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Удк 94:340.1:352.93-055.1/.3(470.12-89) Известия Коми научного центра УрО РАН. № 1(33). Сыктывкар, 2018 УДК 94:340.1:352.93-055.1/.3(470.12-89)"1870-1911" ПРАВОСОЗНАНИЕ КРЕСТЬЯН ВОЛОГОДСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА СОСТАВ СЕЛЬСКИХ СХОДОВ ВО II ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – НАЧАЛЕ XX ВЕКА С.А. ПОПОВ Институт языка, литературы и истории Коми НЦ УрО РАН, г. Сык- тывкар [email protected] Проведен анализ влияния правосознания крестьян на гендерный и количест- венный состав сельских сходов. Рассмотрены условия, при которых женщи- ны допускались к участию в мирских «сходках», а принимавшиеся на них приговоры признавались легитимными. Установлено доминирование норм обычного права в правовом сознании вологодских землепользователей. Сде- лан вывод о том, что при формировании сходов активно применялись нормы неписаного права, когда это не противоречило закону, а полномочия крестьян- ки на собраниях домохозяев регламентировались действовавшими в деревне традициями. Ключевые слова: Вологодская губерния, крестьянские сходы, правосознание, обычное право, гендер S.A.POPOV. THE LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF PEASANTS OF THE VO- LOGDA PROVINCE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE COMPOSITION OF VILLAGE GATHERINGS IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY The results of the study of gender and quantitative composition of village ga- therings in the Vologda province from the position of legal consciousness of peasants, which refers to the level of their awareness of customary law and normative act, are presented. In particular, the conditions of admission of women to participation in secular meetings and recognition of the legitimacy of the adopted sentences are considered. Under the law, the gatherings were made up of the peasants-householders and elected officials. Since the late 1870s, on a par with men this opportunity was provided to women. However, the analysis of sources showed that regardless of marital status, the peasant woman was al- lowed to take part in “gatherings” not always and not everywhere. In practice, their participation in matters of intra-communal life was regulated by the tradi- tions of the village, and the rights and powers had been enshrined in customary legal norms. In most of the provincial territory, the peasant woman took part in the gatherings in case of replacement of the absent for any reason husband and also after becoming a widow-housewife and used public land allotment. By the law, the verdict had acquired legal force if it was supported by half of the householders present, and issues related to land, finance and the removal of pea- 2 sants from the society – /3 of their number. The last norm, under the influence of continuing tradition of collective decision-making at the gathering, in consciousness of peasants has undergone transformation. Therefore, in many rural societies, for recognition of the “gathering” held, and the verdict be legitimate, the participation 2 of at least /3 of all householders regardless of the problem was necessary. As a result, it was concluded that at the formation of gatherings the peasants actively applied rules of unwritten law when that didn’t contradict the law. Keywords: Vologda province, peasant gatherings, legal consciousness, customa- ry law, gender ___________________________________________________________________________________ В дореволюционный период крестьянский претензии на универсализм практически для всей «мир» являлся традиционным обществом, симво- территории Российской империи, то для последнего лизировавшим собой социальный институт – общи- были характерны черты как общие для всего кре- ну. Он выступал самостоятельной корпорацией, стьянского сословия России, так и индивидуальные объединявшей на определенной территории зем- для отдельных этносов и территорий. ледельцев, в рамках которой одновременно с нор- Представляя собой сложное явление, непи- мами государственного права сильные позиции саное право определялось традициями и обычаями сохраняло обычное право. И если первое имело населения и находило отражение во всех сферах 87 Известия Коми научного центра УрО РАН. № 1(33). Сыктывкар, 2018 его жизни. Ярче всего оно проявлялось в семейных сился крестьянский «мир» Калининской волости отношениях, в вопросах регулирования хозяйствен- Тотемского уезда, где при решении местных дел ных, имущественных и прежде всего поземельных волостные судьи руководствовались только зако- отношений крестьян, в нормах народного суда и ном [6, с.124]. В большинстве случаев, познание за- морали. Сформировавшиеся в конкретном коллек- конодательства в сельской среде ограничивалось тиве его каноны определяли правила поведения несколькими нормативными актами, которые тра- как для индивида, так и для всех членов данного диционно и использовались на практике. По сведе- социума, отражая не только всеобщую волю и ин- ниям А.А. Жукова – корреспондента «Этнографиче- тересы, но и требования. Правильность и целе- ского бюро» князя В.Н. Тенишева – в конце XIX в. в сообразность применения обычая в сельском об- быту к крестьянам указанной нами ранее волости ществе контролировались непосредственно сами- применялись нормы из «Общего Положения о кре- ми представителями коллектива. стьянах 19 февраля 1861 г.» и «Временных правил о Несмотря на сильные позиции в повседнев- земских начальниках и волостных судах» [6, с. 118]. ной деятельности крестьян обычно-правовых тра- В представленной работе анализируется диций, государство стремилось регулировать жиз- влияние правосознания крестьян Вологодской гу- недеятельность сельского общества посредством бернии на количественный и гендерный состав уча- официального законодательства. На это обратили стников сельских сходов во второй половине XIX – внимание еще представители дореволюционной начале XX в. историко-правовой науки. В частности, К.Д. Кавелин Источниковую базу исследования составили доказывал тезис о стремлении государства со вре- законодательные акты, делопроизводственная до- мен Петра I взять на себя решение всех вопросов кументация, а также этнографические материалы. народной жизни [1]. А крупнейший историк-право- Последние представлены рукописями корреспон- вед XIX – начала XX в. М.Ф. Владимирский-Буда- дентов «Этнографического бюро» князя В.Н. Тени- нов, выстроив собственную схему исторического шева и документами обследования сельской позе- развития русского права, вообще превозносил зна- мельной общины России, проведенного в период с чение писаного права в жизни народа. Он утвер- 1877 по 1880 гг. Третьим отделением Вольного эко- ждал, что в период империи (XVIII–XIX вв.) в обще- номического общества при участии представителей стве уже окончательно господствовал закон, кото- Русского географического общества. рый признавался единственным источником права Сельской общине второй половины XIX – на- [2]. Не разделяя точку зрения Михаила Флегонто- чала XX в. посвящена огромная библиография, вича, укажем, что вплоть до революции 1917 г. пра- насчитывающая тысячи книг и статей. Значитель- вительство активно вводило в повседневную жизнь ные успехи отечественной историографией достиг- земледельцев нормативные правовые акты [3]. нуты в изучении общественного управления и Осуществлялось это, в том числе, посредством обычного права [7]. Некоторые исследователи об- реформирования общественного устройства в де- ращались к изучению правосознания сельских жи- ревне. Так, Б.Н. Миронов отметил, что писаный за- телей [8]. Однако, несмотря на значительные дос- кон, основанный преимущественно на обычном тижения в изучении выделенных направлений, праве, в жизнь государственных крестьян пришел в проблема влияния правосознания крестьян на ор- 1837–1843 гг., а помещичьих – в 1861 г. [4]. ганизацию и функционирование волостных и сель- Постижение норм обычного права и вне- ских органов власти в пореформенный период не дрявшегося в сельское общество законодательства стала предметом комплексного научного исследо- формировало правовую культуру крестьян. Осно- вания, за исключением отдельных статей [9]. вополагающим критерием ее развития являлось С отменой крепостного права в деревне по- устоявшееся в «миру» правосознание, т.е. уровень лучил распространение единый для всех «сельских осознания населением положений обычного права обывателей» общественный порядок, основанный и нормативного акта, а также представления им на системе крестьянского самоуправления. Органи- своих гражданских прав и законности какого-либо зация и функционирование органов сельской и во- действия или бездействия. Применение тех или лостной власти регламентировались нормативны- иных принципов права в регулировании повседнев- ми актами. Основополагающим из них на протяже- ной жизни зависело от степени их легализации в нии рассмотренного хронологического периода яв- правосознании «сельских обывателей». На практи- лялось Общее положение о крестьянах, вышедших ке активное обращение к обычаю происходило в из крепостной зависимости 1861 г. [10]. Параллель- тех случаях, когда вопросы внутренней жизни кол- но с официальным законодательством наблюда- лектива не регламентировались законом. К приме- лось применение в местном самоуправлении норм ру, в обычном праве крестьян Коми края внутри- неписаного права. Объяснение тому – многовеко- семейные правоотношения занимали гораздо вая практика деятельности крестьянских сходов, а большее место, чем в писаном праве [5]. Одновре- также совета старейшин в общине дореформенного менно в северной глубинке встречались сельские периода, когда их функционирование, как правило, общества, не признававшие правомочность в су- регулировалось сложившимися неписаными прави- дебном делопроизводстве традиций. К таким отно- лами. Именно поэтому, как точно
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