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V·M·I University Microfilms International a 8Ell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313:761-4700 800:521-0600 Recreation in mountain sheep habitat. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Harris, Lisa Kim. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 05:06:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186064 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. V·M·I University Microfilms International A 8ell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313:761-4700 800:521-0600 Order Number 9~09025 Recreation in mountain sheep habitat Harris, Lisa Kim, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1992 Copyright ©1992 by Harris, Lisa mm. All rights reserved. V·M·I 300 N. Zccb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 RECREATION IN MOUNTAIN SHEEP HABITAT by Lisa Kim Harris copyright © Lisa Kim Harris 1992 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by~L~i~s~a~K~in~l~H~a~r~r~i~s~ ____________________ entitled RECREATION IN MOIINTAIN SHEEP HABITAT and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation of Ph ilosophy D 11/11/92 ate ~lliam VJ. Sha~ Vc..JR·~ 11 III 192 Date Paul R. Krausman ~d'4 (U. /Yl~ 11 III 192 Date ll/11/92 Date II /ll /92 Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation 11 /ll /92 Dissertation Director Date VJilliam VJ. Shaw STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The university of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. .~~0)<~/ . SIGNED.~~~ L,// ( 3 ACKNOWLEDGm~ENTS I would like to thank many people whose support and guidance made this study possible. My research was funded by the Estes Corporation, La Reserve Homeowner's Association, International Wildlife Foundation, and Maclntire-stennis Funds through the College of Agriculture Research station. I wish to thank W. W. Shaw, my thesis advisor, who supported my endeavors, expanded my horizons, and taught me diplomacy. I am also grateful to other members of my committee: D. King, E. Carpenter, B. Mannan, and, in particular, P. R. Krausman for his continual quest to make me the best I can be. I am grateful to N. Donkersley, Catalina state Park, and S. Plevel, USDA Forest Service, for their assistance and coop~ration in making this study possible. I want to especially thank S. Davis, USDA Forest Service, for her friendship, professional support, and for making things happen. R. Itami and R. Gimblett were instrumental with developing the GIS model. N. Mitton and D. Us born served as field assistants for the recreational study and worked many hours in extreme weather conditions to help me collect the field data. M. Borgstrom, M. westengard, and C. Warren all helped untangle SAS statistical software package and the University of Arizona's computer system. A. Samuels and J. Altmann, both with the Chicago Zoological Society, served as mentors early in my career. I am also appreciative of P. Treistman who convinced me to return to school and supported me throughout my studies. I am especially grateful to Lyda Suzanne whose presence pushed me to accomplish my dreams and who is the wind beneath my wings. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 6 LIST OF TABLES 7 ABSTRACT 10 1. INTRODUCTION 11 The Problem 13 Study Objectives . 19 2. STUDY AREA 21 The Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . 21 Recreational Use of Pusch Ridge Wilderness 22 3. METHODS 24 Wilderness Trail Use . 24 Potential sites of conflict between humans and mountain sheep . 24 Annual Use Estimate. 32 Recreational Use Survey . .. 35 Adjacent Homeowner Use of Pusch Ridge Wilderness . 39 4. RESULTS 43 Wilderness Trail Use . 43 GIS Model: Potential sites of Conflic~ 43 Estimated Recreational Use of Trails . 47 Trail Users: Demographics ..... 52 Trail Users: Previous Experience with Pusch Ridge Wilderness . 56 Trail Users: Types of Activities ... 57 Trail Users: Visit Duration and Destination . 60 Trail Users: Awareness of the Mountain Sheep . 62 Trail Users' Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Mountain Sheep Management . 65 Trail Users C Attitudes Towards Restricting Dogs . 67 Estimated Number of Dogs on Trails . 71 Adjacent Homeowners Use. ......... 71 Recreational Use of Pusch Ridge Wilderness 74 Mountain Sheep Sightings and possible Management Options . 80 Dog ownership and Reported Problems . 83 5 Page wildlife Related Issues On Or Near Property . 85 Land Use Issues . .. 86 Socia-Demographic Characteristics . .. 88 5. DISCUSSION 89 Pusch Ridge Wilderness Trail Use . 90 Adjacent Homeowners Use . 100 6. MANAGEMENT SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 107 APPENDICES 114 A. POTENTIAL SITES OF CONFLICT: GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS MODEL PROGRAM . 114 B. ANNUAL USE ESTIMATE DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT 119 C. PIMA CANYON AND ROMERO CANYON RECREATIONAL USE SURVEY INSTRUMENT . 122 D. ADJACENT HOMEOWNER USE OF PUSCH RIDGE WILDERNESS MAIL SURVEY INSTRUMENT AND DATA 134 REFERENCES . 149 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Catalina District, Coronodo National Forest, Arizona • 12 2. Method for Identifying Potential Conflict Between Mountain Sheep and Recreational Use in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. 28 3. Recreational Trails and Location of Mountain Sheep in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. 32 4. Study Area of the Mail Survey to Homeowners Within in 1 Mile (1.6 km) of Pusch Ridge Wilderness Boundary, Arizona ...... 41 5. Potential Mountain Sheep Escape Terrain in Pusch Ridge wilderness, Arizona. 44 6. Areas of Potential Conflict Between Trail Users and Mountain Sheep in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. 46 7 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Recreational Survey Summary of 403 Groups Using Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . 47 2. Pima Canyon Trail Use Estimates, Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . • • . .. .••• 49 3. Romero Canyon Trail Use Estimates, Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . 50 4. Age of Recreational Visitors to Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . • . • 53 5. Education Levels of Recreational Visitors to Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . • . • • 54 6. Ethnicity of Recreationists Using Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . • . 54 7. Group Types Using Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge wilderness, Arizona. • • . • .. 55 8. Frequency of Visitation to Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona During Previous 12-month Period by Recreationists Using Pima and Romero Canyon Trails Who Have Visited the Wilderness Before . 57 9. Participation in Recreational Activities by Visitors to Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. • . 58 10. primary Purpose of Recreational outing by Visitors to Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona •.......• 59 11. Destination of Visitors on Pima canyon Trail, Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . 61 12. Destination of Visitors on Romero Canyon Trail, Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . 62 8 Table Page 13. Locations Where Mountain Sheep Have Been Observed by Visitors to Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona 63 14. Perceived Effects on Mountain Sheep from Respondents' Recreational Activities by Those Who Believed Recreation Does Impa.::t Sheep population, Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. 64 15. Support of Closing Allor Part of Pusch Ridge Wilderness Because of Human Impact on the Sheep by Visitors to Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona . 66 16. Attitudes Towards Management options by the USDA Forest Service to Protect and Benefit Sheep Held by Visitors to Pima and Romero Canyon Trails in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona.
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