North due to the dys-  Women are left functional port Adok and behind to bear the  Hold dialogue between the absence of roads burden of family youth in the payams /inter- county dialogue  Belief that possession of care many heads of cattle is pres-  Loss of patriotism  Increase cross border dialogue tigious  Build mobile schools for the  Bribing prison officers by youth in the cattle camps elders to have their con-  Provide the youth with techni- victed sons released from cal skills including masonry, prison carpentry, electronics and  Motivation to have money metal work and clothes for Christmas  Release of cattle raiders by prison authorities due to poor capacity of prisons to provide basic needs

Cont…

Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in the Parties to Effects Solutions Issues conflict the conflict Food  High influx of returnees  Men, youth  Militant  Malnutrition among children  Initiation of income generat- insecurity  Use of traditional farming and women Groups and women ing activities for women system  Sudan  Out-migration of men  Irrigation pumps to harvest  Closure of borders be- Govern-  Women left behind to care twice a year tween South Sudan and ment for children  Modern farming methods Sudan  Forced and early marriage of (Tractors, improved seeds,  Over reliance on rain-fed girls extension of services) farming  Pregnant mothers become  Creation of employment  Drought anaemic opportunities for youth  Floods  Death of pregnant women  Dialogue among the youth  Polygamy – overstretch  Robbery with violence for peaceful coexistence food resources  Loss of life  Enact and enforce laws against alcohol and beating  Absence of food security  Some children refuse to go to of women priority by Government school – high dropout  Awareness raising against  Displacement  Miscarriages by expecting domestic violence  Alcoholism by men mothers/women  Rotational system  Loss of livestock and agri-  School dropout; children join cultural land due to open cattle camps and get men-  Engage South Sudan Wild disposal of waste products tored to raiding practices Life Services to control wildlife by oil company  High rate of divorce  Open East Africans routes  Fights between Dier in  Women overwhelmed (Sleep for food Leer and Mayendit at 01:00 am and wake up at  Restricted movement 04:00 am in the rainy season)  Construction of dikes to control flooding  Death of household heads  Poor sexual relationship  Construction of inter-state  Pest infestation between spouses roads  Lack of diversification of  Men beat wives and children  Attraction of foreign inves- income sources if there is no food tors in food production  Attacks by wild animals  Exposure habits of rape

Leer County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County Total Rank authorities9 1—Highest 7– Lowest Competition over pasture 5 7 5 6 23 6

Poor management of return process 6 3 4 5 18 4

Border disputes 4 6 6 4 20 5

Competition over water 3 2 3 2 10 2

Food insecurity 1 1 1 1 4 1

Cattle raiding 2 5 2 3 12 3

Attacks by Rebel Militia Groups 7 4 7 7 25 7 (RMGs)

9 Leer county commissioner, police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife Service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary.

Leer County: Community Action Plan

Proposed Proposed components Activities Resources Possible partners projects Priority 1:  Provide one tractor, improved  Mobilize and form  Tractors  Local govern- Food secu- seeds and extension services farmer groups with  Irrigation ment rity project for the county towards im- both men and pumps  UNDP proved farming women  Seeds  Other UN or-  Mobilize and train farmer  Train farmers on  Tools ganizations groups’ members (three mem- improved farming  Funds bers in each payam) systems  Technical  Provide the women’s union in  Strengthen the experts Leer county with support to women ‘s union  Grinding initiate one retail shop and a with skills to enable machine restaurant at Leer county head- them run the retail quarter to improve income to shop, restaurant  Funds supplement food needs  Provide women with one grinding mill at Leer Payam centre  Provide the youth in all the payams with skills in masonry, welding and carpentry including adult education

Priority 2:  Mobilise and build the capacity  Identifying payam  Drilling ma-  Authorities in the Water of water user group to main- committees / leader- chines county project tain the water sources ship that will work  Water pumps  Traditional lead-  Drill 64 hand pumps (3 in each with the steering  Engineer ers committee payam)  Other related  Return and Rein-  Construct water reservoir for equipment tegration Com- livestock and kitchen garden- and materials mission (RRC) ing in each payam  Water Depart-  Repair five boreholes in ment Adok, Dhorgani, Gander, Gir, and Juong  Repair one water tank at Leer headquarters near the market

7.5. Koch County

Koch is located in the south of Unity State and borders Guit County to the northeast, Mayom County to the west, Rubkona County to the north, and Mayendit County to the south. It shares its border with Tonj East and Tonj North County of Warrap state to the west. The county has seven payams; Gany, Norbor, Pakur, Boaw, Ngony, Mirmir and Jaak. It is estimated that the total population of Koch is 74,863.10

Koch County is predominantly inhabited by Nuer people, of which there are five distinct clans, namely Rayien, Boor, Lang, Wuot and Jidiet. However, during the wars other ethnic groups came to the area. Koch communities rely on livestock, agriculture, fishing and oil for their livelihoods. Koch County has 11 murrum roads that connect it to various payams. None of these roads has tarmac and are thus inaccessible during the rainy season.

Participants in the Koch County Consultations

Women Men Total 21 29 50

Koch County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the Effects issues conflict Cattle  To get rich  Youth in Warrap  Parents  Spread of firearms raiding  High cost of dowry ( 60-100 cows) raid Koch  Extended fam-  Food insecurity in Koch  Revenge  Youth in Koch raid ily  Loss of property  Restock lost livestock Warrap  Abduction of women and  Myth that cattle belong to the Nuer people  Youth in Mayom children raid Koch  Myth that cattle belong to Dinka in War-  Rape of women rap  Youth in Koch raid  Limitation in movement Mayom  Lack of alternative income for the youth  Hunger  Lack of education by the youth to engage  Loss of livelihoods sources in viable activities  Loss of household assets  Lack of roads from payam to payam  Inter clan fights hence raiders caught cannot be handed  Overcrowding of people and over to law enforcers livestock  Absence of police station, radio communi-  Environmental degradation cation and vehicles due to overstocking  Presence of vegetation used has hideouts  Children displaced from by cattle raiders in the rainy season school  Punishment to those who have impreg- nated their sisters Food  Destruction of crops by elephants  Youth who attack  RMGs who  School dropout by children insecurity  Rape of women when they are working in from neighbouring attack people due to hunger the farm counties while working  Women beaten by husbands  Abduction of boys when working in the  Koch youth who in the farms whenever there is no food in farms revenge and also the house  Killing of boys who provide manpower in attack the  Migration by men to other the farms for food production neighbouring regions leaving behind counties  Concentration on traditional farming women with the burden of methods that do not produce much yields  Men who beat family care wives whenever  Low yields due to reliance on rain-fed there is no food farming

 High cost of farm inputs  Inaccessible roads hence other foods cannot be purchased from Juba or the North

Cont... 10 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. South- ern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.

Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the Effects issues conflict

Competition  Competition over ownership  Warrap youth who  Elders  Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth over water of river Dol and Bilchang bring cattle to Dol  Fathers  Fighting between Koch and Mayom  Inadequate water sources river youth  Discrimination of small clans  Koch youth who  Killings from water points bring cattle to Dol  Loss of life of youth river  High livestock population  Loss of children by parents  Mayom youth who  Youth are not occupied/ are  Loss of sources of livelihood sources bring cattle to Dol idle  Outbreak of livestock diseases river  Death of livestock  Women and girls who fight at the  Women covering long distances ( 5hours) water points to fetch water resulting to miscarriages, rape, attacks by wild animals/ snakes, roadside deliveries, injuries, attacks by RMG who steal Jerri cans

Competition  Displacement of populations  Rubkona elders  Government of  Loss of human life over land as a result of clashes in the community claim- South Sudan  Loss of property ownership North ing rights over  Elders  Fighting between Koch and Mayom  Creation of the new counties land youth which push some clans out-  Mayom elders  Fighting between Koch and Rubkona side their original geographi- community claim- youth cal locations ing rights over  Killings land  Loss of life of youth  Koch elders claim-  Loss of children by parents ing ownership of land  Loss of sources of livelihood  Outbreak of livestock diseases  Death of livestock  Displacement of people

Competition  Drought  Warrap youth who  Elders and  Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth over pasture  Overstocking bring cattle to Dol parents  Fighting between Koch and Mayom  Pollution of vegetation by oil river youth company  Koch youth who  Killing of youth and people in general  Discrimination of the smaller bring cattle to Dol  Loss of life of youth river clans  Loss of children by parents  Mayom youth who  Youth have no other activities  Loss of sources of livelihood bring cattle to Dol  Outbreak of livestock diseases river  Displacement of populations  Death of livestock

Forceful  Discovery of oil fields  Koch elders vs  Government of  Uncovered trenches eviction by  Failure by the government to Government of Sudan  Open disposal of waste on land, rivers oil compa- provide strong policies on Sudan and pasture nies compensation  Elders vs oil com-  Death of livestock in the open trenches pany management  Injuries of people from the open trenches  Youth vs oil com-  Death of children in the open trenches pany  Displacement of people whose land have oil fields  Inadequate pasture  Children consuming chemicals disposed in the open resulting to death

Cont...

Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the Effects issues conflict

Attacks by  Rebellion against Govern-  Youth organized by  Government of  Raping of women children rebel militia ment of South Sudan James Galwak Gai Sudan  Killing of people group (RMG)  Intentions to acquire political  Forceful recruitment of children power to the militia group  Abduction of women and children  Burning of villages  Displacement of people  Looting of property  Re-arming of militia  Forceful accusation of victims and families  Victimization of men who report atrocities by RMG to their wives  Food insecurity  Robbery with violence  Looting of household cooking pans and water Jerri cans by the militia  Loss of dignity for women  Spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections  Rejection of girls who have been raped  Presence of land mines planted by the militia

Koch County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County Total Rank authorities11 1—Highest 7 Lowest Cattle raiding 3 3 1 2 9 3

Competition over water 2 2 2 1 7 1

Food insecurity 1 1 3 3 8 2

Competition over pasture 4 5 4 6 19 4

Attacks by rebel militia groups 6 4 7 7 21 7

Competition over land owner- 7 6 5 4 22 5 ship Forceful eviction by oil com- 5 7 6 5 23 6 pany

11Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary

Koch County: Community Action Plan

Project Proposed project com- Activities Resources Possible partners Start Who will ponents Date follow up Priority 1: Construct 9 water pans  Organize community  Water pan  County Authority 10 Jan County Water project in Norbor, Pakur, Gany, meetings to identify equipment  UNDP 2012 Authority Nyang, Ngony, Koch, Commu- space / land for the  Funds  Other humanitarian Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath nity water pans  Land agencies payams for livestock  Train community on  Expert on water water pan construc- pans tion and maintenance

Construct 9 bore holes  Organize community  Borehole equip-  County Authority 10 Jan County in Norbor, Pakur, Gany, meetings to identify ment  UNDP 2012 authorities Nyang, Ngony, Koch, space / land for the  Funds  Other humanitarian Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath boreholes  Land agencies payams for domestic use  Select a water use  Expert on bore- committee and train hole construc- them on borehole tion maintenance

Construct a drainage  Mobilize community  Materials and  County Authority 10 Jan County system along the river to support the con- equipment for  UNDP 2012 authorities bank to prevent and struction work in construction of  Other humanitarian control the floods kind and cash where drainage system agencies possible  Funds  Expert

Construct 4 bridges to  Mobilize the commu-  Equipment and  County Authority 10 Feb County ease transportation in nity to support the materials  UNDP 2012 authorities Norbor, Pakur, Gany, construction work in  Expert on  Other humanitarian Nyang, Ngony, Koch, cash and kind bridge construc- agencies Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath tion payams  Funds

Install water irrigation  Mobilize the commu-  Irrigation  County Authority 10 Feb County generators in Norbor, nity to support the equipment  UNDP 2012 authorities Pakur, Gany, Nyang, installation process  Funds  Other humanitarian Ngony, Koch, Bouw,  Mobilize the commu-  Expert agencies Jaak and Tharjath nity to form user payams groups in all the payams where installation shall take place  Train the user groups on management of the irrigation interven- tion

Cont...

Cont… Koch County: Community Action Plan

Priority 2: Proposed project com- Activities Resources Who will provide Start Who will Food security ponents Date follow up project  Provide one tractor,  Train farmers on im-  Tractors  County authority 5 Jan County improved seeds, small proved farming meth-  Irrigation  Ministry of agricul- 2012 Authority scale irrigation and ods pumps ture field extension ser-  Provide materials ,  Seeds  UNDP vices in all the 7 seeds and tools for  Tools payams farming  Funds  Initiate and install  Train women on how  Technical ex- one grinding mill for to manage a grinding perts women for the grains mill machine  produced at Koch Grinding ma- headquarters chine  Build capacity of the  Funds youth in all the payams in technical skills specifically in carpentry, mechanics, tailoring and life skills to enable them earn income to meet their food needs  Establish one Primary Healthcare facility with a feeding programme for children aged 7 years and below at Koch headquarters

 Train youth in techni-  Identify training cen-  Technical Train-  County Authority 20 Jul County cal skills specifically tres ers venues  Concerned Ministry 2012 Authority in carpentry, mechan-  Identify youth to be  Technical  UNDP ics, tailoring and life trained in technical  Materials and skills skills from all the equipments payams  Train youth in technical skills (carpentry, mechanics, tailoring )  Provide loans to the youth for business start-up

Establish a health facil-  Mobilize community  Medical staff  County Authority 30 Jan County ity and feeding centre to identify location of  Care takers  Ministry of Health 2012 authority for children aged 7 years facility and centre  Community  UNDP and below  Trainer care takers for mobilisers the centre  Funds  Recruit staff to work  Food at the facility and centre

7.6. Mayendit County

Mayendit borders Koch County to the north, Leer County to the east, and Panyijar to the south. Mayendit also borders Warrap State (Tonj East County) to the northwest and Lakes State (Rumbek North County) to the southwest. The headquarters is in Dhorgaapni at the central part of the county. Koch County occupies an estimated area of 3,067 sq km with a demographic representation of 100 percent Nuer. Three major Nuer sub-clans are found here, namely Kuei, Jalok and Beek. Mayendit has an estimated population of 53,78312.

Mayendit County is composed of 13 payams and 39 bomas. The payams include Rubkuay, Daplual, Bor, Thaker, Leak, Tutnyang, Madol 1, Pabuong, Maalkuer, Tharjiath, Jaguar, Maal and Mirnyal.

Water-related and water-borne diseases are common due to the swamps, which are attributed to the floods that occur during the rainy seasons. Movement of people tends to be limited during this pe- riod including transportation of goods within the county. The county has extensive grazing lands and its economy is mainly based on crop production and cattle keeping.

Participants in the Mayendit County Consultations

Women Men Total 14 38 52

Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict Causes Parties in in the Parties to the Effects Suggested solutions issues conflict conflict

Cattle  Revenge  Youth from  Elders  Loss of life and  Erect a police post along the raiding  Presence of small arms Warrap,  Women property border among ordinary commu- Lakes states  Chiefs  Fear and Mistrust  Hold peace dialogue among and Leer nity members, there was  Witch doc-  Food insecurity Inter –States. Inter-states County no uniform disarmament tors  Displacement of should increase water  Absence of law enforcers families points  Absence of compensation  Restricted move-  Construct roads to connect between the Nuer and the ment payam to payam Dinkas  Conduct uniform disarma-  No communication net- ment to all 10 states works to call for reinforce-  Review deployment proce- ment dures by avoiding deploy-  Unemployment among ment of officers in home the youth states  Raiding done to accrue  Install agricultural and wealth vocational training centres  Poor deployment of police  Improve inter-county/state officers communication  High cost of dowry which is 30-70 herds of cattle  Lack of education among the youth

Cont...

12 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12

Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in in the Parties to the Effects Suggested solutions issues conflict conflict Competi-  Inadequate rainfall  Youth of  Politicians  Women cover long  Construct 13 hand pumps tion over  Inadequate water points Warrap, May- who pro- hours to fetch water and water yards in 13 water  Over-population causing endit, Leer vide arms thus 2 hrs to return payams displacement and Koch  Poor devel-  Poor health of  Provide non –food items who fight to  Lack of run-off harvesting opment women due to like Jerri cans protect their systems policies that heavy water con-  Sensitize men against vio- mothers and do not place tainer they carry  Competition for water lence on women sisters against water as a between animals and  Poor personal hy-  Carry out surface/rain attacks at priority humans giene water harvesting/catchment water points  Over-stocking of animals  Women are beaten facility – haffirs  Women and by their husbands  Big numbers of returnees  Disarm all states to im- girls who whenever there is and displaced people prove stability fight at water no water struggling to access over- points stretched water sources  Trauma and stress  Youth of on women and chil-  Presence of firearms in Warrap, Koch dren due to violence Warrap state and Leer who associated with fight over mothers’ beatings water for their animals Competi-  Inadequate pasture  Youth from  Elders  Fighting among the  Construction of political tion over  Inadequate water sources Warrap, and  Chiefs Youth outposts and deployment of pasture for pasture Mayendit  Loss of life law enforcers  Outbreak of animal dis-  Youth from  Displacement of  Dialogue between Warrap, eases Lake States, families Lakes and Unity  Overstocking of animals Koch, Leer  Migration to other  Disarmament in all states and Mayendit  Intertribal fights between relatively peaceful  Construct road connection Dinka and Nuer tribes payams from Remer to Madol to  Children do not Pabuong to Bhol and attend schools Malkuer payams  Children drop out  Lack of access to medical services  Cattle are raided  Restricted movement  Food insecurity  Mistrust among neighbouring communities  Food is not produced Border  Warrap claims ownership  Warrap youth  Elders of  Loss of cattle  Deploy police and SPLA disputes of the stretch that covers 7 who attack 4 Warrap  Burning of homes soldiers at the border payams in Mayendit payams in elders of  Displacement of  Open roads and connect  Mayendit claims owner- Mayendit Mayendit people road from headquarters to ship of border stretch that  Mayendit  Politicians  Killing of youth payams for police move- Warrap wants youth who ment  Women  Loss of sources of defend their  Warrap does not have who chal- livelihood  Establish border courts adequate pasture due to county lenge men  Build prisons where crimi- dry climate  Youth and to prove nals can be locked up as  Presence of firearms in women who their worth they serve their jail term Warrap and lakes States are killed in if they are  Presence of gangs in Lakes State not able to Lakes who attack Madol defend the and Bhor borders of the county  The border is not demarcated

Cont...

Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Parties in in the Parties to the Effects Suggested solutions issues conflict conflict

Food  Floods  Men who  Politicians  Poor health of  Introduce modern farming insecurity  Droughts – less rains beat their who fail to women and children system – improve seeds of  Traditional farming sys- wives put food – anaemia among sorghum, g/nuts, sesame, tem  Men who are security as a expectant women vegetables etc, tractor, ex- priority and children, tension services  Displacement as a result involved in (malaria, diarrhoea, of inter-state youth fights alcoholism  Install grinding mill malnutrition)  Dependence on rain-fed  Women who  Construct police posts con-  Reproductive sys- farming have no food struction at the border areas to feed their tems of women along Warrap/Unity bor-  Blockage of Khartoum – families affected due to lack ders for stability Bentiu road of food  Open port Paak for accessi-  Polygamy with high num-  Women are beaten bility of food items and ber of children which by husbands when trade along the River Nile stress available food re- there is no food sources  Road construction to con-  Women are predis- nect payams to reach food  Food production shoul- posed to Urinary markets dered mainly by women Tract Infections only because they spend  Alcoholisms by men over 4 hours collect-  Non-functional port ing water lily while (Paak) standing inside  Overpopulation by dis- water placed people from 7  Women have no payams bordering War- time to rest, they rap strained food re- work long hours sources  Less opportunities  Population increase by for education for returnees girls and women  Inadequate food for the  High rate of school returnees drop out by girls and children in general whenever there is no food

Abuse of  Deployment of organized  Youth of  Govern-  Increase of revenge  Wait for presidential decree power by forces to their own home Warrap and ment attacks organized states Mayendit  Organised  Death of youth, forces  Partisan practices by de- who receive forces men , women and ployed forces during con- arms and  Elders children carry out the flicts  County  Loss of livestock actual attacks  Provision of arms by or- leaders  Burning of houses ganized forces to their  Body injuries ethnic groups to revenge  Loss of livelihoods  Displacement of families  Food insecurity in homes

Mayendit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict issues Youth Women Men/elders County Total Rank authority 1—Highest 6– Lowest Cattle raiding 2 4 2 3 11 2

Competition over water 6 2 3 2 13 3

Competition over pasture 5 6 4 4 19 5

Food insecurity 1 1 1 1 4 1

Abuse of power by organized 4 5 6 6 21 6 forces Border disputes 3 3 5 5 16 4

Mayendit: Community Action Plan

Proposed Activities Possible partners Start Who will follow up Project Date Priority 1:  Community Mobilization for formation of farmer  County Au- 10 Jan County Authority Food security groups thority 2012 Steering Committee project  Training farmers on how to use the tractor and seed  UNDP selection  Other humani-  Train the already existing women group on manage- tarian agencies ment of the grinding mill  Mobilize communities through payam administrators to support the road construction  Mobilize community to support the rehabilitation of Port Paak  Mobilize the youth to form a group  Register the youth in formal and non-formal centres to learn skills in masonry, mechanics, metal works, carpentry and electronics

Priority 2:  Mobilise the community to support the construction County Authority 10 Jan County Authority Construct a of the police outpost 2012 police outpost  Purchase equipment for communication and vehicles for transportation  Organise state and interstate peace conference  Talk to the government to carry out uniform disarmament

7.7. Panyijar County

Panyijar County is situated in the south of Unity State. It shares borders with five counties in Lakes state. It was promoted to the county in 2005 following the signing of the CPA. It has 15 payams and the predominant clan in the county are the Nyuong. Panyijar stretches to 5,362 sq km and the population is estimated at 50,723.13

The topography of the area is flat and experiences heavy equatorial rainfall leading to regular an- nual floods. Some parts of the county experience water shortage which causes livestock owners to move to cattle camps in search of pasture and water. A number of people practice agriculture; sorghum and maize are the predominant crops.

The road connecting Panyijar headquarters to Ganyliel and Taiyar is incomplete as only seven kilo- metres of the road have been constructed using mud instead of the ideal gravel called murrum. A road connects the State with the county but only until Panyijar headquarters and is not operational during the rainy season.

Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict Causes Effects Possible Solutions Issue Cattle  Ambitious /prestige in the number  Loss of human life / livestock losses  Mobilize youths to join schools while raiding of cows owned  Displacement of people (further encouraging middle-aged men to un-  Revenge in return to previous migration) dertake economic activities such as cattle raids  Animal diseases transfer (foot and agriculture project – sorghum produc-  To acquire cattle for dowry in mouth disease) tion with or without external support marriage / repay debts  Loss of property  Enhance awareness among elders, women, youth and leadership on the  Traditional values and mindset  Kidnapping of women during raids harmfulness of cattle raiding about conflicts between the Dinka  Forced marriages – Nuer  Engage key stakeholders (chiefs, elders  Abduction of young girls/abduction across the counties/lakes state) on dia-  Tribal tendencies between Nuer and killing of boys and Dinka logue  Increased illiteracy (boys never go to  The ongoing disarming to continue  Differences on historical and dis- school) agreement issues (split within the  Construction of 4 police stations SPLM) (Pachar, Wunpab (Mayon payam,  Shared facilities without order Marial payam, Pakom, Chuk, Panchin- and law particularly in the ab- jok) sence of government  Lobby for establishment of the mobile network extension  Establish border market between Dinka and Nuer to promote positive interac- tion among the 2 communities Competition  Rush to access grass near water  Losses of lives  Reconciliation among communities over pasture points in dry seasons before other  Displacement of people (further involving local leaders, chiefs (payams and water clans and communities migration) and Lakes state)  Swampy areas with grass are near  Instability among affected people  Construction of a police station on the boundaries  Revenge in the previous losses/raids grazing zone  Loss of animals to hyenas  Enhance communication between Nuer and Dinkas  Moving far areas to take animals encounter combative communities,  Reconstruction of the prison at the wildlife, difficult situations county headquarters Small arms  Militia sold guns to the people  Killing self, family and community  Disarmament continues  Those departing or resigning from members when there is disagreement the military come home with guns  Used during cattle raiding  Arabs/South Sudan fight allowed  Loss of lives communities to be equipped with guns Cont... 13 Ibid, p. 12.

Cont… Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Effects Possible Solutions Issue Presence of  Food insecure  Death/ambush on people  Construction of prison in the county head- criminals  Disarmament process on going  Stealing and destroying quarters  Presence of arms in the hands of property  Strengthening justice system in the county a few  Instability / insecurity  Construction of police stations identified  Weak justice system  Lack of prisons

Border  Unclear boundaries / demarca-  Loss of lives/properties  Enforcement of the police in the existing and conflicts tion violated  Animosity among the com- new police stations  Disproportionate distribution munities  Telecommunication / mobile communications after cattle raids  Displacement of people  Engage the youth in businesses / agriculture  When some of their own are projects (sorghum and other food crops) killed in the raids  Maintenance of roads  During marriage ceremonies  Formation of local construction companies to engage the youth

Food  Poor road network  Hunger  Improve road network (Panyijar to Rumbek/ insecurity  In access to tools and farm  Cattle raiding Juba to Panyijar) equipment  Fighting  Establish mechanized farming  Floods  Stealing  Promote fishing activities  Inadequate knowledge in agri-  Creation of criminal gangs  Promote irrigation along the river culture  Rape  Educate farmers on improved farming  Over-reliance and dependency  Sometimes killings on livestock  Insecure forests/limited or no collection of wild fruits

Long  Drought / dry periods  Women walk long distance  Construct boreholes (Machora, Theanweng) distance to  Long distance to water points to fetch water  Grinding meal for women water points  Grinding floor for the house-  Work overload affecting the holds (long hours) health of women  Insecurity

Domestic  Payment of dowry  Divorce sometimes  Community education on the rights of violence  Cultural practices – beating  Death /poor health of women  Early and forced marriage women  Promote income-generating activities for  Requests for money depend- women ency on women for daily subsistence  Drunkenness among men

Panyijar County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict issue Men Women Youth Total Rank 1—Highest 8– Lowest Cattle raiding 2 2 2 6 2

Competition over grazing lands and pasture) 7 8 7 22 8

Presence of small Arms 4 3 6 13 4

Presence of criminal gangs 8 7 3 18 6

Border conflicts 6 6 8 20 7

Food insecurity 1 1 1 3 1

Long distance to water point 3 4 5 12 3

Domestic violence 5 5 4 14 5

Panyijar County: Community Action Plan

Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up Priority 1: Strengthen existing youth and Youth and Women Leader Elizabeth Nyapada and Agri-business women groups (may form new (Elizabeth Nyapada and Mading Pouch project ones) Mading Pouch), elders chiefs Identify the actual land for the Community / chiefs/ ad- Elizabeth Nyapada and project: ministrators Mading Pouch  Binjak (River Yangar)  Chuck HQ near river Pal- dengei  Bangkal- pachal, near river mock Identify and train bulls for train- Households ( men) ing at household level Priority 2: Identification of sites Community and chiefs, Dec 2011 Head chief/ county Construction of 4 county commissioner commissioner police stations Clearing land for constructions Community / chiefs, Jan 2012 county commissioner Building Materials Community/ GOSS/ UNDP Jan- Mar Local Steering Com-  Cement and others 2012 mittee/county commis-  Iron sheets sioner  Iron Bars  Timber  Sand  Labour Priority 3: Geological survey/ selection of Community/chiefs/ UNDP Jan 2012 County commissioner Construction of sites and Steering Commit- boreholes tee Clearing the land Community / chiefs/ ad- Jan 2012 Chief in the respective ministrators payam Drilling of boreholes Community, GOSS/ Jan- Mar Steering Committee / UNDP/ Chiefs 2012 county commissioner / UNDP Formation of borehole manage- Community/chiefs Apr 2012 Steering committee / ment committees UNDP Training pump mechanics Community/ chiefs May 2012 Steering Committee / UNDP

7.8. Mayom County

Mayom County is one of the nine counties of Unity State, located to the northwest of the State. Its county headquarters is also called Mayom. It borders Abiemhnom County to the northwest, South Kordofan in the north, Rubkona County to the northeast, Mayom County to the east, Tonj East County to the southeast, Tonj North County to the south, Gogrial East County to the South West and Twic County of Warrap state to the West14. Mayom has an estimated population of 120,715 and an area of 4,970 sq km.15

Mayom County is home to the Bul – Nuer population who are agro-pastoralists, living on subsistence farming, livestock keeping and fishing from River Chuolpi. Over time, merchants from Bentiu, Sudan and neighbouring states Darfur and Warrap migrated to Mayom to establish a market economy.

Mayom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict Causes Who is involved Who is involved Effects Solutions issue (s) openly and the role secretly and the they play role they play

Presence of  Impacts of elec-  Dinka, Nuer and  Government of  Attacks by lions  There should be peace talks RMGs tions held in 2010 Misseriya spon- Sudan so that  Looting of property b/w the govt. and the Arabs especially the los- sored by Govern- they can destabi-  Killing people  The government should ers ment of Sudan . lize South Sudan  Displacement of promote peace and stability They fight to rebel  Forced armed re- families in the country cruitment in Khar- against the Govern-  Grabbing of proper-  Government should estab- toum ment of South Su- ties lish training centres, voca- dan. tional schools,  Planting of land mines  Government should construct police posts and maintain peace and security in the region

Cattle  Presence of small  Dinka ( youth from  Dinka elders are  Death  Patrolling police should be raiding arms Warrap and Lakes) involved indi-  Displacement of deployed  Lack of education are involved , they rectly because families  Disarmament of small arms  Revenge as impact do the actual fight- they even use  Rape of women  Establishment of schools, ing; and Youth ‘Kujur’ to use of previous raiding  Abduction of roads and health centres from Mayom who supernatural  Unemployment women and children  Government should set up also go and re- powers to pro-  Lack of infrastruc-  Houses are burnt police posts venge previous tect the youth ture , police, roads attacks who go for cattle  Youth and men are and health centres killed  Misseriya who wait raiding and raid cattle at  Government of the onset of the Sudan who sup- rains when they port the RMG are returning to South Kordofan  RMG who raid and take away cattle by force

Cont...

14 Mayom County Planning Unit (2011) County Strategic Plan and Budget 2012 to 2015 (unpublished). 15 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Cen- tre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.

Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Causes Who is involved Who is involved Effects Solutions issue (s) openly and the role secretly and the they play role they play

Unemploy-  Lack of education  Youth are directly  Children, wives,  Cattle raiding  Open vocational training ment and vocational involved because parents and  Inter-clan fights centres for the youth to skills they do not have relatives are  Death learn skills such as mechan- employment and involved be- ics, computer, welding,  Lack of capital to  Injury and disability start a business the all the cattle cause they de- masonry etc.  Youth joining militia belong to their mand for sup-  Lack of companies groups fathers port even if one  Insecurity has no income  Lack of opportuni-

ties from the government  Lack of skills required in the job market Competi-  Not enough water  RMGs  Elders  RMGs stealing cows  Disarmament of civilians tion over for livestock  Youth  Politicians  Death of cows  Deployment of police in water for  Movement of live-  RMGs beating youth border areas livestock stock to another in cattle camps county  Abduction of chil-  Keeping many dren, women and cattle in one family youth  Overcrowding of cows at water points Inter-clan  Traditional dance  Youth who fight to  Elders who pro-  Death  Education for youth fighting with spear and kill protect their fami- vide advise  Injuries  Creation of awareness to  Revenge lies and communi- women and elders  Competition over ties  Developing Laws on girls farmland child education by the gov-  Revenge of previ- ernment ous attacks  Police patrols in all ten  Killing of a man payams who impregnates a girl then family later comes to revenge  Elopement of girls Long dis-  Not enough water  Women from  Government of  Loss of life  Construction of 11 bores tance to points Mayom, and other Sudan who use  Fight among holes in the ten payams fetch water  Water tank that neighbouring Misseriya to women at water  Repairing some boreholes was installed is not payams and coun- attack Mayom points which are broken functional ties who fight at  Rape women  Installing of water tank for the water points  Attack from RMGs  Pregnant women animals and livestock in  Not enough rain  Misseriya who loss their babies Mankien payams prevent women  Some boreholes are  Installation of hand pump from fetching wa- broken in all 10 payams ter  Not enough water storage containers Competi-  Taking girls by  Brothers of girls  Parents and  Fighting with boy’s  Sending boys and girls to tion over force who attack men elders who au- family school girls /  Forced marriage who have force- thorize their  Beating young girls women (old men on young fully married or sons to launch  Death (including girls) eloped their sisters attacks as re- boys and girls) quired tradition-  Marriage that fol-  Sometimes parent  Disability members ally lows traditional  Wounds laws  Clan fighting  Boys and girls are not in school Cont...

46 Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis Conflict Causes Who is involved Who is involved Effects Solutions issue (s) openly and the role secretly and the they play role they play Attacks  Competition over  Men and youth of  Government of  House burning  Border demarcation from Mis- pasture Mayom who do the Sudan who sup-  Child abduction  Disarming of Misseriya seriya  Misseriya want to attacks plies arms; insti-  Loss of livestock  Peace negotiations and gates and creates take control of terri-  Misseriya  People dying agreement on terms for mi- tory divisions  Starvation gration  Misseriya are  Elders who are  Identification documents the link between armed  Mediation committee to the community  Cattle raiding solve controversies and the govern-  Police patrols ment: link b/w Govt.  Infrastructure development: roads, clinic, school, market  Construct water points Presence of  Conflict between  RMGs who plant  Government of  Death (relating to all  Demining of Mayom area landmines RMGs & Govern- landmines to pre- Sudan who pro- groups)  Repair of roads ment vent the organized vide support to  Disability (all)  Peace negotiations with  Destabilization of forces from reach- RMGs to destabi-  Orphans (children) RMGs ing them lize South Sudan area  Widows (men and  Uniting the community

women) (through community leaders  No movements of and authorities) people and goods  Patrols by security forces  Starvation / lack of goods  High commodity prices Presence of  Presence of RMG:  RMGs who are  Government of  Death  Disarmament Arms they supply weap- supplying arms to Sudan primary  Criminality  Involvement of cattle camps ons the local commu- source of weap-  Disability heads in meetings with local nity ons  Cattle raiding (to  Cattle raiding govt. and chiefs protect own cattle  Youth who are  Cattle theft  Educating youth on peaceful and to raid) carrying and using coexistence (peace educa-  Breaking relations  Conflict between the arms tion) within community youth (internal and and with neighbour-  Creation of job opportuni- external) ing community ties / employment such as agricultural schemes, fishing  Resistance to tradi- boats, nets, hooks; access to tional leaders author- credit ity (chiefs authority not respected)  Raping of young girls by gangs) Cattle steal-  Poverty (stealing  Any community  They steal cat-  Death  Creation of job opportuni- ing for feeding or sell- member tle, sometimes  Loss of live stock ties ing) one or two  Arrest / detention  Farming projects  Dowry greediness  Conflict b/w commu-  Education of youth and chil-  Displacement due nities or within com- dren (all) to conflict (lack of munity  Free health services (cattle everything) are stolen to pay health fees)  Climatic conditions (drought leads to lack of food) Border dis-  Competition over  The youth from  Elders who allow  Cattle raids  Construction of roads link- putes pasture, water and outside Mayom such movements  Death ing bordering town for faster fishing grounds who cross over with and also support  Loss of property / monitoring and follow up  Cattle theft cattle, and men who attacks starvation  Police patrols and posts b/w come to fish in  Diseases and epi-  Conflict between Mayom and Warrap state Mayom water demics of cattle communities (Majok, Malou, Dol, Kueng- points did, Manyang Ayuk, Titil,  Diseases spreading Koch) and Rubkona (Wak) (humans and ani- and Mayom(Turkey) mals)  Peaceful negotiation between neighbouring villages

Mayom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Youth 1 Youth 2 Elders/Men Total Rank 1—Highest 13 Lowest

Cattle raiding 4 3 9 4 20 4

Presence of arms 6 5 3 2 16 3

Unemployment 13 7 5 6 31 9

Inter-clan fighting 1 9 10 9 29 7

Long distance to fetch water 2 1 1 10 14 1

Competition over women 11 13 13 13 50 13 and girls Attacks from Misseriya 5 12 6 11 34 10

Presence of landmines 9 6 2 7 24 5

Presence of RMGs 3 2 8 1 14 2

Cattle stealing 7 10 11 12 40 12

Border disputes 12 8 4 5 29 7

Competition over land 10 - 7 8 25 6

Competition over water for 8 11 12 3 34 10 livestock

Mayom County: Community Action Plan

Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up

Priority 1: Show the site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee Construction of 11 Clear the sites Community Members and March 2012 Local Steering Committee boreholes: County Authorities Wangbur at Pibor Inspection of Sites UNDP March Local Steering Committee boma; Kuarbinaa at Provide security Local Administration Local Steering Committee Joknyang boma; Biding and Selection of the Com- UDP and Steering Committee April 2012 Local Steering Committee Mankien at Deng- pany to construct boreholes bong boma; Riak at Actual Constructions UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee, Thorboth; Biech at UNDP Tongtul; Ngop at Rupguey; Wangkey Hand over the project to Com- UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee at Loathjuat; Pub at munity thru the County Author- Nurjuoy; Ruathayi- ity bol: Kuer yiek; and Monitoring and Maintenance of Community, Steering Com- After comple- Bul 2. the Boreholes mittee and payam Admini- tion starting stration August

Priority 2: Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders Introduce mechanized cash crop farm- Identification of land and alloca- County Authorities Steering Committee ing in all payams tion and provide tractors, Formation of farming associa- County authorities and Com- April 2012 Payam Authority and seeds and agricul- tions and Membership and Man- munity Steering Committee tural tools; as well as agement Committee training of youth and women in agricul- Selection of beneficiaries through Payam Administration April- May Steering Committee and tural skills the formed Association Association Management Management Committee Committee Training of farmers through their County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee/ Associations Purchase of a tractor and its ac- UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering cessories Committee Purchase of farm inputs (seeds, UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee tools, pesticide) Hand over the project to Com- June 2012 County munity thru the County Author- ity Monitoring the Project Local Community through Steering Committee and the Management Committee County Authorities Priority 3: Awareness and Identifying ac- County and payam Authori- March 2012 Steering committee and Construction and tual locations in Mankien, Riak ties payam Authority equipping of 3 Police and Wangkic Payams Posts (Mankien, Riak Land clearing Community March 2012 Payam Authority and Wangkic payams) Tendering Process Steering Committee and April 2012 Steering Committee UNDP Mobilisation of local materials Community and Payam April 2012 Community Leadership Actual Construction Contractors/ UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee/

UNDP Purchase of office furniture, com- UNDP August 2012 Steering Committee munication equipment Hand over to Government UNDP Steering Committee

7.9. Pariang County

Pariang County borders three states including South Kordofan in Sudan in the north, Upper Nile in the northeast, Jonglei in the east; it borders Guit County in the south, Rubkona County in the southwest and Abiemhnom in the west. The county has nine payams and 60 bomas, while its headquarters is located in Rianghnom town. Pariang is one of the least densely populated counties in Unity, with an estimated population of 82,443 and an area of 9,016 sq km16.

The people of Pariang County depend on agriculture (maize and sorghum), fishing and largely, livestock rearing including cattle, goat and sheep. Local authorities estimate that around 99,000 cattle, and over 200,000 goats and sheep are being raised in the county.

Pariang County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions issue Attacks by  Political settlement  Youth of  Govern-  Dinka youth in  Loss of lives  Border demarcation Misseriya  Interest in oil Pariang, ment of Pariang who  Loss of proper-  International commit-  Lack of water and  Misseriya Sudan who fight to defend ties ment and mediation of pasture use the the Pariang  Abduction of border dialogue Misseriya  To get cattle and  Misseriya who children  Construction of police to fight hunt wild animals come and at-  Burning of post Pariang tack Pariang  To get gums and houses and dura  Deployment of SPLA honey and shogun and police  To cut cash trees  Displacement  Insecurity Cattle raid-  To acquire wealth  Misseriya  Govern-  Government of  Loss of lives  Deployment of SPLA ing  For marriage  Guit ment of Sudan that use  Loss of proper- to the borders of  Involvement of  Pariang Sudan Misseriya to ties Kolek, Paknem, Aliry Khartoum govern- Youth  Guit peo- attack Pariang  Displacement and Palob ment ple  The leadership  Insecurity  International interven- of Guit who tion  Competition over  Food insecurity have come and  Unity State govern- grazing land and  Unemployment water established ment to stop Nuer  Lack of health farms on land tribe from occupying facilities belonging to the areas of Parieng Paring  Lack of educa- e.g. Nyeel payam tion  Unity State and GoSS to organize peace dialogue between Neur of Guit and Dinka of Parieng External  Oil field  Government  Arab  The Arab  Loss of lives  Demarcation of inter- border dis-  Political resettlement of Sudan world, e.g. world that  Displacement national border be- pute  Extension of North-  Government Iran backs the oil  Loss of proper- tween Sudan and ern Sudan territory of South Su- companies and ties South Sudan by UN the SAF and international com- dan  Food insecurity munities Cont...

16 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8. .

Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions issue Lack of  Civil war  Parents  Former  Parents pre-  Unemployment  Building more schools education  Lack of teachers (are  Former Gov- Govern- venting girls to  Lack of oppor- in all bomas employed otherwise) ernment of ment of go to school tunities  Employ English-  Culture promotes National National  State govern-  Cattle raids speaking teachers cattle herding but Unity Unity who ment does not  Train teachers did not not access to educa- pay sufficient  Adult education make ef- salaries to tion  Government has to forts to teachers  Lack of money to supply school supplies establish pay teachers’ salary good  Lack of English- schools speaking teachers

Pollution of  Poor waste disposal  Oil compa-  Govern-  Oil companies  Water polluted  Relocation of residents the environ- by oil companies nies and ment of who pollute  Displacement of away from oil explora- ment  Toxic gases pollute Pariang peo- Sudan who the environ- residents with- tion area the air ple support the ment out compensa-  Provide health facili-  Oil exploitation oil compa-  Pariang people tion ties nies  Bombing of oil wells who suffer  Diseases (skin,  Have strict environ-

from pollution infertility of mental laws and its women, miscar- enforcement riage)  Construction of safe boreholes  Compensate people for displaced

Unemploy-  Lack of education /  Oil compa-  The State  State govern-  Lack of food  Collect firewood and ment skills nies who do government does not medication, sell at the market (for  Discrimination/ tri- not recruit ment that provide oppor- money ladies) balism Pariang youth has not tunities  Involvement in  Government has to  Cultural attachment  Parents of the created  Nuer majority raids to revenge force all boys and girls to the high value of unemployed opportuni- discriminate attacks on Pari- to go to school (force cattle youth ties for the against Pari- ang parents) youth  Lack of employment  The youth of ang youth  Policies to encourage

opportunities Pariang  Parents pre- school attendance  Female youth vent their girls  Vocational training who are not from learning (e.g. tailoring mechan- allowed to and working ics, carpentry, driving, work electronic)  Adult education Food  Displacement  Unity State  Misseriya  The previous  Weakness of  Peace negotiations insecurity  Loosing tools and Government who raid government of body and mal- with Misseriya fertile land  Misseriya cattle be- National Unity nutrition  Introduction of mecha-  Lack of water  families longing to that focused on  Anaemia nized farming for Pariang oil and not on  Overcrowding dur-  Starvation increased production people people’s need ing displacement  Street children (tractors etc.) for farming  Birds eating crops  Vulnerability to  Irrigation schemes  Misseriya com-  Crops affected by oil diseases  Insecticides and pest peting for fields waste  Theft, dishonor control cattle, water, of family  Aerial bombardment pasture cause poor land  Quarrels within  Birds destroy- productivity the family ing crops  Frequent/regular  Women/men attacks by SAF and not able to pro- Misseriya duce children  Fear of leaving kids  Death unattended while  Injuries farming

Cont...

Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis

Conflict Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions issue

Competi-  Distance from main  Oil companies  Women and  Oil companies:  Attacks by ani-  Provision of water tion over sources of water  Attacks by children of Contamination mals (hyena, points (water yards, water (Nile) SAF Pariang who from oil fields snakes) hand pumps) in pe-  Old haffirs silted  The previous are attacked  SAF: Bombing,  Rape of women ripheral payams (8)  Haffirs contaminated Government by Misseriya abandoning and girls HQs by remnants of war of National when going ammunitions  Abduction of  Solar pump plant at or by proximity to oil Unity to fetch wa-  Unity State children and payams HQ ter fields  Youth, chil- Gov.: No plan- women  HP at bomas  Displacement from dren and ning/ provision  Unexpected  Haffir dug for domes- water sources women of of water points delivery tic use and animal use  Lack of boreholes Pariang (Government  Miscarriage  Rehabilitation of exist- too young to  Injury – death / ing haffirs (within blame) during travel fencing or safe for children)

 Youth, chil-  Poor hygiene –  Repair of broken bore- dren and infections holes women of  No settlement Pariang of returnees  Fights at water points  Marriage failure (groom is asked to provide water in small tanks to bride’s family; failure to which the two are not allowed to get married)

Lack of  Reluctance of previ-  Previous  People of  Previous Gov-  Death  Employ qualified health fa- ous government to Government Pariang who ernment of  Complications medical personnel cilities invest in health in of National have no hos- Unity that did during delivery  Construction of health the area Unity pital not establish  Children health facility  Lack of doctors  NGOs health facilities (lack of post-  Drug supplies in Pariang (medical qualified  People of natal care)  Health promotion/ personnel) in the Pariang  NGOs who are  Long distance to awareness existing health cen- not supporting other health tres to have a hos- centres pital in Pariang

Pariang County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Elders/Men Youth Total Rank 1—Highest 9– Lowest Attacks by Misseriya 4 8 6 18 6 Cattle raiding 6 7 8 21 8 Food insecurity 5 2 3 10 3 External border disputes 1 1 9 11 4 Environmental pollution 9 9 5 23 9 Lack of education 7 3 4 14 5 Competition over water 2 4 1 7 1 Lack of health facilities 3 5 2 10 2 Unemployment 8 6 7 21 7

Pariang County: Community Action Plan

Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up

Priority 1: Identification of site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee Construction of 27 Clear the sites Community Members and boreholes, three (3) in county authorities each payam March 2012 Inspection of sites UNDP March 12 Provide security Local Administration Bidding and selection of the UNDP and Steering Commit- April 2012 Local Steering Committee company to construct bore- tee holes Actual Construction UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP Hand over the project to UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee community thru the County Authority Monitoring and mainte- Community, Steering Com- After comple- nance of the boreholes mittee and Payam Admini- tion starting stration August

Priority 2: Recruitment of more doc- State Ministry of Health 2012 Community leaders Provision of Medical tors Personnel and medical Training of Health Cadres UNDP and NGOs April 2012 Local Steering Committee drugs (Aliiny, Nyiel, Biu, Panyang, Wankur, Provision of drugs to health UNDP April 2012 Payam Authority and Steering Jamjang, Panrieng) centre Committee Hand over the project to UNDP June 2012 County Authority Community thru the County Authority

Monitoring the Project Ministry of Health Steering Committee and County Authorities Priority 3: Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders Provision of tractors (2 Identification of land and County Authorities (steering tractors per payam) allocation Formation of farming asso- County authorities and Com- Apr 2012 Payam Authority and Steering ciations and Membership munity Committee and Management Commit- tee

Selection of beneficiaries Payam Administration Apr—May Steering Committee and Asso- through the formed Asso- 2012 ciation Management Committee ciation Management Committee Training of farmers through County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee their Associations Purchase of a tractor and its UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering Com- accessories mittee Purchase of farm inputs UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee (seeds, tools, pesticide) Hand over the project to June 2012 County Community thru the County Authority Monitoring the Project Local Community through Steering Committee and the Management Committee County Authorities

8. NEXT STEPS

In Unity State, CSAC is supporting the Government’s conflict-sensitive projects to address the top- most priorities identified during the consultations.

Police posts Boreholes Agriculture project (provision of tractors) State capital

Southern Kordofan Southern Kordofan Abyei Pariang

Nyeel, Wunkur, Jamjang, Gumrak, Panyang, Yida, Aliny, Biu, Panrieng

Abiemhnom Bang-Bang Upper Nile Abiemnhom Bentiu Rubkona Guit Exact locations to be determined Budaang pending site assessments

Mayom Ngop

Jonglei

Koch

Leer Warrap Mayendit

Panyijar

Lakes

South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Hai Kuwai, Bilpam, Juba, South Sudan http://www.goss-online.org

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission http://www.goss-online.org

United Nations Development Programme UNDP Compound, Ministries Road, PO Box 410, Juba, South Sudan Phone/+211 811 820 146 E-mail: [email protected] http://ss.undp.org

European Union European Union Compound Juba, South Sudan