LEOPEDIA LEO Computers Society’s guide to references and holdings related to the story of LEO

Table of Contents (Click to move to any heading or sub-heading.) BOOKS

B OOKS ABOUT LEO B OOKS THAT REFER TO LEO ARTICLES, REVIS AND OTHER PAPERS ARCHIVES –LEO DOCUMENTS AND ARTEFACTS

UK (AND ONLINE) ARCHIVES I NTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES M USEUMS OBITUARIES AND BIOGRAPHIES ORAL AND NARRATIVE HISTORIES LEO COMPUTERS SOCIETY: ORAL HISTORY PROJECT OTHER MEMOIRS, REMINISCENCES AND COMMENTS THE STORY OF LEO: THE VERY FIRST BUSINESS COMPUTER THE JOE LYONS STORY__ FOOD FOR THOUGHT MEDIA COVERAGE FILMS LEO AWARDS AND PRIZES MISCELLANEOUS AND UNCLASSIFIED

ANNEX Link to separate pdf file containing Index to documents etc. in 9 boxes of papers plus a box of journal articles and cuttings.

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https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/LEOPEDIAannex.pdf BOOKS Books about LEO  Anon (1952) The Layman’s Guide to LEO, Lyons. The guide was circulated to Lyons executives and senior management to help them understand how computers, and in particular LEO, worked. The typewritten document is in part based on Ernest Lenaerts Development of the LEO Computer – see below. The manuscript was donated to the LEO Computers Society by Philip Bird in November 2017  Bird, P. (1994) ‘LEO, the First Business Computer’, Hasler Publishing. Peter Bird joined Lyons when, as he says, ‘the pioneering years of computing were no more than folk history.’ Nonetheless, through his ‘talking with old-timers’ and delving through the Lyons archives, he has made an important contribution to the LEO story. Of particular value are the appendices which, inter alia, give details of the instruction codes, speeds, capacities and deliveries of the different models.  Caminer, D.T., Aris, J.B.B., Hermon, P.M.R. and Land, F.F. (eds.) (1996) ‘User Driven Innovation: The world’s first business computer’, McGraw Hill, Maidenhead. A first-hand account written by thirteen of the early users who developed the disciplines of systems engineering and put LEO to work on economic, time-dependent business applications, starting in 1951. Included is an edited version of the seminal report of the two Lyons executives who, after a tour of the early computer activity in the United States in 1947, recommended that Lyons acquire a computer of their own. Also included is a Science Museum interview with John Simmons.  Caminer, D.T., Aris, J.B.B., Hermon, P.M.R. and Land F.F. (eds.) (1998) ‘LEO, the Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer’ McGraw Hill, New York. The revised United States edition of User-Driven Innovation, a Chinese edition was published in 2000. Extracts from Reviews Professor Dick Nolan of the Harvard University Business School writes in his introduction to the book: "This story has the best qualities of a Harvard Business School case study: it is an important event in the history of the business. It is a study about extraordinary people ... As confident executives they look outside their company, in other countries, at universities to discover new ways of doing things and fresh ideas. In their bold actions, trust shows through as a foundation in implementing their vision. Young people are given free reign and do not disappoint. A resulting exciting, challenging ‘can-do' culture is heard in the words of the people who were there." Dr Terry Gourvish, Director Business History Unit, LSE, in LSE Business History Newssheet, "This is a major contribution to the history of computing and computers in the UK. A full scale case study of LEO computers, written by members of the team who experienced all its trials and tribulations, it provides a fascinating insight into the development by J. Lyons & Co. of the first business computer in the UK." Neil Fitzgerald, editor of CA magazine, in The Scotsman, Business section. . "Can-do culture, empowerment, user-driven innovation, business process re-engineering, flat organisations, quality, short lines of communications and decision making. We are led to believe that these are radical, modern ideas. However, a book that has come into my hands shows that they were being successfully harnessed almost half a century ago, to create the most significant event ever in business management. The editors ... tell the story of how they and others built and put to work the world's first business computer. This did not happen in California's Silicon Valley, but at Cadby Hall, the ... west London premises of Lyons. An important facet was that they felt they should always take a strategic view of the whole function to be computerised and make recommendations for improvements before going to work." Dr John Pinkerton, review in ICL Technical Journal "Telling the story of how the foundations of data processing were laid from 1949 onwards has evidently been a labour of love. This is a work of scholarship but eminently readable nevertheless. It will be seen as a major contribution to the history of business computing; it is strongly recommended for anyone already working in or studying to enter the field of IT." Michael Braithwaite, Deloitte, Touche, European Journal of Information Systems. "I commend this book to a wide audience. To the general reader it stands as a very well written and exciting account of technological innovation. To the business school student it presents a remarkable story of technological success that, as a commercial venture was flawed, perhaps by factors beyond the control of the players." Professor George Mitchell, review published Journal of Operational Research Society.. "This fascinating book tells the life story of LEO. Rather over a third of the book is the historical record, carefully researched and engagingly written up by Caminer. The rest is largely personal memoirs of those involved in the early days, including accounts of several innovative applications. The whole is rounded off by an evaluation by Aris. The book's value is enhanced by the style of writing. Those who worked in LEO, especially in its earlier days, including many of the book's authors, exercised an influence on the development of business computing in the UK quite disproportionate to their numbers. I found this book a good read and one which exited several strands of thought. Although its main market will be among scholars and students of IT and business studies, it deserves a wide readership in the OR community." John Perkins, National Computer Centre Newsletter, "The book is a fascinating adventure story in which the dynamics of an extraordinary group of people made the seemingly impossible happen." Professor John Ward in the Journal of Strategic Information Systems. "The story of that first business computer: Leo - Lyons Electronic Office - is told in this book. Whilst it is history, reflection on what was achieved and not achieved and why still has many lessons of relevance to the successful use of IT today - we seem to be learning painfully and slowly!. .... a review by John Aris of what of what he calls the ‘LEO approach' - an integrated combination of technology innovation, application and consultancy designed to enable significant business improvements from computer use in a range of situation. Many of these applications would be called ‘business process redesign' in the 1990s! The wide range of contributors provide many different perspectives on what happened and views on why things evolved the way they did. It is a set of memoirs - often very personal ones - of a time when Britain could be said to have led the world in the application of this new technology. ... it is a book that we should all be grateful the authors took the time and trouble to get together and write. It is a story of extraordinary achievements, by a talented team..." I. A. Lovelock in Management Accounting. "This book is a first-hand account of how this astounding innovation came about. It is a flesh and blood, warts and all story related by the participants, brimming over with the same enthusiasm that enabled the unlikeliest of organisations to lead the way into the future that we are all familiar with today. It concludes with different strands coming together to provide the essence of the LEO credo of comprehensive, integrated, secure, action stimulated implementations.” Professor T. Brady, Brighton University “As well as being a fascinating piece of historical writing the book provides food for thought in the supposedly computer literate world of the 21st Century. Spectacular computer disasters such as the London Stock Exchange's Taurus system have left us with rather jaundiced perceptions about computer projects. Why were Lyons better at implementing computer systems? One major factor was that before automating business processes the Lyons team ensured that they were well understood and ready for computerisation. Long before the prospect of computers came along, Lyons had established a systems research office with the brief to constantly search out how improvements might be made to the business by changing processes.” Professor Paul Ceruzzi, Smithsonian Institute Washington “Most surveys of the history of computing mark the beginning of the commercial computer age with the delivery of the first UNIVAC in 1951. The better ones note the first delivery of a UNIVAC to a commercial, not government, customer (General Electric) in 1954. Only the best histories mention LEO, a computer built by the British catering company J. Lyons & Co. and first operational in September 1951, as the real beginning of commercial application of the stored-program computer.”

 Ferry, Georgina (2003) ‘A Computer Called LEO’, Fourth Estate, London. ‘LEO and its creators deserve their place in history not because of what it was, but because of what it did. For LEO was the first computer in the world to be harnessed to the task of running a business. A paperback edition was published in 2005, by Harper Perennial  Caminer H., editor (2016) ‘LEO remembered: by the people who worked on the world’s first business computers’, LEO Computers Society. Collection of reminiscences, testifying to a sense of collective endeavour among the LEO community.  Lenaerts, E. (1948) ‘Development of the LEO Computer: Brief Description of EDSAC’. Peter Bird collected and had bound (September 1992) the photocopies of the handwritten description of EDSAC compiled by Ernest Lenaerts in October 1948, with contributions from David Caminer, Derek Hemy, Thomas Thompson and others. It formed the basis of a larger publication titled The Layman’s Guide to LEO – see below. The volume was donated to the LEO Computers Society by Philip Bird, November 2017.  Simmons, J.R.M. (1962) ‘LEO and the Managers’, Macdonald, London. The paperless office concept of the Lyons Comptroller, whose support was vital to the LEO project Books that refer to LEO  Agar J., (2003), The Government Machine. A Revolutionary History of the Computer, MIT Press. Pages relating to LEO: pp. 266, 302--306, 314, 325, 421  Ahmed, Haroon (2013) ‘Cambridge Computing - The First 75 Years’, TMI Publishers.  Anon, (1962), Automatic Programming Languages for Business and Science, a two-day conference held at Northampton College of Advanced Technology with the co-operation of the BCS.in April 1962. T.R. Thompson presented a paper on considering the fundamental principles for expressing a procedure for a computer application independently of any compiler or computer considerations. The Conference papers are reviewed by LEO’s J. Caldwell.  Anon (2011) ‘ICL Mainframe Computers’, Books LLC. This 19 page pamphlet gives a brief description of a number of UK designed and manufactured computers including the LEO range, pages 18 and 19. All the texts are lifted from Wikipedia entries and include some errors made in these entries.  Arms, William Y, (2019), Early Years of Academic Co1962mputing, Cornell University, Internet University Press. The memoirs include a brief account of the LEO story including a photo of LEO III. See http://www.cs.cornell.edu/wya/AcademicComputing/text/titlepage.html  Baker, Rob (2015) ‘Beautiful Idiots and Brilliant Lunatics: A sideways look at twentieth century London’, Amberley Publishing Limited. Chapter 22 includes the story of Lyons and its place in London, and notes its role in the development of LEO and business computing. See https://books.google.co.uk/books? id=yOwgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT300&lpg=PT300&dq=How+Lyons+Produced+the+W orlds+First+Large+Business+Computer&source=bl&ots=8MWwgk_uLN&sig=ucgm - M47SKOlozeLgYGfI6TU_MA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcmumWyK_MAhW FOyYKHSu9DHcQ6AEIYDAJ#v=onepage&q=How%20Lyons%20Produced%20the %20Worlds%20First%20Large%20Business%20Computer&f=false  Bird, P. (2000) ‘The First Food Empire: A History of J. Lyons and Company’, Phillmore. Peter Birds account of the history of J. Lyons including a reference to the LEO initiative.  Bruderer, H. (2015) ‘Meilensteine der Rechentechnic (Milestones in Computer History)’, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin/Boston. This 820-page book written in German has a number of references to LEO throughout the book. The author is a Swiss academic.  Bruderer, Herbert: Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, 3rd edition 2020, 2 volumes, 2113 pages, 715 illustrations, 151 tables, English version. https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783030409739

 Campbell-Kelly, M. (1989) ‘ICL A Business and Technical History’, Clarendon Press, Oxford. The history of ICL is synonymous with the history of the British computer industry. ICL was formed by a series of mergers in response to the increasing market dominance of the large American corporations, particularly IBM. The struggles between these two giants and the inherent problems and implications of competing with US multi- nationals are examined in detail in Campbell Kelly's wide-ranging study. At the time of writing in the late 1980s, the author was given unrestricted access to ICL archives and his lucid account of the company, its set-backs and successes makes for a compelling and informative read. This book, which was Winner of the Wadsworth Prize for Business History (1989), will be of great interest to anyone involved in business or the computing industry.  Carmichael, Hamish (ed.) (1996) ‘An ICL anthology’, Chapter 6, LEO, pp. 91-94, Laidlaw Hicks Publishers, Surbiton. Chapter 6 presents an anthology of quotations about LEO, mainly from LEO personnel  Glass, R.L., (199), In the Beginning: Personal Recollections of Software Pioneers, pages 134 – 153, published by IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamos, CA, includes Land, F.. LEO the First Business Computer: A personal recollection, Frank Land..   Glass, R.L., (2020), In the Beginning: Personal Recollections of Software Pioneers 2.0, published by Developer Books, Hogansville, GA, Chapter 5: LEO the First Business Computer: A personal recollection, Frank Land, pp 249 – 288 and brief biography of Frank Land, pp 611 – 613.

 Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003) ‘A History of Modern Computing’ (2nd edition), MIT Press. Reports on the role played by Lyons and LEO in the development of business computing.  Greenia, Mark (2003) ‘The History of Computing: An Encyclopaedia of People and Machines that made Computer History’, Lexikon Services. A useful and comprehensive chronology of computer history including recognition of Lyons and LEO plus pictures and descriptions of the LEO initiatives. Note: a photo of LEO II/1 is wrongly labelled LEO 1, and the link to the LEO Computers Society website does not work. https://www.amazon.com/History-Computing- Encyclopedia-Machines-Computer/dp/0944601782  Grindley, C.B.B., (1975), Systematics, McGraw-Hill, New York. Based on his experience working with LEO, Grindley sets out a ‘language’ for defining information systems.  Hally, Mike (2003) ‘Electronic Brains: stories from the dawn of the Computer age’, Granta Publications, London. The book is based on 4 BBC radio programmes produced by Mike Hally. Despite its populist title, it is a very readable and informative account of some early computer ventures in the USA, UK, Soviet Union and Australia. Chapter 5 is an account of the LEO story.  Harding, Thomas, (2019), Legacy: One Family, a Cup of Tea, and the Company that Took on the World, Penguin Books. Legacy charts the rise and fall of one of the most influential dynasties in British history through the lives of five astonishing generations; both sweeping and intimate, it is a story of sacrifice and selflessness, betrayal and personal tragedy, and Empire and its cost. Included in the story is a brief account of the origins and development of LEO, the decision to found LEO computers Limited as a subsidiary company, and the later decision to dispose of the subsidiary. The book allows the reader to peek behind the scenes at the way the members of the family which ran Lyons operated https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/1071513/thomas-harding.html  Hendry, John (1990) ‘Innovating for Failure. Government Policy and the Early British Computer Industry’, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. xx, 240 pp. Hendry analyses the failure of the British Computer Industry in spite of the efforts of the NRDC to rationalise the industry. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Innovating-Failure- Government-Computer-Computing/dp/0262081873  Hénin, S., (2014) Come le violette a primavera, AICA, pp. 163, 174-5, 19  Henin, S., (2017) Il racconto del computer , Edizioni Manna  Hicks, Marie (2017) ‘Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing’, MIT Press. Marie Hicks, an American Academic, has produced a well-researched and in many ways fascinating account of the British Computer Industry from its birth at the beginning of World War 2 code-breaking at Bletchley Park to the demise of ICL in the mid-1970s. As such it includes many references to LEO including reports of interviews with LEO employees. However, the focus is on British Government computing, and in particular on the making of staffing policy in the Civil Service. Whilst the account is often interesting and provides an insight into the social history of the Civil Service as it enters the Information Age its basic hypothesis embodied in the title of the book is at best dubious. http://programmedinequality.com/  Hollingdale, S.H. & Toothill , G.C., (1965), Electronic Computers. Penguin (Pelican) Books, London. This early book on the history of computers includes a number of references to LEO. See pages 230 and 281-282, and a photograph. It is a brief but accurate account noting payroll and teashop ordering. What is also interesting, in a book published in 1965, is the absence of any mention of war—time computing in Bletchley or any computer innovations outside the USA and UK. A surprising number of pages are devoted to analogue computers. A second edition was published in 1975.  IEEE History Foundation. Milestones By Year Dedicated And Region comprises a variety of relevant material related to the interests of the IEEE. It includes references to LEO and includes an oral history of LEO programmer Betty Cooper, http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Betty_Cooper  Jones, Capers (2014) ‘The Technical and Social History of Software Engineering’, Addison-Wesley. Capers Jones’s book is a monumental history of computers and computing with a prime focus on ‘software engineering’. Jones has an introductory chapter which deals with the pre-history from the beginning of civilisation to 1930, then chapters dealing with each decade up to 2013. His chapter on the 1950s includes the LEO story, brief (pages 85, 86, in a 452 page book), but giving some weight to the place of LEO in computing history.  Kavanagh, J., (2007) ‘BCS – Celebrating 50 years’, British Computer Society. 82 pages including a chapter titled ‘Birth of an Industry and the BCS’, which features Maurice Wilkes, photo of LEO I and potted history of LEO.  Lavington, Simon H. (1980) ‘Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and The People Who Built Them’, Manchester University Press, http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish.html#TOC Chapter 13, pages 68-77, gives a brief history of LEO and English Electric, including a timeline.  Lavington, Simon, (2011), Moving Targets: Elliott-Automation and the Dawn of the Computer Age 1947 – 67, Computer History, Springer. Although the book is primarily a history of Elliott-Automation it has a number of references to Lyons and LEO.  Lavington, Simon (ed.) (2012) ‘Alan Turing and his Contemporaries’, British Computer Society. 111 pages, summarises the background to all the early British stored-program projects from 1945 – 1951.  Lavington, S., (2019) Early Computing in Britain, Ferranti Ltd. and Government Funding, 1948 — 1958, Springer Computer History Series. A valuable addition to the exposure UK computing developments in the early years of computers with a focus on the initiatives taken by the Ferranti Company, in particular with their Mark I. LEO is only referred to in Appendix D, see https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030151027  Lean, T, (2016), Electronic Dreams: How 1980s Britain learned to love the computer, Bloomsberry/Sigma. The book includes references to LEO and its early success. See also Review by Jonathan Margolis in Financial Times, below.  Marshall, Stephen (2015) ‘The Story of the Computer: A Technical and Business History’, Kindle edition available. 592 pages the story of computing up to, but not including, the advent of smart phones. The LEO project is noted in Chapter 6, pages 198-189 and further mentions are made elsewhere such as the donation to EDSAC (Chapter 5, page 185). Reviewed by Dik Leatherdale in Resurrection Issue Number 79 Autumn 2017.  Mathews, S., (2007), From Agit-Prop to Free Space: The Architecture of Cedric Price, Black Dog Publishing, London, U.K., 2007. 285 pp. Cedric Price a "visionary” architect: one whose schemes were grand was hired by Lyons to propose a radical redesign of one of its Corner Houses. In practice Lyons decided that they could not afford the re-design. The book makes a number of references to LEO including photos of a LEO installation.  Morelli, M, (2001), Dalle calcolatrici ai computer degli anni Cinquanta, Franco Angeli, pp. 341-44  O'Regan, G. (2012) ‘A Brief History of Computing’, 2nd ed, Springer, London. Chapter 3, ‘Early Computers’, provides a brief account of EDSAC and LEO.  O’Regan, Gerard (2015), ‘Pillars of Computing: A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Technology Firms’, Springer. Chapter 21, pages 135-138, provides an account of LEO Computers Limited.  O’Regan, Gerard (2016) ‘Introduction to the History of Computing: A Computing History Primer’, Springer. For undergraduate students, Chapter 5.3, page 75, describes LEO I.  Rahman, W., Kurien, P., (2007), Blind Men and the Elephant: Demystifying the Global IT Service Industry, Chapter 5: Early Business Computing, pages 106 – 107 provide an account of the LEO story including a review of the legacy of LEO and a picture of a Lyons teashop on page 108. Published by Sage Publications India PVT Ltd, New Delhi, and by Sage Publications Inc in Thousand Oaks, California, and by Sage Publications Ltd, London  Roebuck, K. (2011) ‘Managed Print Services: High-impact Technology - What You Need to Know’, Tebbo. The book is a type of encyclopaedia including a wide range of technology topics each supplemented by a rich set of references. A short, well sourced, chapter on LEO, page 50-56, is included.  Rose, Michael (1969) ‘Computers, Managers and Society’, Pelican. The author notes LEO amongst the pioneers and provides a brief account of the LEO story.  Shirley, Stephanie, (2012), ‘Let IT Go’, Andrews UK Limited. The book is Dame Shirley’s autobiography and as such deals with much more than her involvement with IT and the establishment of Freelance Programmers. It is included in this listing because the formation of F. International, overlaps the foundation and growth of LEO Computers and provides a further perspective on developments in that period. It also notes the help given to her by Kit Grindley (see obituaries below) in the early days of her company.  Simmons, J.R.M. (1970) ‘Management of change. The role of Information', Gee & Co, London.  Stern, Nancy B. (1981) ‘From ENIAC to UNIVAC: Appraisal of the Eckert- Mauchly Computers Hardcover’, Digital Press, March 16, 1981. Pages 148 -151 report on the precedence of the LEO initiative in the development of business computing.  Sumner, R., (2020), I Ideas: How Ideas Shape Your World, Your Creativity, and Your Technology, Kendal Hunt publishers. The publication is about the relationship between ideas (philosophy, Christianity) and art/technology. The intended readership is graphic design students, but is also used a general education class for some students. Chapter 10, The Computer, Animation, & Gaming includes a photo of LEO I and a brief account of the building of the first business computer by J. Lyons & Co. The author, Ron Sumner is an artist a Professor at Liberty University in Florida.  Tatnall, Arthur (ed.) (2012) ‘Reflections on the History of Computing: Preserving Memories and Sharing Stories’, in ‘Series: IFIP Advances in Information and Communications Technology’, Vol. 387, Springer, November 2012. Chapter 2, Frank Land, Remembering LEO, pp. 22-42.  Turing, Dermot, (2018), The Story of Computing, Arcturus Publishing , London, includes a section on the Lyons/LEO place in the story of computing, and includes photo of LEO, Chapter 6, pages 106 to 110. Sir Dermot Turing is a nephew of Alan Turing, and 12 Baronet Turing. The book provides a comprehensive and readable account of the story of computing from abacus to a glimpse of how the story might develop in the future. Wilkes, M.V., (1985), Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer, MIT Press, History of Computing Series, In his chapter on EDSAC he talks about Lyons, starting with a visit to Cambridge by TRT and others in July 1947, mentioning George Booth, the £3,000 donation and loan of Lenaerts and ending with Lyons' appointment of John Pinkerton, pages 132 - 134 . Archived in Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/onljte5kdi9hml38ofyxf/Maurice-Wilkes- Memoirs-LEO-extracts.docx?dl=0&rlkey=ha09dhstzsk322m0v4b3vbj6b

 Williams, M.R., (1989), The early British Computers Conference, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.  Various authors (1956) ‘The Electronic Office’, a collection of articles assembled by the Liverpool and Merseyside Branch of the Office Management Association following their conference in April. Includes articles by David Caminer and Oliver Standingford. Bound copy held by Hilary Caminer.  Various authors, Williams, M.R., (1989), Charles Babbage Institute reprint series for the history of computing, a comprehensive listing of texts relating to the history of computing, https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=hotseries&q=se%3A %22Charles+Babbage+Institute+reprint+series+for+the+history+of+computing%22 ARTICLES, REVIEWS and other PAPERS  Aeberhard, J., (2011), From Tea Shops to Computer Company: The Improbable Story of LEO (Lyons Electronic Office), published as background story for 60th anniversary of roll-out of first LEO job. See Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/s/gmoxhwycv79jg2l/LEO%2060th%20editorial %20backgrounder.doc?dl=0  Aeberhard, J., (2019), Reminiscences of my PR role with LEO. In Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 14-16, Autumn.  Aeberhard, J., (2019), From Tea Shops to Computer Company: the Improbable Story of LEO, Resurrection, Number 88, Winter/Spring, 2019/2020, online at and http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res88.htm  Ainsworth, B. (2013) Leo Computers in Australia in Museum Victoria Collections http://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/12682  Agar, J. (1996) The Provision of Digital Computers to British Universities up to the Flowers Report (1996), Computer journal, Vol. 39, No. 7, pp 630-642.  Anderson, D., Delve, J. (2004) Pioneers of Payroll on computers: LEO, the Army, the Navy Dockyards and De Havilland, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, ISSN: 1058-6180.  Anon, (1951), A Royal Visitor: Princess Elizabeth visits Cadby Hall, Lyons Office Journal, Vol. 2, Number 21, March. Report with photo of the visit which includes meeting John Simmons and T.R. Thompson showing LEO I to Royal Party. A copy is held in the London Metropolitan Archive under catalogue number ACC/3527/310  Anon (1947-1954) LEO Chronicle, Lyons and Office Management Association. Papers of John Simmons, Reference Number: 363/S4/11, Warwick University, Modern Records Centre. The Chronicle is a diary of events and activities relating to the development and operation of LEO computing – an invaluable source. http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/leo/id/242  Anon (1949) ‘A non-technical description of E.D.S.A.C’. How the Cambridge Electronic Calculator works, J. Lyons & Co., June 1949. http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/How%20EDSAC%20Works.pdf  Anon (1952) 'The Laymans Guide to LEO', J. Lyons & Co. Intended for the Lyons' Management only a small number were printed. The original version was about 75 pages, though later versions were much longer. Copies are held in the John Simmons Archive at Warwick University Modern Records Centre Showcase: Pioneers: Innovators in Science and Technology, and can be downloaded from: http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/leo/id/263 http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/images/pioneers/ files as item MSS.363/S4/12 and at the University of Manchester John Rylands Library, http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/html/gb133nahc-leo-p1.shtml, filed as item C130. Appendix 13 in Peter Bird's book LEO: The First Business Computer is extracted from the guide.  Anon (1953), Personality Profile T.R. Thompson, Lyons Office Journal. Vol. 1, July 1951 to June 1953, available as part of the Lyons archive held at the London Metropolitan Museum, catalogue entry: " ACC/3527/311 Lyons Office Journal. Published for J. Lyons and Co. Ltd. Clerical department.  Anon (1954) LEO Lyons Electronic Office, Published by J. Lyons & Co., Cadby Hall, Feb 16th.  Anon (1954) ‘Electronic Abacus’, The Economist, pp. 789-791, 13th March, probably authored by Mary Goldring.  Anon (1955) Leaflet on "Computer Training Courses", by LEO Computers.  Anon (1957) It’s Quicker by Computer: ‘LEO’ Works our Rail Distances, The Times, June 24.  Anon (1957) Political & Economic Planning, ‘The LEO Computer: a case study in the use of an electronic computer in routine clerical work’, Three Case Studies in Automation, July, probably authored by Leonard Tivey.  Anon (1960) ‘Getting to grips with computers’, The Times Newspaper, reprinted in The Times Newspaper, August 4th 2000.  Anon (1960) ‘Notes on Commissioning of LEO Automatic Office at the Ministry of Pensions’, The Vol. 15Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp.198, January.  Anon (1960) Advanced Data Processing, a clip from the "Engineer" for 22 July 1960, probably the earliest reference to LEO II in print, and concentrating on the microprogramming feature.  Anon (1960) Command by Magnetic Rings, a clip from New Scientist for 21 July 1960.  Anon (1960) Introducing LEO III, a clip from The Stock Exchange Gazette for 12 August 1960, announcing the development of LEO III in more general terms.  Anon (1962), LEO: Three Jobs at Once, Advertisement in for LEO III Computer Journal, Vol 5, Number 1. A copy of the advertisement is held at the Cambridge Centre for Computer History and can be obtained from Jude Brimmer the archivist  Anon, (1963-64), New Computers for the Post Office, Post Office Telecomms Journal, Vol, 15,16, an account with photos of the Post Office purchase of two LEO III computers for over £1 million.  Anon (1963) EE-LEO Brochure for LECTOR System, Data Processing Journal, February, page 15.  Anon (1964), Quis LEO Aptitude test, comprising Introduction and Explanation, Instructions for giving test, the Test Itself, Correct answers’ The document as digitized by John Hoey in Australia and a copy is available from Frank Land, [email protected]  Anon, (1965-66), The Post Office enters the Computer Age, Post Office Telecomms Journal, Vol. 16.17, reporting on the purchase of 5 computers valued at more than £2 million.  Anon (1965) Daily Mail Obituary for LEO I, 9th January. Plus other items about LEO initiatives in Eastern Europe.  Anon (1967), September LyonsMail short note and photos of Lyons Managing Director Samuel Salmon viewing restart of LEO III/7 following the catastrophic fire at the Lyons computer installation. More information on the incident can be found in Peter Bird’s book LEO: The First Business Computer page 164 to 166.  Anon, LEO Computer, a useful summary of the LEO story which does need editing, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEO_(computer)  Anon, (circa 1958), LEO II at Stewarts and Lloyds, in http://www.corby.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Electronic%20Computers.pdf  Anon, LEO Computers in Australia, http://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/12682  Anon (2016), London Remembers Website, Erection of LEO Plaque, brief report and photos of plaque https://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/leo-computers- society?memorial_id=10108  Anon (2017), Quotation from a Director of J. Lyons, “I attended a Board meeting when for 1 hour and 59 minutes there was a heated debate about the price of a cup of tea in Teashops. ‘A rise of a penny or half a penny!’ At the end of the row John Simmons, of whom everyone was in awe, asked for a further 2 million pounds for work on Leo. Passed without debate.”  Anon, (2018), Meet LEO, the World’s First Business Computer, London Science Museum Website. The LEO story including photos in 1200 words, STORY CONTENT: What is the LEO computer? Why did Lyons tea shops need a computer? Who built LEO—and how? What tasks could LEO carry out? What difference did LEO make to efficiency? What else was LEO used for? Were there other computers to rival LEO? Is LEO still being used today? Find out more. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/meet-leo-worlds-first- business-computer  Anon, (2021), An Introduction to Silicon Valley’s Computer History Museum including listing of LEO artefacts and an introduction to extensive Oral History collection.

 Archibald, H., (1997), Stewarts and Lloyds Steelworks, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw- Hill, New York, Part 3, Chapter 20, pp. 243 – 248.  Aris, J.B.B., (1997), The LEO approach an evaluation in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw- Hill, New York, Part 4, Chapter 27, pp.321-336.  Aris, J.B.B. (1996) ‘Systems Design – Then and Now’, Resurrection, Journal of the Computer Conservation Society, Summer.  Aris, J.B.B., (1998), Inventing Systems Engineering, Proceedings of Conference Computers in Europe: Past, Present and Future, Kyiv, pp 33 – 46, October.  Aris, J.B.B. (2000) ‘Inventing Systems Engineering’, IEEE Annals of the History of

Computing, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 4-15, July-September.  Aris, J.B.B., Land, F.F., Mellor, A. (eds.) (2003) LEO Conference Report, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 253-398, December.  Avery, R. (2001) The World’s first commercial computer went into operation 50 years ago in Britain. Who developed it?, The Times Supplement Tomorrow’s Today, 24 page supplement sponsored by Microsoft, pp 20-21, May 31st. Hilary Caminer holds a copy.  Beck, Arnold, (194) Oral History, Electronic Engineer, interviewed by William Asprey of the Charles Babbage Institute, describes working for Standard Telephone and Cables in the late 1940s on designing thermionic valves for Lyons and EDSAC which failed. Asked why they failed he notes “Mainly because it wasn't reliable enough. I don't want to make excuses, but when development things like that started, people didn't really appreciate the standards of reliability that were required. Down the road here at EDSAC they didn't appreciate the troubles they'd get with the cathode failures on lots of their double diodes” https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Arnold_Beck  Behr, B. (ed.) (2014) LEO Computers Society Newsletter, Autumn, with contributions from Jessica Bradford (Science Museum), Peter Byford, Bernard Behr, David Holdsworth (Computer Conservation Society), Frank Land and Michael Storey. http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/2014_Newsletter.pdf  Behr, B. (ed.) (2015) LEO Computers Society Newsletter, summer, with contributions from Peter Byford, Ralph Land, Norman Witkin, Neil Lamming, Gloria Guy, Bill Sant and David Holdsworth. http://www.leo- computers.org.uk/images/NewsletterSummer2015.pdf  Bentley, R. (2003). The Teashops that ruled the IT World, Computer Weekly. Available at: http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/The-tea-shops-that-ruled-the- IT-world Based on review of Georgina Ferry’s book A Computer called LEO.  Bergin, T. J. (2007) Mainframe Computers, a listing of mainframe computer manufacturers providing a chronology of their main products, including LEO Computers and the successor companies: IT  Bergin, T. J (1997) User-Driven Innovation: Review, ACM Computing reviews, July, http://www.computingreviews.com/review/Review_review.cfm? review_id=120073&listname=search – link takes you to the login page of ‘Computing Reviews’ – need to be a member of ACM to access.  Berry, T. (2002) Lessons from LEO the Lyons, Financial Director, January 2002 http://www.financialdirector.co.uk/financial-director/feature/1742501/lessons-leo-lyon  Bidmead, C. (2011) David Caminer, creator of the first business computer, Reg Hardware, Unsung Heroes of Tech, 27th September 2011 http://www.reghardware.com/2011/09/27/heroes_of_tech_david_caminer/  Bird, P. (1990/91) LEO, the Pride of Lyons, British Journal of Administrative Management, pp 20,21, included is brief biography of Peter Bird on page 20. https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal? path=&preview=Peter+Bird+Bio.doc&qsid=46938116925170346278061109775943& query=peter+bird&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUbN hfSkQ%3D  Bird, P., (2011), Thomas Raymond Thompson. Obituary, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online, 19th May 2011  Blobel. J., (2019), The Future of Computer History, ITNOW, pages 65-66, December issue. Blobel, University of Paderborn, advocates the need to teach computing history for an understanding of IT today.  Blyth, T. (2015) Information Age? The challenges of displaying information and communication technologies, Science Museum Communications Spring 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/150303 The Thein October 2014 including the LEO exhibit.  Bodsworth, V., (2019), Editor: LEO Matters, Newsletter of LEO Computers Society, Vol. 5, Spring, pp 1 – 14. The issue includes articles by Vince Bodsworth, Edd Thomas, Lisa McGerty, Graham Briscoe, Alan Cooper, Tony Morgan, and Dag Spicer, as well as an introduction by Peter Byford. https://www.leo- computers.org.uk/images/Leo%20Newsletter%20Spring%202019.pdf  Bodsworth, V.,(2019), The National Museum of Computing History “TNMoC”, LEO Matters, Vol. 5, Spring 2019, pp. 2 – 4, Newsletter of the LEO Computers Society, https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/Leo%20Newsletter%20Spring %202019.pdf  Border, A.. (2019), Lifetime AIS Member Receives OBE, AIS News and Press: Insider, https://aisnet.org/news/455414/Lifetime-AIS-Member-Receives-OBE- Award.htm  Bradford, J. (2014) Information Age at the Science Museum celebrates LEO, in Behr, B. (editor) LEO Computer Society Newsletter: http://www.leo- computers.org.uk/images/2014_Newsletter.pdf  Braithwaite, M. (1998) User-Driven Innovation: the World’s first Business Computer: Review, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol.7, pp 74-75.  Brimmer, J., (2019), Rebuilding the LEO Archive: An Archivists View, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 3-4, Autumn.  Brindley, H. (2008) On being employed by a computing pioneer – Leo Fantl, an account of the author’s experience working in South Africa for LEO, slapHappe, https://slapphappe.wordpress.com/2008/06/30/on-being-employed-by-a-computing- pioneer-leo-fantl/  Bringslid, M. M. (2016) 7 Ways Computers will change our lives, Blog on Eric Scmidt Presentation , LSE 14th October, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/studentsatlse/2016/10/18/7-ways-computers-will-change-our- lives/  Briscoe, G. (1994) The First Business Computer, Review of Peter Bird’s book in Management Services, February, p. 35.  Briscoe, G. (1994) Computing was a piece of cake, The British Journal of Administrative Management, February/March, p 23 and 27.  Briscoe, G. (2016) 1950s Computer Training Package, Resurrection, Issue Number 73, pp25-33.  Briscoe, G. (1967-2000) Graham Briscoe Productivity Collection Pamphlets, a collection of texts and http://www.open.ac.uk/libraryservices/documents/Graham_Briscoe_Productivity_Coll ection_pamphlets.pdf  Briscoe, G, (2019), LEO and the Managers: Unearthing its ownership, an account of the research carried out by Graham Briscoe to discover the copyright holder for the John Simmons book LEO and the Manager and the successful transfer of publication rights to the LEO Computers Society. Resurrection, Issue Number 85, Spring 2019, pp. 25-26. The LEO archive in Dropbox includes three documents including a letter from Stuart MacNab, Director J. & Co. dated 28th January 2019, addressed to Peter Byford chair of LEO Computers Society , confirming the transfer of intellectual property rights of documents relating to LEO I to LEO Computers Society. https://www.dropbox.com/s/9e2er7hfs4d2a6u/Graham%20Briscoe%20re%20Lyons %20System.docx?dl=0 and https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/Leo %20Newsletter%20Spring%202019.pdf LEO Matters, Vol. 5, Spring 2019. pp. 8 – 9,  Brooks, T., (2021), LEO, A Pioneer of Computing for Persons with Disabilities, to be published in LEO Matters. This a was written by Tom Brooks, who joined LEO as a programmer in June 1963 working on several projects on the Post Office contract including Stores, Telephone Billing, P O Statistics, PO Savings Bank. The article reports on the project using the Post Office LEO machines to produce a Braille system to be used by blind programmers. The successful project was involved the Post Office, the RNIB and LEO personnel and was launched in response to the agreement between the Post Office and EELM for EELM to support Post Office ‘social’ applications.

 Bryant, A., Land, F.F., (2020, 2021), A Conversation between Frank Land and Antony Bryant, paper published in Journal of Information Technology. Part 1 and 2 published online June 5, 2020 Research Article. and accepted for publication over two issues in 2020 Part 1 Part 1 in print version, Vol. 35, issue 4, pages 361 – 375, A ‘conversation’ between Frank Land (FL) and Antony Bryant (AB): PART I - Antony Bryant, Frank Land, 2020 (sagepub.com)

 Part 2 in Vol. 36, issue1 pages 39 -55, March 2021. A ‘conversation’ between Frank Land [FL] and Antony Bryant [AB] – : Part 2 - Antony Bryant, Frank Land, 2021 (sagepub.com)  Reprinted as a selected paper in Schlagwein, D. (Editor, December, Thirty-Five Years of the Journal of Information Technology. To celebrate this, the editors have selected and made open access JIT sample papers across the years via a special collection: https://journals.sagepub.com/page/jin/35yearsjit  Butt, P. J., (2011), TR Thompson – The Leo Computer: A London connection, GLIAS Newsletter, GREATER LONDON INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY, The newsletter copies extracts from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography the obituary of TRT, and adds a comment from Roy Irons who had been an operator on the LEO II.9 at Ilford Ltd. http://www.glias.org.uk/news/256news.html

 Byford, P,. (2019), Message from our Chairman, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 1-2, Autumn.  Byford, P., (2018), New heritage partnership to unlock important IT archive, ICL All Stars Magazine, Issue 58, Winter 2018, pp.25-26  Byford, P., (2019), Chairman’s Review: October 2017 – March 2019, report sent to all members of LEO Computer Society, www.leo-computers.org.uk  Byford, P., (2020), Lions on the Loose, ICL All Stars Magazine, Issue 67, summer/autumn 2020, page 18. Report and photos of lunch in Melbourne of LEO Australian veterans. file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet %20Files/Content.Outlook/CVA422EG/ICLISP.%20Edition%2067%20Final.pdf  Caldwell, J. (!962), Review, Automatic Programming Languages for Business and Science, a two-day conference held at Northampton College of Advanced Technology with the co-operation of the BCS.in April 1962. T.R. Thompson presented a paper on considering the fundamental principles for expressing a procedure for a computer application independently of any compiler or computer considerations. See review by Caldwell in Dropbox at: //www.dropbox.com/s/08ap89c8n26oxjs/J%20Caldwell %20Report%20Automatic%20Programming%20Conference%201962.docx?dl=0  Caminer, D.T., (1951), Personal diaries, David Caminer kept a personal diary for a few months in 1951, chronicling, both domestic and business events. Hilary Caminer his daughter, secretary of the LEO Computer Science has scanned them for collection in the in the LEO archive at the Cambridge Centre for Computer History.

 Caminer, D.T. (1956) Experience of a General Purpose Computer, in The Electronic Office, a bound collection of articles assembled by the Office Management Association following their conference in April 1956. Bound volume held by Hilary Caminer.  Caminer, D.T. (1955) The Application of Electronic Digital Computers and Calculators to Accountancy, Costing and Managerial Control, Lecture to Northampton College of Advanced Technology (now City University, London). Lecture Notes held by Hilary Caminer. Also see https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi- bin/webadmin?A2=history-of-computing-uk;ca4a4c3.0012  Caminer, D.T. (1958) ‘….And How to Avoid Them’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 1, No 1, pp. 11-14.  Caminer, D.T. (1997) ‘LEO and its Applications: the Beginning of Business Computing’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 40, No 10, pp. 585-597.miner  Caminer, D.T. (2000) Back to Basics, interview in Institute for the Management of Information Systems Journal, Vol. 10, Issue 1. Copy held by Hilary Caminer.  Caminer, D.T. (2002) ‘LEO and the Computer Revolution’, 2nd annual Pinkerton Lecture, IEE Computing and Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 13.  Caminer, D.T., (1997), The Story of an Innovation, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 7 – 154.  Caminer, D.T. (2003) ‘Behind The Curtain at LEO’, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 3-13, April-June.  Caminer, D.T., (2004), Obituary John Gosden, Resurrection, Issue 34, Spring, http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res33.htm#f

 Caminer, Hilary, (2016). Editor, LEO Remembered, essays and reminiscences by LEO people compiled to Hilary Caminer. honour the role played by Peter Bird in bringing public attention to the history of LEO and of the Lyons Food Empire, Published by LEO Computers Society, 108 pages. Available from Hilary Caminer. http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/LeoBookWeb.pdf  Caminer, Hilary (2016) editor, Unveiling the plaque, November 29th 2016, edited version of presentation at the unveiling of the plaque commemorating 65 years of business computing at Lyons Walk, including presentations from Peter Byford, Frank Land, Dame Stephanie Shirley and Tony Morgan, https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project? preview=Unveiling+of+Plaque+aa+presentations.doc  Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2018), Newsletter and Review, Leo Computers Society Vol. 4, Spring 2018, pp. 1-22, http://www.leo- computers.org.uk/images/LeoNewsletterSpring2018.pdf The issue includes articles by Peter Byford, John Daines, Frank Land, Lisa McGerty, Elisabetta Mori, Phillip Bird, Mike Storey, Tony Morgan, Stan Holwill, Bill Forfar, WEJ Parry, Tony Davies, Bob Stevenson. The issue can be read or downloaded from the LEO Computers Website at http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/  Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, Autumn. The issue includes articles by Peter Byford, Lisa McGerty, Jude Brimmer, John Daines, Tony Morgan, Frank Land, Neil Lamming, Lex Korngold, John Hoey Peter Hermon, John Aeberhard Carole Hyman and Neville Lyons. LEO Matters can be downloaded from the LEO Computers website. Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2020), Leo Matters, , Leo Computers Society Vol. 8, Winter 2020, pp. 1-17. Accessing LEO Matters as of November 2020: Firstly the edition is embedded in LEO Computers Society new Website as a "Post" which means members will be able to comment or ask questions when they view it. To do this you members have to be logged in but if members click on "Leave a Comment" in the Post the system will ask them to log in. Login details are the email address used in this message and the password is teashops . Secondly the contents list in the document will take you directly to the article if you click on an item. There is also an external contents list which will take you to the page of each article. (However due to a small technical issue it only takes you to the page so you should scroll down if you don't see the article you expect) If you don't want to leave any comment you can see all the material without logging in, simply click on the document front page or contents item . If you do wish to make a comment without logging in please just reply to this email. as we would really like any feedback , ideas for topics for upcoming issues or ,indeed, any views that you may have on LEO coverage. To go to the Post Click Here

Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2021), Leo Matters, , Leo Computers Society Vol. 9, Spring 2021, pp. 1-16. This Issue - Index 1. Message from our Chair- man Peter Byford, pp. 1 -2. Letter from HM Queen Editor pp. 2-3. Special Visit to Cadby Hall Neville Lyons pp. 3-4. NHLF Project Update Lisa McGerty, pp. 4-5. Zoom, Zoom, Zoom Hilary Caminer, pp. 5-6. Braille Computing Tom Brooks pp. 6-7. Sporting and Social Side Peter Byford p. 8. My Rugby Days Fred Whittaker pp. 9-10. LEO Bridge Teams Tom Brooks, Mike Lawson Dave Alterton p.10. LEO Strikes Oil Mike Hancock p.11. LEO Master Routine Michael Guy p.12. Our Latest Trustee Philip Cleary p.13. (Editor: Can anyone identify people on photos? p.14.) Dates for your diaries p.15.

Caminer, H., Editor, (2021), An edited transcript of the LEO Women’s Forum held on Zoom by the LEO Computers Society in celebration of World Women’s day, March 8th, 2021. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mv115mrn11zy5mk323wy9/Women-s-Day- Zoom-8March-2021.docx?dl=0&rlkey=55962nhxf0tyftgsu1rlp000a

 Campbell-Kelly, M., (1995), ICL and the evolution of the British Main Frame, Computer Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp 400-412. Campbell-Kelly , M., (2004), John Maurice McLean Pinkerton Obituary , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, print, 25 th September 2004, online 25 th September 2004

Campbell-Kelly, M., (2008, 2009), Wheeler, David John Obituary, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, print 5 th March 2009, online 3 rd January 2008

Campbell-Kelly, M., (2014), Wilkes, Sir Maurice Vincent Obituary , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online 9 th January 2014

 Cane, A. (2008) Teashop boffin who pioneered business computing, Financial Times, 28th June, https://www.ft.com/content/3c7bdcf0-4475-11dd-b151- 0000779fd2ac  Cane, A. (2011) Perspectives: Unlearnt lessons of Leo; British pioneers wrote the script on project management in the 1950s, but no one was listening, Financial Times, 6th December, https://www.ft.com/content/7c7fc396-168d-11e1-be1d- 00144feabdc0  Cann, R., (1997), The Royal Dockyards, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 3, Chapter 24, pp. 274 – 286.  Casey, F. (1954) Lyons Electronic Office: How LEO Works, in Business: The Journal of Management in Industry, April.  Ceruzzi, P.E. (1996) LEO: The First Business Computer, Review, ACM Computing Reviews, February, http://www.computingreviews.com/review/Review_review.cfm? review_id=119311&listname=search Note: this review was rated the best review in Computing Reviews for 1996.  Clarke, Gavin (2013) The Big Battle with Blue, The Register, March. A useful sketch of LEO history based on author's reading and interviews with Frank and Ralph Land.  Clarke Gavin (2014) How Brit computer maker beat IBM's S/360 - and Soviet spies, The Register, April, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/04/09/how_english_electric_outsold_ibm_s360_col d_war/ The story of ICL and LEO success in selling computers in East Europe.  Clarke Gavin, (2013) Blighty's revolutionary Cold War teashop computer - and Nigella Lawson, The Register, November, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/03/27/geeks_guide_leo/  Cochrane, A. (2017), LEO Operating Memories, an account of working as an operator on the Stewarts and Lloyds LEO II/3. Copy available from Frank Land and Dropbox.  Computer Conservation Society, (2019), OBE for Frank Land of LEO fame, http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/  Computer History Museum, From Cambridge to Café, The LEO story including brief bibliography, http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer- companies/5/110  Coombs, M. (2003) Review: ‘A Computer called LEO’ (Ferry, G.), European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, Issue 4, 241–24.  Cooper, A., (2018), A Virtual LEO III. The story of LOLA the consortium of London local authorities who replaced their LEO III with an IBM 360/50 and for whom IBM produced a LEO III emulator to enable them to run legacy systems. LEO Matters, Vol. 5, Spring 2019, pp. 9– 10, Newsletter of the LEO Computers Society, https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/Leo%20Newsletter%20Spring%202019.pdf  Cooper, G. (2016) How Lyons Produced the World’s First Large Business Computer, Power Point Presentation to IET retired branch, https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/Copied %20from%20old%20Leo%20interviews%20shared%20folder? preview=Cooper+IET+Lecture+2016.ppt  Cotterell, S. (2002) The day LEO roared, Project Manager Today, pp. 4-6, February.  Cummings, J.G., (2012), The Great Railway Caper: Big Data, O’Reilly Strata Conference October 2012 on Big Data. The paper gives an account of the LEO railway distancing job. http://blog.jgc.org/2012/10/the-great-railway-caper-big-data-in- 1955.html  D’Agapeyeff, A., (1962), Current Developments in Commercial Automatic Programming The Computer Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, August 1962, Pages 107– 111, CLEO is the language of LEO Computers, designed for LEO III, and is almost certainly the most recent language to be specified. It is of particular interest due to its having a combined aim toward both mathematical and business purposes. Only a preliminary report on CLEO has so far been available, but this is impressive in so far as it goes. The language might be described as being akin to both FACT and ALGOL, in that there are features of the former in the file processing and of the latter in the other procedures. See: https://academic.oup.com/comjnl/article/5/2/107/340809  Daines, J. (2017) The LEO Computers Society Heritage Project, presentation at October 2017 LEO Computers Society Reunion at HAC London. Copies can be obtained from John Daines and Frank Land.  Daines, J. (2017) LEO, Lyons Electronic Office: The World’s first Business Computer, presentation at Cambridge Centre for Computing History November 2017. Copies can be obtained from John Daines and Frank Land.  Daines, J., (2019), collector. LEO III Training Course, including examples of CLEO, INTERCODE and LEO II coding. Held on loan at Cambridge Centre for Computer Research and in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/s/2zooadee7pyxa4r/LEO%20III%20Training%20Course %20Coding%20Example.pdf?dl=0  Daines, J., (2019), collector, GPO stuff from jd, articles published in PO Telecomms Journal, reporting on in purchase and installation of LEO Computers by Post Office, including photographs, held in LEO Dropbox archive at https://www.dropbox.com/sh/np1gbf6xo06t9pz/AAA-WrhY-7hlrGJ3bs44AMs5a? dl=0  Daines, J., (2019), LEO Reunion April 2019: A Personal View, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 4-5, Autumn.  Daines, J., (2019), Lecture “On the origins of LEO, presented to Manchester branch of Computer Conservation Conservation Society. September 2019. An edited version of the talk is available from Frank Land John Daines.  Daines, J., (2020), Tony Morgan, an Appreciation, in LEO Matters, Spring, 2020, pages 14-15 http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/LeoNewsletterSpring2020.pdf  Daines, J., (2020), The Evolution of LEO, the World’s First Business Computer, Lecture to members of Computer Conservation Society, October 29th 2020, talk given via Zoom to a large audience including Q and A session. https://youtu.be/pGx15K7RYDM  Daines, J., (2021), The History of LEO Computers, Presentation given to Winsford U3A Science and Technology Group on January 20th and reported on in the Winsford U3A Science and Technology Newsletter in February 2021 at https://u3asites.org.uk/files/w/winsford/docs/february2021newsletter.pdf

The editor provides a summary of the Power Point presentation and comments on its https aines ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGx15K7RYDM&feature=youtu.be

Daines, J., (2021), The UK not the USA produced the first ever business computer, presentation Daines 30th April, attended by about 240, JW3 Presentations. JW3 is a Jewish news and debating society which pre going online via Zoom had an average attendance of 20 but using Zoom has increased the attendance 10 fold – see https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/jw3s-debating-series-sees-ten-fold-increase-in- participation-after-move-online/  Daziel, Billy (2015) Corby & The Electronic Brain: LEO II, pamphlet describing exhibition at the Corby Heritage Centre July/August, in memory of the Stewarts and Lloyds’ LEO II computer, the first LEO II delivered to a commercial customer, https://www.corby.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Corby%20%26%20The%20Electronic%20Brain %20exhibition.pdf  Deane J., (2004), Timesharing History: An Update, in Leatherdale, D., editor, Resurrection, Bulletin of Computer Conservation Society, Issue 32, New Year. The article updates an article in Issue 31 which had omitted LEO’s role in the development of Timesharing and its implementation in early 1962 ahead of its rival, the Ferranti Orion, though Ferranti had first launched its timesharing plans. http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res32.htm#f  Delve, J., Anderson, D. (2001) The Pinkerton Lecture, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing Vol. 23, Issue2, pp.68-73.  Douce, C. (2017) Academic Blog, report and Reflections on IT History meetings attended by author, an OU academic. Includes references to LEO, but of more general interest. https://learn1.open.ac.uk/mod/oublog/view.php?user=42396&tag=history  Duffy, J. (undated) LEO I: The construction of the world's first Business Computer, Tripod Website, http://james.duffy.tripod.com/Leo1.html. A good account of the LEO story with many photographs.  Eadie, N., (1997), The General Post Office, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 3, Chapter 21, pp. 249 – 256.  Enticknap, N. (1977) The First Business Computer, Computer Management, pp. 10- 15, June.  Espiner, T. (2011) ZD Net. LEO Computers marks 60th anniversary, http://www.zdnet.com/pictures/leo-computer-marks-60th-anniversary/  Evans, C. (1983) Conversation: J.M.M. Pinkerton, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 64-72.  Fantl, L. (1956?) Application of Digital Computers to Chrystallography, Lecture to Northampton College of Advanced Technology (now City University, London). Lecture Notes held by Hilary Caminer.  Fantl, L., (1997), The Early Days, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 2, chapter 14, pp.157 – 167.  Fantl, L, (1997), Into South Africa, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 4, Chapter 25, pp. 289 – 305.  Ferry, G., (1969), A look back at LEO, Computer Weekly. https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/A-look-back-at-Leo  Ferry, G. (2005) Simmons, John Richardson Mainwaring (1902–1985), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/97801986 14128. 001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-57059   Ferry, G. (2015) Pioneer of Business Systems “Father of Office Computing, Old Brightonians, Brighton College, http://www.oldbrightonians.com/notable-s/john--bc.- 1916.html  Ferry, G., (2012) David Tresman Caminer (1915-2008), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/99795?&docPos=27  Forbes, J.M. (1965) ‘An Introduction to Compiler Writing’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 8, No 2, pp. 98-102.  Fox, M.L. (2015) How technology can improve the UK, presentation at WiredWorld2015, annual conference of Wired World October 15/16th 2015, London. Printed in Observer Newspaper 18 th October 2015, main section pages 32.33 See http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/18/martha-lane-fox-technology- women-computing  Furey, C. (1975), LEO III: a rave from grave, Computing, September 4th 1975, an article noting the retirement of the London Boroughs LEO III from Greenwich and lamenting the failure of any British Museum to take an interest in the machine. The lament is reinforced by the edition editorial “A Maker from History”  Galliers, R. (ed.) (2003) Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4, December. The Issue is devoted to the 2001 conference at the London Guildhall celebrating the 50th anniversary of the rolling out of the world’s first business application at the Cadby Hall headquarters of J Lyons and Company on their LEO I computer. URL http://www.citeulike.org/journal/els-09638687 The contents of the issue are as follows: Aris, J.B.B., Preface, pp 253-254 Baskerville, R., The LEO principle: perspectives on 50 years of business computing, pp 255-263 Cox, G., Business computing 2001-the state of the art, pp 285-294 Mowery, D., 50 Years of business computing: LEO to Linux, pp 295-308 Yapp, C., Conference sponsors' panel: what have we learnt in 50 years? pp 309-320 Shirley, S., Panel: social and economic consequences of business computing and public policy, pp 321-330 Ashworth, J.M., Knowledge and digital information, pp 331-337 Hudson, R., Panel: crystal ball, 2001-2051, pp 339-353 Ein-Dor, P., The world and business computing in 2051: from LEO to RUR? pp 357-371 Amaravadi, C.S., The world and business computing in 2051, pp 373-386 Schell, E.H., The world and business computing at mid-century, pp 387-395 Galliers, R., (2020/2021), Strategic Issues in Information Technology: Challenges, Strategies and Innovation in Managing Information Systems, Henry Stewart Talks Limited Lecture Series for Business Schools. The online Power Point presentation includes a photo of LEO I Galliers sets out to refute Carr’s Harvard Business Review article (2001) IT doesn’t matter. Galliers briefly refers to LEO and its pioneering role. https://hstalks.com/t/1962/challenges-strategies-and-innovation-in-managing-i/

 Garnsey, P., with added reflections from Neil Lamming, Mike Benton and Kent & Sheilagh Brooks and Peter Byford, (2013), Vale Wallace Weaving: An Appreciation, extracted from ICL ALL Stars Magazine, Issue 31, Autumn. See LEO Computers Society Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral%20History %20project/LEO%20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/Wallace %20Weaving%20Obituary.docx?role=personal

 Gibbs, G.R., (1965), The LEO I, Datamation, pages 40-41, an article describing LEO I on the date of its decommissioning, including two photos of the computer, download from http://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/196505.pdf  Gibson, A. (1991) IAM – seventy five innovative years, a short history of the IAM, 1915-1990, Modern Records Centre Warwick University, MSS.337/4/66/1.  Gibson, A. (1995) The next five years, additional material to celebrate 80 years of the IAM, Modern Records Centre, Warwick University, MSS, 337/4/ 66/2.  Gibson, A., (1991), British Journal of Administrative Management (1991), 75th Anniversary Issue: Copy held as manuscript text at John Rylands Library, Manchester University in box GB 133 NAHC/LEO/A6 http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/html/gb133nahc-leo-p1.shtml The contents include:Simmons, the visionary, April 1991. O&M and Simmons, November 1991. The contents of the collection can be viewed by application to the librarian.  Gibson, R.P. and Lenaerts, E.H. (1960) Maintenance Procedures on a Computer, proceedings of joint BCS/IEE Conference, January. The paper reflects both LEO I and LEO II experience.  Glass, R. (200T of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp 25-26. The paper refers to the first LEO applications.  Gluckstein, I. M. (1959) G.W. Booth, Obituary, Lyons Mail, October.  Godwin, C. (1986) Landmarks: How the king of the jungle grew up on tea and cakes, Computing, April 23rd.  Gosden, J.A. (1960) ‘Market Research Applications on LEO’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 3, No 3, pp. 142-143.  Gosden, J.A. (1964) “The Operations Control Center Multi-Computer Operating System.” Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery, E2.2-1-E2.2-9. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.  Gosden, J.A., (1997), Toward System Software, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 2, Chapter 16, pp. 185 – 206.  Graham-Cumming, J. (2012) The Great Railway Caper: Big Data in 1955, presented at Strata Conference, London, October 2nd.  Greening-Jackson, T. (2008) LEO I and the BR. Job, including transcript of interview with Roger Coleman, programmer in charge of railway distancing job, https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=%E2%80%A2%09Greening-Jackson,+T. +(2008)+LEO+I+and+the+BR.+Job&rls=com.microsoft:en-GB:IE- Address&dcr=0&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0yZHO5c3 Y AhWFGOwKHQhsDzoQsAQINA&biw=1600&bih=675#imgrc=vj9Ru_saGx8OgM: &spf=1515600989252  Haigh, T. (2007) Chris Date: Oral History, Computer History Museum, Silicon Valley, California Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol41/iss1/15  Hartley-Smith, A., (2030), editor, Marconi in Computers and Automation. The account includes a graphic showing the various components involved in the evolution of the UK computer industry including the LEO enterprise. http://marconiincomputers.pbworks.com/w/page/86849797/Marconi%20in %20Computers%20and%20Automation  Harvey, F. (2001) The lion that failed to roar, LEO, Financial Times, August 20th.  Hassan, Nik R. (2017) "Editorial: The History and Philosophy Department," Communications of the Association for Information Systems: Vol. 41 , Article 15. Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol41/iss1/15  Hayes, J., (2018), Reconstructions of early electronic computers are giving us new insights into how they worked and the software that ran on them, E&T Magazine. An account of the various efforts to reconstruct early computers including a brief history of the role played by LEO in early business computing. https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2018/04/reconstructing-the-early-electronic- computers/?utm_source=Adestra&utm_campaign=New%20EandT%20News%20- %20Automation%20FINAL%20-%20MEMBER&utm_medium=Newsletters%20- %20E%26T%20News&utm_content=E%26T%20News%20- %20Members&utm_term=https%3A%2F%2Feandt.theiet.org%2Fcontent%2Farticles %2F2018%2F04%2Freconstructing-the-early-electronic-computers%2F  Hendry, J. (1986) The Teashop Computer Manufacturer, Business History, Vol. 29, No 8.  Henin, S. (2003) LEO: II computer in una tazza da tè, La Altra Scienza, p. 102.  Herbert, A,. (2019), Grantchester, Resurrection, Issue Number 85, Spring 2019, pp. 21-24. An account of the making of the ITV series Grantchester shown on 225th January, 2019, featuring the fictional computer ‘UNIAC’ based on the real EDSAC, and inter alia, noting that UNIAC included working for a teashop business.  Hermon, P.M., (1997), A Reminiscence, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 2, Chapter 17, PP. 207 – 220.  Hermon, P., (2019), The LEO Years, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 7-10, Autumn,  Hicks, M., (2019), What makes a history hidden, blog by author of Programmed Inequality, tracing an advertisement featuring LEO computer operator Cathy Gillespie dating back to 1965. https://mitpress.mit.edu/blog/what-makes- history-hidden,  Hinds, M.K. (1981) 'Computer Story', Meteorological Magazine, Vol. 110, pp 69-80.  Historian, (2020), LEO – Lyons Electronic Office, a well written account of the LEO/Lyons story, https://www.i-programmer.info/history/machines/670-leo-lyons- electonic-office.html  Hoey, J., (2019), Operating LEO in Australia, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, page 13, Autumn.  Holdsworth, D. (2015) A LEO III: 21st Century Hindsight, in Leatherdale, D., editor, Resurrection Issue 70, pp. 21 – 30, Journal of Computer Conservation Society, A substantial account of the project to rediscover and emulate LEO III programming software. Under the heading Software in the Society Activity section two other items are reported by Holdsworth: LEO III Rescue, leo.settle.dtdns.net/LeoCode/impasse.htm. and LEO III Documentation, leo.settle.dtdns.net/LeoMan/LeoMR.htm The whole issue can be downloaded from http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res70.htm#e  Holdsworth, D. (2015) LEO III Software Rescue, Resurrection, Issue 71, David notes “All of a sudden, it works”, pp.8-9. http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res71.htm The software can be accessed at http://leo.settle.dtdns.net/LeoCode/LeoIIIdemo2.zip  Holdsworth, D. (2015) LEO III Intercode resurrection, http://leo.settle.dtdns.net/LeoCode/ See also LEO III Intercode Translator on the Web. http://settle.ddns.net/LEOIT/6971576/LeoCode/runleoIT.htm  Holdsworth, D. (2016) Intercode and Master Routines, Resurrection, Issue 73 pg.7. David has commented: “…it looks a lot like a real Leo, or so I am told by people who knew the real thing. What is more important than the replica is the software that we have, namely the Intercode Translator, the Master Routine and its accompanying generator programme. All three run successfully on our replica. There may be the odd malfunction, but that was common in computing in the 1960s.”  Holdsworth, D. et al (2017) On-line Leo III User Manuals, http://leo.settle.dtdns.net/LeoMan/Manuals.htm  Holdsworth, D. (2015) History of the Leo III Software Preservation Project: Blow by Blow Account, http://sw.cc5 - 13s.bcs.org/leo/BlowByBlow.htm, Draft Account  Holdsworth, D., (2019), Software, Further account of LEO III facilities and correspondence related to making facilities available, Resurrection, Spring 2019, number 87, page 10,. http://computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res87.htm#b  Holdsworth, D., (2019), Software Leo III: I have been co-operating with Leo Society members in updating their LEOPEDIA, and it now contains links to our stuff both on sw.ccs.bcs.org and Resurrection. I am looking for information on early assembly language programming, in an attempt to comprehend the state-of-the-art at the time that Intercode was designed. My amazement at Intercode is documented in Blow By Blow. It may be that I was not properly aware of the programming conventions of an era that slightly pre-dates my own entry into the world of computing, Resurrection, Winter/Spring, Number 88. See http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res88.htm  Holdsworth, D., (2020), LEO III Software Computer Conservation Society Activity, Resurrection, Issue 89 Spring 2020, Page5. Holdsworth reports that previous errors in LEOPEDIA links to his work have been corrected as well as reporting on the latest developments on the LEO III emulator and the availability of LEO III demo packages at settle.ddns.net/LeoIIIdemo3.zip Resurrection online at http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res89.htm  Holdsworth, D., (2020), Software LEO III in Leatherdale, Resurrection, Issue 91, Autumn. Pages 6 – 7. Reports on the trial by Ray Smith and Ken Kemp of their kit for running INTERCODE on Windows computer. The trial involved sending an invitation to LCS ex- programmer members to experiment in using the kit. The report by Ray Smith is summarised, and future actions proposed. The outcome was disappointing in the very small number of members who completed the trial. A larger number were prevented from completing the trial due to an inability to download the zipfiles comprising the kit. A start has been made by David Holdsworth in rationalising the LEO III presence on the new TNMoC server. The LEO III emulation facilities are operational and can be accessed at http://37.122.195.165//leo/emulate.htm   Hudson, R.L. (2001) David Caminer analyses what went wrong with one of the world’s first computers, the LEO, Convergence, the Wall Street Journal’s magazine of Digital Business, Vol VII, No 3.  Hyman, C., (2019), Working at Wills as a 15 year old in the 1950s, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 10-11, Autumn.  I Programmer (2010) LEO – Lyons Electronic Office: World’s first business machine – a short but comprehensive account of the LEO story, http://www.i- programmer.info/history/machines/670-leo-lyons-electonic-office.html  1984 (Siemens – Data Processing, the history of the domain of Data Processing from 1954 to 1984), Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Munich. The paper, in German, refers to the role played by LEO.  Jackson, M.J., (1966), A Computer in the Mail Order Business, Data Processing, September-October, pp. 1-9.  Jackson, M.J., (1970), Freemans (London, SW9), paper presented at Computer for Profit Conference, 6 pages, sponsored by British Institute of Management, Confederation of British Industries and ICL, at Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, January 22nd 1970  Jackson, M,J., (1997), Freemans Mail Order, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 3, Chapter 23, pp, 274 -286.  Jon, Post Office LEO 326, a series of extracts from Post Office publications on the history of computing at the Post Office and its LEO 326. Details listed in LEOPEDIA Annex under donation from Jon. Copies held by Frank Land. Development of DPE, pages 1 and 2, Farewell Old Friend, pages 1,2 and 3, on the retirement of LEO from the Derby computer centre.  Jones, S., (2011), How Lyons Teashops Powered Computers, The Guardian, 26th August. The article recapitulates the story of LEO origins and finishes with an extract from the New Scientist a decade earlier: "In today's terms it would be like hearing that Pizza Hut had developed a new generation of microprocessor, or McDonald's had invented the internet." https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/26/how-lyons-teashops- powered-computers  Johnson, H.J.W. (2016) LEO I – Recreating the Word’s First Business Computer, Middlesex University Mauritius Campus, Business Information Studies, Information Studies, Dropbox archive: https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History %20project – links to Dropbox ‘LEO Oral History project’, not to this specific item.  Kaye, E.J. and Gibbs G.R. (1954) ‘LEO – A Checking Device for Punched Paper Tape’, Electronic Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 386-392. Reprinted as part of ‘LEO –Lyons Electronic Office’ in Electronic Engineering, pp 18-24 http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/outriders/2011/11/leo_making_history.shtml  Kemp, K. (2014) Early Commercial Computing, Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society Journal (BAIS), No. 47, pages 21-33.  Kemp, K., LEO Software Demonstration, The full set of demonstrations developed by a team headed by David Holdsworth of the CCS are held at http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/ITdemo.zip.  Kemp, K., (editor), LEO III and PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES, this document has been produced by people who programmed the LEO III computer in the 1960s to describe some of the techniques and methods which were in use at the time. The objective is to provide information to help people understand how the LEO III was used for data processing using the hardware and software available at the time. These techniques and methods are now obsolete and hence are probably not understood by those who did not experience computing in the 1960s. See http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/KenK.htm This document is part of the project to emulate and run programs written for LEO III. Original reference manuals are available and should be consulted for technical information on the hardware and software. They came in 5 volumes:- See Volumes I, III, IV and part of V are available in digital form at http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/Manuals.htm

 Korngold, L., (2019), Memories of working with LEO in Australia, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 13-14, Autumn.  Lamming, N. (2017) LEO in OZ, ICL All Stars Magazine, Issue 53, Winter, pp 25- 27.  Lamming, N., (2018), Peter Gyngell: Obituary, ICL All Stars Magazine, Issue 58, Winter. pp. 25-26, LEO Computers Dropbox archive at https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEO %20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/PETER%20GYNGELL %20Obituary.doc?role=personal  Lamming, N., (2019), Two Faces of Note, in ICL AllStars Magazine, Issue 61, Summer 2019, pp 16-17, a sketch of the contribution made to the story of LEO by David Caminer and John Pinkerton.  Lamming, N., (2019), History of LEO in Australia, https://www.dropbox.com/s/nr1ytjmd6rjmpli/LEO%20in%20Australia%20by %20Neil%20Lamming.doc?dl=0  Lamming, N., (2019), History of LEO in Australia, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 11-12, Autumn.  Land, F.F. (1960) ‘Computers in Purchasing and Stores Departments: LEO at the Ford Motor Company Spares Depot’, Computers in Purchasing and Stores Departments, Purchasing Officers Association, pp 27 – 33.  Land, F.F. (1994) `LEO, A personal memoir', in INGENUITY, the ICL Technical Journal, Vol 9, No. 2, pp. 355 – 361, https://www.fujitsu.com/uk/Images/ICL- Technical-Journal-v09i02.pdf  Land, F.F. (1996) Information Revolution, in Malcolm Warner (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of published in LSE Working Paper Series, Number 95. http://www.worldcat.org/title/informationrevolution/oclc/500306458&referer=brief_re sults  Land, F.F. (1996) ‘Systems Analysis for Business Applications’, Resurrection, Journal of the Computer Conservation Society, Summer.  Land, F.F. (1997) ‘Information Technology Implementation: The Case of the World’s First Business Computer: The Initiation Phase’, in McMaster, T., Mumford, E., Swanson, E.B., Warboys, B., and Wastell, D. (eds.) Facilitating Technology Transfer through Partnership: Learning from Practice and Research, pp. 3-19, Chapman & Hall: London.  Land, F.F., (1997), The Widening Field. in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 2, Chapter 15, pp. 168 -184.  Land, F.F. (1998) ‘LEO, The First Business Computer: A Personal Experience’, in Glass, R.L. (ed.), In the Beginning. Personal Recollections of Software Pioneers, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA., pages 134 – 154. Republished in Glass, R.L., (2020), In the Beginning: Personal Recollections of Software Pioneers 2, published by Developer Books, Hogansville, Chapter 5: LEO the First Business Computer: A personal recollection, Frank Land, pp 249 – 288 and brief biography of Frank Land, pp 611 – 613.

 Land, F.F. (1998) The Fist Business Computer: A case Study in User Driven Innovation, Proceedings of Conference Computers in Europe, Past Present and Future, Kyiv, pp. 108 -120, October.  Land, F.F. (1999) A Historical Analysis of Implementing IS at J. Lyons, in Currie, W.L. and Galliers, R.D. (eds.) Rethinking Management Information Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp 310 - 325.  Land, F.F. (2000) ‘The First Business Computer: A Case Study in User-Driven Innovation’, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 16-26.  Land, F.F. (2003) A Computer Called LEO: Review: ACM Computing Reviews, June 24th, http://www.computingreviews.com/review/Review_review.cfm? review_id=127849&listname=search - link takes to the login page only – need to be a member of ACM to access.  Land, F.F. (2006) LEO II and the Model T Ford, British Computer Society Journal, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 650 – 656.  Land, F.F. and Powers, D., (2008), Reflections on Decision Support Pioneers, http://dssresources.com/reflections/land/land03162008.html  Land, F.F. (2009) Appreciation of Professor Colin Tully (1936 – 2007): Professor of Software Practice, Middlesex University, British Computer Society, Vol. 52, Issue 3, May, pp. 388 – 391. http://dssresources.com/reflections/land/land03162008.html  Land, F.F., (2010), The use of history in IS research: an opportunity missed?, Journal of Information Technology, Vol 25, pp. 365 – 394 Reprinted 2016 in Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 1, pp 213-234, editors Wilcocks, L., Lacity, M., Sauer, C., Springer International Publishers. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-29266-3_9 Reprinted as a selected paper in Schlagwein, D. (Editor, December 2020, Thirty-Five Years of the Journal of Information Technology. To celebrate this, the editors have selected and made open access JIT sample papers across the years via a special collection: https://journals.sagepub.com/page/jin/35yearsjit

 Land, F.F. (2012) Remembering LEO, pp. 22-42 in Tatnall, A. (ed.) Reflections on the History of Computing: Preserving Memories and Sharing Stories, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technologies, Springer.  Land, F.F. (2013) The story of LEO the World’s First Business Computer, in Developing LEO: The world's first business computer, Warwick University Library Modern Records Centre, Simmons Archive, https://warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/leo/story/ Reprinted in The Software Practitioner, Vol 24, no.4, July 2014, p.5.  Land, F.F., (2014), U3A: Remembering LEO, lecture presentation to Ivybridge U3A Science and Technology Group. The presentation material can be obtained from Frank Land on request. [email protected]  .Land, F.F. (2015) Early History of the Information Systems Discipline in the UK: An account based on living through the period, Communications of the Association for Information Systems: Vol. 36, Article 26. The article includes a short Appendix recounting the LEO story.  Land, F.F. (2017) Teleprocessing and LEO, Letter to Editor, Resurrection, Vol. 88, http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res78.htm  Land, F.F. (2017) Review: Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing, ACM Computing Reviews, June 27th, http://www.computingreviews.com/review/review_review.cfm? review_id=145394 - link takes to the login page only – need to be a member of ACM to access.  Land, F.F. (2017) Peter Bird Obituary, Other Lives, Guardian Newspaper website, 10th September, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/10/peter-bird- obituary  Land F. F., (2019), Book Review: Legacy by Thomas Harding, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 6-7, Autumn.  Land, F.F., (2020). Tony Morgan Obituary, in Other Lives, Guardian newspaper, B  Land, F.F., (2020), Recollections of TRT, in Caminer, H., (Editor), LEO Matter, LEO Computers Society, Vol 7, pages 10-11, Spring 2020  Land, F.F., (2021), Book Review: IT Girl, Ann Moffatt, Resurection, Number 93, Spring 2021  Land, R.R., (1997), Lyons Teashops, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 3, Chapter 18, pp223 – 228.  Land, R.R., (1979), Behind the Iron Curtain, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 4, Chapter 26, pp. 306 -320.  Land, R.R., (2018), Mysterious Death of Dennis Skinner, commentary on report of death of LEO Moscow Office Manager. Commentary held by Frank Land and in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History %20project/LEO%20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes? preview=Dennis+Skinner+mysterious+death.docx. Also see Monica Porter below.  Land, R.R. (2016) LEO in East Europe, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 38, Article 34, http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol38/iss1/34  Lawson, Dominic (2016) 65 years ago the age of the computer began …. to sell a better tea cake, Sunday Times, 4th December, pg. 24, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/comment/65-years-ago-the-age-of-the-computer- began-to-sell-a-better-tea-cake-zzpPx63qx6  Laver, M., (1956-1958), Electronic Computers in the Office, PO Telecomms Journal, Vol. 9,10. Laver’s introduction to computers and what they might be used for. Including photos of a LEO III installation.  Laver, M., (1997), The General post Office, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 3, Chapter 22, pp. 257 – 260.  Lavington, S.H. (1980) ‘LEO and English Electric’ in Early British Computers: The story of vintage Computers and the people who built them, Chapter 13, pp. 68 – 77, London: Butterworth-Heinemann.  Lavington, S.H. (2015) A Brief History of Early British Computers, ETHW, A Brief History of Early British Computers, http://ethw.org/A_Brief_History_of_Early_British_Computers  Lawson, D., (2019), My family’s firm dished up tea to Britain and death to the Nazis, August 25 2019, The Sunday Times; Dominic Lawson, provides an interesting addendum in his weekly column to the book Legacy by Thomas Harding (reviewed in LEO MATTERS by Frank Land). Both Harding and Lawson belong to the family which established J. Lyons & Co. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/my-familys- firm-dished-up-tea-to-britain-and-death-to-the-nazis-wfbpzjcgw  Lawson, D., (2019), My family’s firm dished up tea to Britain and death to the Nazis, article in Sunday Times 25th August 2019, triggered by Thomas Harding’s book Legacy, the story of the family that created J. Lyons & Co. Lawson, like Harding a descendant of the family, comments in the article on the initiative taken by the Company in developing the World’s first business computer. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/my-familys-firm-dished-up-tea-to-britain-and- death-to-the-nazis-wfbpzjcgw and at https://www.dropbox.com/s/a3nv8s2tr6acdlk/DomiminLawsonSundayTimes25 Aug2019.eml?dl=0  Lean, T. (2010) Mary Coombs: Oral History, National Life Stories: An Oral History of British Science, Transcript: http://sounds.bl.uk/related- content/TRANSCRIPTS/021T-C1379X0016XX-0000A0.pdf  Lean, T. (2010) Frank Land: Oral History, National Life Stories: An Oral History of British Science, Transcript: http://sounds.bl.uk/related- content/TRANSCRIPTS/021T-C1379X0017XX-0000A0.pdf  Lee, J. (ed.) (1998) Biographies, John Maurice McClean Pinkerton, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 20, Issue 3, pp. 69 – 71.  Lenaerts, E.H. (1950-1967) Note Books, a set of 48 manuscript diaries covering the work of LEO engineer Ernest Lenaerts from LEO I to LEO III. www.billp.org/LEO The note books are held at the Cambridge Centre for Computer History and being professionally archived and made available for exhibition. See also https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ernest+Lenaerts+and+his+diaries.doc&qsid=43582110631250927522 239151161552&query=ernest+diaries&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOm E5gIkeIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D  Lenaerts, E.H. (1951) Visual Presentation of Binary Numbers, Electronic Engineering, Vol. 23, pp. 140-141.  Lenaerts, E.H. (1954) ‘LEO - Operations and Maintenance’, Electronic Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 335-341. Reprinted as part of ‘LEO –Lyons Electronic Office’ in Electronic Engineering, pp. 11-17.  Lenaerts, E.H., (1955), Automatic Square-Rooting on a Computer, Electronic Engineering, July 1955  Lenaerts, E.H., (1966), Study of Static Charge on Paper Tape, Journal of Science Institute, June 1966  Lenaerts, E.H., (1967), Acoustic Noise in the Computer Room, for GPO, November 1967  Lenaerts, E.H., (1969), Talking to the Computer, New Scientist, December 1969  Lewis, J.W. (1963) ‘Time Sharing on LEO III’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 24-28.  Lewis, J.W. (1964) ‘The Management of a Large Commercial Computer Bureau’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 255-261.  Lewis, J.W., (1997), Glyn Mills Bank and Army and Air Force Officers Payroll, in Caminer, D.T., et al, editors, LEO: The Incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, New York, Part 3, chapter 19, pp. 229 – 242.  Lyons, N. (2015) LEO: The Lyons Electronic Office. The story of the First Business Computer, Journal of the Royal Signals Institution, Vol. 33, Issue 1, pp. 32- 37. An abridged version was published in Kai Kai Baluch Jouryonsnal September 17th 2017, pp. 29-32.  Lyons, N. (2016) LEO, the First Business Computer, Resurrection, No. 75, Autumn, pp. 19 - 30 http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res75.htm#top  Lyons, N. (2017) Correspondence, Research, Talks (including scripts), London Metropolitan Archives, City of London: Accession reference: B16/078, 2007-2016. The material includes history of J Lyons and Company Limited and its achievements (presentations includes images mainly sourced from Peter Bird, historian) and media interview recordings.  Lyons, N, (2017), Sir Joseph Lyons: A double anniversary, an article commemorating Joe Lyons, chairman of J.& Co from its inception to his death in 1917, by his nephew and member of LEO Computers Society.. https://leo- computers.org.uk/images/JosephLyons.pdf  Lyons, N. (2018), The Joe Lyons Story –Food for Thought, Computer Conservation Society, talk presented at meeting of CCS in May 2017 tells the story of the company which produced the World’s First “electronic office”. Available at You Tube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrwGDC8Bdow  Lyons, N., (2019), LEO: the World’s first Business Computer, letter in Shell-Mex and BP’s pensioners association magazine, Brigs, Paddy, editor 44Club News, pp 13- 14. file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet %20Files/Content.IE5/PSKR5ALW/165.pdf  Lyons, N., (2019), LEO: Publicising and preserving the World’s first business computer, Probus Magazine, page 36, Winter edition. https://probus83.org.uk/neville-lyons-probus-magazine-article and https://www.dropbox.com/s/varqdycgsghexpi/Neville%20Lyons%20PROBUS %20Article.docx?dl=0  Lyons, N., (2020), Byting the Biscuit in the U3A Third Age Matters journal, Feb, pages 159-161, U3A member Neville Lyons tells how LEO, the first ever business computer, was developed by cakes company J Lyons &Co.  Margolis, J, (2018) Review: ‘Electronic Dreams’ by Tom Lean, Financial Times, March 12th, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/e1afa168-ef79-11e5-9f20- c3a047354386 , “Another remarkable fact from Electronic Dreams: which UK company would you imagine was, by 1951, the world’s first to use a computer for business, and started making computers for other companies? It was J. Lyons and Co, the teashop chain. Its computer business, LEO, kept going until 1963. Lyons’ role as a computer manufacturing pioneer is the more astonishing — at least to anyone old enough to remember the ostensibly low-tech J. Lyons cafés — in that there was stiff competition from within the UK; companies such as Ferranti, Elliott Brothers, English Electric and British Tabulating Machinery were all selling British boffin-made computers globally.”  Martin, D. (2008) David Caminer, a Pioneer of Computing Dies at 92, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/technology/29caminer.html  Mason, R.O. (2004) ‘The Legacy of LEO: Lessons learned from an English Tea and Cakes Company: Pioneering efforts in Information Systems’, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 5, No. 5, May, pp. 183 – 219.  Mason, R. O. (2009) AIS, LEO and the Pursuit of Good Work, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 25, Article 37, pp. 452 – 464.  May, J. (2012) Review of a Computer Called LEO, Amazon Reviews, http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/R3MSJ7IMMOLZRU/ref=cm_cr_pr_viewpnt#R3M SJ7IMMOLZRU  McGerty, L., (2019), Update on the HLF Project, in LEO Matters, Vol. 5, page 7, Spring 2019, https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/Leo%20Newsletter%20Spring %202019.pdf  McGerty, L., (2019), Heritage Lottery Fund, Project Update, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, pages 2-3, Autumn.  McGerty, L., (2021), Visit of HRH Princes Elisabeth to Cadby Hall, Feb 15th 1951. An account of the visit in Cambridge Centre for Computer History Website at 2021: An Anniversary Year - Blog Post - Computing History  Merriman, J.H.H., Caminer, D.T., and others, (1957) A Discussion on the Use of Electronic Processing Equipment, Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 120, No.3, pp. 291-307. Proof copy held by Hilary Caminer.  MICROSERVIOS, (2011) LEO 1, el primer ordenador comercial de la historia, cumple 60 años, a Spanish version of the 60th LEO anniversary including the video of the event at the London Science Museum.  Middlesex University, (2019), OBE for Frank Land, History and Philosophy of Computing, http://ta.mdx.ac.uk/leo/?s=  Mills, G., (1937), Clerical Research Paper presented to OMA Conference and refers to his work for J. Lyons in its systematic approach to improving efficiency.  Mills., G. (1938), follow up to above given to Conference in Canada  Monk, C., (2019), LEO I Virtual Reality Project. The project is part of the Heritage Lottery funded LEO project. For more information click on: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/leodev/photos/  Monk, C., and Monk, R., (2020), LEO I Virtual Reality Project. Presentation at steering group meeting of NHLF project, September 3rd 2020. http://www.signalvr.co.uk/files/design_pres_sept03.pdf  Morgan, A. B. (Tony), (2007), Report on visit of inspection to LEO III/ in Edinburgh Museum, see Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/s/hncodrv7krf2zi6/LEO%20III-33%20by%20Tony %20Morgan.doc?dl=0  Morgan, A. B. (Tony),, Commissioning LEOs — a Memoir, Newsletter and Review ISSUE Spring 2018,Vol. 4, section 9, page 12, editor Hilary Caminer, layout, Bernaqrd Behr.  Morgan, A. B. (Tony), LEO Lives: LEO DME, Another story……, in LEO Matters, Newsletter of LEO Computers Society, editor Vince Bodsworth, Vol.5, Spring 2019, pp. 10 – 12, https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/Leo %20Newsletter%20Spring%202019.pdf  Morgan, A., (2019), III/33 – Phoenix Assurance Company, summery of a report by Tony Morgan of his inspection of the relics of LEO III/33 in Edinburgh Museum, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, page 16, Autumn.  Morgan, A. B,, (2019), III/33 – Phoenix Assurance Company, summery of a report by Tony Morgan of his inspection of the relics of LEO III/33 in Edinburgh Museum, in Caminer, H., (Editor), Behr, B., (Production), (2019). LEO Matters, LEO Computers Society, Vol 6, page 16, Autumn.  Mori, E. (2016) LEO Plaque Unveiling in London, Blog http://ta.mdx.ac.uk/leo/leo- plaque-unveiling-in-london/  Mori, E. (2017) Coping with the “American giants": mergers, relationships and attempted partnerships in the European computer industry in the early sixties, Paper presented at 2017 4th Conference on the History and Philosophy Conference, Brno, SS  Mori. E. (2017) “Validity & Correctness before the OS: the case of LEO I and LEO II” presentation at Alan Turing Institute, October 2017, London and at the CNAM – Conservatoire national des arts et métie http://meetings.sigcis.org/conference- schedule.htmlhttp://meetings.sigcis.org/conference-schedule.htmlrs, on the 20th of October 2017, Paris. https://www.eventbrite.com/e/history-and-philosophy-of- programming-meeting-tickets-37255156175?  Mori, E., Primiero, G. and Arif, R. (2019) “Validity & Correctness before the OS: the case of LEO I and LEO II”, in De Mol, L. and Primiero, G. (eds.), Reflections on Programming Systems – Historical and Philosophical Aspects, pp. 15-47, Philosophical Studies Series, Springer  Mori, E., (2018). From Academia to Business: the case of EDSAC and LEO, Stored in Memory. The 10th Annual SIGCIS Conference St. Louis, Missouri, USA, October 14, 2018  Mori, E. (2018), LEO, Olivetti e i primi computercommerciali in Europa:un'occasione perduta? In Mondo Digitale n. 78, October.  Mori, E., (2019), "Coping with the “American Giants”: Mergers and Attempted Partnerships in the European Computer Industry (1962-1964)," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 41, Issue 4, pages 83-96. It has also been published as preprint and it is available under the "Early Access" area on IEEE Explore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8771208 DOI: 10.1109/MAHC.2019.2930959  Mori, E., (2019), Check Everything”: Validity and Correctness in LEO III, 5 th International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Computing, (HaPoC),  Mori, E., (28-30 Oct 2019) Bergamo (Italy). A special issue of Interdisciplinary Science Reviews (published by Taylor & Francis, https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yisr20/current) will be dedicated to the works presented at HaPoC 2019. For abstract of paper see: https://www.dropbox.com/s/5jp9poc5wkiog45/Elisabetta%20Check %20Everything.doc?dl=0  Mori, E., (2021), Les débuts de l’informatique de gestion en Italie et Angleterre , (The emergence of business computing in the UK and in Italy: a comparison between LEO Computers and Olivetti) talk at the CNAM (Conservatoire national des arts et métiers) in Paris on 4th February in the Séminaire d'histoire de l'informatique that are held monthly, https://musee-informatique-numerique.fr/seminaire-histoire-de- linformatique-et-du-numerique/  Murgia, M. (2016) End of Moore’s Law? What’s next might be more exciting, Daily Telegraph, 26th February. The article has photo of LEO to indicate size of early computers, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/02/25/end-of-moores-law- whats-next-could-be-more-exciting/  Niewlsdomski, S. (2016) British transistor manufacturers in the 1950s, British Vintage Wireless Society Bulletin, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 10-22. The paper includes a section on LEO III, and displays a job advert dated 1957 for Computer Engineers from LEO Computers Limited. It may be referenced and read but not copied. See http://www.bvws.org.uk/publications/bulletins.php/volume41number4  Page, C.A. (2010) LEO Computer Reunion 2010, Anna C Page’s Blog, WorldPress.com weblog. An account of the 2010 reunion by the daughter of a LEO programmer, including photos of LEO artefacts. https://annacpage.wordpress.com/2010/04/18/leo-computer-re 60, Springunion-2010/  Paine, R.M., (1965), The gradual acceptance of a variety of commercial English languages, The Computer Journal, Volume 8, Pages 208- 215. The paper provides a comprehensive review of UK high-level languages and includes an analysis of CLEO. See https://academic.oup.com/comjnl/article-pdf/8/3/208/961522/080208.pdf  Parry, W.E.J., (2018), How information was stored and processed in the LEOII computer, presented at Living Legends Hidden Histories Exhibition, Corby, May 3rd 2018. Copy of presentation can be obtained from Frank Land ([email protected]) and Wej Parry, ([email protected]).  Parry, W.E.J., (2018), John’s (John Parry) Story, Living Legends Hidden Histories Exhibition, Corby, May 3rd 2018. Copy of presentation can be obtained from Frank Land ([email protected]) and Wej Parry, ([email protected]).  Pasquali, V.. (2019) The Formation of ICL and the New Range, an interesting account of the merger forming ICL and the discussions involving ex Leo managers, including john Pinkerton, David Caminer and John Aris in defining the New Range to succeed the ICT 1900 range and EELM System 4 range, written by one of the key members of the New Range team. Resurrection, Spring 2019, Number 87, pages 23 – 25. http://computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res87.htm#b  Pearson, I., (ed) (2017) ICL AllStars Magazine, Issue 50, Autumn. The newsletter of ICL Australian veterans includes a number of references to the history of LEO. Pages14 and 15 refer to the collaboration between John Pinkerton and Conway Berners-Lee, ex Ferranti.  Pearson, I., (ed) (2019), ICL AllStars Magazine, Issue 61, Summer, the Newsletter of ICL Australian veterans, includes a number of references with a LEO theme: Report on Heritage Lottery Fund to LEO Computers Society and CCCH, page 4-5; an article entitled ‘Two Faces of note’ by Neil Lamming providing a sketch of the roles played by David Caminer and John Pinkerton in the LEO story, pages 16-17; and a personal history of David Llewellyn Jones, who joined LEO in Australia in 1964, page18.  Pearson, I., (ed) (2019), ICL AllStars Magazine, Issue 62, Autumn, the Newlsetter of ICL Australian veterans, includes a number of references and photographs with a LEO theme, including on pages 6 – 9 a report on the visits to Australia of Peter Byford and Hilary Caminer in the very hot summer of 2019, and includes a photo on page 27 of the Shell Data Centre LEO III with Alan Sercombe, Peter Gyngell, Wallace Weaving and Gary Driver.  Pearson, I., (ed) (2019), ICL AllStars Magazine, Issue 63, Winter, the Newlsetter of ICL Australian veterans, includes a number of references and photographs with a LEO theme: a very full report on the LEO Reunion, 2019, pages 11-12, and a report on Frank Land’s OBE awarded June 2019.  Pelling, N. (2002) The Case For The First Business Computer, http://www.nickpelling.com/Leo1.html The business cases behind the five proposals made to the board of J. Lyons & Co. by Thompson and Standingford in 1947 - which led to the construction of the first business computer - are analysed, but found to be strategically lacking. Both an alternate reading of the case and some contemporary implications are then developed.  Pinkerton, J.M.M., (1949), Use of EDSAC on the Wages Problem, manuscript typescript of a paper prepared by John Pinkerton with the help of Derek Hemy one month after John joined Lyons. The paper attempts to provide an analysis of how long it would take to prepare a payslip under various assumptions about input/facilities. A copy of the transcribed document is held in Dropbox in Word and PDP format. https://www.dropbox.com/s/hr062jv7rnabnh1/John%20Pinkerton%20EDSAC %20payroll%20paper_1949.docx?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/cbji9iikgtjm3ge/John%20Pinkerton%20EDSAC %20payroll%20paper_1949.pdf?dl=0  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1951) Automatic Frequency Control, Electronic Engineering, Vol. 23., pp. 147-148.  Pinkerton, J.M.M., (1951), A Short Description of the EDSAC Type Calculator Circuits used in LEO, Copy No 1' of a 63 page report on the LEO computer for J Lyons & Company Ltd. including text and ‘small block schematic diagrams’ for submission to the Patent Office. The report has the handwritten and stamped mark ‘88147 Presented 27 July 1951’ as well as being stamped ‘Patent Office Library, 27 July 1951’. Listed in the report and included with it are 65 larger diagrams all stamped ‘Patent Office Library, 27 July 1951’. BL Explore Archives and Manuscripts catalogue. The catalogue number is Add MS 89294 http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-003391654  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1952) Patent Application: GB000000767192A 29.05.1952 30.01.1957 JOHN MAURICE MCLEAN PINKERTON; LYONS & CO LTD J Improvements in and relating to data transfer apparatus. Complete Specification published January 1957. See https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument? CC=GB&NR=767192A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=4&date=19570130&DB=EPODOC&l ocale=en_EP#  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1954) Operating and Engineering Experience Gained with LEO, in Automatic Digital Computing, Proceedings of a Symposium held at National Physical Laboratory, March 1953, pp. 21-30, published by HMSO. Key points from the article include:  in building the "calculator" (i.e. LEO) Lyons' intention was to get it into operation as quickly as possible because they felt that until it had actually been in use over a period of time for clerical purposes, "the optimum form of such equipment could not be decided".  Pinkerton states that modifications and "additional features" were required to the EDSAC design that the LEO is based on "to make the installation effective on clerical work" and that this included a "larger store, means for introducing data into and extracting results from the calculator much faster than was possible with the EDSAC, and a foolproof method of checking data recorded to the machine".  Pinkerton suggests that although LEO has been in use for over 18 months, it is "not yet as reliable as would be necessary for carrying out a regular and intensive programme of clerical work". http://www.chilton- computing.org.uk/acl/pdfs/Automatic_Digital_Computation_Symposium_Mar53_text.pdf  , page32, see  Pinkerton, J.M.M. and Kaye, E.J. (1954) LEO: History and Technical Description, Electronic Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 284-291. Reprinted as part of ‘LEO –Lyons Electronic Office’ in Electronic Engineering, pp. 3-10.  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1959) Features of the LEO IIC Computer, Automatic Data Processing, December.  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1961) ‘The Evolution of Design in a Series of Computers’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 42-46.  Pinkerton, J.M.M., (1965), Hardware in Europe. Datamation, short article outlining the range of computers produced in Europe including the LEO III produced by English Electric LEO Marconi, page 32, download from http://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/196505.pdf

 Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1966) ‘Large-Scale Computing in the Seventies’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 10, No. 2, September.  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1975) ‘Performance Problems with LEO I’, The Radio and Electronic Engineer, Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 411-414, August.  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1983) Tape 6 in Christopher Evans’s ‘Pioneers of Computing’, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 5, No 1, pp. 64-72, January-March.  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1987/88) ‘The Early History of LEO: The First Data Processing Computer’, The Computer Museum Report, Vol. 21, Winter, https://archive.org/stream/computermuswin198788comp/computermuswin198788com p_djvu.txt  Pinkerton, J.M.M. (1988) ORAL History – self interview, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 54 pages, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/107600/oh149jmp.pdf? sequence=1&isAllowed=y Pinkerton, J.M.M., (1990), Designing a computer for data processing, Resurrection , Vol. 1 Number 2. https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res02.htm#d  Pinkerton, J.M.M (1991) Taming LEO – Overcoming the Inherent Unreliability of LEO I, IEE Review, Vol. 37, pp. 13-17.  Pinkerton, J.M.M., Hemy, D., Lenaerts, E.H., (1992), The Influence of the Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory on the LEO Project, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 41-48.  Pinkerton, J.M.M, (1997), 'Evolution of Constructional Methods from Radios to Computers'. This is a 25 page illustrated booklet containing a reprint of a talk by John Pinkerton 'read at a joint meeting with the Computer Conservation Society at the Science Museum on 8 -9 April, including references to and photos of LEO. Published in Transactions of the Newcomen Society for the study of Engineering and Technology, Volume 68, 1996-9  Pollock, N.C. (1955) Electronic Computers and their possible applications, Report to the Board, Stewart and Lloyds, Document stored at the National Museum of Computing, Bletchley. Thanks to Corby Borough Collection for making the Report available. See http://www.corby.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Electronic %20Computers.pdf  Porter, Monica, (1979). Mysterious Death of Dennis Skinner, Coffee Break: 2, 15 Years Ago. Report of death of manager of LEO Moscow Office in 1964. Copy of report held by Frank Land. Donated by Frank Skinner (no relation). See also blog by Ralph Land with more information, held by Frank Land and in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEO %20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes? preview=Dennis+Skinner+mysterious+death.docx.  Quest, M. (1962) Living with Computers, The Journal of the Hotel and Catering Institute, Vol. 9, No. 4. The article recounts the LEO story and includes an interview with Ralph Land about computers and the hotel business.  Randall, G.A. (1959) The Potentialities of a Computer in the Smaller Office, The Accountant, September 19th.  Reynolds, C. (1990) CODIL: The Architecture of an Information Language, The Computer Journal, Vol. 33, pp. 155-163. Note: CODIL was a LEO project.  Reynolds, C. (2015) Algorithms aren't everything, IT NOW, September, pp. 60-61.  Richardson, D.J. (1974) LEO Computers, a draft account based on interviews with Anthony Salmon, John Simmons and John Stevens, NAHC/LEO, A7 see http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/html/gb133nahc-leo-p1.shtml  Rooney, B. (2011) World’s First Business Computer Celebrates 60th Anniversary, Wall Street Journal. Available at: http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/11/14/worlds- first-business-computer-celebrates-60th-anniversary  Runciman, B. (ed.) (2017) The Second Part of our Celebration of 60 years of BCS and the Member Magazine – 1987 – 2016, IT Now, Autumn, entry for year 2001, notes 50th anniversary of first LEO job with picture of John Pinkerton and picture of W.D.& H.O. Wills LEO II installation.  Ryder, A., (2019), Lyons: Pride before a fall, Waitrose Weekend, page 7, October 31st issue. From penniless immigrants to industrial titans, the story of the family behind the famous teashops is told by one of their descendants, Thomas Harding, in his new book ‘Legacy’. The article documents the company’s highs and lows in 5 thumb-nail texts with photographs illustration episodes in Lyons history. The 1947 episode tells the LEO story and includes a photo of LEO I with a female operator. file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet %20Files/Content.Outlook/CVA422EG/Waitrose%20News%20Thomas %20Harding.pdf  Sabbagh, D. (1999) When Lyons roared, Computing, September 30th.  Salmon, Sam, Chairman, (1965), J. Lyons & Co: Annual General Meeting Report, The Times Newspaper, Chairman’s report notes sale of all of the Lyons LEO Computers shares to English Electric and formation of English Electric LEO Marconi, June 14th  Sant, W., (2015), The Early Days of Customs & Excise Computing, LEO Computers Society, editor Bernard Behr, Newsletter and Review, Summer 2015, Vol. 2, pp. 16-17. Apply to Frank Land or Bernard Behr for copy if required.  Saran, C. (2016) The heyday of computing: How the Brits ruled IT, Celebrating 50 years of British Technology Innovation, Computer Weekly, April 5-11, pp. 23-29. http://www.bitpipe.com/fulfillment/1459781780_511  Saran, C., (2019), Computer scientist Frank Land receives OBE, Computer Weekly, June 13th. https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252465041/Computer- Scienist-Frank-land-receives-an-OBE  Schmidt, E. (2016) From LEO to Deep Mind: Britain’s computing pioneers, presentation at the London School of Economics on 14th October 2016. The presentation took the form of a conversation between the speaker, the Executive Chair of Alphabet, the Google parent company, and Professor Chrisanthi Avgerou of the LSE and the audience. The presentation can be heard on the LSE podcast at http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/videoAndAudio/channels/publicLecturesAndEve nts/player.aspx?id=3612 The event was jointly sponsored by LSE’s Department of Management and the LEO Computers Society. It was intended to be the first of an annual LEO lecture.  Sercombe, A., (2019), A Life in Computing, Resurrection, Issue Number 85, Spring 2019, pp. 27-28. Alan notes his appointment in 1960 as senior programmer at Standard Triumph working on their LEO II/8 following a programming career in aero- space industry.  Simmons, J.R.M., (1949), Development of the Electronic Calculating Machine, Report No. 2, April 9th 1949,reporting on a visit by John Pinkerton and John Simmons to Cambridge University on 17th March 1949 to see a demonstration of EDSAC’s first working, leading directly to the decision for Lyons to commence the LEO project. Modern Records Centre, Warwick University, 3 pages, MSS.363/S4/2/1/61support the EDSAC project.  Simmons, J.R.M., (1950), Circular relating to demonstration of LEO 2nd March 1950, an invitation to members of the Lyons Board and other senior executives to see LEO performing some elemental operations. Including a briefing on LEO, Modern Records Centre, Simmons archive, 5 pages, Warwick University, https://mrc- catalogue.warwick.ac.uk/records/SIS/4/6/11  Simmons, J.R.M. (1957) Priniples of Security, Reprinted Paper held in Simmons collected archive at Modern Records Centre, Warwick University as 363-51-6a, pdf  Simons, P., (2019), Why Lyon’s Leo was the Met Office’s cup of tea, article in The Times, December 30th 2019. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-lyons-leo-was-the-met- offices-cup-of-tea-jf58blg63?shareToken=efb7dea08dc31511009d3b490ceaba57 and for more information on Met Office initiatives including reference to its pioneering use of LEO see https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/how-forecasts-are- made/computer-models/history-of-numerical-weather-prediction  Simpson, I, LEO III (13), from HigherSystems summarises the computers the author worked on starting with the British Oxygen LEO III – 1962 – 1965. See http://www.highersystems.co.uk/Leo_3.html  Skinner, Frank, collection of photographs and copies of articles referring to LEO made available to LEO Computers Society by Frank Skinner. Available from Frank Land [email protected] and in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO %20Oral%20History%20project/LEO%20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and %20Anecdotes?preview=FrankSkinnerCollection.eml  Smith, D (2011) Innovation in a tea shop, whatever next?, Fujitsu UK & Ireland CTO Blog, http://blogs.ts.fujitsu.com/uk-ie/cto/2011/11/innovation-in-a-tea-shop- whatever-next https://davidmsmith.net/tag/innovation/  Spicer, D., (2019), Update from USA, in LEO Matters, Vol. 5, Spring 2019, pp,12 – 13. https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/Leo%20Newsletter%20Spring %202019.pdf  Spicer, D, From Cambridge to Café, a brief account of Lyons and LEO and pictures of the holdings of LEO artefacts at the Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA – click From Cambridge to Café - CHM Revolution (computerhistory.org)  Spooner, P. (1957) Electronics in the Office, Business Magazine, November Issue. manufacturers also were offering for business. The Decca twin magnetic tape drive of which a photo appears was available with LEO II  Standingford, O. and Thompson, T.R. (1947) Report on a fact-finding trip leading to the development of the LEO computer. A copy of this report which led to the decision by Lyons to build LEO is held in the London Science Museum, LEO exhibit in the Information Age Gallery. - The URL for the report is: https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/documents/aa110067359/report-on-a-fact- finding-trip-leading-to-the-development-of-the-leo-computer  Standingford, O. (1956) Using a Computer Service and Multum in Parvo, Standingford’s summary of papers and discussions at the conference in The Electronic Office, a bound collection of articles assembled by the Office Management Association following their conference in April 1956. Bound volume held by Hilary Caminer.  Studebaker, D. (2000) The First Business Computer: A Case Study in User-Driven Innovation Review, ACM Computing Reviews, June 1st. http://www.computingreviews.com/review/Review_review.cfm? review_id=123033&listname=search – link only takes you to the login page as need to be a member of ACM to see.  Sylvan, A.C. (2007), editor, Mr. Thomas Raymond Thompson: Bio/Description, IT History Society, a compilation of biographical information and recollections of TRT from a number of sources including Peter Bird, Frank Land and Ralph Land. http://www.ithistory.org/honor-roll/mr-thomas-raymond-thompson and in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/s/zyqe4p2qltrrcbb/T.R.T.%20Bio%20IT%20History %20Society.docx?dl=0  Thomas, Edd, (2006) Historic Archive of Early English Computing 1955-early 1970s. A collection of LEO material including schematics and manuals. The collection is offered for sale for £10,000. This consists of 50 schematics and waveforms for the LEO II some of which have been annotated (One of the schematics looks to be from LEO I). Developmental notes, notebooks, waveforms, schematics, draft manuals, photos and publicity all for the LECTOR Auto reader. Booklets, leaflets and notes related to other English Electric Leo Computers including the KDF9 and LEO III. One or two of the manuals are the draft provisional copies. See https://historictech.com/product/historically-important-archive-of-early-english-computing-1955- 70s/  Thomas, E., (2019). The Lector & Auto-Lector Optical Mark Machines, in Bodsworth, V., (Editor), LEO Matters, Spring 2019, vol. 5. pages 5-6. including photos of Autolector and Lector. https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/Leo %20Newsletter%20Spring%202019.pdf  Thompson, T.R., and Standford, O. W., (1947), Report of visit to USA May/June 1947. Extract published in Caminer, D.T., Aris, J.B., Hermon, P.M., Lanf, F.F. (editors and contributors) LEO The Incredible Story of the Wold’s first Business Computer, McGraw Hill, New York, Appendix A, pages 337-359.  Thompson, T,R,, (1947-1962), LEO Chronicles, account of events related to LEO maintained by TRT.  Thompson, T.R., (1954), Special Requirements for Commercial or Administrative Applications, , Proceedings of s Symposium held at National Physical Laboratory, March 1953, pp. 85 – 101, published by HMSO. A copy of the proceedings are held by the Cambridge Centre for Computer History and The Charles Babbage Institute in Minnesota.  Thompson, T.R. (1955) The Scope for Electronic Computers in the Office, presented to the Office Management Association's Conference in May.  Thompson, T.R. (1955) Diminishing Returns, Engineering, December 23rd. The paper reflects Thompsons impressions following a tour of computer installations in the USA.  Thompson, T.R. (1958) ‘Four Years of Automatic Office Work’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 106-112.  Thompson, T.R. (1960) ‘Problems of Auditing Computing Data: Internal Audit Practice and External Audit Theory’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 3, No 1, pp. 10-11.  Thompson, T.R. (1962) ‘Fundamental Principles of Expressing a Procedure for a Computer Application’, The Computer Journal, British Computer Society, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 164-169, paper presented at Automatic Programming Languages for Business and Science held at Northampton College of Advanced Technology, April 1962. See Caldwell review in Dropbox at: //www.dropbox.com/s/08ap89c8n26oxjs/J %20Caldwell%20Report%20Automatic%20Programming%20Conference %201962.docx?dl=0  Thompson, T.R. and others ‘The LEO Chronicle, Major Events from 1947 to 1962’, Leo Archive, National Archive for the History of Computing, Manchester, LEO Computers, see https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/367f3633-3a28- 3fa9-837c-039693dcf8ee for listing of items held at John Rylands Library. As part of the library's special collections, the Archive is located in the main building of John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Burlington Street (building 18 in the campus map). Note the collection is not digitised and can be viewed by application to the librarian. Thomson. A., (2004), Timesharing History: the UK Story, in Leatherdale, D., editor, Resurrection, Bulletin of Computer Conservation Society, Issue 32, New Year. Leo Computers developed the Leo III as a medium size commercial computer, and included timesharing after several members of John Pinkerton's development team attended the colloquium on the design for Orion timesharing presented by George Felton at the Cambridge Maths Lab. Timesharing was demonstrated on Leo III in January 1962, and on Orion in April 1962. The Leo systems were first delivered to customers in April 1962. Orion, having been delayed by hardware problems, was not delivered to a customer till March 1963. English Electric announced the KDF9 in 1960 as a small scientific computer, with timesharing as an optional extra [Ref: 2] involving additional hardware and a specific version of the 'director' software. That was done independently of the Orion and Leo developments. http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res32.htm#e  Turtle, L., (1990), Office Manager and later Partner of Wedd Durlacher Mordaunt, owners of LEO III/45, Oral History. Turtle was responsible for setting out the specification for the LEO system and managing its implementation. His oral history recorded for the London Stock Exchange includes a brief account of that experience. https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/2784/  Vegter, I. (2007) The curse of the monitor, Brainstorm, 3 pages. History of LEO as object lesson in operating systems. http://www.brainstormmag.co.za/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=553%3Athe-curse-of-the- monitor&Itemid=124  Wagner, F. and Wolstenholme, P. (2003) ‘A Modern Real-Time Design Tool; Applying Lessons from LEO’, IEE Computing and Control Engineering Journal, Vol 14.  Walton, Mark, editor,(2018): A Celebration of Life in the 40s, 50s and 60s, includes an account of the leading role played by the UK in the development of computers, with a mention of the role played by LEO with photos of LEO I, published in September as part of Goodwood Revival, an annual 3 day festival celebrating Goodwood Racecourse.  Ware, G, (2019), IT pioneer is awarded OBE, Totnes Times, page 7, June 14th 2019  Weetch, R. (2016) Middlesex University Scholarships and Awards 2016, Systematic Marketing, notes the award of the David Tresman Caminer Scholarship to Elisabetta Mori, https://smxi.com/blogs/russell.weetch/?cat=149  Weik, M.H. (1961) A Third Survey of Domestic Digital Computing Systems, Ballistic Research Report No. 1115, March, Ballistic Research Laboratories. Does not mention LEO but shows developments in USA. BRL Report 1961 http://ed- thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61.html#TOC  West, L.., (2021), Reunion Interviews – Ray Shaw, Roger Hemsley, Cyril Lanch, edited version of mini interviews to create one short video by , and archived at CCH at entre for Computer History volunteer at: https://youtu.be/x1rM98UDfYQ. It.

 Whitley, P. (2005) Computerised payroll's Golden anniversary, Sage Accounting Web http://www.accountingweb.co.uk/topic/tax/computerised-payrolls-golden- anniversary  Wikipedia, LEO (Computers) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEO_%28computer %29#References  Wilcock, J. (2010) The Staffordshire University Computing Futures Museum LEO Page, available at https://archive.is/SHAKK - a good account of the Lyons and LEO story.  Wilcock, J., (2019), English Electric and its successors at Kidsgrove, in Resurrection, the Journal of the Computer Conservation Society, Number 86, pages 25-26 Spring. The article summarises the history of Kidsgrove including the period following the merger of English Electric and LEO Computers, resulting in the production of the System 4 range at Kidsgrove. See http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res86.htm  Wilkes, M.V., (1990). The Thinking Behind EDSAC, Resurrection, Vol. 1 Number 2. https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res02.htm#d  Wilkes, M.V. (2001) ‘John Pinkerton and Lyons Electronic Office’, IET Computing and Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 130-144.  Wilkes, M.V. (2001) ‘John Pinkerton and Lyons Electronic Office’, IET Engineering and Education Journal, Vol. 10, Issue 5, pp. 183-188.  Wilkes, M.V. (2000) 'Business Innovation: Introduction of new methods into business operations' IEE Inaugural Pinkerton Lecture, unpublished, copy of text with F. Land.  Williams, C. (2001) How a chain of tea shops kickstarted the computer age, Daily Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8879727/How-a-chain-of- tea-shops-kickstarted-the-computer-age.html  Williams, C. (2015) Of Bunkers, Bytes, and Cakes http://softbox.co.uk/pub/Of_Bunkers,_Bytes_and_Cakes_Web.pdf An abridged version is printed in March 2014 issue of Cyber Talk Magazine, Issue 4.  Williams, J.E. (1967) The Brains Behind The Buttons, Coventry Standard, p. 21, January 5th. The article refers to LEO/28 sold to Coventry Corporation.  Williams, R. (1976) Early Computers in Europe, AFIPS National Computer Conference and Exposition, June, Proceedings, pp. 21-29, New York. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1499799.1499804 and to download paper https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/afips/1976/5084/00/50840021.pdf The paper includes a long section on the Lyons/LEO story. From the abstract: “the paper also includes a detailed description of the birth and foundation of the most successful first British commercial computer company - Leo Computers Limited, and this gives an insight into the thinking which lay behind British early computer development”.  Woods. M.J. (2002) History of the Kidsgrove Works, http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/jaxbar/kidsgroveworkspt1.pdf A detailed account of the Kidsgrove works, including its role with English Electric LEO Marconi (EELM) and the part Kidsgrove played in the evolution of the UK computer industry.  Yost, J., (2019), Director of Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota Letter of Support for LEO Computers Society bid to become a charitable institution. Copy available from Frank Land and Dropbox. https://www.dropbox.com/s/q3cjgblu388037a/Charles%20Babbage%20Instutute %20Support%20letter.docx?dl=0 ARCHIVES –LEO DOCUMENTS AND ARTEFACTS The following web links provide search facilities covering most of the UK’s and Ireland’s

official archives: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ and http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/ LEO Foundation. Established by David Tresman Caminer to promote the memory of LEO and use revenue from the publication of the McGraw-Hill published books on the LEO story to that end. The Foundation organised the 50th anniversary conference of the first LEO application at the London Guildhall with sponsorship from the City of London and the Wall Street Journal. The papers presented at the conference were subsequently published by the Journal of Strategic Information Systems in a special edition edited by Professor Robert Galliers. Members of the Foundation included Peter Hermon (treasurer), Colin Tully, John Aris and Frank and Ralph Land. Subsequently, after the death of David Caminer, aged 92, the Foundation was merged with the LEO Computers Society. LEO Computers Society. http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/ The Society has a membership of over 700 interested in the story of LEO. Chair of the Society is Peter Byford. The Society publishes a regular Newsletter – editor Bernard Behr, Hilary Caminer and Vince Bodsworth and from Spring 2019 called LEO Matters – describing aspects of the LEO story. One of its chief objectives is the preservation and publication of the LEO heritage. As such it has engaged in a partnership with the Cambridge Centre for Computer History in a project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund to further that objective. The Society and its members hold significant memorabilia in the form of :

 Material collected from deceased and live members of the Society, donated to the Society and loaned for archiving and digitising to the Cambridge Centre for Computing History. The annex to LEOPEDIA list the material held by CCH as at October 2018

 A Dropbox archive in the name of Frank Land which holds the Oral Histories of members of the Society who participated in the Society’s Oral History Project – coordinator Mike Tyzack – and other texts submitted by members.

 Individual computer records collected by members but unclassified and un-indexed

 Other memorabilia saved or collected by individuals and held in various forms and not classified or indexed

 Summary of Lectures and Talks given by members of the Society since the beginning of 2019 https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1tkq_OwB5w4uIWQmWVy7Qh5DhTaXYhq Q8qXxk5tv3CmU/edit?usp=sharing Members wishing to add to this archive download https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf_zVfSHb4o0qFripJHlz6bEGgJ2RXQn BjsgHcEARKWK7pdJQ/viewform Centre for Computing History Cambridge (CCH): www.ComputingHistory.org.uk Contact: Lisa McGerty at [email protected] or Jude Brimmer (archivist HLF project) at [email protected] The CCH and LEO Computers Society reached a Partnership Agreement in the summer of 2018 for the storage, and archiving of LEO memorabilia. At the same time the Partnership submitted a bid for funds from the Heritage Lottery Fund for support of further work in archiving and providing education and presentations noting the work of the LEO pioneers. In September 2018 the Fund made available substantial funding for an initial one year period. Earlier the Centre held an exhibition featuring the LEO story in November 2017, attended by a number of members of the LEO Computers Society some of whom gave a LEO heritage project presentation. A short description of the Lyons and the LEO project, including photos can be found at: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/6162/LEO-I-computer-became-operational/. A collection of sounds made by LEO III has been borrowed by Jason Fitzpatrick from the LEO Computers website for display at the Museum on You Tube can be heard at https://youtu.be/6vfa_RC_y1M The LEO Computers Society has transferred a number of holdings to the CCH for secure keeping on a loan basis. These include files retrieved from Peter Bird, David Caminer and Ray Henessey. A full list transferred as at October 2018 is provided in the annex to LEOPEDIA. See also LEO Computers Archive finds New Home One major project is the preparation of a VR tour of the Cadby Hall LEO installation. Chris Monks developing the project has collected around 100 photos to help him build the VR. These are available at http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/leodev/photos/ In March 2018 the following items were digitised and are available at http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/leotemp/ LEO II test program - scanned and available online as individual pages Preparing for a computer - scanned, single pdf available online Intro to programming - scanned and available online as individual pages Inland Revenue - scanned and available online as individual pages EDSAC – micro-programming - scanned and available online as individual pages EDSAC - scanned and available online as individual pages Notes on use of LEO - scanned and available online as individual pages. The CCH project blog dated September 2020 can be downloaded from http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/sec/55718/Project-Blog/ The CCCH has created blog where Jude Brimmer periodically posts details of all the things she has catalogued and made available online. Chris Monk has also posted there recently, as has Lisa McGerty. It would be great for CCCH to receive comments on any of the newly catalogued material from LCS members, whether flagging up an error or omission or letting project know of a related memory or point of interest, or any item worth recording. Any notification should be sent to Lisa McGerty at [email protected] including the 5 digit reference number from the title. The link is: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/sec/55718/Project-Blog/. #EXTOURS: Virtual Tours, Alan Donohue (2020), Sharing tales from Computer History, 25th November, 2020, The LEOComputer. A 45-60 minute tour of an historic location or museum to reveal interesting stories and anecdotes related to the theme. Tours are designed to be interactive, so audience participation is encourage Tours are recorded and will include pre-recorded interviews with our invited guests , who include Peter Byford, Mary Coombs, Chris Monk, Neville Lyons and Georgina Ferry Presentation in Information Gallery, Science Museum, 25th November 2020. https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AO6_xU4bm4J0B_k&id=EEB2B1DCFD87846F

%21755&cid=EEB2B1DCFD87846F The whole presentation – 48 mins . The link provides extracts from individual presentations. Individual presentations:

1. Ann Hyde interview – 32 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9joYF-

lyz8

2. History of Leo: Peter Byford – 41 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=N4zyZG0OxFI

3. Leo Artefacts – 3 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=7CaAh06FtpY

4. How a British teashop helped to change the world – 3 minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0yYDxjBnTM

5. A computer called Leo. Interview with Georgina Ferry – 23 minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKB37ZBOEAY

6. Leo film – 13 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8K-xbx7jBM

7. Interview with Nevill Lyons – 19 minute https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=xq6Rr2d8tWM

8. Interview with Peter Hoath TNMoC – 48 minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9IpqLlViig

9. Mary Coombes – 3 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9IpqLlViig

10. Mary Coombes, more – 4 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=oHiCMfHydlo 11. Interview with Chris Monk – 55 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Y0Z0ynyzs0E

UK (and online) Archives.  British Library, holds various LEO related items in its archives. Including oral Histories of Mary Coombs and Frank Land. BL also maintains an archive of selected patent application including LEO patents lodged by John Pinkerton. See BL Explore Archives and Manuscripts catalogue. The catalogue number is Add MS 89294 http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-003391654  Archives IT – an organisation devoted to the collection, archiving and dissemination of information relating to the history of UK IT. The archive includes the Oral Histories of many UK’s eminent IT personal who made that history including from LEO Ninian Eadie and Frank Land. The Director of Archive IT is Paul D Janner, [email protected]. See his article Capture the Past to Inspire the Future, page 66, ITNOW, Winter 2017. Website www.archivesit.org.uk  National Archive for the History of Computing, Manchester, LEO Computers, https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=history-of-computing- uk;ca4a4c3.0012 provides a listing of documents held by the library. http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/html/gb133nahc-leo-p1.shtml As part of the library's special collections, the Archive is located in the main building of John Rylands University Library of Manchester, http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/ Burlington Street (building 18 in the campus map. Note that none of the collections have been digitised, but can be viewed by arrangement with the Librarian Time-Line Computer Archive: Aims are to collect, restore and exhibit all types of early Computers Electronics and associated peripherals. Their collection includes some LEO circuit boards. We hope that our website will give an insight to the development of computing and will help give inspiration to other people to collect rather than throw out historical electronics. We also would like to make a record of peoples experiences of early Computing and Electronics primarily from Scotland and the North of England but also from Great Britain generally. If you have any experiences of early computing or Electronics please don’t hesitate to contact us at [email protected] See also ttps://t-lcarchive.org

 The Computer Conservation Society has collected technical and other background Information about all early UK computers including LEO. It holds monthly meetings at the British Computer Society Headquarters in London at which various aspects of its activities are presented. See http://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/CCSprop6.pdf and http://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/ A website is devoted to the UK Computer Heritage and includes information about the origins of LEO and summaries of the LEO range. http://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/maincomp.htm The LEO record is incomplete and further technical information would be welcomed by the CCS. The CCS also maintains an index of documents relating to LEO including a complete listing of the Pinkerton papers held at the Science Museum http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/iclarch/arch01.html and 65 technical drawings including two patent applications http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/iclarch/arch06.html  The Computer History Society has established an archive search facility of computing history websites. The link to the search facility is http://www.ithistory.org/search/site/ Searching LEO brings up http://www.ithistory.org/search/site/Leo with many LEO entries.  University of Warwick, Modern Records Centre, John Simmons Papers (1924-1994), Ref: GB 152 GB 152 MSS.363, https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/80e05c8d-6acf-3e84-8999-1a9a8321cad5. See John Simmons Archive at Warwick University Modern Records Centre Showcase: Pioneers: Innovators in Science and Technology http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/images/pioneers/ for a number of items on LEO, now digitised, see www.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/leo Boxes of manuscripts from David Caminer and John Aris are catalogued at http://mrc- catalogue.warwick.ac.uk/records/ARI/2 Note (April 2019) 9 boxes have been transferred to Cambridge Centre for Computer History as part of HLF project. For full list see LEOPEDIA annex  The Jim Austin Computer Collection is a preservation of over 500 machines from small micros to mainframes and super computers. Some of the items can be seen on the web site http://www.computermuseum.org.uk/ . The Collection acquired some LEO III items in July 2012. Visitors are welcome on request.  The Shady Old Lady's Guide to London http://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=617 notes the site of the First Business Computer at Cadby Hall with a short piece about the origins of LEO  Internet Scripophily Museum of Computing (ISMOC), a virtual museum created by Franky Leeuwerck on computing history represented by bond and share certificates. In 2017 J. Lyons and LEO Computers were added to the website with a chronology of the LEO story. See Internet Scripophily Museum of Computing  Neville Lyons – descendent of the original Joe Lyons gave a series of public lectures on the History of the Lyons Company and on LEO Computers. Information about the 8th June 2016 lecture can be found at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/the-joe-lyons- story-food-for-thought-tickets-24424562524# and for the 22nd June 2016 lecture at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/the-story-of-leo-the-worlds-very-first-business- computer-tickets-24424811268#  Institute of Administrative Management (IAM), started life in 1915 as Office Machinery User’s Association. John Simmons acted as chair and president for many years and some of its members including Wills were early LEO users. Its journal includes two articles on the history of IAM including many references to John Simmons and the Lyons/LEO story. See Gibson in previous section.  London Remembers – aiming to capture all memorials in London. It includes the LEO plaque laying ceremony near Cadby Hall including links to the video and other material about J. Lyons & Co. See https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/leo-world-s-first-business-computer  Getty Images. A collection of high quality photographs including a number of early photographs of 2002 Seizing the Moment: The Far Reaching Effects of Broadband on Economy and Society David Cleevely Analysis Group 2004 Intellectual Property, Entrepreneurs and Company successes Hermann Hauser Director, Amadeus Capital Partners Ltd IET.tv footage 2005 ICT Use in Rural India: Innovations Bridge the Digital Chasm Professor Subhas Bhatnagar Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad IET.tv footage 2006 e-Science and Cyberinfrastructure Professor Tony Hey VP Scientific Computing, Microsoft, USA IET.tv footage 2007 Invention to Phenomenon (Sensation?) Sir Tim Berners-Lee Director of the World Wide Web Consortium 2008 Web 2.0 (Social Media to Inspire Change) Alex Balfour IET.tv footage 2009 IT: Is it on the money? John Carey, Former Head of Business, Strategy & IT and interim CTO, Lloyds TSB IET.tv footage 2010 The relentless march of the microchip Steve Furber IET.tv footage 2011 Internet for all - is the real barrier to reaching this vision: demand, awareness, usability or access technology? Dr Mike Short IET.tv footage ▶ IET Pinkerton Lectures Bangalore, India 2012 Connecting Computers with the human brain Prof.Kevin Warwick (University of Reading) http://conferences.theiet.org/pinkerton/ 2013 Can India create a global powerhouse? Sir Robin Saxby, Ex Founding CEO and Chairman ARM Holdings plc https://enathisky.org/techie/techie-magazine-2010/79-news/1794-report-on-iet- pinkerton-lecture 2014 Internet of Things Jim Mornish, Founder and Chief Research Officer, Machina Research https://www.facebook.com/media/set/? set=a.967205353308482.1073741831.586954168000271&type=3 2015 'Re-imagining society through the Internet of Everything'. Dr Robert Pepper, Vice President - Global Technology Policy, Cisco http://events.theiet.in/Pinkerton2015/

 Intriguing History Website cites “the very brave and innovative decision to promote the development and use of commercial computers” taken by the Board of J. Lyons & Co. in 1947. See http://www.intriguing-history.com/leo-computer-jlyons-co/  Wikiwand Website provides a brief history of LEO including bibliography and links. See http://www.wikiwand.com/en/LEO_(computer)  Marconi maintain a Marconi History website which includes a section devoted to LEO Computers and is regularly updated with news from the LEO Computers Society. Access is restricted to password holders including Frank Land, marconiincomputersandautomation  Andrew Wylie – Mister Transistor – collects and records information about early transistor computers, including LEO III – see http://www.wylie.org.uk/technology/computer/LEO3/LEO3.htm  London Metropolitan Archive, (LMA), holds material relating to J. Lyons and Company archived under GB 0074 ACC/3527 See http://search.lma.gov.uk/LMA_DOC/ACC_3527.PDF Note: The material, including references to the LEO initiative are held in boxes in their original format (not digitzed). Selected material will be made available to searchers and can be photographed provided it is required for genuine research and not commercial reasons. LMA charges £5 per document copied. Neville Lyons [email protected], (friend of the LEO Computers Society) has photographic copies of much of the material related to Lyons. LMA hold the copyright for the archive. Catalogue numbers for LEO related materials copied by Neville Lyons are: ACC/3527/026 Cadby Hall Visitors Book, Princess Elizabeth signature. ACC/3527/310 (July 1949 -June 1951) and ACC/3527/311 (July 1951 onwards) Lyons Office Journals covering profiles of TR Thompson, EH Lenaerts and Visit of Princess Elizabeth to Cadby Hall (in /310). See also https://search.lma.gov.uk/scripts/mwimain.dll/418589408/LMA_DESCRIPTION/RE FD/ACC~2F3527~2F310/$/WEB_DETAIL? JUMP&ERRMSG=~5bLMA_OPAC~5dNORECORD.TXT&DATABASE=LMA_D ESCRIPTION&SHARE_SESSID=LMA_SHARE_SESSID ACC/3527/439 Chairmen’s Statements extracts mentioning LEO 1954 and 1965 ACC/3527/246 Lyons Mail 1992 extract re LEO. Full catalogue of digitised Lyons archves can be found at https://search.lma.gov.uk/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/110200122/2/51? RECLIST&DATABASE=UNION_VIEW&TM=1605270871.878

 The I love ICL Website http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl3a holds a collection of documents including LEO III Intercode and CLEO training manuals. These include the following: LEO III Paperwork at: http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl2n LEO 326 11 Mag Tape boards at: http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl44fc LEO III 3 Boards at: http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl41 LEO III 1 Tape , 211 LEO II/III Tapes and 1 Tape front at http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl42 LEO III Panel at: http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl42a LEO II Machine Plaque at: http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl42b The site is maintained by Pete Wooledge a member of the LEO Computers Society, who notes (December 2020) “212 LEO II/III Tapes and 1 Tape front at: http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl42

The Museum Collection here is now lucky enough to have 212 of these LEO Computers Ltd Tapes!!! The separate EEL type of tape turns out to be for the EE KDF 9 computer and not the LEO. Also the count for the marked LEO tapes was one over making 210 but as luck would have it 2 more marked LEO tapes arrived making it 212 plus the KDF 9 tape. Some good news is that Delwyn Holroyd and others at TNMoC are to attempt the reading of these tapes when the Pandemic permits. We all hope that some interesting DATA can be saved from these tapes”. [email protected]. Picture of KDF9 at Hartree House and 1947 book by Hartree can be found at www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl2acs  LEO II at Stewart and Lloyds, Corby Heritage Centre: Exhibition of LEO memorabilia and the story of the first LEO delivered to a customer held at Corby in July/August 2015. Exhibition entitled Corby & Electronic Brain http://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/news/top-stories/discover-corby-s-computing- heritage-with-new-exhibition-1-6866793  London Metropolitan Boroughs Hackney was part of the North East London Computer Scheme (NELCS) along with the boroughs of Haringey and Tower Hamlets. NELCS had emerged in 1966 out of the London Boroughs Joint Computer Committee’s (LBJCC) that was formed in 1962 and had developed systems running on a LEO III/94 computer. NELC was managed by the London Boroughs Management Services Unit (LBMSU). NELC/LBMSU continued to run its systems on its own LEO III/94 - 1967 – 1974. To see photos enter Computer into the search box https://hackney.soutron.net/Portal/Default/en- GB/Search/SimpleSearch click Search and they should be the top 3 items returned

 University of Stafford April 14th 2016, Inaugural Lecture: Fifty Glorious Years Staffordshire's Role in the Development of Computing. The Lecture, by Professor Alan Eardley, includes references to English Electric, LEO, Kidsgrove. Photos of LEO and extracts from an interview of Frank Land by Alan Eardley.  Vintage ICL Computers: includes photographs of large range of computers which made up the ICL group, including some photos of LEO items. See http://www.vintage- icl-computers.com/icl42 and http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/icl42a. For further information contact Peter Wooledge [email protected] and http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com  Retronaut Website: 1952 Behind the Scenes at Lyons. Pictures and text about Lyons with a mention of them as computer pioneers. https://retronaut.com/content/1952- behind-the-scenes-at-lyo ns  Historic Tech.com This site is not an online museum and all items are (or were) for sale. Instead Edd Thomas goes in search of iconic, rare, unique and sometimes just fascinating pieces that help to tell the story of the global Technology and Electronics Revolution of the last century or so. It is a story that combines science and design with social history, and we are happy to sell far older pieces when they help tell the story of what came after. The simple aim is to help uncover and preserve the material pieces that matter, and put them in the hands of the people who will appreciate them the most. Aimed primarily at the discerning collector and institution, Edd Thomas is relentlessly foraging for new and interesting items to offer. Each piece is backed up with a level of academic and historical accuracy (as well as market understanding) that we feel make them great social and economic investments. We recognise that our expertise is young and growing and we can only hope to succeed with your patronage and advice. Our buying policy will always be one of quality over quantity, and in all instances age and financial value are not the defining virtue for our stock but cultural relevance. This is because the extremely fast pace of technological change has made some inventions (even from just a few years ago) seem positively archaic, while others appear timeless. The collection includes for LEO COMPUTERS the following: 50 schematics and waveforms for the LEO II some of which have been annotated (One of the schematics looks to be from LEO I). Developmental notes, notebooks, waveforms, schematics, draft manuals, photos and publicity all for the LECTOR Auto reader. Booklets, leaflets and notes related to other English Electric Leo Computers including the KDF9 and LEO III. One or two of the manuals are the draft provisional copies. Amongst the items noted, (2019) and described are LECTOR and AUTOLECTOR includingphotos of the Optical Mark Reading forms designed for the Lyons Bakery ordering application and LECTOR itself. It includes an Advert for LECTOR published in the Computer Bulletin by EELM in December 1963. See https://historictech.com/the- lector-auto-lector-optical-mark-machines/

International Archives  Charles Babbage Institute and University of Minnesota Libraries Digital Conservatory, provides links to any LEO material held in the Library including the Pinkerton Oral History. See http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/59493/browse?type=subject&value=LEO+ (Computer)  The Museum of Communication, Berlin unites past and present of communication in its permanent exhibition: therefore it illustrates the origins, the development, and the future perspectives of the information society. Appealing rotating exhibitions cast light on different aspects of communication. The permanent exhibition features a cabinet that shows the history of digitalization. Within this cabinet information about and pictures of the early LEO-Computers are presented. https://www.google.co.uk/search? rls=com.microsoft:en-GB:IE-Address&dcr=0&tbm=isch&q=%EF %82%A7%09The+Museum+of+Communication, +Berlin+LEO+Computers&chips=q:the+museum+of+communication+berl  Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Purchased a Microprogram Module from a standard LEO III in 2013. The item is not on display but shown on its website together with a brief account of the LEO story written by Barbara Ainsworth. See http://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/12682 The curator is (2018) Nicholas Crotty: [email protected] Australian Computer Museum Society (www.acms.org.au). The society has an ex- tensive collection of 10,000 artefacts collected over the last 25 years but currently lacks a catalogue of its collection. Contact Sebastian Boell

 Heinz Nixdorf Museum (HNF), Padeborg Germany. Claims to be the largest Computer Museum in the world. But currently its only LEO holding is the Caminer et al LEO book in the Museum Library. Its Director, Dr Jochen Viehoff is keen to establish a LEO presence to show the LEO role in the history of computing. http://www.hnf.de/en/home.html Computer History Museum, Silicon Valley. http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/ The Museum holds and displays a number of LEO II relics including part of LEO II/3 the Corby Stewarts & Loyds Machine, and various LEO books and documents. Its record of holdings with photos is well organised and include the oral history of LEO veteran Chris Date (see Oral Histories below) and can be found on http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/110/468 http://www.computerhistory.org/search/? q=LEO+Computers&site=chm_collection&client=chm_collection&output=xml_no_dtd&sub mit.x=2&submit.y=2 The Museums senior curator, Dag Spicer, is a member of the LEO Computers Society and its American Correspondent. The Museum also holds a marketing film made for LEO and donated to the Museum by John Pinkerton. Museum Information about the film can be found at http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102705993 and http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/110/2260 See also Anon, (2021), An Introduction to SilicoAn Valley’s Computer History Museum including listing of LEO artefacts and an introduction to extensive Oral History collection.

 More information about the LEO II/3 at Corby including Newspaper articles can be found at -http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102721101  University of Melboune Archive: holds collection of Shell Oil Australia Archive, including material relating to the purchase and use of LEO III in Australia  Computer History Archives Project: Director Mark Greenia, includes video Early Vacuum Tube Computers with a section on the LEO at around time index 7:34. and 13.09. Can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnNm_uJYWhA Private Holdings Many individuals, dead and alive; members of the LEO Computers Society or ex LEO employees, have private collections of LEO artifacts, documents and photographs, some of which are of historical importance. They include: Alan King private archive Peter Bird private archive, indexed and boxed and held at Cambridge Centre for Computer History. David Caminer private archive, collected by Ray Hennessy and Hilary Caminer, part indexed and boxed. John Aris private archive, collected by Ray Hennessy Colin Tully private archive Frank Land private archive, held by Elisbetta Mori. Ernest Lenaerts 100 notebooks, quarto, compiled in manuscript, dating from 1949 to the early 1950s. The notebooks have been donated to the LEO Computers Society by Paul and David Lenaerts, Ernest's sons, and have been scanned into digital format by Bill Purvis, a member of the Computer Conservation s They can be viewed at http://www.billp.org/LEO" Wally Dutton Wally's daughter Andrea has donated her father's collection of LEO memorabilia including published papers dating back to 1954, newspqper articles and photographs There are many other private hoards and the LEO Computers Society would welcome information about such holdings.

Museums  A listing of which UK museums hold LEO Artefacts can be found at https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:PDji3gRefxAJ:www.ourcomputerheritage.org/where%2520to%2520see %2520bits%2520rev.pdf+National+Museum+of+Computing, +Bletchley+LEO&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShQHZUJK9fLlszQDnyUP VCJHyggZYpZb17rxGSn0sTpHzT- N67c2U8mKwcbndQJCYwUFqjwsZiadPNLwnm9aP2qsDnH8Dyp- JNgYByD7TCatAti0ny37VO2xsBmiE97dQEWtB1N&sig=AHIEtbRt65LTg4sDLd2B vqImwO9oAxlUNA –  Birmingham Museum J. Lyons donated some LEO I items to the Museum in 1965. Documentation relating to the donation is held by Peter Byford of the LEO Computers Society, and photographs of LEO I hardware items are held by Chris Burton of the Computer Conservation Society. The items themselves are currently (October 2018) not available for viewing whilst a major refurbishment of the Museum is taking place..  Science Museum, London. The Museum opened a new Gallery The Information Age, which features amongst other exhibits tracing the evolution of the information age, a special section devoted to LEO, including recordings of a teashop manageress reflecting on the changes the Teashop Job (L3) made to her life. The new Gallery is sponsored by a number of members of the IT industry and organized and managed by Dr Tilly Blyth of the Science Museum. The Science Museum website includes in its section on computing, a comprehensive account of the LEO story including photographs. See https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/meet-leo- worlds-first-business-computer LEO items held are displayed at https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/search?q=Library%20LEO%20items  National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh. The Museum has LEOlll/33 (Phoenix Insurance), as well as three LEO III circuit boards, one of which is on display, and three circuit boards from LEO IIs. The museum holds a number of LEO related documents including manuals which as yet not catalogued. The Senior Curator of Modern Science and Computing is Dr Tacye Phillipson: [email protected] Website: http://www.nms.ac.uk/  The National Museum of Computer History, (TNMOC), Bletchley. LEO hardware items at TNMOC are listed at Hardware May 2010.pdf (3MB) and flowcharts of LEO I microinstructions at http://leo.settle.dtdns.net/LeoCode/MicroProgs.htm Information about LEO related items and activities listed at V http://www.tnmoc.org/search/node/. Trustee of Museum and Secretary of Computer Conservation Society is Kevin Murrell, [email protected] I Website: http://www.nms.ac.uk/  Museum of London, London. The Museum has parts of LEO III/45 ( Wedd, Durlacher, Morduant & Co.) including the console on display http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Collections-Research/Collections- online/object.aspx?objectID=object-49407&start=1&rows=1 Website: http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ Curator: Vyki Sparkes [email protected]  The Staffordshire University Computing Futures Museum LEO Page lists LEO III sales. http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/leo-3s.html OBITUARIES and BIOGRAPHIES John Aris – 1934 - 2010 Educated at Eton and Oxford, with a degree and life-long interests in the classics, joined LEO as a programmer in 1958. A career in LEO and its successor companies, including Chief Business Systems Engineer for ICL in 1968 was followed by heading the computer department of the Imperial Group, then becoming director of the NCC. He retained his interest in LEO up to the end of his life becoming a prominent and active member of the LEO Foundation and the LEO Computers Society. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/aug/26/john-aris-obituary http://www.vukutu.com/blog/2010/08/a-computer-pioneer/ http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res52.htm#i Antony (Tony) Bernard Barnes – 1926-2000. Tony Barnes joined Lyons as a Management Trainee after graduating in 1947 working in the Statistical Office. He transferred to the LEO programming team in November 1950 where his talents were quickly recognised. In 1955 he accompanied Thomas Thompson to the USA on a six- week tour, visiting several computer manufacturers and users. In January 1956 he became the Administrative Manager of the Design and Development Section of Leo Computers Limited and in June1959 the Production Director, reporting directly to Anthony Salmon, the main Lyons Board Director responsible for the whole LEO project. He left Leo Computers Limited shortly after the merger with English Electric. Maurice Blackburn – died 2016, LEO Engineer. See also reminiscences of Anthony Robin Davies below. Tony Morgan writes “Maurice was very interesting person, a real gentleman with a small moustache. He had originally been a pilot with British South American Airways before it merged with British Overseas Airways. He was in Development at Minerva Road and his main claim to fame is in designing the Standard Interface Assembler for LEO III which connected industry compatible System 4 tape decks and also System 4 printers. This was particularly important for Post Office /British Telecom.. It had a unique type of logic element which made it difficult to understand and on which to diagnose faults. When we had problems in 1965 with what I called 'watered down expertise', Maurice ran two one week courses on it for engineers from around the country at PODPS, Kensington. There were a whole series of courses which I organised at that time.” Peter Bird – born 1934, died 6th August 2017. After a career in the Merchant Navy achieving his Masters certificate ‘discovered’ computing, studied programming and applied for Jobs in computing. Interviewed by Lyons for an operator job and joined Lyons 1964 as an operator on the LEO III. Promoted rapidly to Operations Manager, then overall Systems Manager. After retirement became interested in the history of Lyons and in the LEO story resulting in the publication of his books on LEO and subsequently on Lyons the Food Empire. The LEO Computer Society book LEO Remembered is dedicated to Peter. Peter’s obituary was posted on the Guardian Newspaper website in the OTHER LIVES section on 10thSeptember 2017 at https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/10/peter-bird-obituary On October 14th it appeared on page 38 of the Guardian print edition in the Other Lives section of the Saturday edition. The obituary is also posted by Elisabetta Mori in http://ta.mdx.ac.uk/leo/in-memory-of-peter-bird/ http://ta.mdx.ac.uk/leo/in-memory-of- peter-bird/ and Wikipedia posted an obituary at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bird_(IT_manager) George Booth – Died 19th September 1959, aged 90, Company Secretary and Director of J. Lyons, made the case to the Lyons Board for the company to commit itself to build a business computer and to collaborate with Cambridge University with its EDSAC project by providing some funding for the project in exchange for help in setting up the LEO project. His support was crucial in getting the support of his fellow board members; Earlier responsible for recruiting John Simmons as someone to study and improve the efficiency of Lyons. Obituary written by Isidore Gluckstein in Lyons Mail October 1959. Dan Broido – 1903-1990 Born in Siberia of politically active parents, refugee to Germany from Soviet oppression, took degree in Mechanical Engineering in Berlin, and became an engineer at the firm of Rotaprint, who sent him to the UK in 1934 to work in their London branch. Worked for Caterpillar Tractors during World War II on nationally important work, and subsequently for a Company interested in developing automatic reading equipment, Broido filed over 100 patents including one of the earliest bar code systems. The company was taken over by ICT but in 1956 he was recruited by LEO as Chief Mechanical Engineer charged with developing optical reading facilities. This resulted in the development of Lector and later Autolector. When LEO, and later ICL started selling computers in Eastern Europe including Russia, Broido played a key role in the success of that enterprise. A biographical sketch of his carrer can be found on pages 202 to 203 in his book LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. http://www.kzwp.com/lyons.pensioners/obituary2B.htm (page 1) David Caminer – 1915 - 2008 joined Lyons before World War II as a Management Trainee, his career was interrupted by National Service, losing a leg in the battlefields of North Africa, before returning to Lyons and being appointed head of the Systems Research Office ,followed by taking a prominent and leading role in the establishment of LEO. Described by John Aris as the inventor of Systems Analysis, his methodological approach was a key factor in the success of LEO. His ambition, following his retirement was to ensure that the story of LEO would take its proper place in the history of computing. He helped fulfil that ambition by his writing and the establishment of the LEO Foundation. See also a biographical sketch on page201 of Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer, and his personal profile is listed in the Oxforf Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) written by Georgina Ferry and published online in 2009. Obituaries and Tributes Oxford Dictionary of National Biography – ODNB , (Georgina Ferry) Switched .com (Will Safer) Financial Times (Alan Cane) The Independent (Martin Campbell-Kelly) Booksellers Association (Martyn Daniels) The Daily Telegraph IT History Society The Times Scotts news.blogspot.com The Guardian (Frank Land) BBC Radio 4 ‘Last Word’ The Jewish Chronicle Computing (Iain Thomson) The Richmond and Twickenham Times Twinings Tea The Liverpool Daily Post Centaurs Rugby Club The New York Times (Douglas Martin) Electronicsinfoline.com The Atlanta Journal Constitution Computeach The Chronicle Herald, Halifax, Nova Scotia Computing- Letters to the Editor (R.Sarson) The Day, Connecticut Wikipedia The LEO Society website (Frank Land) The Test Bed- Personal Computer World Vnunet.com (Iain Thomson, San Francisco) Fujitsu - ICL pensioners (Frank Land) Star Tribune, Minneapolis-St Paul Chicago Tribune Ameblo, Japan The Eponymous Pickle (Franz Dill ) Guardian Blogs Funeral piece (Hilary Caminer) Gadsden Times http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2188963/David-Caminer.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Caminer http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/technology/29caminer.html http://boingboing.net/2008/06/29/computer-pioneer-and.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/jul/11/1 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/technology/29caminer.html

Jackie Caminer – died January 2017 aged 94, wife of David Caminer. Her daughter Hilary Caminer writes: ` My mother, Jackie, died this morning peacefully at home aged 94. Without her, my father's LEO work would have been much harder for him - they were heroes and heroines those LEO partners. She had a fine career in her own right as a teacher - teaching not only here but in Brussels and Luxembourg when my father was installing computers for the EU. She was also an ardent campaigner on adult education and on local issues as well as a fine dancer, artist and craftswoman. She missed my father terribly and counted many of his LEO colleagues as personal friends.

Doug Comish writes: I was very sorry to hear that your mother had died. She was a quite remarkable character with many accomplishments and a most wonderful wife for David. She was a super support for him during an exciting and important career. When you look back at what was achieved with LEO it was remarkable. It was a privilege to work with that outstanding team of people from all disciplines—from application designers, programmers, operators, design, development, and production engineers and marketeers. The manner in which they all pulled together and overcame problems was probably unique. Your father played the major role but Jackie was a great support. You can be very proud of them. Hamish Carmichael – died July 2017 aged 83. Hamish after a career with ICL became an active member of Computer Conservation Society. Always a good friend of LEO. Author of book of reminiscences and stories of ICL (including LEO) employees. Computer Conservation Society obituary http://www.coymputerconservationsociety.org/index.htm John Coombs 1927 – 2012 John joined LEO as a Trainee Programmer in March 1954 while he was still technically on Demob Leave from the British Army in which he had served for some nine years. His army service included time in Northern Ireland and long spells in the Middle East. The army sponsored him at St Peter’s Hall, Oxford for a Maths degree but before this finished he had the opportunity to go to Sandhurst from where he was commissioned into the Royal Artillery. While John’s service in the J. Lyons group of Companies lasted till 1991, his stay with Leo was relatively short as he was transferred to the Works Department shortly before his marriage to fellow programmer, Mary Blood. He continued his training in other areas of the Lyons empire, including the Works Department, the Personal Transport Department, and the Ice Cream Department. Betty Cooper (better known under her maiden name Betty Newman), sister in law of Pat Cooper (Mrs Pat Fantl) Sadly Betty died on 31st August. She worked from 1955 to 1964 on both LEO l and LEO ll at Lyons. Her Oral History is noted below in the Oral History section. Applications she made programming contributions include L4, the Tea-Blending job, and the production control application for the Liverpool clock and watch makers J.D. Francis, an application specified by Oliver Standingford. She became a valued member of Leo Fantl’s payroll group including involvement with the Ford, Stewarts and Lloyds and Kodak payroll. After retirement from LEO she did freelance programming for LEO II and LEO III customers (including LEO Computers) and devised a system for writing programs in Braille for blind programmers. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ix8tnvvm1pdxper/BettyCooper.doc?dl=0 An earlier very comprehensive interview was conducted by Janet Abbate on 14 September 2001 as Interview # 585 for the IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. and is reproduced in Engineering and Technology Wiki at https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Betty_Cooper Alan Clarke died December 2019. Alex Woolard (LEO Engineer) reports: I have to report the sad news that Alan Clarke who worked at Minerva Road, Kidsgrove and Winsford from 1962 until the Winsford plant closed, has died. Alan was a commissioning engineer working on Leo III peripherals, and subsequently System 4, and the New Range 2900 family. He had a long battle with Cancer and finally lost the fight on 9th December 2019 with his family around him. He continued to live in the same house that he bought when he moved up to Kidsgrove in 1965, after the English Electric merger, and leaves his wife Patricia and a son and daughter.I worked with Alan both at Minerva Road and Kindsgrove/Winsford and always remembered him as a smart guy, and a pleasure to work with. Hilary Cropper, DBE, born January 1941, died December 2004. After taking a mathematics degree at Salford University, and a first job with an engineering company, Hilary in 1970 joined ICL, working on operating software for the System 4 range, Though initially working in part-time positions to help raise her children, she was later promoted to senior management roles, eventually becoming the male-dominated company's most senior woman. In 1985, she was headhunted by FI Group, which later became Xansa, to manage its UK operations as Chief Executive, a position she served in until 2000; between then and 2002, she was the company's executive Chairman During her tenure as Chief Executive and the Chairman, the company's annual revenues grew from £7m to £450m. In 1991, Hilary led a management buy-out of the company and a large number of staff became the owners of company shares. It was in turn floated on the stock exchange in 1996 and many of those staff who had kept their shares (about 100 in all) became millionaires. She had been appointed a CBE in 1999 and was promoted to Dame Commander (DBE) in 2004. Her biography is published by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB), in print March 2009 and online in January 2008, written by Martin Campbell-Kelly. See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Cropper Joe Crouch – Died 2018. Joe Crouch joined LEO as a trainee programmer and quickly rose to Senior Programmer/Consultant Status, working at Hartree House. When Ilford Limited acquired a LEO II Joe headed the LEO team helping to establish the computer’s systems. Subsequently he joined Leo Fantl in South Africa as head of the Programming group. (noted by Norman Witkin) Leo Fantl writes “A key area (in our operations) … was production, which covered our operating, data preparation, and local mine data capture. Joe Crouch took the lad here. ….In many ways Joe was another Derek Hemy, incredibly quick to grasp a new point, clear thinking, and a good writer. His direction of the preparation and subsequent management of operations was outstanding. I had chosen Joe to succeed me but this turned out to be not to his liking. Later he did much difficult design work for the larger group, notably Sage Life, the group’s insurance company” Joe married a local Afrikans girl. John Godwin writes; “I remember them (Bob Day and Joe Crouch) as being among the pioneers of computers in South Africa. In the nineteen sixties LEO III/2 at the Johannesburg bureau was the first commercial multi-processing machine in the country. Along with Leo Fantl and their colleagues they changed the way the Mines and other large companies ran their businesses. Today everyone is a computer expert, but then they really were. I am glad I knew them, true 1930 trail blazers.” Ian Stewart Crawford. Born 20th March: Died 20th August 2018. Born in Eltham, Taranaki, New Zealand. Oldest of 3 born to Dan a doctor and Kathleen a nurse. Excellent sportsman and chess player. Won the Auckland chess championship. At 16 he left New Plymouth Boys High and worked for a travel company. When he was 21 he did a Bachelor of Science at Auckland University in Mathematics. He had his heart set on learning computers. He travelled to Sydney and approached IBM for a job but they required a PHD or an actuary. This would take another 5 years so Ian decided to leave Australia. Went to England in 1956 and joined LEO Computers and then joined PA Consulting as a computer consultant https://www.paconsulting.com/about-us/ before returning to NZ beginning of 1966 after getting married. He became an independent management consultant in NZ and had approximately 100 assignments in his 30 years before retiring in 1996. He set up the Long Range Planning Society in NZ but this organization does not appear to exist any longer. When he retired he began work on a computer program written in PROLOG on Natural Language Processing which he continued to work on until his health began to fail at the beginning of 2018. He is survived by his wife Virginia Crawford, his daughters Sue Crawford (Independent IT consultant), Kate Everett (Chemical Engineer) and Joanna Crawford (English teacher at Massey University). He had 7 grandchildren. His brother (a doctor and leprosy researcher) still resides in London. Mike Daniels – died March 2018, worked in Service Bureau, Hartree House in Programming and Support 1962-1966. He went on to work with several companies, including UNISYS, RCA (in America), III, an American Company back here. He worked on computer systems all his working life, all over the world. He was mainly involved in print/newspapers but also programming with Concorde. That said, he never forgot the early days. He was a super guy, always cheerful. I'm so glad you had good memories. Please pass on to anyone who knew him (From Betsan Daniels). Mary Josephine (Jo) Davies , maiden name McCann), D.O.B. 1961 - ?? Started as a LEO II Programmer at Wills, married Keith Davies a member of the Wills programming team, but left Wills to become a LEO lll Programmer and later LEO marketing. Became partner of Colin Tully until his death. Peter Byford remembers her on his own LEO III programming own LEO lll programming course in 1961. Bob Day – Died 2018. Bob was recruited in 1960 by Leo Fantl to join the newly formed LEO/Rand Mines collaborative venture in Johannesburg, South Africa. Bob, of Afrikan descent, was one of a handful recruited, all of high quality joining within that first period. Bob stayed in a senior role until his retirement. Leo Fantl writes “Bob Day was a typical South African. With an outstanding secondary education record, he joined the Post Office as a technical apprentice, and completed his training as the top performer for the whole country. Bob is mainly Afrikans but totally bilingual . When he took our appreciation course, he had never done any programming, but I still remember his hostile stare during my lectures –and how I leaned over him while he was writing his test, to see if he was actually writing sense. He got 100 per cent.’ (User-Driven Innovation, p.300) John Godwin writes: “In the nineteen sixties LEO III/2 at the Johannesburg bureau was the first commercial multi-processing machine in the country. Along with Leo Fantl and their colleagues they (Bob Day and Joe Crouch) changed the way the Mines and other large companies ran their businesses. Today everyone is a computer expert, but then they really were. I am glad I knew them, true trail blazers”. Leo Fantl – 1924-2000 Came to UK in June 1939 as a refugee from Czechoslovakia. Joined RAF age 18 and received technical training. Recruited by Lyons as Technical Trainee in the Planning Department in 1949, but was transferred to the LEO enterprise in 1950 to join Derek Hemy as a pioneer programmer. Despite a lack of formal training became a first rate mathematician involved in developing mathematical software and doing ground-breaking work in the problem created by rounding errors. Played major role in most of the early LEO applications including the tax tables for the UK Inland Revenue. In 1960 he was seconded to work on LEO’s first overseas venture, the joint establishment with Rand Mines of a LEO III computer bureau in Johannesburg. He spent much of his remaining career managing the computer operations of Rand Mines by then the sole owners of the bureau. A brief biographical sketch can be found on page 202 of Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. http://www.thocp.net/biographies/fantl_leo.html Pat Fantl, (Cooper), born in USA, came to England, joining LEO Computers as a programmer in 1955 the third women to join the LEO group after Mary Blood and Betty Newman (who became her sister-in-law). As part of LEO Fantl’s payroll team, contributing to a series of applications including those of Ford Motor Company, Stewarts and Lloyds and Kodak. Joined Leo Fantl in South Africa becoming his wife after Leo lost his first wife Frieda in a motoring accident. Gordon Foulger – 1942-2011 After graduating from Queen Mary University with a degree in General Science he became a LEO programmer seconded to work on GPO programs, including the Giro and telephone billing. He became a database specialist and consultant as his career evolved. http://www.gordonfoulger.co.uk/obituary.php Bob Gibson – born 1927, died August 2016. He trained as electronic engineer as part of National Service. After working as an electronic research engineer in Civil Service, recruited by LEO as trainee maintenance engineer. Took responsibility for training customer engineers and rose to oversee all LEO training as well as managing engineering maintenance services, and personnel. Briefly left LEO to become a management consultant but returned to become head of customer support services for EELM. Completed career with ICL as manager Large Projects before setting up his own consultancy. Retired 1988 and published book on Project Management. Gained a reputation as a safe pair of hands for complex and difficult assignments. One of the stalwarts whose contribution played a key role in the success of LEO. John Gosden – 1930-2003 Joined LEO as a programmer in 1953 after taking a degree (pass) in Mathematics at Cambridge University and made rapid progress with his understanding of software. Played a key role in the design of systems software for LEO II and LEO III. Left LEO in 1961 to emigrate to the USA for a sterling career in computing including acting as advisor on computer matters to the US Government. An obituary was published in The Times newspaper in the Lives in Brief Section on January 8th 2004. John Gosden, computer programmer, was born on March 9, 1930. He died on December 18, 2003, aged 73. John Gosden had a long and distinguished career in computer technology and applications, in the United States and Great Britain. After studying mathematics at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1953 he joined the J. Lyons organisation as a trainee programmer. Its small Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) team was engaged on the final trials of the payroll programme for the Cadby Hall bakeries. The LEO system was then equipped with only the most rudimentary systems software, which gave the programmers little assistance. The group of experts were the first to harness emerging computer technology to practical business management, and LEO became known as the world’s first office computer. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lives-in-brief-3hlnmnxmvj9 Resurrection, Issue 33. Spring 2004, published an obituary written by David Caminer, http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res33.htm#f A biographical sketch of his career can be found on pages 203 and 204 in Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/gosdenobit.html . Kit Grindley - born in Clapham< London, April1929, died October 26th 2018 in Sydney Australia. Kit Grindley after graduation from LSE in 1956, started as a Management Trainee in Lyons in 1956 and was a part of the LEO team of LEO I and LEO II programmers. Kit developed ideas about a language for expressing requirements he called Systematics as a result of his LEO experience. He studied for a PhD at the London School of Economics and was awarded with a PhD for his research into Systematics in 1972, supervised by Frank Land. He enjoyed a successful and varied career as a computer professional, This included compiling an annual review of the chief issues faced by CIOs when working as a Director for Urwick Diebold, a subsidiary of Urwick-Orr and Partners, acting as a consultant for Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC), publishing a number of books on computer management including Systematics, editing the Journal IT Reviews working for and being awarded a PhD (1972) by the London School of Economics, followed by being appointed to, first a Professorial Fellowship at the LSE sponsored by F International, whose founder Dame Stephanie Shirley writes about his role in the company in her autobiography Let IT Go, and encouraged his research into Systematics setting up research unit for that purpose. and later by a part-time chair in Systems Automation sponsored by PWC also at the LSE. His academic career included a stint as Adjunct Professor at the University of Technology, Sydney. His wife Liz notes of his LEO years: “(those who) knew him during those crazy, exciting and trail blazing years. He was such an exceptional person and we are all lucky to have loved him. Such a great brain and so many talents.” These crazy activities included running with the bulls in the annual Pamplona bull running festival, and getting injured in the process. His books on IT Strategy and Systems methods were acclaimed by his readers. His death is noted in the Sydney Morning Herald – see Link to SMH obituary: http://tributes.smh.com.au/obituaries/smh-au/obituary.aspx? n=christopher-grindley&pid=190608434 John Grover – Born December 1924, died 2000. After National Service in the RAF where he gained his pilot’s wings, joined Lyons as a Management Trainee in 1947 working on Bakery Accounts. Recruited to the new LEO team as a programmer in 1950, took responsibility for a number of the early LEO applications Including the world’s first business application, the valuation of bakery output. David Caminer paid this tribute to John Grover. "John played an invaluable part in out very very small team. He followed the methodology that we laid down unswervingly and made it possible to get it firmly established as newcomers were drawn in. He was a fine trainer and many of the young men and women who were recruited learned the new discipline working under him." He left LEO in 1956 to join Derek Hemi at EMI working on the EMIDEC. A short biographical sketch can be found on page 204 in Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res24.htm#d

. Peter Guest b.1934, died 1995 aged 61, LEO Maintenance Engineer

Margaret Guest, his widow writes: Peter’s education badly disrupted during Wartime, leaving Wm. Penn School, Peckham, London aged 16 in 1951. Attended Woolwich Polytechnic 1951-55 for part time day release, obtained ONC in civil engineering while working for Sir Murdock MacDonald & Partners as a trainee draughtsman. Further HND studies but National Service in RAF intervened including training in communication hardware preparing to be a wireless operator and then posted to Aden where he worked for the Commonwealth Air Forces Communications Network with the rank of Corporal. Came back and worked for Vickers Armstrong at a factory in Crayford, Kent. At the time he joined they were building a valve computer for Powers Samas, the PCC, which had an immense number of problems and not many people capable of solving them! He left when the PCC was going to be superseded by a future design done by ICT.

Early 1960 (the year we were planning to marry) Peter was employed by LEO in London (for a very small wage for the first 6 months) while getting a good grounding in all aspects of this new invention; engineering, testing, commissioning, etc. He was sent out to maintain computers at Ford Dagenham (LEOII/4) and Ilford Films (LEO II/9) while we lived in a caravan on the outskirts of Romford. He was also training on LEO 111. At the time the head office of LEO Computers was in Bayswater.

Then, about 1964, after LEO amalgamated with English Electric, we moved to the South Coast where he was sent to commission a new English Electric computer for Lloyds Bank at Durrington, Worthing, while also troubleshooting other installations in London and the South Coast.

After the merger with English Electric he spent a lot of time up in Kidsgrove on the KDF9 commissioning and troubleshooting.

Our next move was to Long Ashton, on the outskirts of Bristol where he was Assistant Service Manager. Later becoming Area Manager working on computers for Wills Tobacco and an important (I think Government) installation in Dorset. Later appointed Area Manager for West London and the Western Home Counties.

In 1967, when Marconi split its computer interests from English Electric, another move to Widford, Chelmsford, to work for Marconi who were embarking on a programme to produce the Myriad 1 and design the Myriad 11.

He was also involved in the System 430 for English Electric-LEO (the first integrated circuit design) which caused many problems because of the high reliability requirements necessary for the Military and Traffic Control for which it was intended. He was then Manager overseeing design, production, quality control, budgets, planning and responsible for 45 employees. It was a very stressful time for him.

Then there was a period of uncertainty, with a merger of Marconi with GEC looming..

This made up his mind to move again, to MDS Data Processing, Teeside, Durham.

Peter first joined MDS as Quality Control Manager. MDS was an international company, main Plant being in Utica, north of New York State and another in Germany and he made regular visits to both locations. After all this travelling he decided to stay more local, so worked for local companies; Redifon, Comark and MBM near Brighton, before finally freelancing as a Business Consultant working from home.

He sadly died of Cancer aged 61. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/at2ctlnx0ti3cmf4xmaok/Peter-Guest-memoir.doc? dl=0&rlkey=yxc8p1mg2n859v5xtzw3ybm93

Hugo Gunning 1933 – 2017, died of septicaemia. John Daines writes “I remember seeing him first in Hartree House, in a lift in 1962 or 63. Immaculately dressed, he worked on Lector but not an engineer, probably testing. He subsequently worked with and for me as part of the Commissioning Operators team in Minerva Road. In early 1968 he came to Winsford for a few weeks to help with testing 4/50’s. Sometime in autumn 1964 he said one day, “if you want to make some money, Jay Trump will win the Grand National”; and it did. Hugo was a keen follower of the Turf. There is an article about Hugo on page 13 of https://issuu.com/tthclondon/docs/london_mission_sep_-_oct_2007 and some super videos at http://www.red5599.com/Dancehall%202010/hugo.htm “ Hugo was, as his wife writes, a man of many parts, a musician of note, and TV personality. The above text and two obituaries from family members can be found at https://www.dropbox.com/s/2rwldw0cldec2pr/Hugo%20Gunning %20obituary.doc?dl=0

Peter Gyngell – born 23 February 1930, died 6thJune 2018 at his home in Wollongong, Australia. Peter was born in Wales, graduated from RADA in 1948, but did not follow an acting career. He became involved with LEO in 1958 working for the Ford Motor Company on their LEO II computer at Aveley on the huge Ford spare part application. He played a critical part in the success of that work. He subsequently joined LEO Computers Limited and was appointed manager of the LEO operations Australia in 1961. Neill Lamming writes: “As General Manager of LEO Australia when it was formed in 1961, Peter had a massive presence in the early business computing market in Australia. He personally led the sales campaigns which resulted in spectacular wins against established competitors like IBM with such major organisations as Shell Australia, Colonial Mutual Life, H C Sleigh and Tubemakers of Australia. He was a legend who will always be remembered warmly by those who worked with him.” A more extended obituary is held in the LEO Computers Dropbox archive at https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEO %20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/PETER %20GYNGELL%20Obituary.doc?role=personal Douglas Hartree – 27.03.1897-12.02.1958, eminent Cambridge Scientist noted for his contribution to a number of fields of study including early computing – as an example he was the first civilian to programme ENIAC - played a crucial role in the collaboration between Cambridge University and Lyons in the development of LEO. “Hartree's fourth and final major contribution to British computing started in early 1947 when the catering firm of J. Lyons & Co. in London heard of the ENIAC and sent a small team in the summer of that year to study what was happening in the USA, because they felt that these new computers might be of assistance in the huge amount of administrative and accounting work which the firm had to do. The team met with Col. Herman Goldstine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton who wrote to Hartree telling him of their search. As soon as he received this letter, Hartree wrote and invited representatives of Lyons to come to Cambridge for a meeting with him and Wilkes. This led to the development of a commercial version of EDSAC developed by Lyons, called LEO, the first computer used for commercial business applications. After Hartree's death, the headquarters of LEO Computers was renamed Hartree House. This illustrates the extent to which Lyons felt that Hartree had contributed to their new venture.” From Wikipedia at https:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hartree His profile was published in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB), online and in print September 2004, written by C.G. Darwin and revised by Jon Agar. George A. Hayter – Died April 2015 in Northern Cyprus. Joined LEO about 1964/5, on systems and sales, at Allied Suppliers, started at Hartree House, then Computer House and Stag Place. Subsequently worked at BOAC under Peter Hermon, then headed the Stock Exchange computer transformation, before setting up his own consultancy for the financial sector. Derek Hemy – !920 –2000, Joined Lyons as Management Trainee 1939. Did war service in Royal Corps of Signals. Returned to Lyons in 1946 in Systems Analysis Office under David Caminer. Selected as first LEO programmer, a role in which his performance was outstanding. Left LEO in 1955 to senior role in EMI's venture into computing with the EMIDEC. Transferred to ICL when they took over EMI computing and later became computer consultant for Unilever. More biographical details in Bird, P. J. LEO: The First Business Computer, pp. 204- 205. Ray Hennessy – Programmer, consultant, LEO Computers Society stalwart and Committee Member, spent 32 years at LEO before retirement. Born 1934 died 15th November 2016. Oral History edited transcript https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO %20Oral%20History%20project/Leo%20Interviews? preview=Ray+Hennessy+edited+P2.doc Obituary by John Daines Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project? preview=Ray+Hennessy+Obituary+John+Daines.doc Mavis Hinds – 1929-2009 Worked for the Meteorological Office and used LEO I for weather forecasting – the earliest use of computers for modelling the weather in the early 1950s. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wea.502/abstract See also Wikepidia: She went on to work with Bushby in using the Lyons Electronic Office (LEO), an early computer developed by J. Lyons & Co of Cadby Hall, London, becoming an expert in writing, running and correcting computer programs for weather forecasting. She was seen at that time as one of the first prominent female meteorologists and also the first to play a leading role in the development of Numerical Weather Prediction, not only in the UK but also worldwide See Wikipedia for a fuller account: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Hinds Goffrey Howells We are sad to report the death in January 2020 in Australia of Geoff Howells, who worked for ICL in Melbourne for 24 years from 1965 - 1988. It was Geoff who with Anthea Gedge, a colleague, started the regular reunions in Melbourne for former ICL staff. Some of you will have read and enjoyed the ICL AllStars newsletters which come out several times a year and which we post on our LEO website. Geoff kept the database for its distribution – to over 2000 people. Ian Pearson who edits the newsletter is writing a fuller tribute to Geoff. In the meantime he writes ‘the dear chap will be sadly missed. Lord Edmund Ironside, born 21.09.1924, died 13.01.2020. Lord Ironside, an active member of House of Lords, joined first Marconi and in 1959 English Electric. On the merger of English Electric, Marconi and LEO Computers to form EELM, Ironside was appointed head of LEO Government Sales, becoming involved in some of the major purchases by the Government of LEO III range computers. Derek Jolly – Born 1930, Died June 2018. Joined LEO circa 1953-54, After grammar school started training as an accountant, but decided to try something else and was interviewed by David Caminer, and Tony Barnes and offered a job with LEO I as an operator. Worked on LEO I, LEO II and LEO III. Became shift leader and then Chief Operator. Left LEO in 1974 to join Access at Southend. Retired aged 60. Derek was one of the most popular people at Hartree, always caring and very competent in his various roles. Oral History in Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Derek+Jolly+edited+P2.doc&qsid=264188655074044252797990325596 88&query=derek+jolly&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUb NhfSkQ%3D Ernest Joseph Kaye – 1922-2012 Joined John Pinkerton as his assistant in 1949 in the design of LEO I and later LEO II, having been recruited as an electronic engineer from GEC. Later took on the role of procurement officer for the engineering side of LEO. Retired in 1968 to the family firm of renting material for television and theatre productions. See also page 205 for a biographical sketch in Peter Bird’s LEO: The First Business Computer. Ben Rooney in Wall Street Journal http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2012/05/07/u- k-computer-pioneer-dies/ Daily Telegraph 10th May 2012 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9255130/Ernest-Kaye.html From BBC's Jamillah Knowles on the Next Web http://thenextweb.com/uk/2012/05/07/business-computing-pioneer-ernest-kaye-dies- aged-89/ From Frank Land in Guardian Online 14th May 2012 http://m.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/may/14/ernest-kaye? cat=technology&type=article http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE6TX70A3Rc http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/11/14/worlds-first-business-computer-celebrates- 60th-anniversary/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/outriders/2011/11/leo_making_history.shtml Mike Keen - Mike died on 27th January, 2020, the day after his 83rd birthday, following a long illness. He was always proud of his association with LEO, starting with his days at Minerva Road Ron Kirby: Died July 25th 2020, After leaving the RAF in late 1962 early 1963 joined LEO at Cadby Hall working on LEO II/I. Following a relatively long career in various companies related to the computer industry retired and by various routes got involved in local history as part of which gave talks to local clubs and societies. Belonged to a Probus club and a few years ago when asked to talk about an interesting part of his career chose to talk about the first computer to run a commercial application and later turned that into a talk about the rise and fall of J. Lyons and how the British Computer Industry also rose and fell and alongincluding the story of 'A Computer Called Leo'. Ernest Lenearts – 1910-1997 Despite an interest in things technical his parents persuaded him to take a clerical job at J. Lyons starting in the late 1920s. Bored by his job he asked for more technical training in the hope of getting a job in the Lyons laboratories. His chance to progress came during World War II. In 1941 he became a wireless mechanic in the RAF rising to the rank of sergeant before demobilisation. He returned to Lyons, but was now appointed Radio Mechanic working on innovative microwave technology. On the inauguration of the collaboration between Cambridge University and Lyons on the EDSAC/LEO project he was sent to Cambridge for the year 1948 both to learn about computer technology and to help in the design of EDSAC. When Lyons commenced building LEO he joined John Pinkerton in the design team. He made many contributions and also helped in the writing of many technical papers including one selected as the best paper of that year. He subsequently took an interest in the man- machine interface including working on speech recognition. He retired in 1969. A biographical sketch of his career can be found on pages 206 to 207 of Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res17.htm#f A biographical sketch by his sons Paul and David is provided below and in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/s/rq527ow3d8kkgak/Ernest%20Lenaerts %20recollections%20from%20sons.docx?dl=0 Ernest Lenaerts Biographical sketch by his sons, Paul and David. Dad met Mum (Gladys Minnie Buckledee) when they both worked in the Joe Lyons accounts office at Cadby Hall in the early 1930’s. They married at Kew Green Church on 20th June 1936 and set up home in a new house at 2 Pavilion Way, Eastcote shortly after. The war years were clearly difficult but typical for a young couple in the London suburbs with a Morrison shelter in the living room and a lodger (Aunty Enid – who would become a lifelong family friend) as company for Mum. Dad was in the RAF but his eyesight precluded him from flying duties and he ended up untypically as a round peg in a round hole operating and maintaining ‘beam-bending’ machines in Alexandra Palace. He told us stories of looking out over London and seeing ‘buzz-bombs’ coming straight at him and being powerless to do anything ! He could play the piano by ear and often entertained his unit playing the huge organ. He said that when you hit the bass notes, glass could be heard tinkling down from the broken windows! We grew up in the family home when Dad was working on Leo in the early days. We didn’t see much of him except at breakfast and week-ends as he rarely got home before our bedtime. Sometimes he wasn’t even home for breakfast. He had a camp bed at the office and when Leo was doing all night runs he was there to do running repairs. He loved his job and often commented how lucky he was to be able to combine work with his interests. He tried to teach us binary arithmetic with limited success. One particular memory was when he came home with one of the first ferrite core memory ‘blocks’ and explained that this brick sized object could actually store 1kB of binary information ! Compared to the mercury delay lines, this must have seemed awesome. We did have week-ends as a family and our favourite day out was to the Lyons sports ground at Sudbury Hill. We would have a swim in the outdoor pool, practise tennis at the tennis ‘wall’ and Dad would often play cricket – he was quite a capable spin bowler. In the ‘60’s we were in our teens and becoming more independent (difficult ??). Dad’s work became more managerial but he hated meetings and politics. When English Electric arrived there was talk of moving to Kidsgrove, but retirement came to the rescue and he took up golf. It wasn’t long before he was programming his home computer using machine code to produce the weekly handicap list ! Mum and Dad had a long and happy retirement and stayed at “No 2” until Mum died in 1990. After that Dad struggled on for a few more years but he suffered from dementia and ended up in a nursing home, where he died in 1997. David & Paul Lenaerts – 15th April 2019 Diane Lewis (nee Bray), died March 8th 2020, LEO Programmer and wife of John Lewis, LEO Programmer and Consultant. George Manley – 1938-2011 LEO engineer, rising from apprentice to Chief Commissioning Engineer. After an illustrious career with LEO was headhunted by Honeywell before in 1974 returning to what was now ICL. http://www.leo- computers.org.uk/images/GeorgeManleyObit.pdf Donald Moore – 1920-2013, started his career in computing by setting up and managing the Army Payroll Centre with an IBM 705, subsequently took over the Shell-Mex & BP LEO III computer Centre at Hemel Hempstead. Obituary: http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/169330/moore Tony Morgan, June 1937- April 4th 2020. Tony Morgan, who has died aged 83 after contracting Covid-19, was one of the heroes of the early days of computers. As a computer engineer from the late 1950s, he was responsible for the installation of the pioneering L eo computers worldwide, including for the GPO (now BT) for telephone billing. After a 38-year career he remained an active member of the Leo Heritage Project, using his unrivalled knowledge to identify the company’s artefacts. Tony took early retirement in 1995 but continued to work with the Heritage Project in the rescue and identification of computer artefacts, and advised on two books, User Driven Innovation (1996), edited by David Caminer and Leo, The First Business Computer (1994), by Peter Bird.As well as a demanding job, Tony was very sociable, and lived a full life with a wide range of activities. He played rugby for Lyons/Centaurs until he was 42 and continued as treasurer and club secretary for a further 25 years. His passion was Formula One and he detailed records of all races for over 50 years. Keen on jazz, he attended dance weekends until arthritis stopped it. An Appreciation of Tony’s life and contribution to LEO was published in the Spring 2020 edition of LEO Matters, pages 14-15 and can be found at: http://www.leo- computers.org.uk/images/LeoNewsletterSpring2020.pdf The Guardian published an obituary of Tony in its Other Lives section on May 7th 2020 by Frank Land. This can be found at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/07/tony-morgan-obituary John Denys Neale - born October 1936, died 2006, Engineer and Entrepreneur founded company to help users transfer data from one make of machine to another. Their big break came when Phoenix Insurance decided to update to the IBM 360 from their old system (Editor: LEO III/33). Once again they had no way of transferring their huge database from the old system to the new. The only way they could achieve this was by manually re-entering all the information. Since John understood both formats, he managed to persuade them that he could take on the task of automating the transfer. He was given (in those days) a huge order which he used as the basis to build his company, appropriately called Transdata Ltd. http://home.btconnect.com/Amaya/Obit_JDN.pd Robert E Peel – Died 2015. He was an intrinsic part of the Master Routine team with such luminaries as Adrian Rymell, Colin Tully, Nigel Dolby, Sheila Milne and I’m sure a few others whose names I have forgotten. The Intercode Translator team interacted closely with the Master programmers and I remember Bob as a thoroughly pleasant and competent member of that illustrious team. I think he worked on the Allocator/Loader routine which had to take the translator output and do something sensible with it. I remember nothing but the great professional relationship we had with him.

Margaret Perrot died on 28th November 2020.

She was a pioneer with the service bureau of LEO at Hartree House, and she was the last person to go to Cadby Hall to do a small program amendment on Leo 1 just before it was scrapped.

John Pinkerton – 1919-1997 After doing research into radar systems and receiving a PhD at Cambridge recommended by Maurice Wilkes to Lyons as the Engineer to design and develop. He joined Lyons in January 1949 and started to build the small team of engineers which succeeded in building LEO I as a machine based on the EDSAC design but significantly modified for business data processing. In 1959 he was appointed a Director of LEO Computersx Limited, but resigned on the merger creating EELM. On the further creation of ICL he took charge of research into the product lines being developed by EELM. Subsequently he took a leading role in the development of International Standards and represented the UK in bodies such as the European Union’s ESPRIT project. He also became Chairman of the editorial Board of the ICL Technical Journal. As a tribute to his outstanding qualities the IET inaugurated an annual Pinkerton Lecture and the WCIT set up an annual Pinkerton Award to the years leading apprentice. A short biographical sketch can be found on page 208 of Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (ODNB), published an obituary September 2004 both in print and online written by Martin Campbell-Kelly. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-john-pinkerton-1144708.html? pageToolsFontSize=200%25 http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res19.htm#g http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=707576 http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/107600/oh149jmp.pdf? sequence=1&isAllowed=y https://www.cliftoncollege.com/external/clifton- memories/john-pinkerton-and-the-first-business-computer/ Anthony Salmon – 1916-2000 A member of the ruling Salmon and Gluckstein family, founders of J. Lyons & Co, was assigned Managing Director of LEO Computers Limited on its foundation in 1954 and became a main board Director of the parent company in 1955. He played an active role in promoting LEO sales using his extensive business contacts. Ceased active involvement after merger of LEO with English Electric in 1963, though nominally Vice-Chair of merged company. A short biographical sketch can be found on page 208 of Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. http://www.kzwp.com/lyons.pensioners/obituary2S.htm (page 1) Ann Sayce (maiden name Tunbridge). She worked at Charles House (GPO) on LEO 326 between 1964 -67 -note after this she worked at Westminster Bank and CEGB- Victoria, writing IBM as she says, “rubbish”. Finally teaching computer studies at schools and adult education courses. John Simmons – 1902-1985 after gaining a first class degree in Mathematics from Cambridge University he was recruited by George Booth, Lyons company secretary as a Management Trainee and statistician with a brief to review and develop the Lyons business processes. Under his tutelage many innovations to business processes were introduced and in 1932 he established the Systems Research Office. In 1947 he sent two of his managers to the USA to study if Lyons could learn from American business processes. The outcome of the visit was the famous Standingford/Thompson report suggesting the possibility of computers as an engine for making the company more efficient. He used his own reputation and authority to endorse the idea and the resulting collaboration with Cambridge University to build LEO. He was appointed to the Lyons Board in 1954 as an Employee Director and a year later as a full Director. His reputation in the business world was an important factor in the establishment of LEO, the product of a catering company, as one of the leading computer supplier in the UK and further afield. A biographical sketch can be found on pages 209 o 210 of Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer, and his profile is included in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (ODNB) written by Georgina Ferry and published online September 2005. http://www.oldbrightonians.com/notable-obs/business/john-simmons-bc.-1916.html http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/978019 209 to 210 in Pet8614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-57059?rskey=A6LhXK&result=4 David Caminer adds: Handwritten notes by David Caminer in preparation for his Pinkerton Lecture and transcribed by his daughter Hilary, hon. secretary LEO Computer Society January 2021. Words in brackets below are guesses at what was on the original manuscript. This may well be the last time that we of the small band who conceived the first business computer, built it and first put it to work. And so it seems appropriate to put aside reticence for a moment and to say a few concise words about my colleagues. First then to Simmons. I have already spoken about him as the architect of Lyons office systems and (its) infrastructure. Without the enormous respect that he had gained from ‘the family’ as the controlling group of the Company was known, it is more than unlikely that LEO would have been proceeded with. He was known as a man who could be relied upon utterly and that when he made a proposal it had been completely thought through and would be carried to fruition, within a fixed time- frame and within budget. He was confident enough to advise the family of his intentions more than he needed to do. He believed very firmly in carrying everyone along with him and when LEO was actually being built he made certain that it should not be regarded as a Frankenstein and first invited all the management and supervisors of the offices to see it in progress. He promised that no one would lose their job because of it, arguing that it could take time for the Computer to replace labour and by that time there would be natural wastage. He himself was a formidable person. He had glacier blue eyes that were transfixing. He was very quietly spoken. I don’t remember him ever raising his voice. He was a tidy man in every sense. I recall his large mahogany desk. Always clear when we entered his room. He would then take the paper to be discussed from his top right hand drawer. It was always there, in place. His questions were searching/He was not always satisfied with the answers, but his natural courtesy did much to check his impatience. If we didn’t altogether agree with what was being proposed, he would smile rather thinly and declare ‘I hear what you say!’ If we were unwise enough to continue on this same track, he would repeat ‘I hear what you say’ this time with a note of resignation and dismissal. He was a totally logical man. Thinking the impossible was no problem for him as long as it could be logically supported. He brought his mathematical disciplines to his management chair. These were not just … but a continuum in his style of thought. John Simmons was a very private man. He was always the captain of the ship, but was not at all well known except to his senior officers. Many working in his large offices would not have been able to recognise him. He only very seldom ventured onto the shop floor. He was the son of missionaries and, without wearing his faith on his sleeve, we were very aware of the responsibility he bore for the people working for him. He was particularly conscious of the situation in which he had placed the small army of machine operators, all girls and women that had grown up. They were the counterparts of the operators in the continuous band factories, but as he noted, while those within factory operations could chat while they carried out their repetitive operations, the accounting … or … …groups had to keep their minds on the work all the time. When he discovered it, I don’t know, but he found that in the drive for efficiency, he had implanted drudgery in the offices. He quickly saw the potential of the computer to eradicate that drudgery and he seized up it. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/i2pncloi68lpa3jywtrrg/John-Simmons- appreciation.doc?dl=0&rlkey=qut7r1fol6k21ei49g5v1l7yx

Anne Smewing (maiden name Hills), died 2012. LEO l , 1951 -55 Secretary to Mr. Ernest Lenaerts. Keeper of daily diary of computer time use, Preparation of weekly graph for Mr Simmons. John Smythson, born 1931, died December 2019 aged 88. His wife Judy writes: “John read Mathematics at Trinity , Cambridge but changed to English after the first year as the school he had been evacuated to during the war had not covered Applied Maths and he found at Trinity that he had too much to catch up on . It says a lot for his versatility that he was able to graduate in English after only two years study . After an abortive few months in advertising he was lucky enough to spot an advertisement for some new fangled thing called a computer and he started his career at LEO in 1956. After a period spent programming he moved to the training department under Robin Gibson and found his true home starting at Hartree House , then in Ealing and finally at Beaumont until 1990 when he had to retire following a devastating brain haemorrhage . He was wheelchair bound and disabled in many ways but has survived nearly 30 years through grit and determination, living a fulfilling life, never feeling sorry for himself but concentrating on what he could do rather than that which he could no longer do. There may be some oldies who remember him”. Peter Byford adds “many will remember him as Training Manager at Hartree House and his ability to make nervous applicants and LEO recruits feel at ease.” Oliver Standingford – 1912-1980, Senior Lyons Manager who at the behest of John Simmons, visited the USA with T.R. Thompson. They jointly wrote the report which was instrumental in the initiative which led Robin Stanley-Jones – Died 2013, joined as a technician around 1961 and worked at Minerva Rd; did 24/7 shifts on III/1 at Hartree House; then went with LEO III/8 to Australia (Tubemakers of Australia) (1963?). He “became ICL. He remained in IT, mostly with Digital Equipment, until his retirement. George F Stevens – 1911-2002, senior Lyons manager who took responsibility for the running of the Lyons LEO Computers when LEO Computers Limited merged with English Electric. He subsequently oversaw the switch by Lyons to IBM computers. http://www.kzwp.com/lyons.pensioners/obituary2S2.htm Thomas Raymond Thompson (TRT) – 1907-1976. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) includes a profile of T.R.T by Peter Bird, online May 2011. The Lyons Mail published an appreciation of TRT in its April 1976 issue. This can be found in the Warwick University Simmons archive filed as 383-S4-14-2-9.jpg. TRT was one of the giants of the LEO enterprise. Frank Land published a personal recollections of TRT in the Spring 2020 edition of LEO Matters, page 10. http://www.leo- computers.org.uk/images/LeoNewsletterSpring2020.pdf http://www.kzwp.com/lyons.pensioners/obituary2T.htm http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/101160 The IT History Society includes a profile of TRT at http://www.ithistory.org/honor-roll/mr-thomas-raymond-thompson papers. It has been copied by Neville Lyons and is available from him. David Caminer in a handwritten note on John Simmons and TRT penned before the Guildhall Conference adds: Thompson was a very different personality from John Simmons. He was a very able organiser and an enthusiastic disciple. He had been Simmons’ right-hand man for more than 20 years. He was an enthusiast for what he was engaged upon and his enthusiasm was infectious. He and Simmons were an optimally matched pair: Simmons quiet and chill, Thompson sometimes noisy and often ebullient. His speed of uptake was phenomenal. How much of the report of the seminal report of the trip to America came from him and how much from Standingford is not known, but his agile mind was certainly capable of picking it up all by himself. Frequently he raced ahead of anyone explaining something to him and became impatient if the other person didn’t keep up with him. He would put himself in the front row before the computer staff explaining the construction or programming of the machine and could always be relied upon to jump out of his chair after a few minutes and declare ‘ What you mean to say is this!’ Sometimes he was right, but not always. His quick uptake and blatant enthusiasm meant that Thompson quite unconsciously thought that he was more responsible for some new ideas than he really was. Sometimes this was resented but more often the engineer or systems or programming person responsible was more than happy that the idea would now be carried forward with Thompson’s fire and energy behind it. If he had a fault it was insensitivity. He had come from a humble background and was proud of his success, but he couldn’t quite understand that members of his staff could also be naturally bright without having been to Cambridge. … (almost notes at this stage) He was equally .. about everything he did whether it was bridge or rugby or amateur dramatics. In the senior dining room in which he lunched he was well-known for ‘Thompson’s Laws of England.’ https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/d8iq55jaz2uv7lmq9uge0/TRThompson-appreciation.doc? dl=0&rlkey=rk32m88gmzcajzz7pel35ufyx

papers. It has been copied by Neville Lyons and is available from him. David Caminer in a handwritten note on John simmons and TRT penned before the Guildhall Conference adds: Peter Titman, died 2019 - Ann Titman, Peter’s widow writes “I am writing to let you know that my husband Peter Titman died on Sunday 16th November. He designed the magnetic core for Leo 111, if I remember rightly, working with Dr Pinkerton. He left to join IBM and had a successful career in computing” Colin Tully – 1936-2007 Joined LEO in 1960 after graduating with a degree in Economics from Cambridge. University. Became very much involved with Software Development including coding the LEO III Master Routine. Subsequently mixed an academic career with consultancy and practice at Standard Telephone and Cables. Had stints as an academic researcher at York University, Cranfield and the London School of Economics, finishing his career as Dean and Professor at Middlesex University. Maintained his interest in LEO and its achievements via the LEO Foundation and the LEO Computers Society. http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/16757 http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/388.short http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/images/colintullytribute.pdf Tributes to Colin have been contributed by many of his colleagues and friends including Darren Dalcher, Brian Randell, Nigel Dolby, Adrian Rymell, Taz Daughtrey, Ian wand, Ralph LandPatricia McQuade and John Lindsay. They have been collected in one document in archived in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/5uljbewmvy15jy5zqs3r0/Colin-Tully-tributes- 060108.doc?dl=0&rlkey=kq1ffmy4coiwr1om8p9g99put Colin’s CV and other career details can be found in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/zw946gi2wboj6mdzj302i/Colin-Tully-CVs.doc? dl=0&rlkey=dwj1k5rt92ph1u5n439c0fiij

Chris Tyson – Born 1941 in Scotland, died 1970. Joined LEO at Hartree House as a trainee programmer in September 1963.

Wallace Weaving – Born 1931, died 6th November, 2012. Wallace joined EELM in the UK but was transferred to EELM in Australia early in 1963. An account of his career was published in the Australian All Stars (ICL) magazine in 2013 and an edited version is held in the LEO Computers Dropbox archive, https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO %20Oral%20History%20project/LEO%20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and %20Anecdotes/Wallace%20Weaving%20Obituary.docx?role=personal Pam Garnsey (with some added and fond reflections from Neil Lamming, Mike Benton and Kent & Sheilagh Brooks) Mike Webb – Died November 2015 at his home in Anglesey. Joined LEO as a mathematician and operational research specialist. After leaving LEO became an academic, first with the LSE and subsequently as head of business studies at Manchester Metropolitan University. David John Wheeler FRS (9 February 1927 – 13 December 2004) David Wheeler, a member of the team at Cambridge University which built EDSAC under Maurice Wilkes, had the distinction of being the first person to be awarded a PhD in compute science in the UK in 1951. He played an important role in the collaboration between Cambridge University and J. Lyons in the period starting in 1949 when the Lyons Board made the decision to go ahead with the design and construction of the first LEO computer. In particular much of the systems software including the initial orders, the use of subroutines and relative addressing owe much to his invention and tuition. But he also experimented with Derek Hemy in drafting a payroll program to be tried on EDSAC. He went on to have a distinguished career in Computing, became an FRS and held in international esteem. He is included in the Dictionary of National Biography (ONNB), his profile written by Martin Campbell-Kelly published online 3rd January 2008 and in print 5th March 2009. He is remembered in many obituaries and tributes including a biographical sketch on page 211 of ‘LEO: The World’s First Business Computer’ by Peter J. Bird. His Oral History is held in the Babbage institute. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)

Sir Maurice Wilkes – 1913-2010 Maurice Wilkes, played a leading role in the design of the Cambridge University EDSAC Computer in the late 1940s and in return for some funding for that project from J. Lyons & Co, allowed the Lyons team to use the EDSAC design as the basis for LEO I, cooperating with the LEO team and helping in the selection of J. Pinkerton as the chief LEO Engineer. He will be remembered as a good friend of LEO. His obituary was published online January 2014 by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (ODNB), online written by Martin Campbell-Kelly/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes

http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/30/sir-maurice-wilkes-obituary http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/technology-obituaries/8171435/Professor- Sir-Maurice-Wilkes.html Alex Williams. (Words from Robert Timms) -- A number of Alex’s LEO and ICL colleagues were among the gathering of family and friends who celebrated Alex’s life in Melbourne on 28 March, a beautiful sunny autumn afternoon. Maurice Roberts gave a moving Reflection alongside the warm family tributes. Alex was a great work colleague and a great friend to me, highly professional and well- liked by all including our clients, successful as a technician, then in project management and later on in sales. He became a staunch Aussie while remaining a passionate Welshman, a Rugby Union fanatic and a great family man. To quote part of the conclusion from his son Gavin’s fine eulogy:- “So Alex – a sports mad, tight-arsed, beetroot-hating, workaholic, cynic. A brilliant childhood, a lovely wife, two lovely kids and 6 marvellous grandchildren. A lucky life. Some one who was just lucky. …. No dad, you embraced the opportunities that came your way with enthusiasm, hard work and integrity. Sure you had a lucky life, Dad, but you made your own luck too”. Alex's son-in-law Neil has prepared a Drop-Box link: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/9qemziaqp04t21e/AADIMy-qDnPC0owp7Ekrazb0a?dl=0 This contains a number of items. The article "Alex’s Letter to his Loved Ones" is highly recommended. It is a wonderful description of Alex, his background and attitudes, lovingly prepared by Maurice Roberts. John Frank Winterbottom (1928-2017)

John Winterbottom spent almost 10 years working for LEO through its various reconfigurations, incorporating English Electric and Marconi, until further consolidation of the industry led to the merger with ICT and formation of ICL. He joined LEO in 1960, working at Minerva Road as a Design Engineer under John Pinkerton. He was involved in a wide range of research and development projects and regularly attended meetings of ECMA and later IEE standards committees. Although John was an engineer by training and at heart, he was fascinated by the business opportunities that computing technology offered and the potential of improved interface design and speech recognition in facilitating interaction with machines. Along with a number of colleagues, John left Minerva Road in 1969, shortly before the site was closed following the creation of ICL. He became General Manager (Engineering and Manufacture) with Farrington, an American data processing company which had a UK base in Havant, Hants at the time and whilst he enjoyed the many opportunities to spend time in the US that came with the job, they were short-lived as Farrington closed its UK operation in 1971. John graduated from the University of Durham in 1952 with a BSc in Electrical Engineering and spent the following six years working in the motor industry, first with Joseph Lucas and then with the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) as a research engineer before his time at LEO. He also completed an MSc at Birmingham University during this time. After almost ten years in the computing industry, John moved into Higher Education, joining Portsmouth Polytechnic as a Senior Lecturer in Management and progressing from there to become Head of the School of Management Studies in 1979 at a time when it was moving into a new premises, purpose built to provide a base for residential programmes as well as established management programmes. He was responsible for setting up and managing a series of bespoke programmes for the MoD, mainly concerned with Project Management and Defence Procurement, and another for the construction industry. During the 1970s he was also active as a consultant and served on the IEE S6 Committee which dealt with Engineering Management. John retired from full-time work in 1987 but continued to share his experience and enthusiasm for engineering by teaching a management module to first year engineering students at Southampton University until he and his wife, Joy, retired to their final home in Swanage, Dorset in 2000. Even after their move he continued to maintain contact with professionals in both management and engineering through his involvement in various committees associated with his fellowships with the British Institute of Management and the IEE. John and his family have many fond memories of his time at LEO, including occasional visits to Minerva Road, and became particularly good friends with Ernest Lenaerts and his wife Gladys. “Uncle Len”, as he was known to us, provided us with a supply of coloured paper tape to make into paper chains and delighted us all by somehow punching onto tape a repeating Happy Christmas message to us all one year. Joy Winterbottom, John’s widow, has recently written to the society to say that John looked back with great pleasure to his days with LEO; he had many lasting friendships with colleagues from those days and thoroughly enjoyed the early LEO reunions. John died in January 1917 after a long period of illness. He is survived by his wife Joy, as well as their three children and their families. Anne Moggridge, eldest daughter of John and Joy Winterbottom Peter Wood – 1918-2013, who has died at the age of 95, was given a good send-off in June, well attended by family, old boys and members of his bowls club. Peter was very modest about his war, but it was revealed that he was evacuated from Dunkirk, trained as a commando, fought in India on the North-West Frontier, was captured by the Japanese – and escaped! He ended the war as a 27-year-old Lt-Colonel, still in the Far East. An England-schools rugby international, he became a pillar of the Association, and a leading member of both the cricket and rugby clubs. He was Ground Secretary for many years, and a vice-President of the Association and those clubs. After the war he was responsible for the first commercial computer in the country, the LEO I, as DP Manager for the Lyons Organisation. A biographical sketch can be found on page 212 of Peter Bird’s LEO: the World’s First Business Computer. Anatol Zak – LEO III engineer, 1934-2015 See https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Anatol+Zak+Biographical+Notes.doc&qsid=67346903616870339613192 425801690&query=anatol+zak&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs 7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D for brief bio.

Others whose death has been noted, but of whom more information would be welcome: Jamie Anderson John Merton Baker Geoffrey Barnsley Peggy Baty Norman Bishop Ray Bradshaw Rupert Blake, died 2017 Geoff Christopher John Coombs Geoff Cooper, Design Engineer, died 4th January 2017 Ian Crawford, born 1930 died August 2018 in Remuera, New Zealand Mike Daniels – died March 2018. Mike worked in the Leo Service Bureau, Hartree House in Programming and Support 1962-1966. He went on to work with several companies, including UNISYS, RCA (in America). Keith Davies Colin Davis Ernie Doors Wally Dutton Bob Elmer Brian Elsey Alan Evans Mavis Everitt (nee Tin(d)ale) Jim Feeney, died April 2016, aged 72 after a short illness Sean Ferguson Roger Ford, died March 2017, Operator at W.H. Wills David Garood Mike Gomm (Australia) Jean Harrison, died December 2015, LEO Ii/I and LEO III/7 John Hemstead Sally/Sylvia Hindley, Died 2018 aged 81 James Hitchen, died October 2016, Operator at Shell Mex & BP Alan Hooker Jr, died 26th September, 2017 Peter Hopson, died January 2016, LEO II/5 Chris Joint, died November 2014 Alan King, died 2017, LEO I, LEO ii/1, LEO III/7, LEO III/46 Bob Knight, Died May 2016 Michael Knowles Alan Lake, died May 8th 2017, Programmer on LEO l in 1958 and progressed through LEO ll and lll at Lyons. Colin Lewry, died 21 September, 2017, LEO 11 design, Radley House LEO II Training and then with ICL in 1959 Sales Consultancy Training. Member of Magic Circle. David Litten Ross Macadam Ken MacLachlan Pat Magee, died November 2014 Eve Manley Bob Melling Reg Miller Sam Mitra, joined J Lyons as electronic engineer, LEO 1953, died 1985 Frank Moran David Musson, died May 2016 Peter O’Keeffe, died February 2017 Fred Owen Bruce Parkin Geoff Parry Bernard Pierce, died April 2016 Alan Potter Alan Poster, died March 2016, Renold Chains 1960 Mrs Pam Procopiou, died April 2016, Hartree House Receptionist Gerry Randall, died December 2015 Francis Richards Mike Roberts Brian Rogers John Rookes Dave Rowberry, Software Programmer, later member of Animals group, died 2003 John Rowe, Died 2019? John worked on LEO II/6. He did a 6-week programming course at Cadby Hall in 1958, on secondment from Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (MPNI). The following year he moved to Newcastle to do payroll programming Geoff Rowett , died August 2015, LEO III/5 and LEO III/22 Ted Rowley David Springle Andrew Stephens, died July 2015, LEO III/26 LEO II/34 Frank Thorne John Tomlinson Gerald Turner, died August 2016, Operator LEO III/6 Frank Walker

Note: Would anybody who has further information about people on the list including dates of birth and death, when at LEO or its clients, position or role, links to obituaries, pictures [please send them to Frank Land {[email protected]}

Brief biographical sketches of a number of Lyons and LEO people can be found in LEO, the First Business Computer; P. Bird, Hasler Publishing, 1994, pages 200-212. The following people – in alphabetical order - are noted: Tony Barnes, Daniel Broido, David Caminer, Mary Coombs, Leo Fantl, Isidore Gluckstein, Montague Gluckstein, Samuel Gluckstein, John Gosden, John Grover, Derek Hemy, Ernest Kaye, Frank Land, Ernest Lenaerts, Joseph Lyons, John Pinkerton, Anthony Salmon, Ray Shaw, John Simmons, Oliver Standingford, Thomas Raymond Thompson, David Wheeler, Maurice Wilkes, Peter Wood. ORAL AND NARRATIVE HISTORIES

Note: The LEO Computer Society uses Dropbox to hold records of interviews, reminiscences and memoirs recorded by the Society. The Dropbox links are provided for some of the records below. However the link can only be activated by a few designated members of the Society. Anyone who wishes to download a particular item, please apply to Frank Land at [email protected]

 Interviewee: John Simmons Interviewer: Chris Evans Date of Interview: !970s Edited Transcript: Science Museum Copyright: Science Museum Reprinted as Interview between J.R.M. Simmons, Director and Chief Comptroller of J. Lyons & Co., and the Science Museum, London. Appendix B, in Caminer, D.T., Aris, J.B., Hermon, P.M., Lanf, F.F. (editors and contributors) LEO The Incredible Story of the Wold’s first Business Computer, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 360-374  John Pinkerton (1) Interviewee: John M.M. Pinkerton 1919 - 1997 Interviewer: John Pinkerton, self interview Date of Interview: 23.08.1988 Role in LEO: Chief Engineer Joined LEO: 1948 Abstract: Pinkerton begins by discussing his education and wartime work in radar technology in England. He then describes his movement into the computer industry after World War II and his work on the LEO I and LEO II computers. In this context he discusses the British computer firms J. Lyons and Company, Leo Computers, English Electric Co., and International Computers Ltd. Repository: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Transcript: 54 pages Copyright: Charles Babbage Institute Download: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/107600/oh149jmp.pdf? sequence=1 &isAllowed=y  John Pinkerton (2) Interviewee: John M.M. Pinkerton 1919-1997 Interviewer: Chris Evans Date of Interview: 1975 Role in LEO: Chief Engineer Joined LEO: 1948 Abstract: John Pinkerton joined Lyons as chief engineer at the very beginning of the LEO initiatve and led the engineering side until the merger with English Electric. He held senior engineering appointments within the merged companies until his retirement. Much of the success of the LEO enterprise lay in his genius for bringing innovative ideas to practical fruition – one of the true heroes of the information age. Repository: London Science Museum Audio Recording: Tape 6 in Christopher Evans’s ‘Pioneers of Computing’ Transcript: Evans, Chris, (1983) Pioneers of Computing, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 5, No 1, pp 64-72, January-March. Copyright: Audio, London Science Museum, Transcript, IEEE  Interviewee: Mary Coombs (née Blood ) 1 DOB: 1929 Interviewer: Thomas Lean, British Library Date of Interview: 2010 Reference: C1379/16 Role in LEO: Programmer Joined LEO: 1953 Role in LEO: Programmer Abstract: This is a full oral history of the life of Mary Coombs as part of the British Libraries Oral History series on the life of selected British Computer scientists. Repository: British Library, National Life Stories, an oral history of British Science Type of recorder: Marantz PMD661 on secure digital (Sessions 1-4) Marantz PMD660 on compact flash (Sessions 5-9) Recording format: Wav 24 bit 48 kHz (sessions 1-4) WAV 16 bit 48 kHz (sessions 5-9) Total no. of tracks 9 Stereo Total Duration 07 hours:14 minutes:40 seconds Transcript: http://sounds.bl.uk/related-content/TRANSCRIPTS/021T-C1379X0016XX- 0000A0.pdf Copyright/Clearance: Open except for 00:56:57 – 00:59:15 of track 7 and 00:21:51 - 00:22:49 of track 9; these sections are closed for 30 years until June 2041.  Interviewee: Mary Coombs (née Blood) 2 DOB: 1929 Interviewer: Google Date of Interview: 21.11.2011 Role in LEO: Programmer, Joined LEO: 1953 Abstract: Google interviewed and filmed a number of old LEO employees including Mary Coombs as part of the celebration at the Science Museum of the 60th anniversary of the roll out of the first business application on the LEO I computer. Narrated by Georgina Ferry/ Repository: Interview Text Type of recorder: Film: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrn24SdW64I Copyright: Google. Free to view.

References to Mary Coombs listed in Wikipedia: 1. Jump up ^ "Mary Coombs". The British Library. 2. ^ Jump up to: a b computingheritage (2013-09-05), Mary Coombs shares her story, retrieved 2018-07-26 3. Jump up ^ Douglas, Ian (2013-09-11). "Bletchley Park celebrates women in computing". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-07-26. 4. Jump up ^ "Women in Computing: a British Perspective - Google Arts & Culture". Google Cultural Institute. Retrieved 2018-07-26. 5. Jump up ^ "Mary Coombs - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-26. 6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Mary Coombs". Diversity in HPC. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 7. Jump up ^ "Museum celebrates women in computing". BBC News. 8. ^ Jump up to: a b Bird, Peter J. LEO: the First Business Computer. Wokingham: Hasler Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-9521651-0-4. 9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ferry, Georgina (2004). A Computer Called LEO: Lyons Tea Shops and the world's first office computer. Harper Perennial. p. 106. ISBN 1 84115 1866. 10. ^ Jump up to: a b Janet., Abbate, (2012). Recoding gender : women's changing participation in computing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262018067. OCLC 813929041.

 Interviewee: Frank Land (1) DOB: 24.10.1928 Interviewer: Thomas Lean, British Library Date of Interview: 2010 Reference: C1379/17 Role in LEO: Programmer, Systems Analyst, Marketing, Consultant Joined LEO: 1953 Abstract: This is a full oral history of the life of Frank Land as part of the British Libraries Oral History series on the life of selected British Computer scientists. Repository: British Library, National Life Stories, an Oral History of British Science Type of recorder: Marantz PMD661 on secure digital Recording format: WAV 24 bit 48 kHz Total no. of tracks 18 Stereo Total Duration: 15 hours:06 minutes:31 seconds Transcript: http://sounds.bl.uk/related-content/TRANSCRIPTS/021T-C1379X0017XX- 0000A0.pdf Copyright/Clearance: No restrictions except for the following sections: track 1 [between 35:38 – 35:58, and 40:36 – 41:26], track 4 [between 31:46 – 34:56], track 8 [between 13:04 – 13:15 and 47:20 – 49:19], track 9 [between 18:21 – 18:41, 20:20 – 20:21, 01:02:54 – 01:03:31 and 01:08:31 – 01:09:46] and track 13 [between 18:10 – 19:11] which are closed for 30 years (until March 2041)

 Interviewee: Frank Land (2) DOB: 24.10.1928 Interviewer: Google Date of Interview: 21.11.2011 Role in LEO: Programmer, Systems Analyst, Marketing, Consultant Joined LEO: 1953 Abstract: Google interviewed and filmed a number of old LEO employees including Frank Land as part of the celebration at the Science Museum of the 60th anniversary of the roll out of the first business application on the LEO I computer. Narrated by Georgina Ferry/ Repository: Interview Text: Dropbox LEO Interviews https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&qsid=75695419906493629711857519034651&query=frank+land+google&search_ token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Type of recorder: Film: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrn24SdW64I Copyright: Google Free to view.

 Interviewee: Frank Land (3) DOB: 24.10.1928 Interviewer: Professor Alan Eardley Date of Interview: 21.02.2016 Role in LEO: Programmer, Systems Analyst, Marketing, Consultant Joined LEO: 1953 Abstract: Professor Alan Eardley interviewed and filmed Frank Land as part of his collection of material on the history of computing for his inaugural lecture at Stafford University, April 14th 2016. Repository: Pre-Interview response to interview questions: Dropbox LEO Interviews https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Frank+Land+Feb+2016+unedited.doc&qsid=8017725403554248266534 4419183340&query=frank+land&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeI s7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Interview and Video: Editing in process Copyright: Alan Eardley Restrictions: Interview and video will be available to members of LEO Computer Society

 Interviewee: Frank Land (4) DOB: 24.10.1928 Interviewer: Paul Jagger, Director Archive IT Date of Interview: 22.05.2018 Editor: Helen Carter, ArchiveIT Role in LEO: Programmer, Systems Analyst, Marketing, Consultant Joined LEO: 1953 Abstract: Archives IT are conducting and archiving interviews of UK individuals who have contributed to the development and evolution of IT. Frank Land has been added to the archive with a whole life interview. Ninian Eady is also in the archive. Archive IT repository: http://archivesit.org.uk/interviews/frank-land/ LEO Computers Society Repository: https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral %20History%20project/Leo%20Interview%20transcripts/FRANK%20LAND%20by %20ArchivesIT.doc?role=personal

 Interviewee: Ralph Land (1) DOB: 24.10.1928 Interviewer: Martin Garthwaite as part of LEO Computer Society’s Oral History Project Date of Interview: 31st October 2011 Role in LEO: Bureau Manager, Export Manager Joined LEO: 1954 Abstract: Ralph joined the Lyons Teashop Division in 1953 as management accountant for the Teashops and transferred to LEO in 1954. He rose to manager of the LEO City Office followed by spells in promoting LEO exports in Paris and Dusseldorf before heading the LEO/English Electric team working in Eastern Europe including Soviet Russia. His subsequent career until retirement was with Rank-Xerox and Rolls Royce working on exports to Eastern Europe. Awarded OBE and subsequently CBE for services to UK export trade. Text: Edited by Ralph Land and Hilary Caminer Repositary: AAhttps://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ralph+Land+unedited.doc&qsid=7330422736241798650399381900661 3&query=ralph+land&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUbN hfSkQ%3D Recording: MP3 https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ralph+Land+audio+MP3.eml&qsid=34528291897312889742744536166 909&query=ralph+land+mp3&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7 mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions:

 Interviewee: Ralph Land (2) DOB: 24.10.1928 Interviewer: Google Date of Interview: 21.11.2 011 Role in LEO: Bureau Manager, Export Manager Joined LEO: 1954 Abstract: Google interviewed and filmed a number of old LEO employees including Ralph Land as part of the celebration at the Science Museum of the 60th anniversary of the roll out of the first business application on the LEO I computer. Narrated by Georgina Ferry/ Repository: Interview Text: to be completed Type of recorder: Film: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrn24SdW64I Copyright: Google Free to view.

 Interviewee: Ernest Kaye DOB: 1922-2012 Interviewer: Google Date of Interview: 21.11.2011 Role in LEO: Design Engineer, head of engineering procurement Joined LEO: 1949 Abstract: Google interviewed and filmed a number of old LEO employees including Ernest Kaye as part of the celebration at the Science Museum of the 60th anniversary of the roll out of the first business application on the LEO I computer. Narrated by Georgina Ferry. Repository: Interview Text: Type of recorder: Film: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrn24SdW64I Copyright: Google Free to view.

 Interviewee: Chris J. Date DOB: 1941 Interviewer: Thomas Haigh Date of interview: 2007 Role in LEO: Mathematical Programmer Joined LEO: 1962 Abstract: Chris Date, well known for his work on Data Base theory and practice started his career with LEO in 1962 – 1967, and provides a description of his experience on pages 7 - 9 of the transcript of the interview. Very complimentary about LEO Repository: Computer History Museum, California Transcript:http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102658166- 05-01-acc.pdf - 51 pages Link to Museum: http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102658166 Copyright: Computer History Museum CHM Reference number: X4090.2007

 Interviewee: Betty Cooper (nee Newman) DOB: 1930 Died: Aug 2019 Interviewer: Janet Abbate Date of Interview: September 2001 Role in LEO: Programmer on LEO I and LEO II/I Joined LEO: 1953 Abstract: Betty joined Lyons as a labour cost clerk in the Statistical Office in September 1949. In 1953 she was selected for a LEO appreciation course, and as a result was offered a job as a programmer on LEO I. Despite scepticism about what LEO would be able to do she accepted the offer. She worked on a number of applications – payroll under Mary Blood (Coombs) and Tea Blending under Frank Land. She gained a reputation as a sound and reliable programmer. She left LEO to work as a programmer with EverReady before leaving to start a family. Reference: http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Betty_Cooper and https://www.dropbox.com/s/ix8tnvvm1pdxper/BettyCooper.doc?dl=0 LEO Computers Society: Oral History Project The LEO Computers Society has initiated an Oral History Project assisted by funding from the Association for Information Technology (AIT) Trust. Recordings and edited transcripts are held in LEO Dropbox archives. They can be accessed and downloaded by selected members of LEO Computers Society only. The list of Oral Histories taken to-date (January 2016) includes:

 Interviewee: Alan Sercombe DOB: 1934 Interviewer: John Hoey Date of Interview: 23/07/2014 Role in LEO: Programmer Joined LEO: 1959 Abstract: Alan received degree in mathematics and after National Service joined Armstrong Siddeley as a programmer on a Ferranti Mark I. The company’s merger with another aircraft manufacturer led to his leaving and joining LEO. He worked on the LEO II at Standard Motors, but in 1963 joined Peter Gyngell in Australia working with a number of LEO computers sold in Australia and later with EELM and then ICL; finishing his career in 1996 as a very senior member of the successor companies working in an administrative and legal capacity. Repository: Audio Recording: Dropbox: Part1: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Alan+Sercombe+Part+1+audio.mp3&qsid=311626318013212698456288 28947601&query=alan+sercombe&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIk eIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Part 2: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Alan+Sercombe+Part+2+audio.mp3&qsid=311626318013212698456288 28947601&query=alan+sercombe&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIk eIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: MP3/4 Text: Edited Transcripts, Part 1 and 2 Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Alan+Sercombe+edited+P2.docx&qsid=10543217434440878150799352 370356&query=alan+sercombe&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs 7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society

 Interviewee: John Daines DOB: 28th July 1943 Interviewer: Ray Hennessy Date of Interview: 26/04/2012 Role in LEO: Computer Operator Joined LEO: October 1961 Abstract: John was an operator in the LEO II bureau and then did acceptance trials for LEO III systems in the Minerva Road factory before moving onto System 4 trials and software development. His oral history covers the role of operators in the early days. He progressed through ICL until retirement as a senior consultant in 2002. Active member of LEO Computers Society Repository: Audio Recording: Dropbox: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal? path= %2F&preview=John+Daines+audio.wav&qsid=85116196848144396245617180699123 &query=john+daines&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUbN hfSkQ%3D Edited Text: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=John+Daines+Edited+P2.odt&qsid=556260730517235435991798718836 96&query=john+daines&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlU bNhfSkQ%3D Recording: MP3/4 Copyright: LEO Computers Society

 Interviewee: Simon Benedictus DOB: 1933 Interviewer: David Phillips Date of Interview: 17.04.2012 Role in LEO: Statistician Joined LEO: Abstract: Mathematics degree from Imperial College, followed after National Service by Masters in Statistics from LSE. Joined Lyons Maid (Ice Cream division of J. Lyons) working on weather based Ice Cream forecasting. Helped define LEO Ice Cream sales job, later working on bakery sales. Remained an employee of J. Lyons. Repository: Partially edited Transcript: Dropbox: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Simon+Benedictus+Unedited.doc&qsid=28924991798288976813310853 533124&query=simon+benedictus&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIk eIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D

Recording: Part 1: https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History %20project/LEO%20Oral%20History%20Recordings/Simon%20Benidictus %20interview?preview=BENIDICTUS+PT1.m4a Part 2: https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History %20project/LEO%20Oral%20History%20Recordings/Simon%20Benidictus %20interview?preview=BENIDICTUS+PT2.m4a Recording: MP3/4 Text: Dropbox Unedited Transcripts Part 1 &2 https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Simon+Benedictus+Unedited.doc&qsid=28523817330004498807401206 891638&query=simon&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUb NhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society

 Interviewee: Roger Coleman DOB: 1932 Interviewer: Tim-Greening Jackson Date of Interview: 22.05.2008 Role in LEO: Computer Programmer, Systems Analyst Joined LEO: December 1954 Abstract: Roger left Mill Hill school in 1950 to self-study to become an actuary but in 1954 responded to an advertisement for a programmer job at Cadby Hall. Joined LEO aged 22, the then youngest programmer. Rapid progress led to him being given the British Rail station to station distancing job working with John Gosden under David Caminer. The oral history is confined to his early career and the details of the BR job. A text-only Part 1 to the composite oral history provides a summary of his career to retirement. His career after leaving LEO in 1957 included managing the LEO 2/9 at Ilford Limited, working for Ford Motor Company and rising to head much of their European Computer organisation, and finishing his career as a private consultant. Repository: Audio Recording: Dropbox: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal? path= %2F&preview=Roger+Coleman+unedited.pdf&qsid=9289259406094053774937728757 8228&query=roger+coleman&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7 mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Composite Oral History: Dropbox: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Roger+Coleman+Composite+edited+P2.doc&qsid=92892594060940537 749377287578228&query=roger+coleman&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaO mE5gIkeIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: Windows Media Player Copyright: Tim Greening-Jackson, but unrestricted access permitted subject to due acknowledgements. Restrictions: None Known

 Interviewee: Alan King DOB: August 1936 Interviewer: Tony Morgan Died 2017 Date of Interview: 16.08.2011 Role in Lyons: Systems Research Office, then Lyons Computer Services Joined Lyons: Autumn 1959 Abstract: Alan studied Classics at Oxford and on graduating was taken on by Lyons in their Systems Research Office. A career working on a number of the Lyons LEO application followed by a senior role in Lyons Systems Services, formed to develop and service computer applications first on LEO machines and later when Lyons replaced LEO with IBM computers. Acting Chief Executive Institute of Administrative Management. Repository: Text: https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/Leo %20Interviews?preview=Alan+King+edited+P2.doc Edited Text: Dropbox. https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History %20project/LEOSoc%20Oral%20History%20file%20uploads? preview=Alan+King+edited+P2.doc Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known  Interviewee: Ray Hennessy DOB: December 1934 Interviewer: John Daines Died November 2016 Date of Interview: 27.04.2012 Role in Lyons: Programmer Joined Lyons: 1959 Abstract: Joined as trainee programmer after being offered jobs by Elliott computing and English Electric.. Worked on many projects including British Oxygen. Despite temptation to join other companies remained with LEO and its successor companies working in a senior capacity on a number of Government projects and after retirement working as a consultant to ICL and its associated companies. Active in LEO Computers Society until his death. Repository: Text: Partially edited transcript in dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal? path= %2F&preview=Ray+Hennessy+edited+P2.doc&qsid=0790525736111904763168956072 7569&query=ray+hennessy&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7m VlUbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ray+Hennessy+audio.wav&qsid=0790525736111904763168956072756 9&query=ray+hennessy&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlU bNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Tony Morgan DOB: June 1937 Interviewer: Ray Hennessy Date of Interview: 08.11.2011 Role in Lyons: Commissioning Engineer Joined Lyons: December 1947 Abstract: Joined LEO as engineer. Spent most of his career as commissioning engineer on LEO IIs and IIIs, finishing as senior commissioning engineer. In retirement LEO Computer Society’s expert on all matters relating to LEO hardware. Active Member of LEO Computers Society Text Repository: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Tony+Morgan+edited+P2.doc&qsid=0656294288541873508784535668 0765&query=tony+morgan&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7m VlUbNhfSkQ%3D Text: Transcript being currently edited by Tony Morgan Recording: Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Bob Gibson DOB: 18th May 1927 Interviewer: Martin Garthwaite Died: August 2016 Date of Interview: Role in LEO: Manager training and customer support Joined LEO: February 1956: Abstract: Trained as electronic engineer as part of National Service. After working as an electronic research engineer in Civil Service, recruited by LEO as trainee maintenance engineer. Took responsibility for training customer engineers and rose to oversee all LEO training as well as managing engineering maintenance services/ Briefly left LEO to become management consultant but returned to become head of customer services for EELM. Retired 1988. Repository: Unedited transcript of recording in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEOSoc%20Oral %20History%20file%20uploads?preview=bob+gibson+unedited+transcript.doc Edited Transcript in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Bob+Gibson+edited+P2.doc&qsid=217115406755931910097629859035 92&query=bob+gibson&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlU bNhfSkQ%3D Recording: Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known  Interviewee: Doug Comish DOB: 1926 Interviewer: Martin Garthwaite Date of Interview: 6th December 2011 Joined Lyons: December 1949 Role in Lyons: Management Trainee to management accountant Joined LEO: April 1956 Role in LEO: Programming, and education to head of marketing Abstract: Born in Liverpool, educated at grammar school, took Mathematics at Kings College, Cambridge. Then National Service finishing with rank of Captain. Joined Lyons as a Management Trainee in 1949, rose to management rank in the Lyons Work Office as cost accountant. Selected to join LEO in 1956. Long and distinguished career with many roles including education, staff selection, sales and marketing finishing as head of marketing before retirement. Active sportsman, including playing soccer for Cambridge University. Repository: Text: Dropbox Edited Transcript https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Doug+Comish+edited+P2.docx&qsid=628133329137720136280235224 91317&query=doug+comish&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7 mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Steve Farrow DOB: Interviewer: Martin Garthwaite Date of Interview: Role in LEO: Commissioning and Design Engineer Joined LEO: Spring 1957 Abstract: Took Science degree at Imperial College after national service in RAF. Joined LEO after seeing an advertisement. Steve worked as a commissioning engineer first on LEO II machines including commissioning the Bull Printer on LEO II/3 and subsequently on LEO II machines. Achieved rank of Chief Engineer for LEO III. Involved in design of the abandoned LEO IV after merger with English Electric. Subsequent career from 1965 with Medical Research Council working as a design engineer. Repository: Edited transcript https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Steve+Farrow+edited+P2.odt&qsid=63426424578581135909584747883 713&query=steve+farrow&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVl UbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Ray Shaw DOB: 17th April 1924 Interviewer Martin Garthwaite Date of Interview: 2013 Role in LEO: Design Engineer, Project Manager Joined LEO: 1949  Interviewee: Ray Shaw DOB: 17th April 1924 Interviewer John Daines Date of Interview: 27th September 2016 Role in LEO: Design Engineer, Project Manager Joined LEO: 1949 Abstract: Joined Pinkerton as a design engineer, rising to senior design engineer for LEO I and II. Left LEO in 1956 to work with John Bennet in Australia at Sydney University. A distinguished career as project manager and design engineer with ICL followed including work on communication Systems. Retired in 1981 but carried on working as private consultant. Repository: Dropbox Text: Unedited Transcript located at https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ray+Shaw+by+John+Daines+unedited.docx&qsid=18439443641769828 588990205651972&query=ray+shaw&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5 gIkeIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ray+Shaw+interview+with+John+Daines+Sept+27th+2016.WAV&qsid =18439443641769828588990205651972&query=ray+shaw&search_token=maaZCi5EZf s9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Neil Lamming DOB: 1938 Interviewer: Martin Garthwaite Date of Interview: 31.01.2012 Role in LEO: Programmer, Consultant, Manager Joined LEO : 1960 Abstract: As a mathematics graduate Neil chose LEO when offered jobs in the computing industry. Started work at Hartree House working on Army Payroll, joined team at Renold Chains and subsequently recruited to join Peter Gyngell in Australia. Rapid rise post merger to become Managing Director of ICL Australia at age 37. Left company to work on executive recruitment and retired at age 50. Repository: Text: Dropbox. Edited Transcript https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Neil+Lamming+edited+P2.docx&qsid=133142788101101307188136526 49947&query=neil+lamming&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7 mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Margaret Baty DOB: Interviewer: Peter Byford Date of Interview: October, 2015 Role Lyons: Joined Lyons: Abstract: Repository: Text: Recording: Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions:

 Interviewee: Ernest Roberts DOB: 1931 Interviewer: Ray Hennessy Date of Interview: April 2016 Joined LEO: 1954 Abstract: Joined LEO following Mathematics degree at Oxford University and National Service. Started as programmer under Leo Fantl working on mainly mathematical applications on LEO I. Spend whole career with LEO and successor companies as a senior application and software programmer retiring aged 60. Repository: Transcript of recording and first edit of transcript (Alan Hooker) in Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ernest+Roberts+edited+P2.doc&qsid=0774428189010996875658182353 2303&query=ernest+roberts&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7m VlUbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions None known

 Interviewee: Derek Jolly DOB: 1930 Interviewer: Cyril Platman Died June 2018 Date of Interview: 11th April 2016 Joined LEO: Circa 1953-55 Abstract: After grammar school started training as an accountant, but decided to try something else and was interviewed by David Caminer, and Tony Barnes and offered a job with LEO I as an operator. Worked on LEO I, LEO II and LEO III. Became shift leader and then Chief Operator. Left LEO in 1974 to join Access at Southend. Retired aged 60. Repository: Edited transcript of recording in Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Derek+Jolly+edited+P2.doc&qsid=264188655074044252797990325596 88&query=derek+jolly&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUb NhfSkQ%3D Recording: Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions None known

 Interviewee: Peter Bird DOB: 1934 Interviewer: Tony Morgan Died: September 2017 Date of Interview: 6th September 2016 Joined Lyons: 1964 Abstract: After a career in the Merchant Navy achieving his Masters certificate ‘discovered’ computing, studied programming and applied for Jobs in computing. Interviewed by Lyons for an operator job and joined Lyons 1964 as an operator on the LEO III. Promoted rapidly to Operations Manager, then overall Systems Manager. After retirement became interested in the history of Lyons and in the LEO story resulting in the publication of his books on LEO and subsequently on Lyons the Food Empire. Repository: Edited Interview Transcript https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal? path= %2F&preview=Peter+Bird+edited+P2.odt&qsid=39281849731538282739464284144902 &query=peter+bird&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUbNh fSkQ%3D Recording: Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Peter Wharton DOB: 1941 Interviewer: John Daines Date of Interview: November 2nd 2016 Joined LEO: 1962 Abstract: Joined as a mathematical working on linear programming transportation applications. Long career with LEO and its successor companies working at various locations including Hartree House and subsequently Kidsgrove. His work involved hardware and software design as well as applications and he finished with the title of Chief Engineer. Appointed visiting Professor at Southampton University. Regarded his early learning of CLEO as a key step in his understanding of design in his later career. Repository: Unedited transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Peter+Wharton+unedited.docx&qsid=3928184973153828273946428414 4902&query=peter+wharton&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7m VlUbNhfSkQ%3D Recording: Part 1 and 2 MP3 https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Peter+Wharton+Part+1+audio.MP3&qsid=392818497315382827394642 84144902&query=peter+wharton&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIke Is7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D and https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Peter+Wharton+Part+2+audio.MP3&qsid=392818497315382827394642 84144902&query=peter+wharton&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIke Is7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Paul Dixon DOB: September 29th 1928 Interviewer: Mike Storey Date of Interview: 4th April 2016, Transcribed 2nd February 2017 Joined LEO 1955 Role in LEO: Programmer, Consultant Abstract: Paul Dixon, a refugee from Czechoslovakia (Prague) in 1947, graduated from Manchester University with an honours degree in Economics and Politics. Intrigued by an advertisement for programmers, applied, was interviewed by Peter Hermon and joined LEO Computers as a programmer. Although only with LEO for two years had a rapid rise ranging over a range of applications. Joined Roger Coleman at LEO II customer Ilford’s. Emigrated to Canada and later the USA for a career in computing, including very senior, and prominent positions with major companies. Repository: Edited Transcript in Dropbox: https://www.dropbox.com/home/LEO %20Oral%20History%20project/LEOSoc%20Oral%20History%20file%20uploads? preview=PAUL+DIXON+edited+P2.docx Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None Known

 Interviewee: Michael Mills DOB: 1935 Interviewer: David Phillips Date of Interview: 7th February 2017 Joined LEO: 1958 Role in LEO: Maintenance Engineer LEO II Abstract: A lively, chatty interview full of personal anecdotes relating to his life and work experiences. Concentrated on Maths at School and awarded scholarship to Cambridge. But opted to do National Service in Royal Signals, for two years, rising to rank of Lance Corporal. Opted for a degree in Physics at University of Birmingham, graduating with II/1. Saw LEO advert for engineers, taken on at Minerva Road and after training school became maintenance engineer on a range of LEO/IIs. Spent 3 years with LEO, then joined Honeywell as manager of software development. Subsequent career with Rank Xerox in marketing, as consultant with CACI, then working with James Martin and after a spell in Australia (1997), set up as independent consultant before retirement. Transcribed: February 2017 Edited March 2017 Repository: Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Michael+Mills+edited+P2.doc&qsid=6276665768331233708893522238 0943&query=michael+mills&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7m VlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Patrick Blakes DOB: 1938 Interviewer: Cyril Platman Date of Interview: 27th July 2016 Joined LEO: 1958 Role in LEO: Commissioning and Maintenance Engineer LEO I and LEO III Abstract: Received background training in Electronics doing his National Service in the Royal Air Force. Decided on career in that field after seeing an advert for trainee engineers from LEO. After training worked first as commissioning engineer on LEO II/7 than became site maintenance enginner on LEO II and LEO III sites including acting as chief engineer on Ilford’s LEO III.. Retired from ICL in 1969 to join an independent computer maintenance company working on LEO machines. Edited Transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Patrick+Blakes+edited+P2.doc&qsid=6666077920143715622704828136 7520&query=patrick+blakes&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7m VlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known  Interviewee: Ian White DOB: 19th November 1930 Interviewer: Mike Hally Date of Interview: 6th December 2016 Transcribed: 27th December 2016 Editor: Bob Marsh received copy for editing 5th January 2017 Joined LEO: Summer 1955 Role in LEO: Design Engineer on LEO II Abstract: Studies Natural Sciences at St Andrews, specially interested in Electronics. Commissioned in REME and posted to teach at Shrivenham, On discharge interviewed by Pinkerton and joined LEO engineering team in Olaf Street. Left LEO for a career in electronic control devices, but retained an interest in LEO. Joined LEO Computers Society and started collecting LEO memorabilia Edited Transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Ian+White+edited+P2.doc&qsid=07044367727534149534144072593442 &query=ian+white&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUbNhf SkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Tony Earnshaw DOB: 8th November 1935 Interviewer: David Phillips Joined LEO: Not clear. Worked on LEO III/6 Shell-Mex and BP in 1965 as part of site engineering team Role in LEO: Maintenance Engineer Date of Interview: 16th February 2017 Transcribed: 19th February 2017 Editor: David Phillips is undertaking a first edit of the transcript of a very confusing and chronologically muddled interview. Tony Earnshaw will be asked to re-edit the revised script. Abstract: Worked as untrained TV repair man in 1950s, Spotted by passing LEO engineer, invited to apply to LEO. Started work as assistant to site engineers on the Shell-Mex and BP LEO III in Hemel Hampstead. Prides himself on his successful career as an engineer without having acquired any qualifications. Rose to be chief site engineer at Minerva Road responsible for seven sites. Left ICL to become independent engineer, Transcript: first edit by David Phillips at https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Tony+Earnshaw+unedited.docx&qsid=218162488127131842510723 59666087&query=tony+earnshaw&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5 gIkeIs7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

 Interviewee: Peter Hermon DOB: November 1928 Interviewer: Neville Lyons Joined LEO: September 1955 Role in LEO: Programmer, Consultant Date of Interview: 15th June 2017 Transcribed: 28th June 2017 Editor: Bob Marsh. Edited version to Dropbox 7th July 2017 Abstract: Peter Hermon joined LEO after he obtained first class honours from St. John’s Oxford, and seeing an advertisement for a mathematician from J. Lyons. He was one of the most brilliant LEO recruits and quickly made his mark as a programmer and consultant. He was involved in a number of LEO sales, working first with Wills Tobacco and later with Dunlop Rubber. He joined Dunlop to first run their LEO installation, but subsequently rose to head Dunlop Management Services world-wide. He moved to BOAC where he was responsible for the development of BOADICEA the airline reservation system which became a major UK success story and later became a Director of British Airways. After retirement in 1989 he became an active member of the LEO Foundation, acting as its treasurer. Peter’s other interests were walking in North Wales and he has published a number of guides for walking in Wales. Location of Transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Peter+Hermon+edited+P2.doc&qsid=9698558007710930353868272150 8938&query=peter+hermon&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7m VlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Peter Byford DOB: 1944 Editor: Frank Land, May 2018 Abstract: Peter had a long career in computing starting when he left Grammar School aged just 17 and following an advertisement applied to LEO Computers Limited. Passing the aptitude test as the sole non-graduate applicant at that time, he was trained as a programmer to work on the LEOIII/1 Hartree Service Bureau. He worked on a number of applications, rising in seniority, but left LEO in 1965 to join the AA as a programmer and data analyst. His subsequent career, primarily in Data Management included a 27 year stint at Eastern Gas, followed by the software contractor and consultant John Hoskins, and later as an independent contractor/consultant. Despite his relatively short stint at LEO at the beginning of his career, it is to his LEO roots he returned on retirement. After attending an early LEO reunion he took over the chair of the LEO Computers Society, and oversaw its growth to over 800 members (May 2018), and continues to fill that role with undiminished enthusiasm.

Interviewee: Geoff Pye DOB: 1932 Interviewer: Paul Bygrave Date of Interview: 3rd August, 2017 Editor: Frank Land Joined LEO: 1956 Abstract Geoff Pye was brought up in near Ilford, East London, took a degree in Geography at Kings College, University of London, and after 2 years National Service, looked to start a career as a Management Trainee. Applying to Lyons amongst other companies he was diverted to the fledgling LEO organisation, Interviewed by Ted Rowley and David Caminer he was impressed took the aptitude test and was offered a job as a programming trainee under the tutelage of Leo Fantl. After a period rising in the programming/system ranks, including secondment to the MPNI LEO II/6 in Newcastle changed tack to running computer operations taking charge of first of the London LEO service bureaux and subsequently the EELM and ICL bureau operations. Following a brief interlude working for consultants John Hoskyns returned to ICL as a[1] senior manager for BARIC the joint service bureau company set up by ICL and Barclays Bank. As batch services were sold off to be replaced by INS - the ICL network services company Geoff took up the reigns. More senior jobs in operations followed before retirement age 60. Repository Recording: stored as 8 fragments https://www.dropbox.com/s/qf5ev5z1stptyyb/GeoffPye1%201m.mp3?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/qah0uvxbnvkn7s0/GeoffPye2%2011m.mp3?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/o6703pvd7jkr5m8/GeoffPye3%205m.mp3?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/0v3ln4rbma53ldn/GeoffPye4%205m.mp3?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/in6ac1fbyi19ug6/GeoffPye5%2012m.mp3?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/pqqj21fv98r84u9/GeoffPye6%2020m.mp3?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/owt7yccso3p1gwi/GeoffPye7%2028m.mp3?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/1xcxz6idfxgqh5a/GeoffPye8%2021m.mp3?dl=0 Repository Edited Transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/s/3khrrmoj1cn7njr/Geoff%20Pye%20edited%20P2.docx? dl=0 Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Mike Gifford DOB: 1936 Interviewer: Dag Spicer Date of Interview: 30th September 2017 Editors: Bob Marsh (P1) and Frank Land (p2) Nov 2017 Joined LEO: 1959 or 1960 Role in LEO: Started as temporary assistant at Minerva Road, then trained as consultant at Hartree House and rose rapidly working as consultant in a variety of locations including the Midlands, North West London ICL region. Finishing work with ICL as Chief Executive of ICL Australia for two and a half years, before leaving computer industry. Left LEO/ICL: 1975 Abstract: After Grammar School education opted for National Service in Royal Navy before taking his place at University. Seconded to work in Aircraft Carriers and specialised in meteorology. Following two years National Service went to London School of Economics for a B.Sc. in Economics. Greatly influenced by Karl Popper’s ideas on Scientific Methods. His father suggested looking for a job up in a rising industry – either computing or microbiology. Selected computing and following an advertisement started a temporary job with LEO at Minerva Road. See above for role in LEO which included working as the LEO consultant with customers such as Cerebos Salt. Tote Investors, Eveready Batteries and Heinz and abroad the Czech steelworks. Identified early as potential high flyer by David Caminer. Following the merger with ICL he took charge of one of the major marketing regions. Following a number of senior appointments was Appointed Managing Director ICL Australia (1974). After a successful two and a half years left the Computer Industry on appointment as Managing Director of the newly merged Cadbury Schweppes Australia Company. More senior management positions followed back in the UK culminating in being appointed Chief Executive of the Rank

[1] Organisation, an enterprise he transformed from an ailing enterprise to be highly successful. Repository Recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/1fds7jfcfg947r2/Mike_Gifford_audio.mp3?dl=0 Repository Edited Transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/s/91r66nu6cpgczts/Mike%20Gifford%20edited%20P2.doc?dl=0 Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None Known

Interviewee: Jean Elliott (Cox) DOB: Interviewer: Elisabetta Mori Joined LEO: Probably 1948/49 having been a Lyons clerk Role in LEO: Clerical assistant to John Pinkerton Abstract: One of the earliest to join the LEO team as a clerical assistant involved in a variety of tasks such as filing and note taking for the design team comprising John Pinkerton, Ray Shaw Ernest Kaye and Ernest Lenaerts. Even permitted to do some soldering. Always remembers with great fondness working with LEO Transcript of Interview: https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Jean+Elliott+unedited.docx&qsid=9432510991971594502226551410653 8&query=jean+elliott&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUb NhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Alan Hooker DOB: 23rd May 1934 Interviewer: Paul Bygrave Date of Interview: 21st November 2018 Editors: David Phillips (P1) and Mike Jackson (P2) Joined LEO: May/June 1958 Role in LEO: Programmer on LEO I, LEO II and LEO III rising to Programming Manager.

Left LEO: 1965 Abstract: After failing to take a Physics degree at Bristol University followed by National Service in Royal Engineers as commissioned officer, a chance meeting with a fellow Bristol student Brian Mills who had been recruited by Lyons for LEO, took the LEO aptitude test and after interview by David Caminer joined LEO as a maintenance programmer on LEO I. Worked in Betty Cooper’s team whom he describes as one of the best managers he ever worked for. Converted LEO I programmes to run on LEO II, then involved in programming a number of service bureau applications and the Standard Motor LEO II/8. Involved at a more senior level with the LEO III to demonstration to prove to the Post Office LEO IIIs multiprogramming capability. Became Programming Manager leading team of 25 charged with producing standard business routines. Left LEO after merger with English Electric, Moved to DataSolve as Technical Director. Returned to ICL after grand merger as Project Manager at Data Skill.

Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/28h9lcdpny8bh79/Alan%20Hooker %20Part%201.MP3?dl=0 Repository edited transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/s/eneafyy1ezfsfjg/Alan%20Hooker %20edited%20P2.docx?dl=0 Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Alan Jacobs D.O.B. 16.06.1931 Interviewer: David Phillips Date of Interview: 17.10.2018 Editor: Frank Land Joined LEO: 1957 Abstract: Alan, born in Stoke, took a degree in History at St John’s, Oxford, commencing in 1950, after National Service in the RAF and tried a number of jobs as management trainee, but was not inspired by them. Tempted by LEO advert and after interview was invited to join as programmer. Involved with a succession of service jobs rising in seniority. Despite his admiration and like of working at LEO decided to further his career by leaving LEO, first for BEA and then other organisations none of which had the sense of knowing what they were doing he had found at LEO. When the opportunity came in 1962 he re-joined BAOC to join the team being built by Peter Hermon to develop a comprehensive Airline Reservation System. Alan headed a team developing ground- breaking Airline Departure system. Alan left British Airways and was recruited by Sainsbury’s as their Director of IT helping to transform the business. After Sainsbury’s Alan retired Restrictions: None known Archive: https://www.dropbox.com/s/32q9ll62urvr0k9/Alan%20Jacobs%20edited %20P2.rtf?dl=0

Interviewee: Brian Mills DOB: 1933 Interviewer: David Phillips Date of Interview: Editor: Frank Land, September 2018 Joined LEO: July 8th 1957 Abstract After completing Grammar School from a primarily languages stream, Brian completed his National Service of two years in the Royal Corps of Signals with the rank of 2nd lieutenant. A degree in Economics from Bristol University followed, completed in 1956. A number of jobs, followed, some in marketing, one teaching Hungarians English for the Coal Board, but none of them wholly satisfactory. Tempted by advert to try for a job with LEO and following interviews by Alan Jacobs and Doug Comish accepted a job offer a trainee programmer joined LEO in July 1957. His programming career started with a number of payroll systems under the tutored by LEO Fantl. Later he joined Leo Fantl in South Africa as systems manager on the LEO III in November 1960. Returned to England after two years to join the consultants’ marketing LEO IIIs, and included Freeman’s Mail Order amongst his successes. Shortly after the return from South Africa LEO became EELM, a move Brian did not enjoy, deciding to join consultants Coopers and Lybrand. This was the beginning of a long and successful career outside LEO embracing a number of companies, culminating with head of management services for British Oxygen. After leaving British Oxygen Brian set up his own venture capital business Interviewee: John Gardner , FBCS CITP D.O.B: 1937 Interviewer: Graham Briscoe Date of Interview: Unusually, because of the Covid-19 lockdown, the oral history consists of answers to questions sent by the interviewer in March 2020. Editor: Frank Land Abstract: Trained as an apprentice engineer and spent 7 years working with EMI. Saw advert from LEO for engineer but wanted to leave engineering and applied to join LEO as a bureau programmer at Hartree House. Joined LEO in 1962 just as LEO ii/5 wasw being pkased out for LEO III/1. Worked, using first Intercode, then CLEO on a number of bureau applications including Heinz production control, and on the transfer of the Heinz bureau jobs from LEO II to their own LEO III. Progressed rapidly becoming responsible for payroll and share registration applications. With the long-term future of LEO dubious enticed to Honeywell (UK) by a job offer that could not be refused, to work on their H200 operating system. After 7 months I moved on to be a consultant for Hoskyns System Management which was being set up as a subsidiary to Hoskyns Consultancy and where the LEO experience was much more relevant. Worked for them for seven years, but then found that the nomadic life that was required of consultants to advance was not compatible with having a young family so joined London Transport IT where and worked for them for 20 years until retirement. Restrictions: Non known Archive: The full unedited version can be found at https://www.dropbox.com/s/otfoy3ojk95t7qp/John%20Gardner%20summary.doc?dl=0 The edited version is at: https://www.dropbox.com/s/otfoy3ojk95t7qp/John%20Gardner%20summary.doc? dl=0

Interviewee: Barry Fox DOB 1935 Interviewer: John Daines Date of Interview: 19th July 2017 Editors: David Phillips (P1) and Frank Land (P2) Joined LEO installation: 1958 Role at LEO: Programmer Left LEO: 1966 Abstract : Graduated from Birmingham University with a Maths degree before National Service in where he learned programming on an Elliott 402 machine. Enjoying programming he applied for a programming job with LEO. His prior programming experience allowed him to pass the LEO aptitude test with ease and after surviving an interview with David Caminer was immediately taken on as a programmer. His programming career started with working on LEO II applications including the Glynn Mills Officers payroll under John Lewis and then progressed toto systems software working at Minerva Road. After working on the Intercode translator took a key role in the design and programming of the CLEO compiler for LEO III. After the formation of EELM worked on System 4. Moved to Kidsgrove, keeping up his interest in the design of computer languages and as as a result of his expertise was assigned as an EELM representative under John Pinkerton on ECMA. Continued working in this field until in the mid 80s interest in language and compiler design faded and as a result took early retirement at age 55. Whilst at LEO married fellow programmer Margaret James, started family life and had 3 children. In retirement he joined Congleton Sustainability Group and runs a Green Living course for Congleton U3A, and has acted on his life-long interest in cycling as secretary of the local cycling club. Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/cm06y5exeddvbe5/Barry %20Fox%20part%201%20audio.MP3?dl=0 and https://www.dropbox.com/s/ufo2k5qnkp498n7/Barry%20Fox%20part %202%20audio.MP3?dl=0 Repository edited transcript: : https://www.dropbox.com/s/cs65xquzbgwa6ls/Barry %20Fox%20edited%20P2.docx?dl=0 Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: John Durham DOB: 31st August 1939 Interviewer: David Phillips Date of Interview: 22.02.2019 Editors: Michael and Helen Jackson Joined LEO: 1963 Role in LEO: Programmer then sales and marketing Left LEO: Abstract: After a degree in Industrial Economics at Nottingham University University joined LEO, having been impressed by the drive of the team from LEO interviewing him as part of the milk-round recruiting new graduates. By the time he joined as a as a programmer LEO had merged with English Electric. Worked as part of the team programming the Premium Bond application for the Post Office, but finding himself a not very good programmer acted as informal PA to David Caminer and moved successfully into Sales & Marketing covering Eastern European countries. Later joined Software Sciences as European Marketing Manager. Then formed his own company. The oral history includes fascinating anecdotes of his career with LEO and its successor companies.

Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/baux4ivs74xt5gz/AABLR8T8Ml-JWsiFobY-D0oxa?dl=0 Repository edited transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/s/juwkuiciy2uarwk/John %20Durham%20edited%20P2.docx?dl=0 Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Helen Jackson (Nee Clark)`` DOB: June 1936 Status of Interview: The Interview is part of LBS Oral History Project but was not a recorded interview, the transcript compiled by interviewer Helen Jackson’s husband Michael. Interviewer: Michael Jackson Date of Interview: March 2021 Editor: Michael Jackson Joined LEO: September 1957 Role in LEO: Application Programmer Abstract: Born in Wigan. After A levels in 1954 went to Manchester University, and graduated in Maths in 1957. Went for job interviews to English Electric, Vickers Aircraft and LEO. I liked LEO best, particularly the job Appreciation Course, which in those days was a one day elementary programming course and tests on it, with the interview coming after the test results were known, Placed in programming section managed by Jim Smith, which had about 15 programmers working mainly in technical and insurance applications followed in 1961 by being given responsibility for all service bureau application After writing a major programme for husband Mike took part time job as bookkeeper and as such became early user of PC, later concentrated on voluntary work. Repository of edited transcript; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/7wxh6koaq45ankayv3b4g/Helen-Jackson- history.docx?dl=0&rlkey=289bn2bg4bsqw2jd0czs2ydrh Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: none known

Interviewee: John Page DOB: 1944 Interviewer: Dag Spicer, Computer History Museum, CA. Date of Interview: April 11th 2017 Joined LEO: 1958? Role in LEO: Commissioning Engineer Abstract: Scholarship boy at St Clements Danes, public School. Interested in radio and electronics as a hobby. Chance encounter with friend working at Lyons led to application to LEO. Did well in LEO aptitude test and offered job as engineering apprentice in Minerva Road. As such worked on various engineering jobs before joining Tony Morgan’s commissioning team. Provides fascinating account of way LEO operations worked to ensure to make working computers and working systems. Rose to become chief commissioning engineer on a number of LEO IIIs including Post Office and Czech machines. Left LEO after merger created ICL, but continued his career in computing, but changing from engineering to software management including a spell working for Hewlett Packard and moving to live in US. Left LEO: Made redundant after formation of ICL Repository: https://www.dropbox.com/s/7zc0r18r02gloy7/John%20Page%20edited %20P2.doc?dl=0 Copyright: Computer History Museum, CA. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Brian Grimshaw DOB 24December 1948 Interviewer: Mike Hally Date of Interview: 9th February 2021 Editors: Mike Tyzack (P1) and Mike Jackson (P2) Mar 2021 Joined LEO installation Shell Mex & BP Wythenshaw: 1967 Role on LEO: Computer Operator starting with offline work, progressing through tape loading to full control of the computer. Left LEO/Shell:1968 Abstract: After Grammar School joined Shell Mex & BP’s LEO III as a computer operator. Moved within Shell onto an ICT machine operating, then plug-board programming. Programmed a UNIVAC machine then an IBM 360. Was transferred to documentation. Self employed in Holland then contract programmer. Specialised in security installation and implementation. Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/e1rlb66wzzfxos3/Brian %20Grimshaw%20audio.mp3?dl=0 Repository edited transcript::https://www.dropbox.com/s/2lgtfxoxe28jmah/Brian %20Grimshaw%20edited%20P2.doc?dl=0 Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Ken Kemp DOB during the war Interviewer: SELF see memoirs and reminiscences below Date of Interview: September 2020 Joined LEO: September 1964 Role in LEO: Trainee programmer progressing to Head of Systems & Programming Left LEO: Transferred to BARIC leaving in 1984 Abstract: Following graduation joined as trainee programmer on LEO III at LEO's Bristol bureau. Progressed to Head of Systems & Programming. Migrated to System 4, finishing working for Baric which he left in 1984.. On leaving LEO worked as a project manager or software manger with several national companies until retirement. Then joined the project to emulate LEO programming on a PC. Provided comprehensive review of LEOSoftware and Utilities. See http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/KenK.htm

Repository memoir:: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/ri0d9gfi1swo2b38ny26y/Ken-Kemp- memo.doc?dl=0&rlkey=cxln05lvvjr35gfe4kj0wak0r Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Barry Fox DOB 1935 Interviewer: John Daines Date of Interview: 19th July 2017 Editors: David Phillips (P1) and Frank Land (P2) Joined LEO installation: 1958 Role at LEO: Programmer Left LEO: 1966 but continued working with EELM and System 4 Abstract: During National Service he worked on an Elliott 402 before joining LEO. He worked on LEO II and LEO III. He designed the CLEO compiler. Then moved to English Electric on System/4. He was ICL representative on the ECMA. He worked on S3 language definition and on the ADA compiler. Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/cm06y5exeddvbe5/Barry%20Fox %20part%201%20audio.MP3?dl=0 and https://www.dropbox.com/s/ufo2k5qnkp498n7/Barry%20Fox%20part %202%20audio.MP3?dl=0 Repository edited transcript: : https://www.dropbox.com/s/cs65xquzbgwa6ls/Barry %20Fox%20edited%20P2.docx?dl=0 Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Margaret Fox DOB pre war Interviewer: John Daines Date of Interview: 19th July 2017 Editors: Hilary Caminer (P1) and Frank Land (P2) Joined LEO: not known Role on LEO: Programmer Left LEO/customer: 1962 Abstract : After leaving University she joined LEO as a programmer working on payroll. After giving birth she did some home working. Then she moved into teaching followed by clerical work then data input. Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/wrx2lzhdamznoeo/Margaret %20Fox%20audio.MP3?dl=0 Repository edited transcript:: https://www.dropbox.com/s/rj8k96ppqro7iky/Margaret%20Fox%20edited %20P2.docx?dl=0 Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Mike Jackson DOB 1931 Interviewer: Elisabetta Mori Date of Interview: 25th July 2018 Editors: Mike Jackson (P1) and Frank Land (P3) Joined LEO 1957 Role at LEO: Programmer, lecturer, project manager, senior consultant (sales) Left LEO 1964 Abstract: After University joined LEO as trainee programmer on LEO II. Later lectured on a course. Project leader for Eagle Star pension fund on LEO II/1. Project Manager for British Oxygen on LEO II/7.Wrote specification for Perkins Engines service job on LEO II/5. Rose to Senior Consultant (sales) writing proposals for sale of LEO III to many customers. Oversaw installation of LEO III to some of them. Moved to Freemans Mail Order as Computer Manager on LEO 326. Became Administration Manager, helping to transform the company with groundbreaking applications. Moved to Perkins Engines as Group Director Management Services. In 1980 moved to a company providing bespoke applications using micro-computers. Outside interests included dinghy sailing to international standards and designing what became an Olymbic class dinghy. Also enjoyed flying and owned his own small aircraft. Married Helen Clark a LEO programming manager.

Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/javk6jhs53x7cg6/mike- jackson.wav?dl=0 Repository edited transcript:: https://www.dropbox.com/s/kr0d48hzrnp9sou/Mike %20Jackson%20edited%20P3.docx?dl=0 R e p o s i t o r y M e m o i r https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/jrcs2ywzmybd19a4y61vq/Mike-Jackson-history- skeleton.docx?dl=0&rlkey=zg1ivqaddzdq75uf4aa6a3doz Copyright: Leo Computers Society. Restrictions: None known

Interviewee: Ian Bruce DOB: 11 November 1947 Interviewer: Mike Hally Editor: Tony Morgan and Frank Land Role in LEO: Site engineer Joined LEO (EELM): circa 1967 Date of Interview: 5th July 2017 Abstract: Left school in Edinburgh aged 15 to be apprenticed to his father’s Radio and TV supply and repair shop. After 4 years, expecting to take over the business, his father sold the business leaving Ian to find a job. On seeing an advert by EELM for computer engineers applied, sat the aptitude test and was offered job of trainee Data Prep engineer, Assigned to work at CAV LEO III site in Acton. Subsequently took on computer maintenance with special skills in maintenance of magnetic tape. Worked on a number of sites including Post Office LEO 326 in Edinburgh and later on a range of ICL computers. Became team leader but retired when offered early retirement Fujitsu after 35 years service. Keen on sports and still active as a swimmer. Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known Repositary: (FL)https://www.dropbox.com/s/cpf6vvv6qr54806/Ian%20Bruce %20edited%20P2.docx?dl=0

Interviewee: Peter Wharton Interviewer: John Daines Date of Interview: 2nd November 2016 Editors: David Phillips (P1) and Bob Marsh (P2) Additional Editing: Frank Land (FL) Joined LEO: 1962 Role in LEO: Programmer Abstract: After West Bromwich Grammar School and graduating with a maths degree from Leicester University. Following the advice of a friend who had become a computer programmer, responded to a LEO job advert, was called for an aptitude test at Hartree House. Offered job as trainee programmer using CLEO, and with his background in maths was assigned to John Caldwell’s Mathematical Programming Group at Minerva Road. Worked on production of linear programming package for solving the transport problem principally for Shell. Notes that unlike the programming groups at Hartree House the Minerva Road group had not adopted a setoff programming, testing and implementation procedures. Moved to join programming teams in Hartree House, and in 1964 after merger with EE selected as member of EELM team to work on RCA Spectra 70 and in particular the design of multiprogramming software for what was to become System 4. Married fellow LEO programmer Sheila Milne. On return to UK moved to Kidsgrove. With formation of ICL advanced rapidly at Company level rising to Chief Engineer working under Technical Director. Became involved in collaborating with Universities including appointment as Visiting Professor at Southampton University and research collaborating with Durham University. Repository recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/ipvzvyf5ja24hni/Peter%20Wharton %20Part%201%20audio.MP3?dl=0 and https://www.dropbox.com/s/nhje3l9ya4p36l3/Peter%20Wharton%20Part %202%20audio.MP3?dl=0 Repository edited transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/s/7tr90t24yrhk23g/Peter %20Wharton%20edited%20P2.docx?dl=0 Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None known

LEO Interviewee: Ninian Eadie DOB 15th March 1937 Interviewer: Two Interviews, by ArchivesUK, and for LEO Oral History Project by John Ferguson plus a third memoir by Edie himself. Date of Interview: LE) interview 6th July 2017 Joined 1960 Role in LEO: Joined LEO as a trainee programmer, rose rapidly in a variety of roles including teaching, defining CLEO, sales management in South Africa, managing the important Post Office project and taking senior management roles in EELM and subsequently ICL and Fujitsu.

Left LEO, on 1967 merger to take senior roles in ICL Abstract :

Education, prep school, Winchester, Balliol College, Oxford (PPE). After National Service in the Navy joined LEO as trainee programmer. His LEO career included teaching on training courses, joining LEO teams assisting customers like Cerbos, defining LEO III software, acting as sales manager for LEO’s joint venture with Rand Mines in South Africa, and culminating in the role of Project Manager for the LEO III and System 4 Post Office project, the largest and most technically and politically project in LEO history. Following the merger which created ICL in 1967, he took on a series of increasingly senior roles for ICL and its successor companies, including managing ICL’s international sales organisation, acting as assistant to ICL’s chief executive and under Fujitsu became (1993 -1996) Group Executive Director for Technology before retirement. Amongst his outside interests he became an internationally recognised Dinghy racer.

Repository ArchiveIT: Ninian Eadie - Archives of IT (archivesit.org.uk) Repository recording by John Ferguson:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/y7f1eatpq65s7hm/Ninian%20Eadie %20audio.wav?dl=0 Repository edited transcript John Ferguson OH: https: //www.dropbox.com/s/359urap6tar82ea/Ninian%20Eadie%20edited %20P2.docx?dl=0

Repository memoir:: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/xnqzyojvpmdzq9wu7uo2i/Ninian-Eadie- Summary.doc?dl=0&rlkey=u4b19u9r245auess9g2ka3koa

Copyright: ArchivesIT and Leo Computers Society.

Restrictions: None known

Georgina Ferry Transcripts: Georgina Ferry has donated the unedited transcripts of the people she interviewed for her book A Computer called LEO to the Heritage Project of the LEO Computers Society. The following interviewees are included: Anthony Salmon, Maurice Wilkes, David Wheeler, Murray Laver, David Caminer, John Pinkerton, Ernest Kaye, Ray Shaw, Derek Hemy, Peter Hermon, John Aris, Mary Coombs, Ralph Land, Frank Land (incomplete first half of transcript lost) OTHER MEMOIRS, REMINISCENCES AND COMMENTS Anonymous reminiscence The visitor also told me that he and a nearby lady neighbour had also worked at the Vickers site in the early 1950’s at a time when large numbers of the employees were contracted to undertake work on soldering electrical connectors and making wiring and cable looms to be used in the pioneering LEO computer developed by J. Lyons and company. Having originally been conceived to help with catering and bakery production for J. Lyons, in later years variants of the LEO design were also contracted to the Ministry of Defence to assist with missile and war head trajectories.

Anonymous note retrieved by John Daines ICL set up the Scottish Development Centre at Dalkeith House in late 1970 and transferred all the System 4 software support from Kidsgrove. That would have included the System 4 Cleo complier that, I suspect, complied directly into native code; not via intercode. The aim was to free up resources at Kidsgrove so that the people could work on New Range and to provide a centre for software in Scotland that could attract Scots back home to work on software. DME / Leo was developed at Dalkeith.

John Aeberhard: Reminiscences around LEO I was late on the scene as far as LEO was concerned. I joined EELM as press officer in August 1966. My joining just happened to coincide with the publication of the very first issue of Computer Weekly and my first engagement was lunch with Jim Bonnett, the paper’s editor. A good start to a career in computer industry PR. I got the job after a series of interviews, but principally because I managed, in the last of them, to hit it off with David Caminer, having won a national award from the British Association of Industrial Editors for a newspaper with an 80,000 circulation that I’d edited for my first employer after a history degree at university, Michelin Tyre Company. After four years with Michelin I reckoned I knew pretty much all there was to know about tyres and there were these things called computers that were coming to the fore and were clearly offering a much wider horizon. As a non-technologist who could string words together quite readily my role lay largely in explaining technology to a lay audience. The lowest common denominator applied: if I understood something, others would too! So there I was in the EELM offices in Stag Place, Victoria, charged with publicising the new data processing machines that were rapidly spreading across industry and commerce, reporting to a PR manager, but also working directly with Caminer, an experience that was stimulating and unpredictable at the same time. Caminer was a manager who commanded respect by being on top of his subject and passionately so. He inspired loyalty, but also left some enemies in his wake. That didn’t always fit comfortably in the corporate world that was opening up beyond LEO. I was a fan, albeit he was the only manager I worked for who came close to physically assaulting me by grabbing my pullover during a heated discussion about what should go into Computerview, the new newspaper I produced for the company as an external PR vehicle. I didn’t realise it at the time, but the LEO influence and, to some extent, its ethos was gradually giving way to the more corporate approach of English Electric. System 4, based on the IBM-compatible RCA Spectra designs, had been introduced to the market and was the focus of all marketing activity. I would still be writing stories about the Post Office and its LEO 326 computers with the occasional KDF9 press release thrown in there, but System 4, rightly so, was taking all the attention. At the same time English Electric brought in new management in the shape of Ken Barge whose impeccable credentials as a high-flying IBM salesman didn’t, shall we say, naturally fit with Caminer’s more direct hands-on management style. A move of office from Victoria to a brand new building strung along a large part of the Euston Road – “Barge’s Folly” as it later came to be known - signalled the shift in culture. Not long after the move and the change of name to English Electric Computers came the shock of another merger. This time it was the big one – the consolidation of the two remaining representatives of the British computer industry, English Electric Computers and International Computers & Tabulators, into a single company, International Computers Limited, ICL. The white heat of technology that had so impressed Harold Wilson had led to his Labour government, in the person of Tony Wedgwood Benn, brokering the marriage. Like most mergers, it was not a marriage of equals. At one point it had looked as though English Electric would emerge as the dominant partner. In the event, it was ICT that dominated. From an English Electric viewpoint, the merger came at the wrong point in the product development cycle. The costs and the delays involved in the launch of System 4 and its acceptance by the market placed English Electric in the weaker position. In the event, the plum jobs in the new merged company went for the most part to the former ICT managers from Arthur Humphreys, managing director, downwards. The two sides in the merger had pursued quite different strategies from a technology viewpoint, with English Electric opting for compatible alignment with IBM and ICT preferring a non-compatible IBM strategy. This leads to one of those fascinating what-ifs of history. Who’s to say what would have happened to the British computer industry had it been English Electric rather than ICT driving the technology forward. From a personal standpoint, the merger was a bad one for me. I was suddenly not, as I had been with English Electric Computers, the company press officer and spokesman, which would have taken me to the Putney HQ. Instead, I was buried away in a basement office of Whiteley’s department store in Queensway in charge of PR for the ICL subsidiary companies, namely the service bureau company, ICSL, and a new company to be formed out of the supplies operations of the merged parties. ICSL management accepted me under sufferance as they had their own man lined up for the PR role. And the supplies company didn’t inspire me much as a must-do glamorous opportunity. In actual fact, the supplies company turned out to be a good learning curve. The brief I got from Ralph Woolf, the managing director, impressed me at the time and still does. It was simplicity itself. “You do what you want to do,” he said. “If it works out, fine. If it doesn’t, I’ll still be behind you, but you’ll be out of a job.” So it was me who named the company Dataset, who developed its corporate identity and who launched it on the market. What happened to it, I never really knew as not long afterwards I was summoned to meet with Cedric Dickens, ICL’s communications director. A vacancy had occurred in ICLs Putney HQ and I was being offered the job of ICL corporate press officer. A weight had been lifted off my shoulders and my career was back on the track. I relished the opportunity and set to with gusto, though I have to say my ideas of PR did not always mesh with those of my corporate managers. Cedric Dickens, a direct descendant of Charles, was one of the old school. There was a drinks cabinet in his rather spacious office, and though to my fairly certain knowledge he never indulged in working hours, his acclaimed mantra was, “A glass of champagne on the hour, every hour!” My time as corporate press officer in Putney was busy and demanding. Computers generally and ICL, in particular, as the flagship for British technology, were always in the public eye and there was much to promote. From a PR viewpoint the job was comparatively straightforward. Interest from the media, if not exactly a given, was easy to stimulate and story lines abounded. At the same time, however, some of the frustration I’d experienced in Whiteley’s department store basement lingered and it was not long before, in late 1969, I got, and accepted, another job offer, this one to join Honeywell’s computer operations as press officer for Northern Europe. I did feel some guilt at joining the enemy after waving the flag for the British computer industry for over three years. But I was career-minded, relatively young and the money. I stayed with Honeywell for 11 years, the last three of them running PR and advertising for Honeywell Information Systems Inc, the computer half of the Honeywell Corporation. When I left Honeywell finally towards the end of 1980, it was to return to the UK to start up my own PR company which I subsequently built into a market-leading high tech PR specialist, A Plus Group, eventually selling the company to New-York stock exchange- listed marketing powerhouse, Omnicom, and a management group. At the time, A Plus had some 65 employees and a turnover approaching £5m. I promptly retired at the relatively young age of 59, but, kept my interest in computers going as a voluntary trustee/director of a charity applying computer technology and its life-enhancing possibilities to the problems faced on a daily basis by people with disabilities. I changed the name of the charity to AbilityNet and helped it build from one centre in Warwick to an organisation of a dozen specialist centres operating nationally. By this time the millennium was approaching and my career in PR turned full circle as I renewed contact with LEO through David Caminer and other former management from the old days who had joined forces, at Caminer’s instigation, to establish a LEO Foundation. Caminer had this strong wish to see LEO’s pioneering role in business computing recognised by history. There was a danger, he thought, that others would usurp LEO’s position as the world’s first business computer and he determined to do everything in his power to see that this didn’t happen. Personal motives played a part in this. He, after all, had played the leading role in the development of LEO software. But it was broader than this. He was out to beat the Americans again and set the record books straight. First off there was a book – the first of several - co-authored by Caminer, Frank Land, John Aris and Peter Hermon. Next up was a broader PR campaign. It was at this stage that I was persuaded to join the Foundation at its regular meetings at Caminer’s home close by Richmond Park in East Sheen. Caminer and his management team had decided that a key part of the PR programme was to be a major business computing conference centred around the 50th anniversary of the first operational job to run on LEO, a bakeries’ valuation job for Lyons in November 1951. The Guildhall in London was to be the prestigious venue, the support of the Lord Mayor’s office was secured and the dates were fixed as the 5th and 6th of November 2001. It was to be my job to develop the PR materials for the conference and to get as much media visibility as possible leading into and through the conference. Others would work on getting a top line-up of big-name speakers for the conference programme. My first thought was to develop a theme for the conference, couched as widely as possible, and a special logo to promote it. Thus we arrived at “50 years of Business Computing” for use on all promotional materials. These materials had then to be produced, including a press pack focusing on the LEO story. The programme itself, however, was not to dwell on the past, but rather to be forward looking. To underline this, a £5000 prize, sponsored by the National Computing Centre, was to be awarded for a paper speculating on where computing was headed over the next 50 years. Beyond this I used my contacts to enlist the Wall Street Journal as a major sponsor of the conference – quite a coup to get America’s major business daily to support the claim of a relatively unknown British company to have developed the world’s first business computer! I took the paper’s senior technology editor to East Sheen to meet with Caminer, resulting in a major feature on the LEO story, and the paper also ran a series of free ads promoting the conference. I also recruited my former PR company, on a pro bono basis, to assist with the mechanics of information distribution and the lobbying of journalists. In the event – and at a time when the conference business in general was in the doldrums - the conference attracted an audience of some 240 people and a great deal of media coverage. There were many other initiatives undertaken by the LEO Foundation over the next decade to promote the LEO story – too many to cover in this summary paper – and my involvement continued. One, in particular, however, does rate a mention, namely a 60th anniversary media event hosted by the Science Museum in November 2011. A small tweak to the 50th anniversary logo meant we could use it again. And the same applied to the press materials. The press duly turned up to hear essentially the same story and to give it further widespread visibility. The Science Museum, moreover, was in the process of a major overhaul of its computer and communications gallery, resulting ultimately in LEO being featured in its new displays. The 60th anniversary Science Museum event was notable for one other reason. It was co- sponsored by Google, another PR coup matching the earlier Wall Street Journal sponsorship. Here again we had a market-leading US organisation – in fact, their foremost technology company – paying court to the LEO story. The Google contribution was substantial, involving their whole London-based external communications team, and including the production of a very professional promotional film. Later on this led to a public lecture extolling LEO at the London School of Economics by Eric Schmidt, Google’s worldwide boss no less In many ways it was PR job done! And shortly after this event, the LEO Foundation, was dissolved as a separate charity, and its remaining assets and its PR baton passed to its sister organisation, the LEO Computers Society, a membership group of former LEO employees. I’m still involved, but now mainly in an advisory role. Occasionally, I get hands-on again, but sadly of late this has mostly involved contacts with obituary editors! The LEO story, much like the Windmill theatre in London during the war years, never closes!! A more extended version is archived in Dropbox at: https://www.dropbox.com/s/g7jaevjpfm34lg0/John%20Aeberhard %20reminiscences.docx?dl=0 . Peter Baker, Operator, then Programmer Tote Investments. From 1962 to 1964 I worked as a Saturday job in the Lyons Tea Shop in Dalston. On getting my A Levels I joined Tote Investors Limited in New Bridge Street near Ludgate Circus London. I was interviewed by Alan Williams and was offered and accepted the job as one of the first 4 operators of their soon to be LEO III computer. After 8 months operating I took an aptitude test and became a programmer. I left to join Matthew Hall & Co Ltd on 21st November 1966 to work as a programmer on an ICL 1901. I stayed with them through various mergers and take-overs until my retirement in 2006 at which time I was an Information Manager working on large offshore OIL and Gas projects for Clients like Shell, BP, Elf, Total, Marathon Oil etc I have some memories of working at the Tote and some photographs of the machine and one of my fellow operators a Mr Andrews. . Claire Brent-Meek Applied for a jo as programmer in Johannesburg in 1965. She passed the QUIS aptitude test but decided to complete her education and declined a job offer. The letter below from the South African LEO company is of interest: V

M aurice Bonney: DOB: 1932 Abstract: Maurice Bonney was a mathematician who had early experience of working with LEO as head of a group of programmers involved with aerodynamic calculations for missile technology working in the British aircraft industry, and using LEO as a bureau facility. Later in his career he worked for Renold Chains on their LEO III as chief programmer. He subsequently joined academia In Operations Management finishing his academic career as Professor of Operations Management. He spent much of his academic career working on Computer Aided Design producing significant innovative research. He has written a substantial memoir about his career including his LEO experiences. The memoir, still undergoing revisions, is stored in the LEO Dropbox archive, https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Maurice+Bonney+memoir.doc&qsid=5381448998309657319924254347 1538&query=maurice+bonney&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs 7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D . Graham Briscoe LEO III , IBM 360 and Phoenix Insurance. - Recollections My first computer experience was with Tube Investments in the Midlands working in the early 1960s on an IBM 1401 for their Steel Tube Division, then supporting as a Company Systems Analyst a conversion onto an IBM 360 system - initially a /20 then a / 40. In mid 1970s I moved to Phoenix Assurance who had had a LEO III working out of Norbury - and when the company moved its HO to Bristol in 1974 I joined them and supported a conversion to an IBM 370 series.....it was reported at the time that this installation had the only ever paper tape input ( ex LEO ) into an IBM 370 series machine. (Editor: Mike Tyzack notes that Centrefiles 360/50 also had paper tape input). The LEO machine was number LEO III/33 - and the installation is currently with the National Computer Museum in Scotland - but without any of the connecting cables - all the various "boxes" are present. Between closing Norbury and the IBM 370 kicking in BriEditor:stol - Phoenix used the NDPS LEO machines in their Centre in north Bristol - but that is another story..... In 1973 Phoenix Assurance ( Bristol ) ( now integrated and " lost " in Royal Sun Alliance = RSA ) was converting from a LEO III to an IBM 370 series - ( at the time the only IBM 370 series which had paper tape input - ie ex LEO ) and as part of the conversion from LEO ( and a Data Processing Department relocation from Norbury to Bristol ) - Phoenix were using the National Data Processing Service ( NPDS ) LEOs ( ex Post Office ) in Bristol for parallel running. When NPDS went on strike ( OK the first time as they continued running external work ) for the second time and NPDS " blacked " external work - we " raided " at night their data tape store to " rescue " our main data tape files - which were then taken to eastern Europe ( probably Czech Republic ) and Australia ( ?? ) to run our insurance renewals on an existing LEO III. Following which the conversion to the IBM 370 was a bit rapid for the renewal print suite...... !!! ( Who remembers John K Norman ( JKN ) and Dick Cooling who organised the furniture removal van for our tape collection ? ) The Phoenix LEO III/33 to IBM 360 systems conversion took place in 1973 and this computer files conversion work was above my pay grade then...I was supporting Phoenix Corporate Services Department design the process and procedures ( as an Organisation & Methods Analyst ) for the relocation of their Administrative Head Office in King William Street across from the Bank of England ( the original Phoenix Clock and a giant stone phoenix is still above the entrance hall / door of a Japanese bank ( Dawia ? ) to Bristol. During my own research on an Institute of Administrative Management 1960s computer training package I came across Peter Bird - who was, at that time, researching his own Lyons history book. I met him in Reading and we swopped a few stories - particularly the Phoenix Assurance conversion from a tape input LEO III to an IBM 360 ( I understand that the Phoenix 360 was the only 360 with paper tape input ! ), and the impact of the Bristol National Data Processing Service (NDPS) of the GPO to whom Phoenix had outsourced one of its two LEO machines work load during the conversion and whose staff then went on strike, and on the second strike staff blacked all external work as well. Phoenix Data Processing management hired a furniture van - and with the help of a set of keys supplied by NDPS management - stole back our complete set of master tapes. Some were then sent to an eastern Europe organisation ( ? ) with a LEO to print off our monthly renewals - otherwise Phoenix could have lost the insurance renewal business !! I also recall talk of sending some tapes to Australia ( ? ). Finally - some parts of the last planned six months of the LEO tape conversion project were squashed into two weeks - in order to get the Phoenix General and Life / Pensions renewal production and printing facility up and running in Bristol. https://www.dropbox.com/s/qrjgnwhk39hgtlt/Graham%20Briscoe%20memoir.doc?dl=0 See also obituary of John Denys Neale above. . Tom Brooks Joined LEO as a programmer in 1963 as his first job after graduating. After learning Intercode and later CLEO became working with Renold Chains and subsequently on a number of Post Office applications. After his days working with LEO became involved with the Marconi Myriad. He reports on the first experimental use of braille on Leo III at the Post Office led to more frequent use of Braille and how one of the programmers involved, Norman Verrill, in 1969, set up the "British Computer Association of the Blind". They are the oldest computer association for blind and partially sighted people in the world. By the time that the British Computer Association of the Blind was set up, the first System 4 machines could also support braille. I have asked a friend for some details of the use of braille on those System 4s around the year 1970 to illustrate the continuity of development. John Paschoud adds: “I don't know if I can add much to the Blind Programmers story. I never actually met any (of the blind programmers), and I think it must actually have been when I was Ops SDPO at Barbican NDPS Computer Centre (which was trials and EE System4, rather than production and LEO326, with most of the programmer teams based at Docos House a short distance away). But they were very similar to the barrel line-printers on the 326s at Charles House, Kensington CC. The process involved fitting a rubber sheet about 0.5mm thick between the hammer array and paper, and removing the ink ribbon, so that printing dots in Braille code would leave raised dots on the paper. Then adjusting the hammer force carefully so they didn't actually puncture the paper.

I used the same technique a few years later, on a much later timesharing mainframe (a DECSystem-10) because a completely blind little boy joined the Cub Scout pack where my wife was a leader. So we found software to translate the text of some of the Cub Scout Handbook into Braille, and I made a Braille-print kit for our lineprinter and 'borrowed' it for a few evenings.” His more extensive reminiscences are archived in LEO Computers Dropbox account at: https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEO%20Memoirs %2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/Tom%20Brooks%20memoir.docx? role=personal or can be obtained from Frank Land at [email protected]

. Peter Byford: LEO Reunion 19th October 1984 – The Rugby Club, Hallam St., London 120 people, all ex-staff of Joe Lyons own computer company, met to renew old acquaintances and to celebrate old memories of the World’s first commercial computer LEO l and its descendants LEO ll and LEO lll. All five of the surviving LEO directors had been contacted. John Simmons, the man who proposed the original venture, is now in his eighties and was unable to attend, however he sent his best wishes. Anthony Salmon and Tony Barnes also sent their good wishes but could not attend. Other apologies were received from as far afield as Canada, Germany and Hong Kong. John Pinkerton and David Caminer were the two directors who did attend. They worked for ICL up until their respective retirements. It was interesting to find that one third of those present were current employees of LEO’s successor, ICL. Amongst ICL “personalities” was Ninian Eadie who has survived the STC takeover as a director (note: STC took over ICL in 1984 but this only lasted a few years until Fujitsu bought the company). The committee had gathered some memorabilia which was on show. Also showing was a short LEO promotional film borrowed from the ICL archives. The BBC “chip shop” got wind of the event and were there to interview some of the old-stagers. The resulting programme was broadcast on Saturday, 27th October 1984. A copy of the programme will be provided for the LEO Reunion archives. Dr. Pinkerton had been the electronics engineer recruited to build LEO l in 1949 and became Technical Director of LEO Computers Ltd. when it was formed in 1954. He retired from ICL earlier this year. A presentation to mark his 35 years in the “Computer Industry” was made by the organising committee. This consisted of an engraved pen and a specially designed card signed by all present. Bottles of wine (Chateau LEOville, Jean LEOn Cabernet Suavignon and Minervois (Minerva Road was the LEO factory) were given as prizes to: Furthest traveller to the Reunion – Roger Thorpe (Newcastle) Earliest starter at Lyons or LEO – Ernest Lenaerts (1947) Longest server with LEO etc. – Fred Barnett (1954 – present time) Lucky number tickets – Jim Hamilton and Ralph Land Photos of the event were taken by ICL news, copies of these were available from the treasurer at the time. To keep in touch for the next Reunion (April 1987) please write to the secretary. There are 275 names on the current mailing list. https://www.dropbox.com/s/tkn5tm8uhxpg2p2/LEO%20Reunion%2019th %20October%201984.docx?dl=0

. Tony Carrol Operator at Wills Tobacco. My involvement with LEO started when I was a schoolboy. I had taken my "O" levels and was going into the 6th form but I wanted to mix Classics and Science and was told in no uncertain terms that this was not possible. I could not just do Science as the only chemistry exam I passed was by ignoring the H2O s etc and just concentrated on the maths. I thought this was NOT chemistry. So I ended up doing Classics which did not suit me. Through a friend of my mother's I went for a job as a statistician but did not get it (thank goodness) and then I heard that there ware vacancies for trainee computer operators in W. D. & H. O. Wills. This sounded interesting and I was fortunate to be taken on and started in September 1959 ( on £265 per annum ). I rapidly progressed up to Shift Leader and stayed doing that role until 1969/70 the boss of the department (Bob Brett, with whom I am still in touch today) wanted to move me to Systems and Programming. And so I moved, thoroughly enjoying that time, and stayed in IT until I retired for the second time in 2003(?). One interesting occurrence happened on 10th July 1968, but cannot be part of my talk on LEO, was that our computer (a KDF9 by this time) was flooded to a depth of about two feet. As luck would have it, the workload on another KDF9 had just been transferred onto an IBM 360 (?) and this empty KDF9 was only about 7 or 8 miles from our site. We used it for one month, burning out the motor on a brand new printer in that month, and then returned to "our" KDF9 which had been successfully returned to life with, I believe, only two new boards. I also remember that we only lost a few mag tapes.

. Linda M Chapman (nee RobertsonI “I worked in Hartree House as a junior programmer between 1963 and 1965. I have memories of the excellent training and supervision which far exceeded anything else which I came across in my 30 years as a programmer.

. Helen Clews (nee Garsed) I joined Leo Computers on 24th September 1962, starting with the five-week basic course at Hartree House. From October 1962 to early 1963 I was in the mathematical programming section at Minerva Road, Acton. In early 1963 I was transferred to the Training and Technical Writing section at Hartree House where I worked on writing manuals and organising and lecturing on training courses – mainly on Intercode and CLEO; but later we developed a senior programming course covering software such as The Master Programme and Compilers. The regular courses were at Hartree, but a few were on customers’ premises. I particularly remember giving a course at the GPO offices in the Barbican at the time when the Barbican Centre and flats were being built. I moved to Radley House in South Ealing when the Training Department was re-located there. I can’t remember the date but guess it was in 1964. Whilst there I continued to organise and lecture on courses in a much- expanded department. In June 1965 I married Richard Clews, a senior programmer and systems analyst with LEO, and we went on his three-year contract to Australian Computers in Melbourne, where a branch of English-Electric-LEO-Marconi was being established. I trained the staff of Australian Computers on programming the new System 4 machine, and was sent to New Zealand with two others from the Sydney office to give a ten-day course for the NZ Post Office, who had just bought a machine (I can’t remember exactly, but I think they bought two LEO 111s) (Editor: Sale did not succeed). Soon afterwards, EELM merged with ICT to become ICL. I left the company in October 1966 to teach Maths. in a local secondary school for the remaining two years of our stay in Australia. We returned to the UK in January 1969. Richard worked for ICL for most of the rest of his working life. I taught at a grammar school in Chesham, Bucks., mainly concentrating on Maths., but for a short time I taught AS level computer studies, which included a component on the history of computing. I was teaching LEO as history! My transfer back to Hartree House was the start of my happy time with LEO. It was a wonderful place to work and I very much enjoyed organising courses and doing technical writing. With so many recent graduates being recruited, it was like university, but with money. I started buying books and records from Whiteleys, we had picnics in Kensington Gardens and in the summer after work we could walk across the gardens to queue for tickets to the Proms several times a week. Magic! https://www.dropbox.com/s/rz9or0qq7xh3mgv/Helen%20Clews%20nee %20Garsed%20Recollections.docx?dl=0 . Alistair Cochrane – LEO II I was an operator for several years on the Leo machine at Stewarts and Lloyds in Corby. Attached is a piece I wrote some years ago for the local heritage centre regarding the running of the weekly payroll for the steel works and tube works on the Corby site. See Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/s/31snysnmb3qg08k/Alistair%20Cochrane%20Memoir.docx? dl=0

. Doug Comish: Sporting Reminiscence . Information about Lyons Sports Day activities: I did take part in one of them but having got changed into football kit the opposition failed to turn up! . However I can recall one interesting cricket match we played at Sudbury. . The Programming section challenged the rest of LEO and I was appointed Captain of the side.We batted first and I managed to contribute a few runs.When our opponents batted,they gradually approached our total and lost wickets on the way. They had one guy who could hit the ball very hard to deep midwicket and the situation was reached that their last pair were together and they needed about ten to win.I considered myself a safe pair of hands and so I moved myself to deep midwicket in case their batsman offerred an opportunity for a catch. . They ultimately got to within two runs of our total and their batsman went for his favourite shot and connected. I saw the ball all the way into . my hands and to my dismay right out of them!! . But it was a good match

. Mike Cowlard, Reminiscences of a LEO Operator Left School with two O levels (Maths and English. Joined GPO as Clerical Officer. Always good with figures quickly promoted. Advised that he might get faster promotion outside GPO noted adverts for computer jobs. Tried Heinz and Lyons doing well in aptitude tests. Offered job by Peter Bird, then operations manager of the Lyons LEO operation. Joined Lyons as Operator in May 1968. His 50 years in computing comprised Operator/Shift Leader/Shift Supervisor - Leo II/III, managing the crazy Autolector. Migrated to IBM - Operator/Shift Leader/Shift Supervisor/Programmer/System Analyst. For full text of Mike’s reminiscence see https://www.dropbox.com/s/9qub4z79qs3l6wz/Mike%20Cowlard%2C %20Reminiscences%20of%20a%20LEO%20Operator.docx?dl=0 . Dick Cromwell Leo memories – I went to LEO II at Elms House Hammersmith in February 1959. I left in April 1963 to start LEO III training. I started as an Assistant Engineer, then Shift Engineer and finally in July 1962 became Chief Engineer at the site. I moved on to LEO III/16 and took it to Kayser Bondor at Baldock Hertfordsire. Dick’s full account can be found at https://www.dropbox.com/s/fd5p9o24j8zh0rt/Dick %20Cromwell%27S%20LEO%20MEMORIES.docx?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/0s4nweb17m4zqwm/Anthony%20Robin%20Davies %20memoir.doc?dl=0 . John Daines: Reminiscence The Glyn Mills payroll paid people by Credit Transfer rather than by cheque**. It was at the start of each bank branch having a sort code as well as folk having account numbers. We produced a payslip and a credit transfer (Credit Advices on the pic). There was a tape that contained “the Bank File” and that started to be used for more payrolls – “the standard payroll” that became an early package, requiring only “minor” tailoring for each customer. They paid military officers (all army, half RAF or half army, all RAF I think and the input data was referred to as ”casualties”, a term used in the pic. I seem to remember that the casualties were punched and verified twice and two tapes were input for comparison (Bob Stevenson may be able to confirm). Glynn Mills had their offices at Osterley Park (wartime evacuation) and I remember that on one weekend I had to deliver the results to Osterley. It was when the Hammersmith flyover was being built so it involved a lot of in-and-out under the works on the A4. I did some googling and discovered that they were also adopters of another technology used in an innovative way. https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site- Early-Radio/Archive-Wireless-World-IDX/50s/Wireless-World-1952-09-OCR-Page- 0047.pdf Editors Note: Also see John Lewis, Chapter 19, 229-242 in Caminer et al, LEO: The incredible Story of the World’s First Business Computer. ** we used to print cheques for Bermondsey Borough Council and each one of the supplied bank cheques printed on continuous stationery had to be accounted for. . Ray Dawson, I started with LEO in Hartree House in 1961, working on the LEO II, with its thousands of valves, Decca Magnetic tape decks, and Powers Samastronic printers. If I remember correctly the store size was 64 tubes (mercury delay line cylinders about 2in diameter and 3 ft long) which each held 16 words of information. The later LEO IIs had core store, which was a big step forward at the time, and were much more reliable. In those days you never had to wait for a fault to occur, there always something needed fixing. We worked round the clock shifts, an engineer and mechanic on each shift. The system serviceability was good if it reached 80%. The takeover by English Electric to form EE LEO Marconi came in 1963. In 1964 I remember Mike Milgate buying a new Ford Cortina for £630. I thought that he was a millionaire. At the time I had a bike to get to the station. After retraining on LEO III I moved to Lancashire in 1965, a strange move for a Yorkshireman! With the exception of racial abuse from Lancastrians and Liverpudlians, it is a very pleasant area of the country in which to live. After working on the LEO III at the Premium Bonds Office at Lytham, I was responsible for the LEO III at BICC Prescot. For a fuller account see: Ray Dawson, Reminiscences published in Bits and Bytes, Newsletter for ICL Pensioners. Autumn 2000, pages 3-4, and https://www.dropbox.com/s/pvn23zfn0p6ylwf/Ray%20Dawson %20Reminiscences.docx?dl =0 JD also remembers the Master Routine: I have listings of the master routine and it was written in Intercode.

Intercode itself was a level above machine code and, although a instruction looked to be an equivalent to a machine code instruction, it was often expanded by the translator into several machine code instructions. However, Intercode instructions 100/0/0 to 131/1/3 were one for one equivalents of machine code instructions 0/0/0 to 31/1/3. That meant that the master routine programmers could program at the lowest level and use specialist low level instructions that weren’t in the Intercode set e.g. input output, interrupt handling, setting store protection tags .etc

Interestingly, Cleo allowed for routines to be written in Intercode and, by implication from the above, that Intercode might include machine code.

. John Daines LEO III Programming and Operating Utilities . An important utility managed program changes with the Version Control utility implemented in the Intercode Translator. A programme had a 5 digit version number that was incremented by 1 each time the program was amended. See Volume III, section15 at http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/LeoIC6-17.htm#s15 15.1, 15.2 and 15.3 last paragraph “New Issue Number” Each line of code was numbered by the Translation when the program was first created and, if it had been amended, the program version number of the amendment was printed next to it. All this was built in. There was a program trials facility built into the Translator see volume III section 16 at http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/LeoIC6-17.htm#s16 . . There were standard sort utilities 07003 (3 tape sort) and 07003 (4 tape sort). They were string sorts where the strings were created on two work tapes from the input tape in the first pass and subsequently merged, utilising the hardware merge instruction, until the final two strings were merged onto the output file. . . Printing could either be directly to a line printer, which would restrict its use by other programs, or by sending each print line to a magnetic tape file with a header, that said what type of report it was, together with any paper movement controls. Thus a program could effectively output to any number of “printers”. The standard print program utility 06060 would subsequently read the magnetic tape, printing all lines of a report type on each pass. Lines of print were assembled by a table driven hardware instruction that selected data as required, changing formats and inserting £ signs as required. All this was cross checked by the Translator. . . There were also utilities to manage program libraries, copy and compare magnetic tape files and print the contents of magnetic tapes and main store. See volume V. . . More importantly, there is an extensive piece of work by Ken Kemp, who was in charge of Leo systems and programming at the English Electric-Leo Service Bureau in Bristol in the mid to late 1960’s. At http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/Manuals.htm , the main index to the manuals, there is a pointer to Recollections of a Leo III user, which is at http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/leo/KenK.htm . . . Barbara Dickens, I was a LEO programmer in Intercode on the Leo 326 installed by the Dept of National Savings. I started in 1968 and was trained by the Post Office trainers before working for DNS at Lytham St Annes. I remember the days very well as I did mainly maintenance which meant finding old code to delete to make room for any amendments. After a few years I moved onto ICL System4 machines programming in Usercode and COBOL before joining SMBP and working in COBOL and machine code on Univac 1100 series.I eventually moved onward and upward into management and consultancy but I still remember my Intercode days and the carol tunes made from holes in the printers format tapes. . George Drummond, GPO (BT) –Reminiscence Born in Fife Scotland in Feb 1947.Attended Kirkcaldy High School, then Strathclyde University. Initially applied to the Post Office and was interviewed in Edinburgh for an Executive Officer post ( as they were called in those days ). During the interview I was asked if there were any specific areas in which I would like to work, and I said computing. I was then asked to go down to London to sit a computing aptitude test, and from there I was offered a job on the Telephone Billing programming team in Docos House, Aldgate London. I was the last BT in-house instructor to teach Intercode and CLEO programming. When the St Albans training school no longer had instructors in house, it was passed to the TB3 project team to take over that role, as we were the last operational user of those languages. We even had a few non-BT students on the later courses as , by that time, no-one else taught those languages. As a result of BT's decision to offer this externally I had to go through a six- week course at BT's training college to learn how to become an instructor and to become an accredited courses lecturer before BT could 'Sell' this training commercially. I started work originally with the Post Office in 1968 working on the Leo 326 Telephone Billing Suite of programmes known as MFC ( Major File Change). These were a suite of programmes used when Telephone Exchange Ranges were being altered to support the STD dialling system. The suite was capable of carrying out complete, or partial, exchange re-numbering. I also worked as a senior programmer on the introduction of Post Codes, Decimalisation programme, and VAT introduction for Telephone Billing. From several years I took charge of the programmers who provided Software Support to all of the operational Leo326 telephone billing systems. When BT then moved to the 2900 systems, I relocated back to Edinburgh ( my home town) as a System Software Support manager based in Craiglockhart. I subsequently moved into an IT sales technical and system consultancy role for the final four years of my 39 year career with BT.I retired in 2007 now live on the South Coast in West Sussex. https://www.dropbox.com/h?preview=George+Drummond+memoirs.doc . John Edwards Reminiscence after attending Neville Lyons Lecture I worked only briefly for Lyons doing Time and Motion Study at Cadby Hall. It was in fact an interim job as I resumed my degree work at London University. I was making the most of a grant to study after wartime service as a navigating officer in the Merchant Navy. I got to know most of the departments at Cadby Hall, including T&M on the swiss roll line that you mentioned. I also did some studies at the Coventry Street Corner House. This was to determine the average time spent in the Brasserie ; this was done by simply counting the numbers going in, and those coming out , over a period of time . I remember a somewhat hilarious moment in the ice cream factory when a stainless steel overhead pipe carrying the liquid ingredients became disconnected and poured a fair amount over the foreman. The overall impression I had of operations at Cadby Hall was great efficiency. The main point of the T&M work was to get control , by knowing the man- hours required to produce the various items. I think that efficiency was the main driving force behind Leo , was it not ? I did not have any direct connection with Leo, I was told that there were some people from Birmingham University working on it. I have always tried to impress on people the remarkable achievement of the first commercial computer being developed by a food company, and by the lead that this should have given the UK in that science. I feel that Lyons should have persisted in being in the computer business and given government support. I know from personal experience how little support was given to new technology. In 1971 I had a small electronics company, in that year Intel produced the first microprocessor (the 4004) we used this to produce the first desktop computer in the same year. Unfortunately in spite of getting orders from UK and abroad, and being used in commerce , lack of adequate finance killed it off. https://www.dropbox.com/s/tjlxl5xtiyd8p0d/John%20Edwards%20Reminiscence.docx? dl=0

. Stan Evans, Maintenance Engineer on LEO I and LEO II, joined LEO 1956 Date of Birth: Born 23/09/26 I never realised that my life was about to dramatically change when l went to Joe Lyons at Cadby Hall in 1956. for an interview for a job as maintenance engineer working on their first computer they had ever made. I was an experienced electronic technician but knew nothing about computer digital technology. I was interviewed by the computer engineering manager Peter Mann. He asked me many questions but sadly I did not do very well with my answers. To my surprise and pleasure he offered me a job. It later emerged that all the other candidates had the same lack of knowledge that I had. What was unique about this computer was that it was the first computer “worldwide” that was designed to do commercial type work. The other computers in use were basically scientific machines. Lyons formed a company called LEO Computers so in fact I joined this company not Lyons. There were two other chaps who joined me the same day. Les Rabitt and Stan Holwell. Now this is where I go for a wobble trying to remember names. However here goes. The senior engineers already on site. Frank Walker, Jimmy Wheeler, George Manley and a much older chap Chas. These were the chaps who not only had to mend LEO I but had to teach us rookies. Although there were detailed schematics of every specific unit in the machine there were no written notes on the logic. ie how the computer worked other than the hand written notes of our tutors . I pause a minute to reflect “You cannot get more basic than that.” Our work shop was a 12 ft by 12 ft room located across the corridor from the Computer Room. In addition to us engineers there were three other people in this room. To help fixing computer faults every unit type had a spare unit. I think they were called LCU xx If a fault was traced to specific unit and the fault cleared when replaced by the spare then Hey Ho back to the operators and the machine was up again. In the work shop the faulty unit was put into the Test Rack. This Test Rack had simulated features to be able to test the unit and find the fault. There was a very clever engineer called Gibson. He maintained this test rack and also was involved in the thinking about the next step LEO II. Also in the workshop were two ladies. One was a very experienced lady who did all the electric wiring in the units (modifications etc) The other lady was a thermionic valve tester. She had a check list of units that had been operational for a certain time period and checked all the valves and if below the Makers specification replaced them with a new valve. The huge irony was that a development engineer chap called Lenearts established that new valves were more likely to fail than the comfortable settled in old ones. So this testing of valves did not really do any good. So this procedure was stopped. We were learning all the time. There were two people we often worked with on the computer. They were David Caminer and Mary Blood. They were in fact the first Business Computer Systems and Programmers in the country and David led a small team of programmers who had written all the LEO I operational jobs since 1952 which was quite impressive. Programmes were written in machine code format and stored in the main memory. This consisted of a number of special long tubes filled with mercury. They were stored under the false floor together with a number of smaller tubes, registers that contained only one word of 17 binary bits. Note. I am struggling here and hope I have got it right. I would think the main memory had 32 tanks and each tank 32 words. I seem to recall a D30 digit. Perhaps that was Leo II Basically a line of machine code had 4 areas. Each area had a specific significant meaning. If the programmer wanted this action to be an ADD he would put a number in binary in the first area because he knew that number told the computer to ADD. The other three areas were locations of the two numbers in the action and where the answer was to go. Clearly this format would not be the same for other instructions. How about that a programme lecture in one paragraph. The point of this paragraph was to illustrate how basic the programming was. Cobol, Fortran etc was not even a dream in these days. Mr Caminers team had written several programmes which tested the performance of the machine. When it failed we were given the reason. If it did not fail we used the margins tester. We had over a 1000 wires from the engineers control panel going to the most crucial electronic sections in the machine. These wires sent electronic signals that increased or decreased digital pulse size. Use of variation of threshold often made the performance test programme fail. Using eliminating switches It was a simple matter to find what unit was causing the programme to fail. In certain difficult faults Mr Caminer was a great help in typing in a simple programme which clearly showed what action was going wrong, the engineers were then able to get moving with the oscilloscopes and find the fault. I have enclosed a picture of a young engineer all 30 years old Stan Evans himself working at the LEO I engineers control desk. It was here that the engineers and Mr Caminer did our fault diagnostic work. Very often the engineers would do the same for the same reason. A small loop of a failing instruction made oscilloscope work easier. Interesting to note that the Operators rarely use the engineers panel because at that time operations control was done using Punch Cards. These cards had been successfully used for many years for basic business tasks. They were 3 inches by 7 inches, had numbered columns 1 to 80 with rows numbered 0 to 9. Rectangular holes were punched out in each column. To start a programme the operator would push a button called BOOT which placed into the computer Order Tank an instruction to read a card into the computer. This card contained the necessary instructions to read the complete pack of cards into the computer. These cards contained sequence of computer instructions ie the programme, and the scheduled commercial programmes was then ready to run. The operators area was dominated by three big heavy card readers, equally heavy printers and a paper tape reader. The inevitable happened of course the work load had got very heavy so we had to go to three shifts. I hated the night shifts and I think in hindsight we would have preferred One week of nights and two weeks day/evening. However we three new chaps were very rapidly promoted to Shift Leaders because the senior chaps were moved to Minerva Road factory where work on the next generation computer LEO II was moving very rapidly. Oddly enough I cannot remember anything about our junior engineers at that time. Doing nights did have one advantage and it’s a story I was very fond of telling. The Lyons management who were very highly regarded and so were provided with an “Out of this world” restaurant. Two lady chefs looked after the restaurant at night. I used to chat these ladies up. Most of us, the engineers and operators enjoyed a very basic level of living so a full roast and three veg was a real treat. I was often offered if it was available a Dover Sole. I have never seen such a big Sole since then. A quarter of an inch fish each side of the bone and the fish overlapping the plate. This is how the rich or talented lived. I missed that!!!! when I eventually moved from LEO I So back to the real story. Very soon the first prototype LEO II was completed and installed in a different but near bye building to Cadby Hall. Both Les and Stan had moved to Minerva Road but in spite of my pleading I was still left in charge of LEO I. Something about good training in Management for me. Eventually LEO II / I was up and operational taking the commercial work off LEO I. Transfer at last. No training course slot available so straight in as Shift Leader with new trained engineer Tony Talmadge to help me. (no the name is not right ) I knew LEO I so well that the experience was invaluable when thrust onto LEO II and Tony was good. Hurrah. The concept was almost the same but the electronic engineering had taken a massive jump forward. Not only was the machine considerably faster it now had magnetic tape which meant good bye to loading programmes and storing data on clumsy punch cards. Delay mercury tubes were still used for the memories. So given time and not too many nasty faults I soon settled in to my new job. However even then it was “Stan they are in trouble on LEO. I can you go and help them”!! I suppose I took it as a compliment. I was on LEO II / I for about 18 months when I was asked if I would be willing to move to East London and install a computer LEO.II/9. Consult with family and Yes. I was also able to help commission the machine at Minerva Road with a chap called Peter Ross before taking it out and installing it at Ilford (the photo people). In the following years we became good friends but that is a Honeywell story. What was unique about LEO II/9 was that the main memory .was now stored in a new device called a Core Memory instead of bulky mercury tubes. I was now living quite close to Ilford which made a marvellous change not having to travel a long distance to get to work. I soon settled down and with a good crew I had very low down time. I should have realised with my past LEO career it would not last for long. My friend Stan Holwell had been made Area Manager and I was asked to take up the appointment of Area Supervisor to support him and in particular address myself to problems at LEO II / 5 the in-house LEO machine located in Hartree House London. There was a piece of new peripheral equipment being installed called Magnetic Drum but with good support from Minerva Road that ceased to be major problem and it soon became fully operation. This was a Random Access Device (RAD) that enabled a programme to zoom in very quickly for data instead of a long wait going along a magnetic tape. Disc Drives did not arrive on the LEO II’s Leo II’s were all thermionic valve machines with the inevitable problem of long periods of down time There was still quite a few difficult faults on Leo II / 5 that required me motoring from Ilford to mend them(Always late evening)But it was always satisfying to fix the problem and get back home again. Reading back my report its interesting to note that the our memories are very selective. I read the Leo Computer Society members list and see that there were many chaps who I worked with and many others who sadly may have gone now who I do not remember. One thing I do know Leo produced some of the most highly competent, dedicated engineers and regarded as the best in the country. My career path with LEO finished quite abruptly for Honeywell Controls advertised for engineers to start up a Computer Division. These computers were the equivalent of the LEO III’s No valves fully transistorised. My golly what a nice change. So after five years very exciting time with LEO I left and installed the first computer Honeywell had sold Bournemouth Town Hall. But that is another story. To finish my Saga there was a humorous story about LEO II/9. Many years later all the LEO II were being replaced with LEO.III’s Fully transistor techniques replacing the unreliable thermionic valves. The machines had little value to the Scrap Merchants except for all the mercury in the old memory tubes. One such dealer thought he had bought LEO II/9 for a song! When his gang arrived to remove the machine he found to his horror NO MERCURY it had a core memory. See also version with photos at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EjtC3VTgqRgZ2HZGUwB4D9gbd2gcUNmm2aP HgMwmMME/edit and at https://www.dropbox.com/s/im70jnacidwe2jq/Stan%20Evans %20LEO%20Maintenance%20Engineer.docx?dl=0 . Professor Stephen Evans I was interviewed by John Pinkerton prior to my graduating from Keele University in 1966. I was offered by Dr Pinkerton, sponsorship to do a PhD in any subject in any University that I wished (it’s possible I still have that letter but can’t put my hand on it now). I didn’t want to do a PhD then, as I had had 3 years in the sixth from at school (I did my A levels at age 16), followed by going to Keele for 4 years and having a scholarship to go to Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania for a year, so I had already had 6 years in academia post my A levels- I wanted a job. I started work the week after graduating from Keele in the Research Division at Minerva Road. English Electric-Leo had just had “Marconi” added to the name and I worked for John Winterbottom on speech recognition and visual display design. With Ann Cropper I published a paper in 1968 on “Ergonomics of Computer Display Design This seems to have gone on being cited up to last year. [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar? cluster=3718501728846242519&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&as_ylo=2014] I don’t know whether some reminisces of working at Minerva Road in the Research Division would be of interest- it was obviously post Leo, though I did learn CLEO and Intercode. I left EELM to go to CERN in 1968, and worked as a programmer there for Carlo Rubbia, subsequently a Nobel Laureate. I changed the focus of my career several times and I am now semi-retired and paid to work 1 day per week at The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. I recall various people from 1966-68 in addition to Pinkerton and Winterbottom. Ernest Lenaerts was around Minerva Road then; I did meet you very briefly and various other luminaries of the time but I’m sure you won’t remember me. Ann Cropper and I were involved in the start of the British Computer Society “Display group”, and our paper was based on a talk I gave in one of the early meetings of that group. . Mike Finlay Memories of LEO I was born in on 18th April 1937 a true Londoner within the sounds of Bow Bell, did my National Service between 1955 and 1957 at the RAF Air Radar School as an RAF Radar Theory instructor, and then studied at Jesus College, Cambridge for the Natural Science Tripos Part 1, followed by the Economics Tripos Part2, graduating in 1960. I joined LEO after Cambridge. The Careers Advice fellow at Cambridge said that my Natural Science and Economics degree together with my Electronics experience in the RAF suggested I should try for a job in the nascent Business Computer industry, so I had interviews with ICT, IBM, NCR, and LEO. LEO was the standout option, due to the recruitment process whereby we were given a lesson on some basic machine coding and then set a problem to solve by writing a program. This gave an insight into what the job would entail, unlike the others which were basically a simple form of IQ test. I did receive offers from all four – though the non-LEO ones were for punch card processing rather than computing. It was an easy choice, and I joined LEO in September 1960, as a trainee sales consultant. My first task was to rewrite a payroll data vet program for Tate and Lyle on the LEO II/1 bureau at Cadby Hall, though I was based at Hartree House. The rewrite was necessary as the program’s many modifications had made it too big for II/1’s massive storage capacity of 2,000 words – ie 1K bytes!! Happily, the rewrite was a success, and I learned the value of constructing a comprehensive set of test data to ensure the program could cope with all eventualities. I then moved into Frank Land’s Consultancy team, under Mike Jackson, to work on the Renold Chains project. I remember the concern of their management team about this new- fangled idea – “Will we still be able to make chain?” was a frequent query at progress meetings! I learned how to write Job Plans the LEO way, with flow charts etc, and the value of studying what the client needed to be done, as opposed to a “One system fits all” approach to tendering and project implementation. I also enjoyed analysing the LEO III sort program, in order to produce a ready reckoner for calculating how long the sort would take for different input variables. I worked on many interesting projects under Mike and, later, John Aris and Doug Comish. These included Post Office Premium Bonds, Stewart and Lloyds, Shell Mex BP, Manchester Corporation, HM Dockyards and many other Government Departments. I remember our contacts at the Treasury were a Mr Alcock and a Mr Balls, which I hope did not represent the government’s views on our efforts. There was also a memorable two weeks in Prague at the Communist bloc Computer Exhibition in 1966, on the EE-LEO stand under Ralph Land, and it is good to see both Frank and Ralph at the LEO reunions. My visits to Shell-Mex BP being driven by Mr Caminer, and to Renold Chains in Manchester in Mike Jackson’s Austin Healey Sprite, were particularly memorable if rather hair-raising. It was always good to arrive! I shared an office at Hartree House with Ninian Eadie and Mike Gifford, both of whom had stellar careers LEO, and I also met LEO II Chief Programmer Susan Finch, my wife now for 55 years and counting. As LEO III activity increased, and later System 4, I became Defence Sales Manager under John, but I fear without much success, and my last post before the ICL merger was as Government Sales Dept Systems Manager. ICL then made me Regional Systems Manager South for Doug Comish’s Local Government Sales Division, which meant working at an old ICT office in Beckenham. This was a two-hour commute, so when a Computer Systems Manager job came up in Cockfosters, 5 minutes from my house, I left ICL in autumn 1969 and began the second phase of my career, which ended as Director of Strategic Planning for TSB Retail Bank Division. I retired in 1992, and my best memories are the early days at Hartree House, working alongside fellow graduates and professionals, doing a job both innovative and exciting, whilst also enjoying a vibrant social life with some colleague or other throwing a party nearly every weekend. LEO was truly a ground-breaking project, and I am very proud to have been involved. When people ask me “What did you do?” on the golf course, I always tell them about LEO and what it meant for the future of British business management. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ye54m4sfqwkh1fz/Mike%20Finlay%20Biography.docx?dl=0 . John Fletcher, I was a maintenance engineer for approximately 20 months on the Leo 3 at British Steel site Ravenscraig Motherwell in the late 60's. I was employed by English Electric Computers at that time who also serviced the process control computers in the strip mill. Our Leo training took place at the Post Office Edinburgh site. Great training and experience as I remember. a good foundation for the rest of my computer industry career. I remember the Leo has been fairly reliable and therefore not needing much attention. Spent more time with the document reading/paper tape generating data processing data.. Christchurch Dorset is now home. .Tel. 01202 255870 mobile 0748 838 4414 . John Simon Florentin, Computer Operator I used to work on Leo III's at Shell Mex's computer centre in Hemel in about 1965-67. I thought I had better write something about this before I disappear for good. They had two of these machines that were to us exactly the same. All this was on the lowest level of the building where it crossed the bottom end of Marlowes in the centre of Hemel-Hempstead. This building has since been replaced. These machines were run 24 hours a day Monday to Fridays. There would be two teams of about 4 operators on each shift, one for each machine. The only other persons around on the night shift would be someone in charge of the whole shift, the cook to feed us and a person who was the magnetic tape librarian and the engineers. On the night shift the operators would be fed at about 12.00 at night and the computers would be handed over to the engineers who would do whatever maintenance was necessary. They frequently did not use there allocation of time and it was possible for anyone who wanted to, to run their own programs. I think one machine was handed over to the engineer for an hour then the other for an hour. When the operators were not working or eating one popular pastime was playing cribbage. On the end of the week night shift there would be a very large sort that took most of the shift. But when it finished everyone went home early. Each machine had eight tape drives (no discs) These would be four on two channels - so the source files would be read in from two drives on one channel and output to two other drives on the other channel. The source file would be on about 10 tapes. This meant that one person would be working almost by himself juggling these tapes all night. On top of this, every now and then the tapes containing the current partially sorted file would be saved just in case a re-run was needed. During a large sort like this the machine could run up to two other programs All programs had to be typed onto paper tape and then read in. I think the words in the memory were 48 bits long. One or two of these were parity bits as operators would get SPF's on the console denoting a store parity failure. It was said these machines had a floating point option fitted. The control store was in a box about 1ft cube. Inside was a three dimensional array of fine wires with very small cores at what appeared to be random points. The paper tape reader was made by Elliot but the paper tape punch was made by Teletype. The printer was made by Anelex. There was also a card punch and reader. There might have been a reader for reading forms where boxes were selected by drawing a line through them (Editor: Lector or Autolector). The whole machine was made using transistors except in the tape drives, TM2's made by Ampex. Thyratrons were used to control the roller used to press the tape against the drive. The density of the bits on the mag tape was such that we had a gadget with a sort of fluid magnetic liquid in it such that individual bits could be seen. https://www.dropbox.com/s/qwhc24ztw05iyab/John%20Florentin %20memoir.docx?dl=0

. John Forbes, Reminiscences. Joined Leo in early 1960. Did a few ‘odd jobs’ for Leo ll. In summer was told that I was to lead a small team writing an Intercode Translator for Leo lll. My immediate questions were, “What is Intercode?” “What is a Translator?” With a small team created Intercode translator Working closely with Master routine (MR) had Translator and its MR interface working in 1961. Moved to CLEO compiler in 1962 with a larger team. In 1963 on spent more time accompanying consultants to answer/explain to prospects how Leo software worked. In 1964 IBM announced 360. Moved to team designing ‘new range’. Abandonment of ‘new range’, after ‘deal’ with RCA for Spectra series. Worked on System 4 and software support until moving to Canada in 1969 Two points raised I think I can provide comments on. 1. Why CLEO rather than COBOL? This will go down in the annals of LEO history as one of the great internal debates. (I was not party to it).In the red corner we had the proponents of CLEO (Clear Language for Expressing Orders) It was a clearer language than COBOL. It sought to combine the facilities of COBOL AND FORTRAN in the requirements it addressed. And perhaps most importantly it was the brainchild of TRT. In the blue corner we had the proponents of COBOL led by DTC. It was an already accepted high level language. This meant that it would be easier for a company that had COBOL programs to convert from another machine to a LEO machine. (Far-sighted in that uniform tape standards, programming languages had not yet emerged as a long-term goal). Anyway the RED corner won by a KO and I was instructed to produce a CLEO compiler, for which I was given a somewhat larger team than had been the case with INTERCODE. 2. Why did the CLEO compiler produce output that was input for the Intercode translator? In the initial design stage, the objective was to produce object code ready for handling by the Master Program in the same format as the Intercode Translator; and we had experience of doing this. Inside the team there had been little if any discussion about whether that was the right way to go. Then came the suggestion (from Mike Josephs, I think) that we should go the Intercode route. The argument for going this way was that the CLEO compiler would be ready sooner, both because it would cut down on some of the work that had to be done in earlier passes of the program and because some additional passes would not be required. The argument against was simply that each compile would take longer. I agreed with the Intercode route, on the understanding that we would later be able to amend the compiler to be expanded to incorporate the translator functions. (Of course, this never happened and many members of the team and I were long gone into other roles soon after the Intercode version was working.) 3. High level languages v low level languages and computer road blocks. The pros and cons of this debate have been well versed for many years. What, even now I believe as I swear at my laptop, is an understanding of what is the critical component that slows down the execution of a program. For many years it was the speed of the cpu. In one organisation I became familiar with a critical long running batch program ran every night. The solution was to get faster tape drives. Surprise! the run time of the critical update program did not decrease. Now I look at my lap top and wonder why a program takes so long to load or a file to be found. The disc drive has (in my case) become the limiting factor. My experience is that very few installations take the time to analyse where their road blocks are. See https://www.dropbox.com/s/qhekzhfa8jh4lwb/John%20Forbes%20memoir.doc?dl=0

. Bill Forfar Reminiscences 2011 Text:https://www.dropbox.com/history/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEO %20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/Bill%20Forwar %20memoir.docx?_subject_uid=47902250&preview=Bill+Forwar+memoir.docx It all started when Wendy Craig woke me up with “A Cup of Tea and Lyons Tea Shops” …… I was dozing on the settee when I became aware of LEO on the screen and Wendy Craig uttering the words Lyons Electronic Office. Acronyms, acronyms … they are a part of everyday life and the acronym LEO reminded me that in 1963 I chanced into the world of computing when my first job was as a Computer Operator for Shell Mex and BP on their new LEO 326 machines in Hemel Hempstead. What an introduction, right at the cutting edge of the brave new world! 1024 words of 40 bit memory, made up of a matrix of magnetic rings each threaded on three wires which made it look rather like a thread-bare tapestry on a plastic frame about 12 inches square. You could SEE the bits in each WORD. Sept 63…… Love, love me do A wonderfully air-conditioned room with two LEO 326’s: each with 8 tape decks, 2 paper tape readers, a paper tape punch, card reader, card punch, two printers, main console and Engineer’s Control panel. The place was jammed by trolleys filled with the input for the jobs - mag tapes to read, some work tapes for the sorts, mag tapes for output into the next job and paper tape with daily sales tickets to be read by the Elliott Readers. This tape was punched from the handwritten dockets sent from the depots where the road tankers filled up with diesel or petrol. I remember we had one operator on Mag Tapes, one on Peripherals, one on Buttons. The cry rang out - “Allocate mag tape on Channel 2 Route 2: Printer on 6/1: Paper Tape output on 7/1” The job started and the P/T began to fly through the reader into a large metal bin. Mag tapes inched forward, reports printed out, reel after reel of P/T filled the bin. Don’t lose the end – it’s all got to be rewound in case the job fails or the tape needs to be dibbed. The jobs failed sometimes due to mis-punches in the P/T so out with the dibber and the black-tape to re-punch a character or two. One day a reel stopped repeatedly just after a splice point, the data prep girls had joined two reels together. However the second tape had been turned over and joined upside down to the first one. The sprocket holes seemed to match but the 2-track side had been joined to the 3-track side and carefully trimmed to make a neat splice so it looked like the 5-track tape was supposed to look. Another day came the words – “I bet you can’t hit the big red EMERGENCY STOP on the Engineer’s panel from here with that reel of black and sticky”…. Zooom…… Ooops……. Silence except for “You’ve won the prize, Jim!” Then the problem was how to doctor the console log to cover up the re-run time. July 64…. Please, please me The task now was to learn Assembler, then CLEO for writing programmes. Wow, a step up the employment ladder. The DSR – Dealer Site Record -with filling station information covering the number of pumps, A-road or B-road, car dealership, gallonage for the storage tanks, throughput per week, location and so on. Did you know there are even waterside filling stations for barges? Then began my introduction to a look-up table to check the map reference was correct for the site. It was planned to use this to work out the best road route for the tanker from the depot to each filling station and back to the depot – this was leading edge use of computers and might save money. The edge of the whole country was set up in map references so garage could be mistakenly put in the sea somewhere! In fact this routing idea was too heavy on computing calculation and, anyway, the tanker drivers were the experts on minimising the road miles. Development deferred! Oh, the elapsed time it took to get a compilation and test of the programme back from the machine! One turn round every three days only to find there was a simple coding error. There were too many programmers, too many mistakes and too much operational work for the hours in the day. But the LEOs proved their worth and SMBP’s profitability rose. Sep 65 … What’s new Pussycat? I bade farewell to Hemel and enrolled on the Computer Science degree at Hatfield, which had 2 periods of 6 months working in a business during the 4-year course. But now the computer (I hesitate to use the word) was an Elliott 803B, all paper tape and not a mag tape to be seen. However it did have long-life plasticised paper tape from which to load the operating system! Output had to be via paper tape and then printed via a Teletype. Still I learned a lot. At the start of year 2 it was back to Hemel for 6 months commercial experience working on another programme. All acronyms were related to the sales and delivery world of the oil industry in the UK. Then other languages, FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol and more needed to be mastered. Mar 1968 ….. Come on baby light my fire….. …..I spent time somewhere else…. NO, not at Her Majesty’s Pleasure! Aug 1969 ….. Zebedee time EELM had lost the sales battle to Univac at the Shell site. The machines had changed to become Univac 1100’s with the FASTRAND storage device holding an infinite amount of information so you wouldn’t need to store information on mag tapes anymore….. wait a moment, what was that saying about systems expanding to fill the available storage? We were soon back using mag tapes and there were too many programmers developing too many programmes and too many operational programmes to run in the available time. What goes round comes around, things don’t really change do they…..? Which brings me in a roundabout way to the time I witnessed Real Magic. The office block had a magnificent view of the junction where six roads met. A scaffold tower went up in the middle, six large white blobs appeared at the end of each road and many concentric circles were drawn. At five minutes to four o’clock the High Priest climbed the Tower holding a megaphone. Work stopped and our windows were crowded with baffled observers. His yellow-jacketed assistants hovered on the kerbs and at precisely 4pm they leapt into action to make a Magic Roundabout. Two lanes each way and six mini- roundabouts later it soon slowed the traffic to a crawl but after a few days the locals became accustomed to it and they zoomed round. In at road 1 go left to road 2 or 3, it’s quicker to go right to 5 and 6, but which way to road 4? … end of my SMBP involvement…. . Wendy Forward Memoir by her daughter Anna C Page My mother, Wendy Elizabeth Forward, was a computer programmer during the early 1960s in London before embarking upon overseas travel She read mathematics at Reading University, and graduated from there in July 1963 (her degree certificate says ‘Pure Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Geography, resulting in a BSc Honours 3rd class). She was a programmer on the Leo III business computer from approximately September 1963 until about August 1966. The Leo was the first business computer in the world, invented during the early 1950s for the Lyons Teahouses (Leo stood for Lyons Electronic Office). See: http://www.leo- computers.org.uk/newphotos.htm for photos of Leo I, Leo II and Leo III. My mother worked in the Lyons main bureau computer at Hartree House, Queensway, London http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/newphoto3.htm and there are some wonderful photos of the installation of this machine – by crane through the window! This machine was in use from 1962 – 1972. My mother lived near to the computer, in Leinster Square, and then later she moved to Fitzjohn’s Avenue in Hampstead. I succeeded, via the Leo Computers Society, to get in touch with one of her former colleagues who confirmed that she had been a Leo programmer. Her colleague, Peter Byford, told me “We all had a great time at Leo although we worked long hours. We all got on well, your Mum was a nice lady, good programmer, sometimes worried more than most when things went wrong but an important part of our programming team. She would have worked on CLEO and intercede” (programming languages). My mother’s first dog in Cape Town was called Cleopatra was a Great Dane, the runt of the litter (Cleo for short). We had always thought that Mum had named her for the Egyptian Queen (though we didn’t know why), however CLEO stands for ‘Clear Language for Expressing Orders’ and was the plain English programming language developed for Leo computers (but which ultimately lost out to other programming languages – see pages 164-165 ‘A Computer called Leo’, by Georgina Ferry). To me this just shows Mum’s quiet and ironical sense of humour that she named her dog after the programming language she used, especially as dogs are (hopefully) controlled by commands. Leo Computers merged with English Electric in February 1963, in October 1964 EE bought out Lyon’s holdings and the computer company was renamed English Electric LEO Marconi, in 1967 it merged with ICT to form International Computing Limited (ICL). These first two events would have taken place while my mother worked for the company. ICL later lost out to IBM and the USA market and then the Japanese has predominated the computing world ever since. I remember my mother’s reaction to the first Apple home computer that friends of ours acquired in the early 1980s. She so wanted a reason to justify the expense of acquiring one, but despite the fact that it could have helped with the household accounts, the accounts for her mathematics coaching and the weekly letters to her parents and sister, she resisted the urge to buy one as she saw it as a luxury and was very careful about saving money. I so wish that she had bought one, though she would not have had long to enjoy getting to grips with programming again because of her early death. My mother was an inspiration to me in so many ways, although I only had her for 13 3/4 years. She would have been pleased with my achievements at the Open University (both as a student and member of staff), as I am proud of hers at Leo: what a great technology role model to have in my family. . Wendy and Cleo, 1968. See also https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/md6e105079om96rvzjaw7/Wendy-Forward-by- Anna-Page.docx?dl=0&rlkey=ykq9u1x4qen2f36p2l9st9ydz

. Nigel Furness, I was involved in 1981 in decommissioning the Bristol machine, LEO III-70 which was a 326 model (editor: the last LEO). Prior to decommissioning I had been employed as a systems engineer to provide engineering support for this machine. I had been trained at Charles House which was a BT (formerly GPO) installation, as was Bristol and Cardiff. I was unaware that the guys who were training me had been at the forefront of computer science in the 1950s. Many of the concepts embodied in LEO are to be found in today's PCs - multi-channel DMA for example, though LEO's version of a DMA controller was called an "assembler" - a term guaranteed to cause confusion in conversation with programmers. LEO III had the world's first multitasking operating system, called rather quaintly "the master routine". It also had a microprogrammed CPU - a very advanced idea at the time. LEO was beautifully made and all those engineers who worked on LEO were very proud to have been connected with the machine and we were very sad when we switched it off for the last time. I and (I think) six other colleagues were the last generation of engineers recruited by ICL to work on LEO and I joined the company last of all, several weeks after the others in January 1980. I have to say that much of what I learned during this period has underpinned my entire understanding of computers and it was a marvellous opportunity for a young engineer to have experienced what some have called "the golden age of computing" . John Godwin : LEO Programmer Johannesburg: Worked in the Johannesburg Bureau from 1964 until 1986 when I moved to the then holding company. Originally we were part of the Rand Mines Group of companies. The mining houses were our main customers for whom we ran payrolls, stores and share transfers. For full reminiscences see https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral %20History%20project/LEO%20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/John %20Godwin%20brief%20bio.doc?role=personal . Jeff Goodenough, LEO engineer. One of my main programming achievements in between mending LE-1 units, was to add the "om tiddly om pom - pom pom" tune to the end of a little program which verified (I think) magnetic tapes! (Much to the amusement of the operators.) . John Goodwin I worked on LEO II/4 for the Ford Motor company, & I'm the sole entry in your list of addressees that did genuinely work on that machine; one of the two others worked on II/11, & the other worked for LEO on II/8?, & joined Ford after II/4 had been scrapped. I notice that you have an error regarding the attribution of II/6. The Government Pensions activity never had their own machine, having used one of other of the LEO-owned machines that operated as a service bureau. (Editors note: Goodwin’s assertion cannot be sustained as a number of LEO Computers Society members including commissioning engineers tell of visiting the LEO II/6 at the Ministry of Pensions offices in Newcastle. Geoff Pye - see Oral History gives an account of working on MPNI LEO II/6 in Newcastle) When I went on my programming course at Whiteley's , we were presented with a list that detailed the owners & locations of the LEO computers; that list omitted II/6, & in response to our enquiries about that, an evasive reply advised us that the presenter was not able to disclose that (so of course we all knew where the machine had been deployed). That machine was actually purchased by another Government activity - the Foreign Office, for one of their activities whose existence was never disclosed; that machine was actually located at Cheltenham, & certain of our engineers were required to work on that machine as required. I never heard of the fate of that machine, but I expect that it was simply scrapped - like all the others & no mention if it is included in any information published by Bletchley Park (it took over the work of the 11 Colossus machines). (Perhaps it's still there?) It was quite amazing just how much work those machines could achieve, even using punched-card for input & output of master files (some using pure binary), supported by a room full of ancillary punched-card appliances (sorters, collators, punches & interpreters + an IBM 407 tabulating machine - that I programmed using huge re-wirable plug- boards! Modern machines seem to be no more efficient, due to the increased bit usage plus masses of bloatware, & general incompetence of system designers & programmers. Our programmes were coded to run using pure-binary code, but the compiler would accept decimal input & convert to binary for execution, but I had to decode the binary & perform modifications by 'patching' in binary. I worked on our LEO until it was replaced by an IBM 1410 in November 1963, & I supported & worked on a series of other machines until 2000 C.E. when I accepted early retirement, but continued working as a consultant - even to the present day. Our replacement machine was eventually replaced by a Honeywell 2200 + a 120, in a dishonest attempt to gain the company's business by a bunch of fraudsters, since the machines were rip-off's of the IBM 1410/7010 &c., & the software merely stolen directly; compiling a programme in Cobol, resulted in a fatal error unless the computer used was declared to be an IBM 1410 or 7010; that machine got thrown-out prior to launch, when it was found that it was not up to the claimed performance, & would take 28 hours per day to run the existing workload then currently performed on the IBM 1410; we replaced the IBM 1410 with an IBM 360-50, running in IBM 7010 emulation mode; I wrote the Post Mortem programme for it!, & spent many week-ends running both new & old machines concurrently 24 hours per day, unassisted & unaccompanied, to develop new programmes for our entire Accounting systems; people would have a fit nowadays, if anyone attempted that! The above account is archived in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEO %20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/John%20Goodwin %20reminiscences.docx?role=personal . Emil Gottwald. I joined LEO Computers in 1964 after graduating from Queen Mary College in London with a degree in physics. It was right in the middle of the boom in semiconductors, and even though I had specialised in solid state physics the prospect of working with semiconductors did not appeal to me, so I interviewed with LEO Computers and accepted their job offer. I was part of a small group [I think there were 6 or 7 of us**] working on "special projects" for JW [whose nickname BTW was 'Fred']. We had a small lab which housed a "research" computer consisting of components mounted on pegboard hung on the wall, and fed by paper tape. We worked on a variety of projects ranging from voice recognition [prompted by IBM's 'Shoebox' voice recognition device], to thermal printing and performance analysis. This was during the time of the LEO III/F, and we built a prototype performance analyzer for it consisting of a bunch of photocells mounted on the control panel, driving a paper tape punch to record which cells had detected a control panel light. It was a Rube Goldberg affair using rubber doorstops for the photocell mounts [the screw holes were used to fit over the console display lights at one end, and to house the photocells at the other - cheap and effective]. Don't know how that turned out as I left for the States around then. I remember JW blowing his top when he found out I was leaving, calling me into his office and reaming me out for not giving more notice. A more pleasant memory of JW has to do with his mantra to keep things simple. He once asked me to name a simple, reliable mechanism and I said "A car engine'. His reply was "How about a matchbox? My time at Minerva Road is one of my fondest memories - I still have my CLEO and KDF9 Algol User Manuals and I seem to remember an AutoCoder manual lying around somewhere though I don't remember if that was from my LEO days or from college. . Brian Grimshaw I started work on LEOs in September of 1967 for Shell-Mex and BP based in Wythenshawe, Manchester. I was 19 at the time but still have fond memories of this time and would be happy to be interviewed or put them in writing. I also have my original training manual entitled 'English Electric Leo Marconi Training Manual- Leo III Basic Operating No 53'. This is a fairly weighty tome with several hundred A4 pages (hand typed/hand drawn I suspect) plus a couple of sample logs headed 'Mock Control Desk Exercise No. 1' and 'No. 2'. Whilst the manual purports to be 'basic', the first page is headed 'The Co-Ordinator' which describes the anatomy of an instruction! I worked on LEO's for about a year helping to run the SMBP group accounts which covered Shell, BP, Scotish Power and National Benzole. I then became interesested in programming having seen examples of CLEO and Intercode (akin to COBOL and Assembler on other systems). I subsequently transferred to operating an ICT 1004 (plugboard based) which I did get to program until it was replaced with a Univac 9400, whence I became a 'proper' programmer using DOS assembler and COBOL. I still have the printout from my first Assembler program but that belongs in a different 'museum' . Valerie Grose I had the somewhat dubious distinction of being the first girl in London to complete the Gold level of the Duke of Edinburgh's Scheme (only because I was in the first intake of girls to start when it was introduced). On the photograph I am showing Mr & Mrs Simmons the work two younger girls are engrossed in leading to the Bronze stage. It was divided into four sections: Service to the community, Adventure, Hobbies and practical skills. Under hobbies I spotted driving a car and asked my manager what that entailed as few had a car at the time. Please laugh (or not) but a man was paid to take me out on Saturday mornings, in a company car, to teach me. No matter how long it took: the objective being for me to pass the test. I made my way to Cadby Hall to meet George, plus car, and then I drove to my home in Ealing where my mother had coffee and buns ready for us. George had a cigarette and after chatter together I drove back to CH. We spun it out for about six months and I then passed. Although I went to work everyday with only two weeks holiday, that company was pretty good to me. What a privilege to have had my office (when eventually promoted to senior secretary) opposite that of Mr Simmons with TRT's alongside. Mr Pinkerton and Mr Caminer had offices elsewhere but were frequently seen heading to Mr Simmons' office. One day Diane (a colleague) and I were called upon to serve tea in his oak panelled office to a group of a dozen or so gentlemen. I was going on holiday next day (he must have been told that by someone). He stopped the meeting, excuse me gentlemen, Valerie I understand you are going on holiday tomorrow. May I ask where to if you are going away. The Isle of Wight with my parents. He then wished me a pleasant time. My completion of the Award took me to the office of Sir Samuel Salmon who presented me with "The Ascent of Everest". I still have it on my bookshelf. I met Sir John Hunt and when four more girls completed the Gold level we were invited for lunch at the House of Commons with the MP for Hammersmith, Mr Compton Carr. So....I never was a "LEO" but had that close association with the key players. I have spoken to one or two people at the reunions who were LEOs but who never met the "gentlemen". I feel very fortunate. KR Valerie I know so many widows, I feel I am now a member of "that" Society. Had Tony have lived, his onward journey would not have been pleasant (wheelchair and incontinent) so I have to come to terms with the outcome being, for him, the kindest thing. My file was on the table with lots of other items/memorabilia. I removed a couple items that I can always return. I must say, in all honesty, at the time I had no idea of the role of Mr Simmons. Like several other "pinstripe-suited" gentleman he was just a very senior manager to whom we younger employees showed great respect. He was the Comptroller but what exactly that was we knew not: just the head of the clerical workings of J Lyons, in the same way that schools have a headmaster (or mistress). I'm not entirely sure I had awareness of his LEO importance/connection. When Messrs Caminer, Pinkerton and Thompson dashed along the corridor heading to room 23 (Mr Simmons office) I suppose we thought it was the weekly audience, such as the Prime Minister has with Her Majesty the Queen. I was once, with another staff member, called upon to serve tea to various managers in his office. Whilst we poured then delivered to each person, they carried on talking but Mr Simmons said, "excuse me a moment, gentlemen": Valerie I believe you are going on holiday tomorrow, are you going away? With my parents we were heading to the Isle of Wight. He wished me a very nice time. His secretary, Miss Margery Slack went to Tangier. We lesser mortals thought she was on some other planet: way out of our reach. Tony was with British Airways and we returned from Washington on Concorde. Never as a young girl could I have imagined such arrangements. Neither could I have imagined being part of these LEO gatherings in such a grandiose building as Middle Temple Hall. I don't have photos that Mr Simmons took: just one with me explaining the Duke of Edinburgh's award to he and Mrs Simmons. Another manager, Mavis Leopold was the wife of Michael, nephew of Reginald Leopold who conducted the Sunday evening Palm Court orchestra programme. A Mrs Greenall, personnel manager and Miss Buzzey, secretary to the Chief Accountant, together with Mrs Simmons all had manicures, regular hair appointments, bags and shoes like Footballers' wives have nowadays (Several thousand per item: equivalent in those days). Something we younger ones could only admire and dream of. It all seems like another world but of course is the memory of the early days of my life. The Lyons whole operation was very labour-extensive. Would Mr Simmons nowadays have no need of his secretary and just communicate on his mobile and iPad? Maybe the wages and salaries to so many thousands of staff (9000 at Cadby Hall, I recall) perhaps be part of the downfall of the company? Thankfully the organisation of the time enabled me to have an interesting and fulfilling career. I feel very fortunate. . Valerie Grose Reminiscences I have read the fascinating article (that mentions Nigella). Actually her grandfather Mr Felix Salmon was our “in-line direct director” with secretary, Miss Patterson. One of my colleague’s father was Mr Felix’s chauffeur and when a child she played with Vanessa, Nigella’s mother. As previously stated, other than Mr Frank Land I knew most of the other ‘names’ (Messrs Simmons, Pinkerton, Thompson, Caminer). I believe Mr Oliver Standingford had just left the company prior to my joining but I knew Mr Geoffrey Mills with whom he co-wrote “Office Practice” I certainly cannot claim to have known them well (being considerably younger) but my office was in the same corridor so saw them all frequently. To measure their success is difficult: obviously, as things eventually panned out I suppose wrong decisions were made but they were surely the “brains” of the time. By way of comparison, “medical” knowledge extended to patients having leeches set upon them to draw out blood but as time passed with newer developments this soon become consigned to history. Mobile phones were the size of bricks, became very small but curiously are now larger (albeit slim and lightweight) but have the capacity to offer many more functions. Life has changed beyond all recognition over the past half century with so many new inventions, and all new technology in the future will surely pale into insignificance with yet more inventions. Fax machines and music cassettes for instance, (good inventions that were relatively short-lived). LEO though was of great significance and I feel very privileged to have been an employee at J Lyons during those early years. Even the style of dress of those gentlemen would not suit modern times: grey suits, short back and sides hair, most smoked. Most certainly Miss Margery Slack, secretary to Mr Simmons did, and Mrs Maureen Henley, secretary to TRT. When entering their offices you could barely see them through the smoke! I recall walking through the bakery department once with trolleys of bread rolls open to the elements; people walking past coughing. Swiss rolls, as I recall were all rolled by hand as no machine had been put together that could roll them without cracking. Imagine what Health and Safety would say about that nowadays. The internal telephone exchange was fascinating, headed by Mr Calder. Each call had to be individually connected. The two dozen or so telephonists sat at terminals with thick flex to insert into the connecting plug. When lifting the receiver to make a call, the telephonists were trained to ask by name “Which number, Mr Simmons” but ‘ordinary staff’ were greeted with ‘number please’ to which you replied ‘extension 645’. Daily office life was very labour intensive with reports and minutes of meetings having to be typed using carbon paper to produce extra copies. I was a very light typist, only being able to produce about four readable reports so, if ten were required I would have to type each set three times which was very time-consuming. How different my life would have been with a modern computer/keyboard, email facility and the holiday entitlement of today. Ten days only, plus Bank Holidays and New Year’s Day was a working one at the time. Mr Samuel Salmon gave a New Year address over the tannoy, “Hello and good morning, Cadby” and thanking all for their contribution to this great company. It was just that at the time and I am pleased that aspects will have historical significance. I rather suspect those in LEO had their heads down busily engaged in developing the new machinery and knew rather less of what happened on a day to day basis, as described above. Mr John Andrews has a file of LEO memorabilia that, being somewhat of a hoarder, I have kept from my early days at JL. Unfortunately I could not download this (http://leo.settle.dtdns.net/LeoCode/LeoIIIdemo2.zip) Please forward this on and feel free to ask any further questions you feel I may be able to assist with. Best rgds Valerie

Dear Frank,

Having heard your name for several years (I have attended quite a few reunions (sadly seeing Mr Caminer in a wheelchair at one) it surprises me that our paths never seem to have crossed. Mr Simmons, to me, was the epitome of the perfect gentleman and always addressed me as Valerie (no others did so)*. Geoffrey Mills smoked a pipe, as you may recall, and somewhat amazingly lived less than five minutes from where my son and daughter in law now reside. His address sounded so romantic (Beechcroft was the name of his house) and to me it sounded so far away (Claygate, Surrey). * my own boss of course used my Christian name and, to my total amazement, announced one day that as he used mine, then I should use his. I found that extremely difficult. It just was "not done". Mr Simmons' address. Hyde Park Gate. A quick Google now shows today's asking price, £13,000,000 but perhaps modest against the £40m of the Beckhams! Holidays: one year my boss went to a Butlins Holiday camp (!) as felt suitable for his two young children. Upon return he reported the children had loved it whilst he and his wife grinned and bore it. My colleagues and I - Torquay, Isle of Wight, Camber Sands. Miss Slack, secretary to Mr Simmons went to Tangier. We considered either she, or the rest of us, were on another planet. I have no recollection of the destinations of the LEO gentlemen. Not LEO but might amuse. Mr Mark Bogod (non-family director?) due a new company car, invited his chauffeur, Geoffrey to choose. "How about a Rover 90, sir?, and he chose the colour:grey. Very insightful psychology. Clearly, Mr Bogod was not overly-bothered and presumably felt if Geoffrey was happy he'ed give good service, often being required to work anti- social hours driving to functions and returning at midnight. Looking back over the years, at the time everything, everyday was so normal but now seems.....yes, like life on some other planet. Oh yes, just thought of this. We girls wore gloves to work, even in summer! In winter, obviously for warmth but in summer, lacy decorative items and as for being bare-legged: never. Nylon stockings with nice straight seams and I never saw the gentlemen wearing casual clothes as on "dress down Fridays" in offices nowadays. Grey suits, black shoes, shirt and tie was their 'uniform'. I can clearly picture the vast LEO and wish I had paid rather more attention. Opening my Daily Telegraph one day, on the Obituaries page sadly was Mr Pinkerton. I recognised him straightaway before even seeing his name. Then Mr Caminer. May they all rest in peace after giving valuable service to that once great company but more particularly that wonderful invention, the Lyons Electronic Office.

. Peter Guest b.1934, died 1995 aged 61, LEO Maintenance Engineer

Margaret Guest, his widow writes: Peter’s education badly disrupted during Wartime, leaving Wm. Penn School, Peckham, London aged 16 in 1951. Attended Woolwich Polytechnic 1951-55 for part time day release, obtained ONC in civil engineering while working for Sir Murdock MacDonald & Partners as a trainee draughtsman. Further HND studies but National Service in RAF intervened including training in communication hardware preparing to be a wireless operator and then posted to Aden where he worked for the Commonwealth Air Forces Communications Network with the rank of Corporal. Came back and worked for Vickers Armstrong at a factory in Crayford, Kent. At the time he joined they were building a valve computer for Powers Samas, the PCC, which had an immense number of problems and not many people capable of solving them! He left when the PCC was going to be superseded by a future design done by ICT.

Early 1960 (the year we were planning to marry) Peter was employed by LEO in London (for a very small wage for the first 6 months) while getting a good grounding in all aspects of this new invention; engineering, testing, commissioning, etc. He was sent out to maintain computers at Ford Dagenham (LEOII/4) and Ilford Films (LEO II/9) while we lived in a caravan on the outskirts of Romford. He was also training on LEO 111. At the time the head office of LEO Computers was in Bayswater.

Then, about 1964, after LEO amalgamated with English Electric, we moved to the South Coast where he was sent to commission a new English Electric computer for Lloyds Bank at Durrington, Worthing, while also troubleshooting other installations in London and the South Coast.

After the merger with English Electric he spent a lot of time up in Kidsgrove on the KDF9 commissioning and troubleshooting.

Our next move was to Long Ashton, on the outskirts of Bristol where he was Assistant Service Manager. Later becoming Area Manager working on computers for Wills Tobacco and an important (I think Government) installation in Dworset. Later appointed Area Manager for West London and the Western Home Counties.

In 1967, when Marconi split its computer interests from English Electric, another move to Widford, Chelmsford, to work for Marconi who were embarking on a programme to produce the Myriad 1 and design the Myriad 11.

He was also involved in the System 430 for English Electric-LEO (the first integrated circuit design) which caused many problems because of the high reliability requirements necessary for the Military and Traffic Control for which it was intended. He was then Manager overseeing design, production, quality control, budgets, planning and responsible for 45 employees. It was a very stressful time for him.

Then there was a period of uncertainty, with a merger of Marconi with GEC looming..

This made up his mind to move again, to MDS Data Processing, Teeside, Durham.

Peter first joined MDS as Quality Control Manager. MDS was an international company, main Plant being in Utica, north of New York State and another in Germany and he made regular visits to both locations. After all this travelling he decided to stay more local, so worked for local companies; Redifon, Comark and MBM near Brighton, before finally freelancing as a Business Consultant working from home.

He sadly died of Cancer aged 61.

. Gloria Guy, LEO Computer Society Committee member My very first employment was in 1952 with Jo Lyons at Elms House and have a loose connection with Coventry Street Corner House. Sadly, I wasn’t a Nippy but once Lyons had trained me to use a calculator in their own training school, my job consisted of adding up all the bills from Coventry Street Corner House - all day long! I found it fascinating and got quite cross with Lyons when they decided to promote me after 16 months to a job which I didn’t like and with people that I didn’t get on with! After several moves - Bakery Sales office using comptometers, then LEO doing data entry in 1954 I had no idea I was working on a piece of history. During this time I was studying shorthand and typing at night school and eventually worked in their Works & Engineering department at Spike House before leaving for a secretarial career, which stood me in very good stead for the rest of my working life. My mother also worked at Cadby Hall and my grandfather worked at Henry Telfer (the meat pie company owned by Lyons). See: https://www.dropbox.com/s/8km6dav1cr5wlq9/Gloria%20Guy%20brief%20bio.docx? dl=0

 Michael Guy LEO Master Routine – The Birth of Software Engineering? Michael Guy joined LEO straight from Wadham College, Oxford in 1962 with a mathematics degree. After two years working on the Master Routine he left to do a PhD at Newcastle University in integer programming. After two years working for Wiggins Teape in their systems development department he rejoined what was then ICL. He worked on VME for many years, progressing from programmer to designer, project manager and OSTECH. When a team was created to pursue the UK Alvey projects, launched as a response to the Japanese 5th Generation project, he seized the opportunity, working mainly on persistent programming with the universities of Glasgow and St Andrews. He ended his career with Teamware in what had become Fujitsu. On retirement he went back to university, taking degrees in theology and biblical studies at Birmingham University. After gaining an acquaintance with at least a dozen programming languages he had no desire to program any more until twenty years later, when he found himself helping to debug his grandson's Python programs on a Raspberry Pi. I worked on the LEO III Master Routine from 1962 to 1964, going straight from university with a maths degree. It was nearly sixty years ago and my memories of that time have been paged out and archived, and have probably been corrupted on the way. Also I do not have a wide knowledge of the wider world of computing at the time. But I have been encouraged to write this article in the hope of generating discussion of a very important subject – the development of the discipline of software engineering.

John Daines writes “I have listings of the master routine and it was written in Intercode. Intercode itself was a level above machine code and, although a instruction looked to be an equivalent to a machine code instruction, it was often expanded by the translator into several machine code instructions.

However, Intercode instructions 100/0/0 to 131/1/3 were one for one equivalents of machine code instructions 0/0/0 to 31/1/3. That meant that the master routine programmers could program at the lowest level and use specialist low level instructions that weren’t in the Intercode set e.g. input output, interrupt handling, setting store protection tags .etc

Interestingly, Cleo allowed for routines to be written in Intercode and, by implication from the above, that Intercode might include machine code.” LEO was the first computer to be used for business purposes. This meant a change in the priorities of computer design. The first change was that it was used for data processing. It spent relatively little time actually calculating and a lot of time reading paper tape, printing and reading and writing magnetic tape. The role of the Master Routine was to manage the computer efficiently and attempt to keep everything going full time. This is what multi-programming is about. The second priority was for reliability. Lyons would receive telephone orders every evening and these orders had to be on the lorries by the following morning. The business came to depend on a working computer. Computers did break down, and every installation had on site engineers so that the moment a breakdown occurred the engineers were in the machine room within minutes. Spares were kept on site, ready in case of need. Software, especially the Master Routine, also had to be reliable. Releases were strictly controlled. A new release would incorporate many changes. It had to be tested by the team in dedicated slots of machine time. It was beta tested by using it on the service machine in Hartree House and then released to customers. The customer would run his own tests before installing it. If a bug occurred the customer would revert to a previous version. Upwards and backwards compatibility was essential. A bug would cause a paper dump to be sent to the team by courier and a patch would be issued. A new version of the Master Routine was not allowed. If a patch did not work it could be removed. The danger of a patch was that while curing one bug it might inadvertently create a new one. Reliability required strict discipline in the creation of the Master Routine. Machine time was expensive, requiring dedicated use of the machine. Testing took place overnight so one was only allowed one test a day. I have a feeling that several changes were assembled into one Master Routine, so a trivial mistake in the code in the heart of the operating system could mean that no one in the team got a test that night. Accordingly, code had to be checked by the programmer and rechecked by another member of the team. The emphasis was on getting the code to work first time, with testing being quality control. Of course, this was not always achieved. Code had to be intelligible to other members of the team. Being written in machine code, it had to be commented and written in such a way that other members of the team could understand it. At the same time, we were under pressure to write economic code and were told that every word saved would save the customer £5 of RAM. Virtual store was not even dreamed of. Understandable code therefore meant that it had to be understood by another member of the time. As the members of the Master team were probably selected from those who performed best in the aptitude test it might have been difficult for someone from outside the team to understand it. Some programming practices would be frowned on today. The manual specified the effect of an instruction for straightforward use and we would sometimes wonder what would happen if we went outside the specification. One example would be what would happen if one used a decimal add on a hexadecimal number. In such a case a member of the team would ring the designer of the microcode. He would get out the flowcharts of the instruction and tell us, so we were programming to the microcode rather than the specification. Another quirk was that a switch might be implemented by overwriting the next instruction by an unconditional jump, something that would be prevented by modern hardware. It worked because LEO III had no instruction cache. There was no written manual. Programming standards were passed on by word of mouth to each new entrant to the team. Disagreements were resolved by the team leader. We worked as a close knit team with about a dozen members. It included men and women and the only thing that mattered was technical competence. We were all in the same room and could talk to anyone at any time. Each person in the team could work on any part of the Master routine and, importantly, maintain it. There were good things about the way we did things and questionable things, but it taught me the discipline needed of a systems programmer. This stayed with me all my working life: take care when writing the code and do your best to get it right before testing. I took the same ethos with me when I later worked on 2900 VME. Good programming is about discipline. I had some fun working on LEO. I remember being given the boring task of writing a test program for the printer. In response I created a program to print out the value of pi to as many decimal places as I wanted. After evaluation of the next ten digits it would print out the value so far. Pi is evaluated through an infinite series so the task is not as difficult as it may seem. One thing I am particularly proud of is a creating new version of the bootstrap. The bootstrap consisted of reading in a sequence of code and obeying it and this code would load the Master Routine. Unfortunately the paper tape reader read 7-bit characters because it was intended for reading ASCII, and so the only instructions available were those which those in which the top bit was zero. These would culminate in an unpack instruction which converted the rest of the paper tape to binary. The bootstrap was in existence when I joined, but then a customer – Dunlop, LEO III/3 - bought a computer which used cards and had no paper tape reader. The bootstrap was over 80 characters long and would not fit on a card. The customer would not have been happy to buy a tape reader simply for loading the Master Routine! I was given the task of compressing the bootstrap into 80 characters. This I achieved, probably using an obscure instruction sequence. One day a consultant expressed dissatisfaction with the handling of magnetic tapes. A tape would be loaded on to the tape deck and an operator would inform the computer of the label on the tape. Any direct operator interaction is by its nature error prone and the consultant was prepared to pay for an experiment in hide and seek, whereby the computer would read the label. I was given the task of extending the tape handling of the Master Routine to do this. As there was no machine time available for it in Hartree House, I spent a few weeks in Birmingham making the modification, using machine time provided by the consultant. At the end of the exercise I produced a 17 page typewritten specification of the ‘Controlling Master Routine’. It states how it would identify each tape, assign it to the correct program and unload it when it was finished with. My memories of LEO are interspersed with other memories from that time. Working hours were from 9 to 5 five days a week with no overtime. We always had lunch in an Indian restaurant just round the corner and could wander around Whiteleys department store in the time remaining. The winter of 1962-3 was cold and the snow lay on the ground for six weeks. I was there for the last London smog when, standing at the traffic lights, I could not see the light on the other side of the road and the foul air meant that I went straight home after work and never went out until the next morning. The Cuban missile crisis took place in 1962 during the introductory programming course. At first I lived in London in Fulham Palace Road and I would spend Saturdays wandering the streets of the City exploring the many beautiful Wren churches. We could buy excellent seats at Covent Garden for £2 courtesy of the Lyons social club. I was sent a credit card through the post unrequested and without a credit check. After six months I moved back to my parents in Camberley and commuted in my first car: a Ford Anglia with the raked back rear window in which I could career downhill at sixty-five miles per hour on the Staines bypass and park on a side street near Hartree House. The world was changing. It was an exciting time to be young, independent and at the forefront of technological innovation, but I do not think I realised it at the time. See also Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/fnfst16lp6s67uj9veo21/Michael-Guy- memoir.docx?dl=0&rlkey=2l0rzgycww8mufci24l6xmjg5

Michael Hancock I was Shell Mex and BP’s chief programmer when we acquired our first Leo III in 1963 (no 6) and was involved in the studies and decisions which led to its acquisition. We later acquired another Leo III and 2 Leo 326’s which were considerably faster. Our computer centres were in Hemel Hempstead and Wythenshawe. Leo were in competition with ICL and IBM and succeeded first because they had the most suitable machine and second because of their skill in persuading our management that they were right for the job. ICL had a grand machine on the stocks then but typically, it never saw the light of day. I designed a massive sales accounting system with help from John Aris. Such a pity that Leo did not have the resources to create the next generation. I was lucky enough to be in another area while a traumatic transition to Univac took place. The Leo users group brought me into contact which such as Dunlop and Imperial Tobacco. The latter was worth a visit to Bristol as they gave away a box of cigarettes to their visitors. An extended version of the career and memoirs is available in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/s/22dwf6tv7cid0ui/Mike%20Hancock %20Memors.docx?dl=0

Douglas Hartree and LEO (from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hartree) Hartree's fourth and final major contribution to British computing started in early 1947 when the catering firm of J. Lyons & Co. in London heard of the ENIAC and sent a small team in the summer of that year to study what was happening in the USA, because they felt that these new computers might be of assistance in the huge amount of administrative and accounting work which the firm had to do. The team met with Col. Herman Goldstine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton who wrote to Hartree telling him of their search. As soon as he received this letter, Hartree wrote and invited representatives of Lyons to come to Cambridge for a meeting with him and Wilkes. This led to the development of a commercial version of EDSAC developed by Lyons, called LEO, the first computer used for commercial business applications. After Hartree's death, the headquarters of LEO Computers was renamed Hartree House. This illustrates the extent to which Lyons felt that Hartree had contributed to their new venture. Hartree's last famous contribution to computing was an estimate in 1950 of the potential demand for computers, which was much lower than turned out to be the case: "We have a computer here in Cambridge, one in Manchester and one at the [NPL]. I suppose there ought to be one in Scotland, but that's about all." Such underestimates of the number of computers that would be required were common at the time! . Denis Hitchens. Operator on LEO III/15 at Shell Australia Neil Lamming interviewed me and conducted the aptitude test. But the person I was really trying to dredge from my memory was Bill Cheek who along with Jack Dankert encouraged me to return to full-time study. I was 19 and 20 at the time, turning 21 about a fortnight before I went to RMIT -- imagine a 20 year old shift leader with the fate of SCO in his hands!! So for me as a whippersnapper training 35+ year olds was a life defining experience and one which a bit later in life when I was President of the Students' Representative Council (elected leader of some 12,000 students) I was able to refer to when addressing Melbourne Rotary ( yes, all the big wigs). A fuller version of the reminiscences are available in the LEO Dropbox archive at https://www.dropbox.com/s/bqgrbhxh9cp4s4k/Denis%20Hitchens %20Reminiscences.docx?dl=0 . Brian Hobson: I am glad that you, (Hilary Caminer), were able to attend our recent “LEO do” as chaotic as it was! You asked if I would explain the origins of our group and also to help you understand our Lyons/LEO relationship as it seemed rather confusing. I will do my best. The meeting started when Norman Beasley retired from Lyons in/around 1982. Norman had been a member of Lyons/Leo from the early days and was Operations manager on LEO 1, LEO II/1, and LEO III/7 before becoming Computer Consultant to the Lyons group of companies. Norman lived in Chalfont St Giles (I think this is correct) and Peter Bird (Lyons Programming Manager) and Alex Tepper (Lyons Operations manager) would go to visit him fairly frequently. Carol Hurst, who was at our meeting, also lived nearby and had also left Lyons would join the others making a foursome. In my Lyons career I started in Operations as an operator (employed by Norman) and later became a consultant working with Norman. When Alex Tepper was promoted to Head of Computing for Lyons I became Operations manager and joined the gathering. All Lyons computer staff are quite a close knit group and various members moved into senior positions within other companies within the group as Accountants or Head of Computing, etc. Tony Thompson, who you met, became Chief Accountant for various companies, Alan King (now passed away) became head of Lyons Maid computing. They joined in our meetings and gradually as time went on our group has continued but with varying members, as old ones passed away others came to know of us and joined. Peter Bird was the mainstay organiser as he had the most contacts. Cyril Lanch is a fairly newcomer to our group but did not step back quick enough when volunteers were sought to carry on Peter’s organising! Hopefully that explains our group, now for the LEO/Lyons feelings – difficult! History of Lyons and computers. Lyons built a computer to do work for Lyons Electronic Office (LEO), staff working on the computers were Lyons staff. With the success of computers Lyons formed a computer company LEO Computers Ltd but the staff although working for LEO were still Lyons staff at heart. When the company LEO was sold the computers remained at Lyons and were operated by Leo staff until they chose to remain at Lyons or were replaced by new Lyons staff. Lyons computer history goes from LEO I through Leo II/1, LEO III/7, LEO 326/46 and eventually to IBM computers. Our attachment to LEO may be explained by the fact that the original computers were still in use at Lyons long after LEO had been sold and in many instances the staff working them were the original staff. When LEO was sold the computer department became LEO and METHODS, then Lyons Computer Services Ltd (LCS My best analogy would be: If you had a daughter and she got married she would still be your daughter and a member of your family although she would have joined another family, you would continue to be proud of her. The same is how our computer department feel. When LEO was sold the computer department became LEO and METHODS, then Lyons Computer Services Ltd (LCS), and finally Lyons Information Systems Ltd (LIS). As you may now gather we were very proud of our heritage but so was the computer industry. We as a Computer Bureau (which we had been from day 1 of computers) strived to continue to be at the forefront of computer usage and computer and peripheral manufacturers were very keen to be associated with us offering us very competitive deals to use their equipment. Our computer department was frequently put under the microscope by the main Lyons Board as the newer family Board members felt that computing was expensive but on every occasion the auditing companies, including IBM, were in awe as to how we are able to do so much with so little and still lead the world. An example of this was back when Lyons had a fire on the Xeronic Printer in the LEO III/7 computer room. We made an arrangement with the Post Office (as it was then) to use their LEO III (overnight) in Charles House which was just across the road from us. Our shift of 6 operators replaced a shift of 20+ operators. I cannot remember the trade magazine that did a piece on us as we were the first company to wire an entire building with various departments on different floors to use Local Area Networks linked into the mainframe. Also, one of our external customers was a large American personal tax company which had a large computer centre in the States but wanted a worldwide centre based in London. We installed a duplicate of their system onto our computer, they provided no computing staff as all maintenance etc. would be done from the States we only had two user/managers with us. Their system was difficult for their users to manage and I spent a lot of time supporting them because of the complexity of their system. Eventually I volunteered to improve it for them and wrote a few simple programs and restructured their system making it much more efficient (saving hours a day of machine and their input time). The computer staff in America were interested in what I had done and came over to see for themselves, they were amazed and the CEO asked permission to adopt our version of their system to replace their own! My own involvement with Lyons started while I was at school. My brother, Colin, whom you met was an operator at Lyons on LEO II/1 (but employed by LEO Computers) and I used to go with him to work some evenings or when I was not at school. I was able to help operate the LEO II computer (unofficially of course) and met the engineers on the LEO III/7. When Colin moved to Hartree House I also used to go there as well and helped out on the LEO III installed there. I loved the job and it really appealed to me so when I left school (in 1966) I went for interviews at Lyons and ICT (as it was then). Norman interviewed me and offered me the job (it helped that I knew several of the staff by name which impressed him!). I worked my way up from trainee operator to Ops Manager until the closure of the company in 1991. I won’t bore you with my life history of the roles I held and of the changes in company structure that I made over the years as most of this was during our IBM period. I hope that this gives you some insight into our little group and our attachment to LEO and why we feel a little side-lined when at the LEO Computer Society gatherings Lyons seems to be irrelevant. Maybe that is changing now but at the few meetings I went to over the years that is how it seemed which is why I have never bothered joining . Colin Hobson: Weather, Wildlife and LEO Computers Both LEO 1 and the LEO 2s were not installed in cosy, air-conditioned palaces. They went into normal office accommodation and the heat, generated by the hundreds of thermionic valves was conducted away by fans and overhead ducting. The operators were kept cool only if they could open the office windows! This could cause a number of unexpected problems: On LEO 1 rain could be a problem. It was necessary to look outside before turning anything on. If it was raining, or snowing, the heaters in the valves needed to be turned on before the cooling fans. This built up enough heat to ensure that the water droplets sucked in were vaporised before they hit a hot glass valve cover. Failure to do it this way round would result in a series of high pitched squeaks as the glass, of the valves cracked. This would be followed by the sound of engineers swearing! If there was no rain, it was better to get the cooling up and running first. On LEO 2 this was not a problem. The ventilation system didn’t cause the computer much in the way of problems. The computer did provide a lot of heat, most of which was conducted away by the ventilation system. However, there was still a lot of peripheral equipment and human bodies churning out heat. The only option, certainly on LEO 2/1 was to open the windows to the outside world. Mostly this worked well. However, there were times when the outside world made its way into the operating area to cause chaos. Wildlife was one such problem. The occasional visiting bird could provide some distracting entertainment but the worst problem I can remember was a swarm of small insects which came in through the open windows and settled on the paper tapes and punched cards. They got squished into the holes in the cards and tapes changing the data. Many years later I was working at a Post Office (now BT) site where a snake made its way through one of the doors from the outside world, down a short corridor and then got stuck between the automatic airlock doors into the air-conditioned computer hall.

Colin Hobson adds I was worked on LEO 1 and subsequent machines but am not sure about recordings. LEO 1 certainly did make a noise but I have a vague recollection that the speaker was not in the original hardware but in the dexion operators console, which was a later addition. LEO 1 was on a platform at one end of the room (hall). There was an engineer’s console up there which the operators did not use. The dexion operators console was down on the parquet flooring along with all the peripherals. The peripherals were aligned in two rows with shallow metal cable runs going back to the main frame platform. The room was not air conditioned and at times it was necessary to open several windows to allow the operators to breathe! A warm wet day was a real problem as we had to make sure the heat in the room was enough to evaporate the rain before we could open the windows! Another side effect, on the operators, was the smell of cooking which often wafted up from below! Note: Colin Hobson was interviewed by Marie Hicks for her book Programmed Inequality (see above) and provides one of her case studies noting the story of LEO. . David Holdsworth - I went to state schools in the then West Riding of Yorkshire, where the Director of Education was Alec Clegg, well-known for his left-wing views. As a result, I left a co-ed comprehensive school in 1961 and went on to read Physics at Oxford University following a few months working in the works laboratory of English Electric. I began my computing career as a physics research student writing Algol60 programs modelling quarks on a KDF9. After discovering that I might be better at computing than physics, I got a job at Leeds University in 1967 where we implemented the Eldon2 multi-access operating system on KDF9, which was still running at NPL in 1980. Leeds University’s KDF9 was succeeded by an ICL 1906A where I was involved with George3 and George4. At Leeds I was an early champion of Amdahl and of UNIX. I was often helping others with their computing issues. After completing the doctorate, I went to a job in the Electronic Computing Laboratory at Leeds University, where I worked in a variety of roles until 2004. Actually the thesis was written up while at Leeds. My developments on their KDF9 are documented in Resurrection, the journal of the Computer Conservation Society. Suffice to say that I was a key figure in implementing the Eldon2 multi-access system, which enabled us to offer interactive computing from March 1968, with 32 tele-types connected via a PDP-8. I started resurrecting/preserving software in the late 1990s. By resurrecting/preserving I mean getting the software into a modern digital state and providing the ability to execute it. George3 was the first such rebirth, using the official George3 issue magnetic tapes, followed by the BBC micro’s Domesday Project. The first software rescued from printer listings was KDF9’s Whetstone Algol. I was also involved in the preservation of digital material that is not computer software. An important principle of my work has been that emulation should work on a wide range of current hardware, with a view to working on future systems. Sometime around new year 2013, John Daines asked if I could use my skills in software resurrection on the pile of listings of Leo III Intercode that had been collected by Colin Tully. After resurrecting software for 1900, BBC micro and KDF9, I was keen to try rescuing software from a machine of which I had no prior knowledge, so as better to appreciate what we need to preserve if future generations can comprehend early machines. I was delighted when John Daines asked me if I could resurrect the Intercode system that he had obtained from Colin Tully's widow. I immediately put my work on the Edinburgh IMP system on the back burner, where it resides to this day. I came to Leo III expecting to find an assembly language and set about implementing Intercode treating the printout as the source text of an assembly language. It soon dawned on me that there were no labels, and that really I was dealing with a machine code for a fictitious machine, a sort of Leo IV. The raw machine code also came as something of a surprise, devoting all sorts of complexities to computing with a variable radix, and using sign-and-modulus for information in the store but converting to 2's complement in the A register (but not the B register). A step-by-step account of my voyage of discovery which led to a working Leo III emulation is here. I am fascinated by Intercode, as I think it may offer a window onto the time when assembly languages were emerging, a time before my own entry into computing, perhaps via a privileged side entrance. See https://www.dropbox.com/s/g2ullpu7ooxwvya/David %20Holdsworth%20Memoir.docx?dl=0 . St an Holwill: My LEO Involvement & Memories January 2018 Date of birth 1932. Abstract: Stan started his working life in 1947, with an interest in engineering, at an electrical engineerg firm Clifford & Snell in Sutton Surrey. I served a five years engineering apprenticeship. During this time I spent one day a week at Wimbledon Technical College studying for ONC & HNC, followed by National Service in the Royal Corp of Signals working as a radio mechanic. On return to civilian life spotted an advertisement in Wireless World from J. Lyons for an engineer to work on digital computers. Applied, interviewed by Ernest Lenaerts and Peter Mann, accepted and joined LEO as junior computer engineer in January 1956, working at Cadby Hall on LEO I. Rapidly promoted to prototype commissioning engineer on LEO II/I and then chief maintenance engineer for the Elms House LEO II. From November 1956 acted as managing commissioning engineer for LEO IIs until 1961 responsible for a series of LEO II customers starting with Stewarts and Lloyds (LEO II/3) and going on to LEO II/11. In 1963 appointed Manager of the Maintenance Development Department (London). Remained in post until end 1970 when Minerva Road was closed. Subsequently worked with other ICL machines until retirement in 1991. Enjoyed his 15 year career with LEO, with working with LEO II the highlight. Text: https://www.dropbox.com/h

. Alan Hooker memoir. Alan Hooker’s reminiscences: here is what I remember of my time at LEO. Some of the dates area bit vague and might be suspect but then that describes me now!

I’ve also included notes on my visit to New Zealand which you might find interesting. In 1963 it was like pre-war Britain and that scenario has gone forever now.

I joined LEO in June 1958 at Elms House from the BBC and went through a six week LEO II training course, at the end of which I was thoroughly confused and questioning whether I had made another bad career choice. I was given a number of small maintenance jobs and utilities to work on then assigned to some major changes to LEO I programs. As I remember they were full of formed orders (Editor: orders created by the programmer by treating an instruction as if it was data held in store) as there was no B- line modification and my program errors frequently caused me to try to obey data. It was here that the penny dropped–the computer can try to obey data or do arithmetic on instructions, in memory they are both the same. Even so the Lyons bakeries were not brought a grinding halt and I emerged with the beginnings of programming ability.I returned to LEO II work under Betty Cooper (Newman) to write the Lyons Ice Cream suite. For Betty I had to code in ink and she checked of code. Any sheet of code she disapproved of was returned to me for rewriting (in ink). By the time the code got to Data Prep it was fit for testing. Another thing I remember about this suite was the correction to sales commission due to fluctuations in ambient temperature between this year and the corresponding temperature last year. I therefore was required to code a routine which, inter alia calculated corrected sales as actual sales times a constant raised to the none integral power of the difference between the temperatures calculated to one position of decimals. This could be positive or negative. Whilst I was sitting there with furrowed brow John Lewis helpfully told me to increase the temperatures by ten and divide the answer by 100. And so the calculations were done and so the commission was calculated and the salesmen found it incomprehensible! About this time Lector was introduced and the Xeronic printer installed in Elms House, so I worked on modifying the Teashops system to accommodate them, In 1960 I was assigned to help The Standard Triumph Motor Company (LE$O II/8) in Coventry develop their stock control system under the management of Arthur Payman. Arthur had a Messerschmitt two seat/three wheeled bubble car in which we trundled up the M1 every Monday morning, and I returned by train at the end of the week. I think I worked on this project for about a year.

I then moved to Hartree House to work for Doug Comish on the Persian Lamb Sales System for the Hudson’s Bay Company (Editor: a LEO II bureau job). This was the first time that I had acted as the front man doing requirements, design, coding, testing and delivery. Added to that the Powers Samas Samastronic printer was LEO’s first Alpha numeric printer and was a bit whimsical in behaviour. It struck me as a bit odd that Persian Lambskins grown in South West Africa should be auctioned in London by a company with a Canadian name. Very little went according to plan. The sale was originally going to be small with plenty of time between receipt of skins and the auction to sort out problems, and the manual system would be the backup. In the event, because of the African weather, lambing was late, the closing date for the sale was late and a quarter of a million skins had to be and processed. On the day of the sale, David Caminer, and the engineer (who brought his French Horn and played Till Eulenspiegel for us) and sundry volunteers worked through the night, sometimes with fingers in the dyke, and delivered the results in the morning. What is more, despite the complexities of the accounting, we balanced to the penny!

Shortly after this we did stock control and sales forecasting for Lightning Fasteners, a subsidiary of ICI and the major source of zip fasteners in the UK. This was interesting because it was an early commercial use of exponential smoothing of averages. Another stock control system we did was for the H.J. Heinz company, a just-in-time raw commodity scheduling system for their factory in Hayes. I don’t remember when LEO 3/1 was installed at Hartree House (Editor: 1967) but I was then put in charge of a number of programmers working in Intercode and I also lectured on the LEO 3 Programming Course .My manager was Helen Jackson (Clark). People in the room I remember were Alan G Hooker, Jim Feeny, Tomas Maria Leonard Wizniewski, Rosemary Oakeshott, Diana Myra Loy Cooper (Didy); others whose names I don’t today recall but will probably remember tomorrow whilst forgetting these. I was then tasked with setting up a unit to write standard commercial programs. We managed to design a flow chart for updating serial files and a prototype data vet program, but the availability of random access discs and IBM’s initiative with CICS took the wind out of those sails and efforts were diverted to standard commercial routines.

I moved on to work for Ralph Land as a consultant, basically a Sales Support analyst. One Monday he said to me “How would you like to do a project in New Zealand for a couple of months?”. “When?” I asked.” “Next Friday” replied Ralph. So four days later with a suitcase, passport and a round the world ticket I set off for Wellington, via Hong Kong and Sydney. I arrived in Wellington late Monday afternoon, was met by David Howard, the local General Manager and was driven straight to the office of English Electric Leo Computers to start work! A good job I had broken the journey in Sydney. The computer bureau was based on an EE KDF6, and offices were housed in a small square perhaps about half a mile from the harbour. I had been booked into a small hotel a few minutes’ walk from the offices, on the face of it very convenient, but in the event it turned out to be little different from a dingy boarding house with nowhere to work in the evening. When I complained about this the next day, the excuse was that there was large business convention in town and nothing better was available. I therefore went to the best hotel in town, the Grand, and booked a room for a month. After that I returned to the office to start preparing my Tender. The Company was hopelessly under resourced to bid for a distributed banking system, or to support such a system if the bid was successful, but I was there to have a go. At the end of a week I had overwhelmed the typing resources (no word processors in those days). Then there was a break of a week while the commercial and other local aspects of the proposal were prepared, during which I was sent down to Christchurch in South Island to investigate the potential market for computer bureau business. I made a few appointments, but I felt the time was not ripe for a start-up bureau centre.

Returning to Wellington to submit the proposal to the Bank of New Zealand, I was offered the post of General Manager of South Island with a view to taking over from David Howard as Country Manager when his contract expired in a year’s time. Although tempted, I asked to consider my answer after returning to the UK and assessing the future there. I also took the opportunity to call in at the local office of Atlantic and Pacific Travel whose Managing Director was the brother of Ian Crawford, a LEO consultant and one of my Kingston flatmates. They kindly rerouted my return trip via Fiji, Tahiti, Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York, returning to Wellington.

From Wellington I flew to Auckland to touch base with the local office of English Electric. I had a great time in New Zealand but it was a technological backwater; looking back, I probably made the right decision from a career point of view. Once back in the UK I found it difficult to find a career niche so I left EELM to become the General Manager of Tyndall computers in Bristol in (I think) April 1965. Apart from acting as Director of the ICL Computer Users Conference, I had very little contact with ICL for the next few years. I joined Dataskil in 1979 as a Project Manager in PMS Reading under Ollie Smith and John Benbo, largely in a support role for other Project Managers and doing project Audits. One project I managed was to act as the General Sales Manager for Dataskil under George McLeman. Acting as line management of wheeler dealer salesmen and their was beyond my experience, and I was regarded with suspicion by the unit. However with a £30 million sales target and a year to achieve it we had to get on with it and we made the numbers. I Then returned to PMS. Several company reorganisations later I was the manager of the unit but the culture had changed and I resigned from the unit to manage the transition of the BAA data processing systems from Honeywell to ICL computers. It was a five year project, the largest project I had managed and when I took it over it was exactly two years behind schedule. Three years later we finished it on time and budget! I then took early retirement.

A fuller account including recollections of travelling and holidays is included in: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/qjywskwpwzrnyn1t0lb2n/Alan-Hooker-memoir.doc? dl=0&rlkey=eecbdm3e0e5zydk5k4gkoyf29

. Barry Hooper, Programmer Shell Australia I remember my LEO programming days. Such fun and so stimulating to see what you have programmed do its job. That LEO was remarkable and its origins amazing. I was so sorry at Shell to see the LEO go and an inferior computer put in I its place. Its only asset was direct access to disks all else was quite lousy and so hard to work. Fancy needing System Programmers just to keep it workable! . Carole Hynam: Working for Wills as a 15 year old in the late 1950s I came to be working for W.D. and H. O. Wills in Bristol because although I had always wanted to go to Art School, I came from a family that had never gone into further education (because in our section of society you had to be very well off or gain a scholarship.) Even though I was always in the top three in an A stream, as it was called, my careers officer told me there was no chance I would pass the entrance exam for WD and HO and would probably get a job in a factory or a shop. Luckily I had already taken the exam otherwise I may have pulled out at that point. Things were pretty grim in 1957 as it was only 12 years after the war had ended and money was very thin on the ground and so instead of taking the job offered to me in an advertising workshop sending me to art school one day a week I took the position offered by WD and HO because it was offering £3 per week. I had heard my parents struggling with money and felt it would help them too. I was chosen to work on ‘Leo’ as I had scored well in Maths in my Wills entrance exam. I really didn’t appreciate at the time how honoured I was to be selected to work on Leo as WD and HO had a huge number of employees and I had come from an ordinary Secondary Modern school to work alongside of grammar school girls and public school boys. There were four of us chosen to work - two of us 15 year olds putting in data and two 16 year olds who were scrutinisers to check our work with a manager in charge of us called Irene. She seemed very old to us 15 year olds but was probably in her forties. The year was 1957/8 and the computer took up half of the general office. There was a great deal of suspicion from the other workers in the offices as I think they thought they may lose their jobs. We had an engineer called Reg who used to start the computer each morning and one programmer. As time went by more programmers were employed. The work was very spasmodic and we spent many hours just sitting waiting for our work to come in. The computer was very sensitive to damp conditions and if it rained it didn’t work at all well. I remember Reg telling us it had the same valves as an electronic organ and that’s why it seemed to play a tune on being started up. When fully trained our agility was important as we had to work at great speeds. I stayed with WD and HO for just two years and then moved on to work for the NHS as a records officer. In hindsight I was probably silly to leave but at 16 I didn’t find the work satisfying enough. After a long and varied career, I started painting again and luckily for me it took off. I still paint and do the odd commission and have sold over two hundred paintings during my life. I feel very honoured to have been part of the story of this wonderful invention, Leo. I regard it as a very important part of my working life and at 77 years of age am able to relate this fascinating experience to some of my son’s friends who are in the IT industry. How things have moved on. https://www.dropbox.com/s/axbsdfv68jf0q53/Carole%20Hynam%20reminiscences %202.docx?dl=0

Roy Irons, one of Ilford Ltd LEO 2/9 computer operator:

The British Oxygen LEO 2/8 was in Edmonton, North London where they had a factory, distribution and offices. There was also a LEO 2 in the Slough area, I remember going over there once, at night!

 Another thought occurred to me, modern day 'computer experts' would not realise that in the 'old days' the programmes were kept on punched cards, not preloaded as now. Each time you ran a programme you fed the programme in front of the data. As the programmes were regularly updated, sometimes daily for new programmes, it was the operator's worst fear that a card jam would happen while feeding the programme in. You always hoped that the programmer had updated the spare programme pack! I and my shift colleague spent many a time reconstituting ripped punch cards after piecing the bits of the jigsaw together. Problems always occurred at night, rarely when the programmer was about with his or her notes! Computer operators had to know how to take the various bits of equipment apart to retrieve ripped cards, etc. The knowledge of card readers, punches and sorters became a vital part of our job. We also had to help the engineers locate faults on the main frame. It was a tough life, it was another world! See http://www.glias.org.uk/news/256news.html Bill Jack, English Electric Engineer (team leader) Ravenscraig LEO III, recollection. The Leo III was acquired by the Colvilles Group Engineering Department on behalf of the Ravenscraig Works. They had already installed the KDN2 on the Slab Mill. I was a young engineer in the department and was sent to Kidsgrove to learn about the KDN2. When the Leo III arrived I was put in charge of the implementation team because I knew about computers! The LEO III was applied to production control/tracking throughout the steelworks complex and also to the production of the weekly payroll for 4,000 employees. The LEO III continued in both roles from 1965 till around 1972 when it was replaced by an IBM 360. The most interesting feature of the installation was the extensive use made of Lector documents to record information directly from the operatives at the various processing points throughout the plant. These documents were collected at the end of each shift and processed in time for the production meetings at 9.00am the following morning. You do correctly identify the tussle between the Finance and Engineering Directorates but this was resolved by the Finance Director purchasing an ICL 1900, installing it in another of Colvilles steelworks at Clydebridge and proceeding independently. This did not impinge upon the installation at Ravenscraig. As a result of our conversations I have been in contact with members of the original LEO III 32 team and will put together a short record of the installation and the applications. This I can forward to you if of interest. Bill Jack

Helen Jackson (nee Clark) Born June 1936 in Wigan, I was the youngest of 3 daughters to a manager at the local coal mine. At the age of five I was sent to a private preparatory school, to which even at that age I went by myself on two buses each way. From this school I passed the 11 plus and went to Wigan High School for Girls. That same year my father died from heart attack; my mother never re-married. In my penultimate school year, on a school trip to France I had to make a speech in French to the Mayor of Paris, thanking them for their hospitality, which I can recite to this day. In my final year I was appointed Head Girl After my A levels in 1954, I went to Manchester University, and graduated in Maths in 1957. I went for job interviews to English Electric, Vickers Aircraft and LEO. I liked LEO best, particularly the job Appreciation Course, which in those days was a one day elementary programming course and tests on it, with the interview coming after the test results were known. I thought ‘I can do this’, and joined Leo in September 1957. My sisters were by then living near London, and my mother had decided to move South anyway, and did this soon after I joined LEO. After my programming course I was put into the programming section managed by Jim Smith, which had about 15 programmers working mainly in technical and insurance applications. I worked on several of these, on both LEO I and LEO II, and was rapidly promoted to be a Senior Programmer. In 1959 LEO moved from Elms House, adjacent to Lyons head office at Cadby Hall, to Hartree House in Bayswater. LEO needed much more space for growth, for both programming work and computer operations for service bureau and computer customers. In 1961 I was given responsibility for all service bureau application programming, and raised to management level. At 24, I was told that I was both the youngest person and the first woman ever to achieve this in the whole Lyons organisation.

Also in 1961 I married Mike Jackson. We had first met when Mike, also one of Jim Smith’s programmers, was giving some of the lectures on my initial programming course on joining LEO. After that, we had had very little contact until the autumn of 1958 when all London Transport bus drivers went on strike, which lasted a few weeks. One lunch time a group of us were chatting about the effects of this on them, and I told them that I had to walk over 3 miles each way to and from the station to get to work, unless I could thumb a lift from a passing motorist. Mike offered to take me home that day on his motorbike, and this led to him taking me regularly to and from work for the duration of the strike. A strong relationship soon formed, which has lasted ever since. We will be celebrating our Diamond Wedding this year.

Mike was a keen racing dinghy sailor, and from early 1959 I crewed him regularly, in boats he had designed and built himself. We won many races, including regatta trophies, and were 3 times National Champions in the Class.

Following my promotion in 1961, the work for service bureau programming steadily increased. Initially, Hartree House had LEO II/5, with a drum, magnetic tape, and very fast printers. These latter items made it much more capable than LEO II/1 at Elms House, and much more service bureau work could be taken on. Later, LEO III/1 was installed there, many times more powerful than the LEO II, and my department was steadily expanded to meet the customer workload that the greatly extra computing power enabled. Eventually I had 53 programmers working for me.

Service bureau programming was where most new trainee programmers were placed, some proving to be of high calibre, and I was delighted that they came through my department on their way to better things. Noteworthy were Mike Daniels, Jim Feeney, Dick Peters.

However, all good things come to an end. I this case, it was with the arrival of our first child in 1965, after over 4 years as Service Bureau Programming Manager. I did not return to LEO, although after the birth, Mike asked me to write the programme for the largest and most complex job he was planning for the LEO 326 installation he was managing. This was written in CLEO for the handling of the accounts for a very large mail order company, which came to be handling over 300,00 agents and individual accounts of over a million credit customers. (Editor: that was the London Mail Order Company which Mike later joined. See Mike Jackson’s own oral history). It was very successful. We had two more children, in 1967 and 1969.

By 1978, I decided that I would like a part time job, and started as bookkeeper for a small nearby firm in the building industry. When there, having told the boss about my time at LEO, he got me to use Atkins Computing, a service bureau in Epsom, to do structural calculations for some design work. This was followed with his purchase of an Apple II in 1980, my first introduction to personal computers. I was pleasantly surprised at how powerful it was, and after machine code on LEO II, what a flexible language Basic is. I stopped working for him in 1981, when I started teaching.

We had sent our daughters to an independent grammar school. At a parents evening, in a chat with the headmistress I told her of my time at LEO. This resulted in being asked to introduce computer studies into the curriculum, and I taught it for 5 years. Some parents came for word processing lessons. During this time I put the staff payroll on to a PC, paying them direct into their banks, using a BACS file sent over a normal phone line. This was very early days for using a PC for that kind of work. But when the school accountant was due to retire, I was asked to take on that job, where I put the school accounts on to a PC, including parent billing. I was in this position for several years, only retiring in 1995.

After that, I did various stints of unpaid voluntary work, including for a local Citizens Advice Bureau, a toy library, and as a classroom assistant at a local primary school. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/7wxh6koaq45ankayv3b4g/Helen-Jackson- history.docx?dl=0&rlkey=289bn2bg4bsqw2jd0czs2ydrh

April 2021

. Paul Kelley I worked in the Engineering Training Department July 64-August 68 - first at Minerva Road and then at Radley House in South Ealing. I began on LEO III (never worked on the 326 or 360) until switching to System 4 in early 65. I have in my possession a complete set of LEO III logic diagrams and microprograms. In 2013 I began documenting, in extreme detail, how the various subsystems within LEO III operated. I had available to me the original text of my 1964 notes (and those of others) to assist me. I was intrigued as to whether or not, after 39 years, I could still do it. By way of illustration, attached is a Word doc of my efforts on the Coordinator which I ran by Tony Morgan in December 2013. It won't be too meaningful as there are extensive hyperlinked references to the logic diagrams and other documents. Also attached is an image of my folder structure. I include this in order to point out that EVERYTHING I have has been scanned (1.5gb total) and to draw attention to the Orig Text folder which contains all my notes of 1964 vintage for all the LEO III subsystems. In sum, I think it would be appropriate to have a discussion with someone as to how best to dispose of all the above so as to ensure that it is not lost. Some of it may be redundant as it may already exist in the 'archive'. Given that I am now 80 and the sole carer for my wife, time to indulge oneself in this project is at something of a premium and whether I will be able to finish the project problematical at best. In light of these circumstances I would be happy to send a memory stick with everything on it and take advice on how best to proceed with the hard copy versions. . Ken Kemp: I joined English Electric Leo in September 1964 in Bristol as a trainee computer programmer following graduation. The Bristol office had been in existence about a year as a hardware sales office and a potential computer bureau for the SW of England and South Wales, and had a small staff of about a dozen, the seniors of whom had transferred from Hartree House, London. The computer bureau was to be run on LEOIII/35 which had been sold to the SW Gas Board based in Bath and had not yet been installed. The bureau used the computer overnight and the Gas Board used it during the day. The bureau business was more successful than the hardware sales side and we soon had customers throughout the SW but not in Wales, dealing with a variety of commercial activities with payroll having the biggest share. The bureau staff expanded quickly, especially in data preparation, and operators who worked permanent night shifts. Following the merger with ICT, the few sales staff moved to the local ICT office, leaving the rest of us to continue with the bureau operation. At this stage, I was now the head of systems and programming. We continued using LEOIII/35 until the Gas Board replaced it with a System 4/50 which was also shared with the bureau operation. I stayed with the bureau operation through a number of subsequent owners, and I stayed in Bristol working as a project manager or software manger with several national companies until retirement. My LEO activities were re-activated when a printed copy of the Intercode Translator was discovered and David Holdsworth decided to resurrect it. I was one of a number of people who keyed in a copy of the Intercode from the listing. When David had a workable version of the translator which ran on a PC, I then wrote quite a number of small Intercode test programs to check the translator and LEO emulator were performing correctly. During this time I also contributed to the digitising of the LEO Manuals, the last of which (volume 5), I am just about to start on. Report on Use of Software to Write and Run Intercode Programs on a PC Introduction My colleague, Ray Smith, and I were both involved in the project led by David Holdsworth, to successfully resurrect the Intercode translator and be able to write and run intercode programs on a PC. We could see the benefits for future researchers of early computers, of being able to write and run archaic software. We decided to package up the software which would do this. As a test of the package, we thought we would recruit ex LEO programmers to try the package. If an experienced Intercode programmer could not make the package work, then our package would have little use in 100 years time, and Ray and I would have to revise our ideas. Forthcoming Overview of Package Analysis of Feedback Conclusions Possible Future Activities https://www.dropbox.com/s/n54quaijemznbg0/Ken%20Kemp%20memo.doc?l =0

. Mike Josephs: Beginnings This is in the nature of a bit of self – indulgence. I want to talk about my early days in the fledgling computer industry back in 1957 and thereabouts. Before doing so I want to welcome a new recruit to our circulation list: David Caminer, who must surely be the most senior of us all, as he was a warrior in the Desert Rats back in 1942. His name, you can be sure, will appear in what follows.

While the rest of you will probably have been doing something conventional, like medicine accountancy or ordinary business, I joined a new subsidiary of J Lyons & co which had gone into the trade of making and selling business computers. I will now admit that with my freshly minted maths degree, I had hoped to join IBM but they quickly spotted that I lacked the necessary skills in dissimulation to suit their style of operation.

To me the whole thing was like a job and a hobby and a high pressure trade school all wrapped into one intriguing parcel, made all the more so by David Caminer’s role as king of the systems and marketing areas. The business was so young, but he and his managers seemed to know so much about everything. They were an incredible gang of people, full of unexpected talents.

I never really understood how the whole thing had come about. We were given some briefs on the company’s short history, and various names were mentioned in tones of awe, but we were too busy worrying about where we were going, to concern ourselves with what was already long past. Anyway I left LEO Computers after 8 years, during which it had been merged with English Electric and Marconi, and effective control had passed out of the hands of the original senior team.

So why am I suddenly rambling on like some old codger reflecting on the errors of his youth, when as everyone knows I am supposed to be writing a deconstruction of the Financial Ombudsman Service to submit to the Commons Treasury Committee? The fault lies entirely with an authoress, Georgina Ferry, whose field is the history of various significant enterprises. She recently published her latest entitled “A Computer Called LEO”, and to my surprise it is very good indeed.

It is not just a picture of the exciting days of a new technology which in the space of 50 years we have all come to take for granted, but simultaneously it charts the decline of a massively successful family owned food business which could not adapt itself to the demands of that new era. Although I encountered some of Lyons’ strange ways, I knew too little about business elsewhere to put them into an overall context, but the book makes clear just how feudal and paternalistic the whole operation was. When push came to shove, the youngest family spriglet ranked above the most senior ‘employee’ director. And those senior employees wanted it that way. They saw themselves as squires to the family knights, not ambitious for themselves and devoted entirely to the family interest.

As a result, a degree of real humility percolated down through the ranks of the management and was imbibed by the fractious juniors like myself. If John Simmons, hyper-competent administrator and famed initiator of the whole Lyons computing enterprise, saw himself as no more than a capable family servant, who was anyone else to put on airs and arrogance? The contrast with executive culture and self promotion at the start of the 21st century could not be greater. I suspect that many of those old Lyons managers (though not us LEO people) would have fitted into Ancient Egypt without a ripple. The Lyons company’s self-image was of an immensely competent enterprise which had forgotten more about running food businesses than anyone else had ever learned. At its heart was an administrative machine that kept rigorous track of every bit of raw material and every hour of labour, and reported profit margins on a weekly basis. They, like the Marks and Spencer of the same era, were always looking for better, cheaper, more effective ways of doing things, so they found room for men of imagination and energy who would challenge established practices and propose better ones.

Unfortunately, marketing, finance and business strategy were not subject to the same types of intellectual discipline, but they were the fiefs of family members who reigned like Dukes over major parts of the whole empire and whose word could not be gainsaid.

As I read the book, I came to understand the strange conjunction of circumstances that led this food company into pioneering the application of digital computers to the operation of major businesses, both their own and other businesses with forward looking management. Simmons (also a Cambridge maths graduate) had come to realise that the process of administrative improvement was blocked by the lack of suitable office equipment: everything available up to 1950 was just too damned dumb, and needed the work broken up into excruciatingly small stages. He realised that the new-fangled computers, just emerging from the labs of leading universities, could offer the solution to his problems.

His solution was simplicity itself: offer some funding to the Cambridge computer wizards, and in return get their advice and co-operation in designing and building Lyons own machine which would be tuned to business work the way the academic machines were tuned to scientific computations. Lyons and Simmons were even more ‘can-do’ than the American Marines.

As I think about this unlikely set-up into which I so innocently plunged, I realise that even today, after all the vicissitudes, some of my good friends date from that era: Frank and Ralph Land, Alan Jacobs, and perhaps one or two more whose origins I have forgotten. I might even include Robin Fairlie who made a huge success at Remington Rand/ Univac after David Caminer refused to be persuaded by my recommendation that Robin be taken onboard.

Now the engine of this unlikely subsidiary was not Research or Production, but was indeed the Systems Department run by David Caminer, who had learned his trade under Simmons in Lyons own Systems Department. That is where I started as a humble programmer, learning at the feet of people like Frank and Alan. These strange but clever people cared about only one thing: ‘Did it work?’, by which they meant ‘Did it do the job we had promised the customer?’ This was a very strange idea in the computing world of the day, where it was taken for granted that nothing would ever work first time, and certainly nowhere near the original budget.

But this was the philosophy of the Lyons people and we imbibed it from them like mother’s milk. Neither intricate requirements nor unreliable equipment could be allowed to stand in the way of doing the job properly. They were just obstacles to be surmounted. If you didn’t know how, then ask. If no one knew how, then work it out for yourself. The product of all this was a remarkable type of person, not so different from what you might find in a university engineering department. LEO people were unassuming but intimidating in their confidence that they could solve any problem that was capable of solution. And they proved again and again that the confidence was justified.

Looking back, it is easy to see that what was really special about LEO was the systems know- how, and that ‘attitude’. It today’s parlance we would say that they were without equal as systems and project engineers, and however good the youngsters were David Caminer was even better. Of course, he had the advantage of the right sort of basic training, which we all skipped because there wasn’t time for that old fashioned ‘organisation & methods’ stuff.

That was the business that LEO should really have tried to be, but the directors had got the computer building bug and could never throw off the habit. Other people picked up the idea of systems consultancy and made fortunes doing badly what LEO could do well, but LEO wanted to be in the production business as well, which is something that burns real capital. Of course the mergers went badly, because the paternalist Lyons Board had cut their losses and cut their ties with LEO with the ruthlessness that would make a 21st century capitalist quite proud. None of the LEO directors even knew what was going down – they were sold out without warning!

I always seemed to be dragged into the strategic errors that senior management insisted on making, like setting up an operation in Johannesburg when we didn’t have enough of ‘the right stuff’ to cope with the UK market. It was only when I read the book that I realised that DC and I thought the same about that little jaunt, even if it did give me a year in the RSA.

Reverting back, to when I returned from South Africa, I had to serve a two year stint as Caminer’s technical fixer, which was sometimes a non-job because he was his own best fixer as all the rest will gladly testify. It also meant that I was under his feet a bit too often, which was widely regarded as something to be avoided if at all possible. Anyway, as a reward for sticking it out, and helping to get some advanced computers into production (something which Georgina talks about while neglecting to mention me by name for some reason) I was promoted into product planning in the Research Division, which I now learn from Georgina was a bit of merger politics that was not expected to produce anything.

There I turned myself into a pale copy of David C. and ran around like a demented bluebottle making enemies in all directions, but coming up with a credible scheme that unfortunately was just a bit before its time. Meanwhile the real version saw which way the corporate politics were going and espoused the proposal that the English Electric brigade wanted to hear. Our work in Research wasn’t entirely wasted, because ten years later after yet more mergers, it was incorporated into a line of machines under the ICL label.

That was about as close as I got to corporate glory, but as they say, it was a great learning experience and helped prepare me for the rough and tumble of management consultancy. But what I didn’t realise was how much of British industrial history in the 20th century was encapsulated in the strange case of Lyons and its LEO computers. Do read Georgina Ferry’s book if these things interest you at all.

. Ron Kirby, after leaving the RAF in late 1962 early 1963 I joined LEO at Cadby Hall where I was working on LEO II/I. Following a relatively long career in various companies related to the computer industry I retired and by various routes got involved in local history as part of which I give talks to local clubs and societies. I also belong to a Probus club and a few years ago was asked to talk about an interesting part of my career. I chose to talk about the first computer to run a commercial application and have since turned that into a talk about the rise and fall of J. Lyons and how the British Computer Industry also rose and fell and along the way I cover the story of 'A Computer Called Leo'. . Stephen B. Knowles, was an Operator who became a programmer in Tea Division, His memorabilia include a number of photos of LEO I – see https://www.dropbox.com/sh/31e20it50u1lkm9/AABdJQ5oWNfEd5yQoH2x6XsGa? dl=0 . E rnest Lenaerts: Extract from his diaries on the occasion of Princess Elizabeth’s visit to Cadby Hall on 15 February 1951, including a demonstration of LEO I performing test calculations. . HRH was no more and no less impressed than I had expected. The information “printed at the bottom which provided some light relief. Fortunately LEO made few mistakes – obviously not subject to stage fright and the Demo went off smoothly. A little more interest was shown I think in the interior of the machine when she saw the complexity of the circuits – how many of this machines like these in existence? Only one other in working condition – No others on commercial clerical problems. This auspicious occasion called for an enormous improve in general tidyness of the lab and I must make an effort to preserve this. My own desk was clear for the occasion – the first time in months. Work on the machine can go ahead again and I have been given a more or less free hand to proceed on which problem I deem the best tackled first. The object will be to bring the machine to full operating condition as soon as possible so that Caminer & Co can get [[weaving]] on some of the programmes that they have kept up their sleeves for so long. The first and most obvious fault to be cleared is the corruption in the Teleprinter which I Think are due to breakthro in the output Unit. Other troubles to be cleared are occasional “1”s being added into the store. These have the effect of spoiling all of the test programmes received from Cambridge ” View the post here. . Neville Lyons Retired Army Officer, related to Sir Joseph Lyons co-founder of J. Lyons & Co. Limited, researching history of Lyons and of LEO lectures on Lyons and LEO. see synopsis of lectures below:

Synopsis for Presentation by Neville Lyons The Story of LEO: The Very First Business Computer

The story of LEO is an extraordinary one. The world’s very first business computer was designed and manufactured, not by one of the electronics giants such as IBM, but by J Lyons & Co, better known for its Teashops and Corner House Restaurants, its Swiss Rolls and Fruit Pies. After World War 2, upward trend in office costs made the company realise that some form of automation was essential for processes such as stock control and pay-roll. There was nothing available at this time to meet their needs and so, with the self-assurance and innovative spirit which had become their trademark, they set about designing and building their own computer. They produced a working model in 2 years and called it LEO, aptly standing for Lyons Electronic Office. It achieved success and publicity beyond anyone’s wildest dreams.

Neville Lyons is a relative of the company’s co-founder Joseph Lyons. The illustrated presentation will describe how the project was conceived and progressed, some of the personalities involved and how some leading industrial companies and government departments seized upon the invention and purchased later models of this new ‘electronic brain’. A video will be shown featuring some of the personalities who were involved in the early days of LEO and who are still around to tell the tale.

LEO 1 at Cadby Hall, HQ of J Lyons & Co Circa 1951

The Joe Lyons Story__ Food for Thought Synopsis for Presentation by Neville Lyons The Lyons Teashops, the Corner House Restaurants and, of course, the Nippy waitresses have become part of social history. But this is only part of the story….. The power point presentation, with archival photos, stretches from 1887 to 1990’s, from the time when Joseph Lyons, a born entrepreneur, but with no previous experience of the catering industry, co-founded a company to sort out the indifferent catering at national exhibition halls of the late Victorian era. From small beginnings, the company progressed into catering for the general public and was to become the first ‘food empire’ in the world. We shall hear about all the main activities throughout the history of the company, including those that are not so well known, such as catering for the 1901 Cup Final at Crystal Palace, the largest banquet for 8000 Freemasons at Olympia, for 15,000 guests at Royal Garden Parties and the in-house development and manufacture of the world’s first ever business computer, LEO. The talk includes amusing anecdotes and many surprises along the way. The speaker is Neville Lyons. There is a family relationship: his grandfather and Sir Joseph Lyons (knighted in 1911) were first cousins. Although Neville was not personally involved with the company business, this relationship was a driving force towards the research that led to his talks.

December 2018 . Neville Lyons Report on Neville Lyons lecture to London Appreciation Society January 2020 by John F. Mann. "Mr Neville Lyons gave a superb and well researched lecture on the history of J Lyons and Co" to a crowded gathering of almost 90 London Appreciation Society members. He mentioned Salmon and Gluckstein's early days in the tobacco industry, their decision to become a catering company, the arrival of Joe Lyons as chairman, in 1887 catering for huge exhibitions in Glasgow, and Paris, Palace Garden Parties, in 1894 the first of some 250 tea shops, in 1909 four handsome Corner Houses, the highly trained and elegant Nippy waitresses of the 1920s, manufacturing and food production on a huge scale at Cadby Hall, in 1973 Tower Hill the last of some forty high class hotels, along-side innovative social, medical and sports services for the staff. Managing this huge and complex enterprise prompted the company to recruit some of the most forward thinking technologists of the day to develop the LEO, the Lyons Electronic Office, the world's first business computer. One of our members, Ray Shaw, was one of the team who built LEO and was there to enjoy Neville's riveting account" of this ground- breaking company, whose tea shops and corner houses were familiar haunts for many of this audience. Neville's magnificent slides brought the whole story to life. .."a most fascinating and enjoyable afternoon. I do hope he will return to repeat his talk for the 80 members who were left sadly on the waiting list this time. Many thanks for arranging this splendid lecture. The best I've heard in recent times"

. Ron Marshall I worked on Leo II at Cadby Hall and Leo III/1 at Hartree House as a technician. I had become disillusioned with the Banking and Insurance industries which formed the basis of my first work experience. I joined Leo Computers in early 1960 - I had previously been working on teleprinters at the GPO and Leo were looking for technicians to service the paper tape data entry equipment. I was at Cadby Hall for some training prior to this. I worked - among others - with Robin Stanley Jones and I think Maurice Blackburn was there as an Engineer at that time. I worked shifts maintaining the peripherals and received training on the mainframe. It was an exciting time. I remember a visit by the Duke of Edinburgh and the programmers had arranged for the mainframe to play 'The Sailor's Hornpipe' for him! There was a later visit by the Queen Mother who asked to see a computer. I left Leo in 1963 - I had just got married and my new wife's father invited me to join him in his car retail business - big mistake! I re-joined what was now English Electric Leo Marconi ( I think) in 1967 and once again worked at Hartree House. I became Technical Support for London and also trained on the VM operating system. My manager was John Francis and I seem to remember working with Dave Hewer another Technician.I left what was now ICL in 1975 to emigrate to Canada - I had been trained on the then new Cougar Solid State Memory Systems so my skills were in demand in Canada. I worked first for ITEL where I trained on IBM 360 systems and peripherals and then Storage Technology (STC later STK) where I became VP Customer Service until 1990. I retired in 2005. https://www.dropbox.com/s/c96r3t2tj4r83ci/Ron%20Marshall%20memoir.doc?dl=0 . Joe McNulty DOB: 1940 Joined LEO: 1966 Role in LEO: Site Maintenance Engineer LEO III; System 4 Abstract: Born in Northern Island, father miner, mother textile worker, moved with large family to village in Northumberland, failed 11+, educated in local elementary school till age of 15 without any qualifications or certificates. One brother was an apprentice electrician at a local pit and attended Carlisle Technical College one day a week. Joe taking a peek at his brother’s books became interested and he too became an apprentice electrician at a local coal mine and attending Carlisle Technical College where he gained his ONC in mathematics and Electronics at the highest level. In 1961 opted to join RAF as a Radar technician serving part of his time in Malta. On completing his service, having acquired a love for electronics, looked for a job with computers and in 1966 was taken on by EELM to train as maintenance engineer on LEO IIIs at Radley House. Notes the quality of training he received. “I loved every minute of the course”. Moved to Scotland as site engineer on a LEO IIIs and System 4 machines. After a successful career left ICL in 1972 to work in a number of electronic companies, before setting up his own consultancy and completing an honours degree in mathematics at the Open University. Joe retired in 2009. Final words from a fascinating memoir: “For me, I think, LEO provided an environment and situation in which I could succeed in my own terms. I was doing work that I could understand, that I liked and that made sense to me. In a sense, that gave me an attitude of if I can understand and use a computer, I can learn to do anything. That’s a big thing to say about a company but I believe that, even then, it was a special sort of company with special people in it”. Repository: Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=Joe+McNulty+Memoir.doc&qsid=4628217100985270712053124365703 5&query=joe+mcnulty&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs7mVlUb NhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None Known Ross Milbourne Memoir and Tribute to Lyons, LEO and its people. I have lived and worked with computers in industry all of my life, and have now retired. It has also been a lifelong hobby, as well as helping pay to bring up my family. The career I followed, from COBOL Computer Programmer in the 1970s, to I.T. Director in large organisations over the past 30 years, was founded by your father, David Caminer, and his colleagues at Lyons. For that, I will always be grateful to him and the team, as well as deeply interested in what people like David did in their lives, from which so much later sprang. To make your mark in history, you normally have to be in the right place at the right time, with the right equipment, education and ideas. However, you also have to be a very talented person in your own right, or part of a talented team, to make the most of that opportunity and turn it into a success. To make your mark in history, you normally have to be in the right place at the right time, with the right equipment, education and ideas. However, you also have to be a very talented person in your own right, or part of a talented team, to make the most of that opportunity and turn it into a success. I hold a Master’s Degree, with Distinction, in Computing - that was an absolute pleasure to study for. In my retirement, I have had the opportunity to build a good vintage computer collection, as well as a library of early publications about activity in the field. I volunteer for museums like the CCH at Cambridge, and have restored some of their early ‘home’ computers, such as the Altair 8800s and IMSAI 8080, for public display and demonstration. I understand that they have also carried out a good deal of work related to LEO in the past few years. For my part, I have gradually accumulated more material about LEO during this period, including collecting a few of the ‘standard’ books on the subject, and I have loved reading about it. As I have delved deeper, I have come across other articles and material to add to my understanding and, finally, tripped across ‘LEOPEDIA’ on the Internet. What an amazing resource! I quickly recognised that ‘LEO Remembered - by the people who worked on the world's first business computers’ was a ‘must have’ that was missing from my collection on the subject: hence my request to obtain a copy from you.

On a private note, I have a couple of letters in my collection from John Simmons to Richard Sharpe, the editor of ‘Computing’ Magazine, back in 1979. These were contained in Richard’s personal copy of: ‘LEO and the Managers’, published by John Simmons, that came onto the open market recently. They mention David Caminer, when he was living in Luxembourg, apparently. ‘Computing’ were clearly wanting to talk to David about his experiences for articles they were writing at that time, given it was the ‘Silver Jubilee’ of LEO. John Simmons had offered to get in touch with David for them, to gauge to what degree he might like to participate. Ten days later, came the reply, which John quotes as follows:

“Of course, pleased to give what help I can to the project you mention. Unhappily, most of the earlier papers of LEO programming seem to have perished in one of those necessary but sometimes destructive clearances of the filing areas. It wasn’t easy to know thirty years ago that they should have been given the retention classification of ‘infinity’ as historic documents!”. How prophetic those words sound now, another 40 years later. Archived in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/s/ylqayspiuic8437/Ross %20Milbourne%20memoir.htm?dl=0

. Peter Mills, Memoirs After National Service, where he was first involved and trained in electronic engineering, and being demobbed in 1954, Peter responded to an advertisement placed by Lyons for a job as an electronic/mechanical engineer. Following an aptitude test Peter was offered a job to join LEO. He spent the next few years helping to keep first LEO I and then LEO II machines operating. Though leaving LEO Computers he returned to the LEO fold by joining the LEO team at the Ilford LEO II. In his memoir he tells of his pride of having worked with LEO. Repository: Dropbox. https://www.dropbox.com/s/q0sdhjgrh3e05m6/Peter %20Mills%20Memoirs.docx?dl=0 . Andrew Murison, Northwhich. I have just read your article in the February issue of Third Age Matters – I am a member of the Winsford, Cheshire, U3A. In the 1950s and 1960s I worked at Stewarts and Lloyds Ltd. Corby steelworks, who installed a Leo computer in 1958. A school friend of mine, having graduated in mathematics also worked at the steelworks as a programmer on this computer and although I was an engineer and had no official connection with the computer I was shown round by my friend – who was called John Lamb. I remember the “air conditioning” system quite well as my father (now deceased) worked in the S&L new development electrical dept. The “solar gain”(sunlight) on the large picture windows plus the heat produced by the electrical equipment in the computer building caused all the thermal overloads to trip out – stopping the computer. The quickest installation to cool the building was then installed! Over the years I have lost touch with him so can-not help you as to his whereabouts. In the 1980s the Corby steelworks was demolished and no longer exists but the tube works section was retained in working order (and still is) The tube works is now owned by Tata. Tata have an archive section based at their Shotton works and may have information. The other possible source of information is the Corby Heritage Centre. I have a booklet about Stewarts and Lloyds steelworks which has a picture of the computer and have enclosed a copy. . John Oates, I was involved in Systems Design on the Ford Motors Leo 2/11 between 1960 to its decommissioning on the instructions of FORD US to go IBM. In this time I was mainly responsible for a system to control and monitor the introduction of new models which resulted in a massive elapsed time reduction to launch. If you have any interest, feel free to eMail or call - 01242 239647 . John Panter LEO Engineers responding to Request to identify computer depicted in MGM 1968 film “Hot Million” starring Peter Ustinov as criminal computer operator, see entry in Film section below. This brought back a few memories! I can make a few comments. 1. I didn't know Fred Whittaker. I moved from Minerva Rd to Kidsgrove in summer 1965, so left before he joined. 2. The decks shown in the first picture are definitely Potter M120 drives. This is a link to the 1964 Potter catalogue I discovered:- https://archive.org/details/TNM_EDP_Equipment_catalog_1964_- _Potter_Instrumen_20180223_0047/mode/2up See page 4. These were used on later LEO III machines. Previously we used Ampex decks. The Potter decks were never used on System 4; we developed our own 4452 and 4453 decks. 3. A far as I am aware, there was never an ICL machine M505. I think this was MGM using a non-attributable name. This link gives a bit more information about the use of our equipment in the film. http://www.starringthecomputer.com/appearance.html?f=543&c=288 4. The photo on Page 3 is definitely of the System 4 4453 high speed tape drive. (150 "/sec). I was transferred to Kidsgrove as the Project Manager for the design and development of this product. I have attached a copy of the marketing photo from which this was copied. The guy is a young (then) electronics engineer, Les Oliver, who worked for me on the project. You can see his hand on the logic rack. 5. I can't definitively confirm any other details, but I would guess that this was a later LEO 326, one that was built specifically for the Post Office. But MGM have done quite a lot to disguise it. I do not recognise it as a System 4!

. Chris Parker, I worked at J Lyons from February 1971 to 1976. My first job was working on the LEO 3/7 and LEO 4/6. I was an operator during the conversion to an IBM365/65 over my first 6 months and, when all the systems had been copied (via a System 4 deck), the LEOs were deconstructed. I have, somewhere in the loft, a circuit board from the LEO 4/6. I read your article in the U3A magazine with interest. I'm not sure what memories I have that have not already come to your attention, but I would be happy to discuss them with you - if you are interested? . W.E.J. (John) Parry. Abstract: Employed by Stewarts and Lloyds originally as engineer on their LEOII/3 computer and subsequently as programmer. Had received training as electrical engineer while doing extended National Service in RAF and in that capacity witnesses UK H bomb tests in Pacific Islands. Joined Stewarts and Lloyds at Corby after National Service and was transferred to help run the LEOII. Two mathematical jobs, Anchor problem and Best Mix ( "mineral job" ) were totally self-contained jobs that I had little or nothing to do with. Also if I remember correctly neither jobs were significantly modified to take advantage of the later addition of the Ferranti drum, which if my memory is correct had a significant impact on the performance and running of the payroll suite. Because these two jobs were considered as "extra demanding" the operations staff used to advise us engineers when they were going to run these two jobs and when I was the duty engineer I used to go and listen to these two jobs running because they generated a totally different "music" to that we heard when running payroll. We engineers learnt a lot from the "music" during 30 mins or so of morning tests and this gave us a clue to how the system was behaving! For S&L Corby the payroll was the major financial justification so why am I emphasizing these two jobs when I knew so little of what were their commercial value to the overall LEO justification I believe S&L in Corby in the early 1950s were an advanced and forward thinking company. So bearing in mind the open mindedness of the Lyons management I suppose no surprise or justification to the S&L LEO II purchase but just showed how forward thinking a company Stewarts and Lloyds was. Subsequently joined ICL. Has recently contributed to the Corby Heritage events commemorating, inter alia, to their story of LEO at Stewart & Lloyds. Provided two articles for the May 2018 “Legends” event, including John’s Story.

 John Paschoud on printing Braille programmes. See also Tom Brooks above. I don't know if I can add much to the Blind Programmers story. I never actually met any (of the blind programmers), and I think it must actually have been when I was Ops SDPO at Barbican NDPS Computer Centre (which was trials and EE System4, rather than production and LEO326, with most of the programmer teams based at Docos House a short distance away). But they were very similar to the barrel line-printers on the 326s at Charles House, Kensington CC. The process involved fitting a rubber sheet about 0.5mm thick between the hammer array and paper, and removing the ink ribbon, so that printing dots in Braille code would leave raised dots on the paper. Then adjusting the hammer force carefully so they didn't actually puncture the paper.

I used the same technique a few years later, on a much later timesharing mainframe (a DECSystem-10) because a completely blind little boy joined the Cub Scout pack where my wife was a leader. So we found software to translate the text of some of the Cub Scout Handbook into Braille, and I made a Braille-print kit for our lineprinter and 'borrowed' it for a few evenings.

. Tony Priest, visited Cambridge Centre for Computer History, May 2018 and was really happy to hear about partnership with LEO Computers Society and LEO heritage plans. He worked at Hartree House. He was employed as LEO II was being decommissioned and worked on LEO III there. He left a comment on our Facebook page over the weekend: "What a nostalgic visit! The Centre is doing great work to preserve so much that is important, especially the vital importance of the pioneering British computer industry. From the LEO displays - my first job was programming for LEO III - to the development of home computers and games consoles. The incredible computer power now available at such low cost. Keep it up please. And all the best for your Lottery funding bid for the LEO archive material project. . Geoff Pye: Sporting Reminiscences . Tennis. . LEO had a team of 6 made up of 3 pairs, organised by John Gosden, to play other Lyons Departments on the courts at Lyons sports club. On each occasion each pair played one set against each one of the other department’s 3 pairs thus totalling 9 sets. The tournament was spread over several weeks, one department opponent at a time. My partner was usually Earnest Roberts. Other team members included Alan Jacobs, Joe Crouch, a New Zealander whose name escapes me - all programmers - and Charlie O’Brien, an operator. Leo’s performances were “average”! . . Cricket. . I remember playing a couple of matches, but do not recollect LEO matches being a regular feature, so probably not a league competition. TRT was an enthusiastic, agitated and critical spectator! Doug Comish was in the team and he may recall more details. .

. Cynthia Reid, I was born in Headingley, Leeds in 1935 and from an early age had an interest in science which was encouraged by my parents. I attended Brudenell Primary School, Bennett Road Junior School and Leeds Girls' High School. In 1954 I was offered Exhibitions to both Oxford and Cambridge Universities and I elected to read Mathematics at Newnham College, Cambridge. At the end of my first year I switched to Mechanical Sciences and graduated in 1957 at which time I was recruited by John Pinkerton to work in LEO's engineering design department at Minerva Road in Park Royal, Northwest London. I had little knowledge of electronics or computers but it seemed an interesting challenge and I was there for four years until moving on to IBM. There were no other women engineers at Minerva Road, but this was a situation I was entirely accustomed to and never really thought about. I had been the only female undergraduate in the 2000- strong Engineering Faculty at Cambridge, the first and only woman member of the Cambridge University Air Squadron (I believe there were no more until the 1980s), the only female pilot at Yeadon (now Leeds and Bradford) Flying Club where I got a scholarship to attain my PPL whilst still at school and the only woman in the LEO motor cycling group where I rode a scarlet Norton 600cc Dominator. I guess being 'the only one' was just a fact of life that I accepted without question - and I am happy to say that I have never experienced prejudice on this account (although I did have to ceaselessly pester the Air Ministry for 2 years before I was finally accepted into the Air Squadron - even with my pilot licence). At Minerva Road I worked on the very early attempts at OCR (optical character recognition) where we were trying to design an input device which retail departments could use to order stock from a wholesale or central distributor. I think we just about managed to detect a very thick black pencil stroke across a precisely circumscribed quarter-inch square! It was an exciting time in that we were moving from thermionic valves and mercury delay line storage to transistors, printed circuit boards and solid state memory. I think I still have somewhere the soldering iron I was issued on my first day at Minerva Road! The only names I recall of my days there were my immediate manager John Bruce, our lab assistant Ernie Aylott and a couple of fellow design engineers Ivan Boskov and Yoram Azar. V

Cynthia Reid, a member of the Cambridge University Air Squadron, at the controls of a De Havilland Chipmunk in 1956, shortly before she joined LEO

https://www.dropbox.com/s/7laoprvaell0b1a/Cynthia%20Reed%20Memoir.docx?dl=0 . Chris Reynolds Born 23 March 1938 in Hertfordshire. Brought up in Somerset & Devon; Six schools attended before age of 13. Dartington Hall School, Totnes, Devon 1952-56 (very progressive and unconventional). University College London 1956-1959 – BSc in Chemistry. Exeter University 1959-1962 - PhD in Theoretical Organic Chemistry. After starting a career as an Information Officer at a public institution decided on a career move – for a higher salary – with Shell-Mex & PB in 1965 as a programmer working on their LEO III computer, but joined EELM as a Systems analyst/ sales consultant in 1967.. Worked on a number of projects but became dissatisfied with the way applications were described. He proposed the development of a language (first named DORIS later extended and renamed CODIL) designed for users being able to define their own systems and interested the LEO management in its development. Joined Pinkerton’s team in Minerva Road for further work on his notions. Despite progress EELM did not take the ideas further and in 1970 Chris left, first for a job with Plessey as a systems analyst and then in 1971 joined Brunel University to start an academic career, finishing in 1988 with the title Reader. Much of his research was focused on the development of CODIL resulting in a spate of Conference presentations and Journal articles. Ill health and poor relations with new head of department led to early retirement followed by some lecturing at De Montford University and much local history work in Hertfordshire , but also some further work on CODIL. Active member of LEO Computers Society . See https://www.dropbox.com/s/jt6vmfovwjumamm/Chris%20Reynolds%20Career %20History.docx?dl=0 . Mike Smith, Trivial Reminiscences of a LEO Man. Mike had two separate careers with Lyons. From 1952 to 1959 working in the Bakery Division, leaving Lyons for what proved a bad choice, selling insurance, and returning in 1960 as an Operator on LEO, first in Elms House on LEO II and later transferred to Hartree House to work on LEO II/5 and LEO III. Appointed shift-leader after 10 months and later promoted to Chief Operator under Bob Woodward. Subsequently asked to lead a team in the new role of acting as operating consultants to LEO clients. The interesting reminiscence are filed in Dropbox at: https://www.dropbox.com/preview/LEO%20Oral%20History%20project/LEO %20Memoirs%2C%20Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes/Mike%20Smith %20reminiscences.doc?role=personal or can be obtained on request from Frank Land – [email protected] – or Mike Tyzack. . Ray Smith, Reminiscences of a LEO III Operator and Intercode Programmer Ray started as a trainee operator on the LEO III/4 in Greenwich for the London Boroughs' Joint Computer Committee (LBJCC) in 1966. He progressed to a senior operator before joining the London Boroughs' Management Services Unit (LBMSU) in 1968 as a trainee Intercode programmer. The LBMSU provided the programmers for the LBJCC. After his training course, he was posted to the North London satellite unit which looked after three, later four, North London boroughs with LEO III/94. He was not very happy about being posted to the sticks as he regarded it at the time. However, not long afterward the North London boroughs severed their relationship and his unit became independent. This put him into a fairly senior position overnight. Now he was happy. A couple of years later this unit became the London On-Line Local Authorities, moved to Enfield and installed an IBM machine. Ray was then sent on an IBM PL/1 course. In due course, he rose to the Principal Programmer position. Around 1977 he moved to work for Lloyd's of London where he stayed until 1998 becoming the General Manager of the Systems Development group and finally in charge of development, operations, networking and telecommunications. He retired in 2002 after spending a few years as a consultant mainly for JP Morgan. My view is that for its time the LEO architecture was brilliant and Intercode was a very significant step forward over its rather elegant (in my opinion) Machine code. It also stood the test of time lasting into the late 70s. As an operator, I found the machine itself a very rewarding challenge to get the best out of it, but get the best out of it we did (well some of us). For instance: understanding how the Master allocated valuable core storage. If the operator loaded programs in a non-optimum way that would limit the number of programs that could be running concurrently at any time; forward planning to have tapes ready from the tape store ahead of time that they were needed to be loaded; having the correct stationery loaded in the printer ahead of time if possible; many etceteras. My chief operator (who didn't operate) would go through the computer log daily to check how efficiently the console operator had performed the day/night before. Indeed, he worked out roughly how much every minute of machine time cost. In pound note terms, it did bring to life how much say, a twenty-minute rerun cost due to an operator error or a five-minute delay finding and loading a correct tape cost. Those that did the least well would find themselves more often than not, decollating 2- or 3-part stationary, chopping and packing payslips and other non-standard items. Those were jobs to be detested and a useful sanction. It certainly spurred me on to become a good operator (sorry to boast, but it is true). Also, it was also remarkably reliable for its time (LEO III). You couldn't always say that about the quality of some of the programs though. Here I mean user programs As a programmer, Intercode, which at first seemed difficult, soon became easy once you managed to come to grips with its structures and operators. Like operating the LEO, the real challenge was efficiency, but here it was in terms of how to write programs as small and reliably as possible so as to utilize best the limited resources of the machine and to minimize run times whilst leaving intelligible code behind for some future programmer to understand and amend. Oh, and I nearly forgot, accurately to perform the functions from the users' specifications. This was fun! I had little experience of CLEO, but it seemed bloated compared with Intercode at a time when computer storage and machine cycles were at a premium and verbose to work with. I bet there were some heated discussions at the time about whether to go via the Intercode route or directly into computer code. I expect expediency won. Anyone know out there? It did lead to having to have twelve overlays to compile; six for CLEO and six for the Intercode. Fascinating to watch as an operator the tapes doing merry dances going forward, rewinding, searching, running back etc. Had there been disk storage available though ... My view (not original) is that high-level languages could not have their time until main storage, disk storage and machine cycles were virtually unlimited compared to the time of the LEOs. What a shame they could not have been developed further once those things became available. The CLEO would have been more in its element. https://www.dropbox.com/s/6jdj47pzt3pbtb8/Ray%20Smith%20Reminiscences.docx?dl=0 . Judy Smythson (nee Worrall), Leo career began in 1959 when I was interviewed by the man I was to marry, John Smythson. Little did he realize what a momentous interview that would turn out to be! I worked as a programmer at Hartree House under Helen Clark, (later Helen Jackson) for about 4 years until I had my first baby. I spent the next 15 years bringing up the children followed by a PGCE course to enable me to become a Maths teacher. I taught at various local schools when I retired to look after John for the last 25 years. . David Stroll Joined LEO Computers Society in July 2019. Currently a PhD student at Birkbeck College engaged in researching the history of Works Study and O&M and their relationship to Systems Analysis, and with the aim of designing a productivity measurement dashboard. His studies followed after a long career in management starting as a Management Trainee with ICL in 1968, a stint as regional sales manager, followed by management with DEC and acting as an independent consultant. For a fuller account of his career see https://www.dropbox.com/s/viw9d5pjf1f18i8/David%20Stroll %20Innovation%20Projects%201981-2019.docx?dl=0 . John Sutherland responding to John Aeberhard: I have just finished belatedly reading your interesting article about the story of LEO and thought you might be interested in a further development of the story. I started to work for ICL in Dalkeith in 1972. As I understand it, at some stage between then and 1975 when I left, some of my colleagues were working on a project to put LEO onto the 2960 (I think) for the Post Office. Apparently, the Post Office unions insisted on retaining their existing LEO system, so my colleagues were microprogramming the machine, which was also capable of running VME systems to run DME/LEO . . Alison Taylor and Chris Tyson, I am a 77 year old graduate of Aberdeen University, now living in Jersey. In the 1950’s we lived in Hastings and my parents would take us up to London to a show, we often used to go to Lyons Corner House for a meal. So I always loved Jo Lyons. I met my first husband, Christopher Ian Grigor Tyson, at university. When I graduated in 1963, we came down to London to look for jobs. Chris had failed his degree, but was delighted to be given a job by Leo Computers Ltd, while I joined English Electric in their domestic appliance division to do market research. My brother was working for ICL (the English Electric Computer Co, in Staffordshire). We had another friend who was working for another computer company, but the name escapes me, and another for IBM, so when we had parties everyone had to define their terms before they could start talking about their jobs as each company used different words the the same thing. Chris Tyson stayed with Leo Computers until his death in 1970, but the company name changed half a dozen times. Leo was bought out by English Electric and became “English Electric Leo Marconi”, then it joined with ICL, and was taken over finally by ICT. As far as I can remember Chris Tyson worked in the same office in Bayswater(?) despite the changes in company name. I think it was LEO III that Chris worked on. I have no momentos of Chris' time at Leo, but I do have a Pelican book “Electronic Computers” by S.H. Hollingdale and G.C. Tootill first published in 1965. It mentions the beginnings of the British computer industry, which confirms my memories of the companies above. I would be very happy to send you this book if you do not have it already. Myself working for English Electric, I remember using punch cards and paper tape to analyse the results of my surveys. For many years afterwards we used paper tape to hang Christmas cards from the picture rail as it was so much tougher than anything else. I hope this snippet of information is of interest to you and long may the society prosper. . David Tebbs Date of Birth: October 1938, joined LEO 1964 left 1969 Memoir: I joined the company earlier enough to qualify for the society, starting work at Hartree House. However, I was assigned mainly onto a KDF 9 client project and then and System 4 Sales. My only LEO computer work was self- study of the LEO coding manual (to fill in 3 weeks awaiting my first programming course - which turned out to be KDF9) and taking on, as area manager, responsibility for the Lyons' account shortly after their computer room fire. Even the latter was short lived as I was then promoted to set up and run the new Real Time department. https://www.dropbox.com/s/x1060y7bk8djvf7/David %20Tebbs%20memoir.doc?dl=0 For a listing of David’s current activities (October 2018) see https://uk.linkedin.com/in/davidtebbs### . John Thompson , born 4th January, 1935, joined LEO with no knowledge of computers But got some very good training and education at the training centre. I worked on the LEO I II and III as maintenance engineer and later at Minerva Road building and installing systems I do recall some funny things One year we selected the wrong cow as the winner at the dairy show, and we did payroll for the RAF officers and once made an error that made every officer donate half his pay to RAF Benevolent Society but the problems were always fixed very quickly and considering the amount of work being done it was good for the early time in that industry. I installed a number of systems in the UK and we had very few delays in the scheduled handover to the customer thanks to fast response to any calls for help I was just one of a great team that worked hard and had FUN. Later I moved to Canada and completed my career there. https://www.dropbox.com/s/wgeg807wthgqsa5/John %20Thompson%20memoir.doc?dl=0

. John Tomlinson, LEO Operator. Bob Stevenson notes: “The John Tomlinson that I knew was an operator and shift leader on III/1 in Hartree House. I knew him well and I can't remember him mentioning that he worked on Leo1. The picture is dated in John Bird's book as 1953, which would make John T., pretty young at the time I would guess. I remember that it was John who went to Moscow to work on a demonstration Leo III at a Computer Show there. I wanted to go but the Bureau management wouldn't let me, so I nominated John.” . Mike Tyzack's story with Leo computers MINISTRY OF PENSIONS & NATIONAL INSURANCE In 1960 I was working at MPNI in Coventry. Our payroll was put onto a Leo II in January 1961 but I never saw the machine. I do remember that the printer had a limited character set because instead of using the figure 8 it used capital S and instead of zero it used O. DUNLOP RUBBER CO LTD My first programming job was at Fort Dunlop in Birmingham on Leo III/3. I started there in 1963. My first program was part of the payroll suite. I remember there was a complaint from one of the rubber workers that he'd worked a lot of overtime but only been paid just over £2:00:00. It turned out that he should have received £102:00:00 but the program only allowed for £99:19:11.There was another occasion when the payroll system crashed overnight and the Coventry factory workers were going to get their wages late. Our manager arranged that all those programming staff who lived in Coventry should go straight to the factory and help fill the pay packets. When we arrived we were not asked to show any identity but were given a case containing £2,000 in used notes and pointed in the direction of a room where we could work. The next suite I worked on was the Production Control System for aircraft parts at the Coventry factory still written in INTERCODE. We had our programs punched onto on 80 column cards. When we needed to do amendments we punched those ourselves using a hand punch. We rarely added comments as these involved multi-punches (pressing 2 or 3 keys together to get a character). In 1964 we started using CLEO for a suite of programs we wrote for Dunlop Footwear in Winsford. So then our programs were perforated onto paper tape. When we had to perforate our amendments we got to use a decent Creed machine with a QWERTY keyboard. By this time Leo III/3 was filling up with production work so Dunlop ordered another machine. I know one of our managers wanted an IBM 360 but we got the first Leo 360. By now we were getting just one amend & trial per day even though III/3 was running 24 hours a day. While we were waiting for delivery of LEO III/23 some of us had to do our trials at BOC in Swinton Manchester on LEO III/13. Each Monday we went up there and took a few mag tapes in a car. On the last week we realised we had 57 mag tapes to bring back but we did manage to fit them all in the Mini around the passengers. TOTE INVESTORS LTD In 1966 I got a job as Senior Programmer at LEO III/21. We were just maintaining an accounting system that had been written in INTERCODE. We wrote later programs in CLEO. A major incident while I was there was an infestation of iron filings. The air conditioning system had managed to spread these liberally around the computer room. The Leo III was out of action for a week while engineers wearing protective clothing vacuum-cleaned every piece of hardware. While they were doing that we used one of the GPO machines at Charles House in Kensington. Just before I left Tote I was invited to the Minerva Road factory to see the new System 4. https://www.dropbox.com/s/cndh08h4iy95lsy/Mike%20Tyzack%20Memoir.doc?dl=0 . Faith Van Rooyen I am eighty years old and not in very good health at the moment. I started my career in computers by learning to program in basic machine code and Intercode, on a Leo II at Whitely house in London in 1959/60. In fact I wrote, in machine code, the ‘Boot strap’ program to load up and start the operating system running for Leo III. The company I was working for, a subsidiary of the South African mining house Rand Mines, took delivery on one LEO III. Leo Fantl pays tribute to her contribution, as the first programmer recruited by him in South Africa in chapter 25 of the Incredible Story Of the First Business Computer.

Alan Wakefield: On 21 Jun 2019, at 19:56, Alan Wakefield wrote: Dear Hilary, Your note below has prompted me to offer a personal reminiscence of LEO-related activity, or more specifically LEO personnel - related events, and relating in particular to your father, David Caminer. ( If you will permit this!). I was not an original LEO person, but, originally as an early 60’s ICT recruit, I had the good fortune, in the late 1960’s/70’s, to work in a group led by David in the newly -formed ICL New Range Planning Group in ICL House, Putney, shortly after the formation of the ICL merger of the former ICT and EELM ( and other subsids.) British computer companies. David’s role and contribution to this phase of ICL’s development is well documented and applauded. I have an amusing (I hope) small episode during my time in that group, which I hope may be of interest to you, and some others. For reasons undisclosed to me at that time, part of our NR planning activities required ICL to partake in some discussions with the French computer industry, in connection with theirPlan Calcul, and their CII computer company, based near Versailles, west of Paris, as I recall. (There was a lot of political activity in Europe at that time with the proposals to form a “European” computer organisation involving the French, German and Italian computer companies ; but not initially the British!) A small group of four(?) of us from ICL, led by David (I can’t recall the other two participants) were delegated to go to CII ( Paris ) and have some exploratory discussions; I’m not sure about what, but it was probably about whether ICL could participate in the joint European plans, and whether any of their products or technology had relevance for ICL’s New Range plans. We set off from Putney, in David’s company car ( as I recall a Ford Zephyr 6 of the period; very angular and dark green? (actually yellow: Editor) The vehicle was an adapted automatic to facilitate David’s driving), with David driving us “ in spirited style” ( we were late!) to Heathrow airport for a flight to Paris. The next stages are a bit hazy, but we arrived and were accommodated near Versailles ( which was close to the Bull/ CII works complex.) The following day we were taken to the CII complex for a series of meetings and viewings of the facility, and tour of the site. Whilst walking around the facilities, David was in full flow animated conversation with their senior executives ( we were following in the rear!). Passing through one of the areas, he tripped slightly, and then keeled over gracefully, but immediately bounced back up on the rebound, rather like a rubber ball, and without any break in the flow of conversation! ( We from ICL were, of course, not unfamiliar with David’s occasional “tumbles” with his prosthetic leg). The French were gobsmacked and bewildered at this; after that episode, the they could not do enough to accommodate whatever requirements our delegation had on CII and David was celebrated as the war hero he was. I don’t think the talks finally led to anything for ICL, but the episode certainly gave us in ICL more fine anecdotal material about a fine gentlemen, on which to reminisce! https://www.dropbox.com/s/fqzvpc5ftyle00w/Alan%20Wakefield %20reminiscence.docx?dl=0 . Harry Warner: I worked as an operator on the CAV - Lucas, Leo III at Acton (High Street ?) from October 1963 to April 1964. One of my clearest (and dearest) memories is of a blond haired engineer (from Somerset?) who would get the printer to “play” God Save the Queen. I later programmed on the IBM 360 at Castrol, became Manager of Computer Services at Lever Bros. Canada and later was a Professor of Business Computing at Ryerson University in Toronto. I retired at age 47 and live on a small commune in BC. . Tony Weber: LEO Australia. “I was in the founding management group (Accountant/finance director) of the Australian subsidiary in the early 1960's under the management of Peter Gyngell. I had 25 years service with the Leo/ICL group of Companies, which then lead to another 30 years in the industry including service in Hong Kong then Boston USA. I spent the last 18 years up to 2015 on the Board of the public Company Prophecy International Limited; an Australian listed software Company. I have great memories of Leo, and the service it provided to the Australian business community in the early computer days, and enriched employment to 100's of staff in the IT industry.” . Geoff Weston, I read your piece in U3A Matters with great interest as I believe that I was involved with the first use of computing in the civil engineering industry. I worked for John Laing Ltd. (now Laing O'Rourke) under John Mason who was Project Surveyor. In '58/'59 I was a very junior surveyor on the London to Yorkshire motorway (M1) when a capable body was needed for a boring but important task. I drew, on specially printed pro-forma sheets, cross sectional profiles of the construction at 100 foot intervals (chainages) of our "B" section from Ampthill to North of Newport Pagnell, about 650 in total. I added all the data points numerically and passed these sheets to the boss who combined them with other three sections and sent them to Cadby Hall where this enormous piece of kit called Leo worked out the total volumes of soil cut out, placed in cuttings, spread as topsoil etc.etc. This was to check the Ministry of Transport's figures and I understand that there was a significant difference therefore value. I never heard anything more about this and it seems to have escaped into the mists of time. By coincidence, my grandfather, uncle and other relatives worked at Cadby Hall. . Fred Whittaker I was a low person in the scheme of things at Minerva Road 1966-68. I had a sort of admin role to perform which meant strolling around the various engineering offices weekly and asking questions about timeliness of process. This was logged and forwarded to a higher office in Kidsgrove. I guess it helped the chief engineers to plan the end products. I had other duties to do. One was to receive engineering changes to the display mainframe together with the parts to be installed...usually minor. My dilemma was that I was not qualified to do any installation and the engineers had their work to do. I had to ask any engineer available on the floor to do it for me. It always worked. A bit off the cuff you might say. That probably summarizes my work life there...lots of odd duties without a particular job description. When the end came and we all lost our jobs I got hurt, injured my spine, and was hospitalized and off sick for months. The company continued to pay my salary until I was well and found another job. My hat off to them. One time I was phoned by MGM films who were enquiring about renting a main frame for the film Hot Millions, starring Peter Ustinov and Maggie Smith. It was about a main frame being compromised by some freak occurrence and millions being siphoned away. Ustinov being the happy operator. The MGM producers came to Minerva Road to look around and saw the Spectra 70...I think it was.....which was all glossy and new but only there for testing and showing to potential buyers. I had to tell them that it wasn’t available for hire and they had to settle for a second generation main frame which looked dowdy and was full of external cables etc. The post office had bought a few I believe? (Editor, actually a LEO 326, 3d generation computer) They agreed to rent that plus an engineer to maintain it and so it went forward. I saw the film later and it wasn’t very good. I had a very good time there at Minerva rd, and by meeting so many gifted engineers had an education nearly every day. A few of our colleagues were installing a main frame in Ostrava Czechoslovakia when the Soviet army invaded and took over the country. I believe it was a coal mine or coal industry that had bought the machine. Our colleagues were eventually brought home after some delay. No harm done...although I never heard anything more about the main frame or if it was paid for. I have no photos of my time there except for some photos of a cricket match between the ladies and gentlemen. Plus a couple of photos of the Joe Lyons rugby team playing at the Greenford ground. Nice memories. After I left Minerva Road I worked at Ultra electronics until they also laid off about 300 people. I then thought I would go to another country and get laid off there. I applied to Canada and arrived there in July 1970. I have been in Canada ever since. I now live in Sooke on Vancouver island BC. My main employment was for the Ontario government in the Ministry of Community and Social something in Toronto. After eight years they made it clear that I had no further use to them. I got the message and quit. I had saved up enough money to buy a franchise in the printing industry and so I travelled to Long Island NY for a two week intensive course. Back in Toronto I opened up for business hired a pressman and hit the businesses around for work. This was successful for twenty years until at 61 I sold the business and the unit I had bought earlier and retired. I got married in 1990 and lived in suburban Toronto until retirement when we sold up and drove west to BC in 1999. https://www.dropbox.com/s/cxntixmcw30spej/Fred%20Whittaker %20memoir.doc?dl=0 More from Fred Whittaker Here are some images of yesteryear. Bottom right is myself in my office in Minerva rd pulling the strings on Mon General. The others are three images of Robin Stanley Jones and Linda on their wedding day on the Thames somewhere. Also pictured is Nigel something by Robin’s Borzoi. His wife is the central figure standing. Nigel was on the commissioning of Leo Three in Czechoslovakia when the Russkies invaded. Nigel and his wife coincidentally met me again in Toronto where he was playing Rugby by Lake Ontario. They later moved west to Kitchener..I think..and then lost touch. The others pictured maybe other employees or friends...can’t say. The lettering on the wall is letraset by me. I hope you find these interesting and if you want better images I can do that. . Pat Whitaker Joined Cerebos Foods Limited – a LEO III customer – in 1964 – after graduating with an honours degree in mathematics. Pat had taken the LEO aptitude test before the job offer and taken the LEO programming course at Hartree House. Pat worked on the Cerebos sales invoicing suite using Intercode. In 1967 Cerebos replaced its LEO III with a System 4 computer. . Michael Wilson Currently lives in Canada. I joined Leo in 1961 at Minerva Road. I had just graduated from Teachers College and in those days a teacher was at the bottom of any salary scale. So I applied for and was hired as an Instructor for the LEO III Field Engineering Training School. Soon I was Manager of Leo 3 and KDP 10 training. I had gone to Kidsgrove to learn the KDP 10 and then taught the first class in London. I worked for Reg Allen and then John Wheeler, who I think are still members of our alumni, as I am still in touch with Reg who lives in Dawlish. Until recently I still had Marketing Brochures for Leo 3 and Leo 326 and the Lector and an organisation chart of the School! I took them two years ago to San Jose when I was to meet Dag Spicer at the Museum of Computing. Unfortunately, due to some health problem, we did not meet. However, now cannot find them!!! After over 55 years!!! I will keep searching for them . John Winterbottom: DOB: 1928 Reminiscences in 2 parts. Part 1 Life with LEO, part 2 pre and post LEO career Joined LEO: 1960 Role in LEO: Design Engineer working with John Pinkerton Abstract: John had a long career as a design engineer in the electronics industry, starting as electrician in the RAF after leaving School having specialised in Science and Maths. Followed up with Degree at Durham University. Later took MSc at Birmingham specialising in solid state physics and digital computing. Employed first by Lucas/CAV and then MIRA was head hunted to join the Data Recording and Instrument Company as Chief Engineer, a company associated with ICT. Left after contract dispute in 1960 to join LEO to work with John Pinkerton. Associated with a number of high level projects including a Government sponsored project on data transmission for the coming network age. Also heavily involved with the establishment of standards working with ECMA. Left LEO in 1969 as he felt the creation of ICL had emasculated the innovative LEO research team. Joined Farrington – another specialist in data recording, working partly in the USA. Finished career working in management department of Portsmouth Polytechnic. John provides a fascinating account of life as an enthusiastic design engineer as well as his appraisal of the people he worked with at LEO. Repository: Dropbox Part 1 https://www.dropbox.com/s/pj9tnpi5dt36tqh/John %20Winterbottom%20Memoir.doc?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=John+Winterbottom+Memoirs.doc&qsid=7318804169278493877613964 6353975&query=winterbottom&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIkeIs 7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Part 2 https://www.dropbox.com/search/personal?path= %2F&preview=John+Winterbottom+memoirs+2.doc&qsid=73188041692784938776139 646353975&query=winterbottom&search_token=maaZCi5EZfs9ghMHde3MaOmE5gIke Is7mVlUbNhfSkQ%3D Copyright: LEO Computers Society Restrictions: None Known . Norman Witkin, Memoir of working with LEO in South Africa Norman had programmed an ICT HEC computer in South Africa, but seeking wider experience applied for a programming job with LEO Computers in London. Passing the aptitude test he joined the LEO team in Hartree House in 1959 aged just 19, working under John Aris. When LEO reached an agreement with Rand Mines for a LEO III to be managed by Leo Fantl, he was invited to join the LEO team in Johannesburg as a programmer working on the Rand Mines applications, both traditional and more ground- breaking. In 1967 Norman and his family emigrated to US in Cherry Hill, working in a variety of IT jobs including the establishment of an IT start-up. Of his LEO and Rand Mines experience he writes “…for its enlightened management, I tip my hat to LEO’s leadership. The management and operation of LEO Computers in South Africa from inception in the early 1960s and throughout that decade, was efficient, effective, courteous — and principled and fair. I am proud to have been part of its history and lucky to have enjoyed it.” Norman’s full memoir is held in Dropbox at: https://www.dropbox.com/s/isb623nkoy0ouho/Norman%20Witkin%20Memoirs.doc?dl=0

Greg Wojtan MY DAYS WITH LEO Me aged 70  At the beginning of October 1963, aged 25, I went to the Milk Marketing Board to do an aptitude test for a job as a LEO computer programmer, thinking that it might be more interesting than selling brushes for Kleen-E-Ze, which had been my job since leaving Edinburgh University that year without a degree but with lots of flower power. There were some 120 of us programmer aspirants who, like me responded to the Times job ad placed by the Milk Marketing Board, but only 2 of us would be hired that day to programme their LEO III (Editor: MMB not on list of LEO III owners). I came in 3rd in terms of the aptitude test, so the lady running the show suggested I nip down to Earl’s Court where there was an Office Efficiency exhibition and where the LEO computer was being shown. Maybe, with my good results LEO would hire me, she said. So I did that and a nice LEO lady at the exhibition fixed me up for an appointment the following Monday, in Hartree House with the then LEO Programming Manager, at the time; one Bernard Pierce. When I sat down with Bernard he didn’t say anything for about 7 minutes until I asked whether one of us should say something, and asked if it should be me. He stopped doodling and asked me; ”if you have a cup of tea and a cup of milk of the same volume as the tea, and you take a spoon of milk and mix it into the tea, then take a spoon of the tea & milk mixture and mix it into the cup holding only milk, will the tea cup have more milk in it than the milk cup have tea? Or what? Justify your answer”. Hang on, I thought – I’ve already done and passed my aptitude test! But there was no messing with Bernard. So I thought a bit more, gave him the correct answer and was hired to start at LEO the following Monday. A couple of weeks later English Electric appeared and ‘fused’ with us, but I stayed on working on LEO for several years. So, after learning Intercode and CLEO, I was a sort of accolyte to real programmers for several months before I was sent out to my first solo job at Shell (Editor: Shell Mex & BP) in Hemel Hampstead. My task was to use the Shell LEO to find out whether there was any sense in Shell running their Green Shield stamp schemes. In hindsight, the job wasn’t all that difficult, but I did have several panic attacks, especially as it was my first project – when the word project in the world of computers had not yet been invented. Anyway I delivered on time, rushing the results on the final day on my scooter to Shell Mex & BP’s headquartes in the Strand. The results incidentally were that Green Shield stamps did boost Shell sales, but only for some 6 or 7 weeks after the scheme was introduced. In 1965 I worked at Hartree House again, on stuff that really stretched my brain axons to breaking point. This was because I was working with a bright wire called Gordon Scarrot from the Ferranti stable. He taught me Zipf’s law, which I used for years after to detect monopolistic practices, and masses of other esoteric stuff. E.g how to debug radix problems using machine code directly on the machine: Sort of open brain surgery on the poor LEO. Gordon was surely one of the geniuses that got attracted to LEO like a magnet. I did odd jobs for him - him Mentor, me Apprentice. One worthwhile one I remember was to produce a ready reckoner to estimate the duration of sort programmes run on different Mag.Tape configurations. (I think our first 6.5MB LEO discs only appeared a year or two later, essentially solving the data sorting problem. Meanwhile we used painful and unpredictable tape sorting).

As I was finishing the reckoner I got to know Ralph Land. Ralph it was who thought it would be a good idea to give me something useful to do. This turned out to be a payroll system for the several thousand employees of the NHKG, Steelworks in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia (Editor: LEO III/41). At the same Mike Carrington (died in the UK in 1967) had to volunteer to do a stock control system for NHKG. We had a year for each job and both managed our assignments OK. (One problem I had that sticks in my mind to this day, was that the payroll programme had to deal with a lady employee of NHKG who was paying for an elephant in installments to an Indian Maharajah that she had been married to, but had run away from).

How I got to that first East European LEO job in December 1965 is written up in Hilary’s compendium of Leo reminiscenses (Editor: Remembering LEO).

After Czecho, I got moved to Poland to do a monstrous stock control system for all the steelworks in Silesia, for an oufit called HPMOA on a Leo 360. At the time I and my fledgling new family lived just down the road from Katowice in Chorzow – the dirtiest town in Europe!. On an average day 80 tons of dust were deposited on Chorzow from the skies and my daughter spent her early childhood in dark grey nappies. The office was in Katowice, but I and the 4 Polish computer specialists assigned to me to produce this system had to fit into a room measuring 15 sq.m. To enable me to work with them we rearranged the desks so that we could take off the room door every morning and place it between 2 desks, thus creating 5 workplaces in the room. It is amazing what you can do if you are a pioneer, and determined to finish your job and get back home.

Well, I finished each successive job, but I never got home, not till around 1971 Meanwhile, I really did have a great time, learned a lot and made lots of LEO friends which I remember vividly to this day. Ralph of course, Fred Lamond and his cat, Braz Lovegrove, Tony Zak, Frank Skinner, Zvi Herzenstein to name but a few, and many others from English Electric/ LEO/ Marconi as well. When there was no more work on LEO, and back in the UK I worked from Qeen’s House, Euston where I switched to the 2900 Series but more and more as Project Manager. From there I did a system study for Morgan Grenfell and what I thought was a brilliant proposal for the British Library books’ catalogue system using CAFS (Editor: Invented by the aforementioned Gordon Scarrott). I never understood why we didn’t win that business. Shortly after I joined the PMI group of Project Managers and helped to write several proceduręs for the 5 volume ICL Black Book which eventually became the Prompt methodology and then the Prince PM methodology and its derivatives. The Prince methodology was adopted by HM. Civil Service as the standard for the UK Government IT Projects PM is what I have done for the rest of my life, including some interesting projects for IBM where I worked for 8 years in Warsaw. My last project I finished some 5 years ago. Now I do self-study of ancient history, which is as fascinating as the history of Leo. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/5xjtt16j8pphyu8hjc48a/Greg-Wojtan-bio.docx? dl=0&rlkey=en2be7qcmb95dfl6pypidphlu .

. Penny Woodward, Operator Coventry City LEO !!!/28. I experienced the Leo 111 computer whilst employed by Coventry City Council between 1970-1973. I was a computer operator working three shifts, four persons to a shift, to keep council’s finances running smoothly. Although initially engaged as a trainee computer programmer, part of the training and experience was to work in operations, and I enjoyed the work so much I preferred to stay in that field and asked to remain in my current post. I worked on that machine until it was replaced, and subsequently scrapped. I left that council and took up other work but eventually went back into operations for Rugby Borough Council on a different machine, quite different but almost as antique. Regrettably I took no physical pieces of the old machine but attach some pictures just before it was scrapped, unfortunately not of a good quality. . Marie Hicks Twitter message:

In 1964 the inimitable Dame Stephanie_ ran this job ad in T he Times, seeking programmers for her startup. "Anti-feminists" need not apply--plus opportunities for women who'd "retired" LECTURES RELATED TO THE LEO STORY “Members of the LEO Computers Society have offered to tell the LEO Story to groups such as U3A, Probus, Rotary, local history societies and others. Neville Lyons has set up a presentation package comprising a model script of the presentation and a set of Power Point slides, together with a synopsis for publicity purposes. The synopsis is an amended version of the entry above for Neville Lyons. Members who wish to see the presentation package may apply to Neville Lyons, who owns the copyright, for permission to see or use his material at [email protected].”

Cambridge Centre for Computer History, Did you know that the great British obsession with tea gave rise to the world's first business computer? This event celebrates J Lyons & Co, a company famous for its high street teashops, cakes and ice cream - and an early computer. In the early 1950s, high street teashop company Lyons developed the Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) which was one of the world's earliest stored program digital computers and the very first computer used for the kind of applications businesses take for granted today - apps like stock control, payroll and logistics. So we're dedicating a day to celebrating this forward-thinking, uniquely British company and the computer it developed. We'll be putting up the bunting, offering tea, cake and ice creams (of course!) and we'll have two talks on Lyons and LEO during the day: 12:30pm: Food for Thought by Neville Lyons, a relative of Sir Joseph Lyons. Neville will talk about the history of J Lyons & Co, including those activities that are not so well known, such as catering for the 1901 Cup Final at Crystal Palace, the largest banquet for 8000 people at Olympia, Royal Garden Parties and even control of a wartime bomb- making factory! 2pm: the Lyons Electronic Office and Virtual Reality by Chris Monk. Chris will talk about LEO, giving a preview of the 'virtual LEO' he's developing as part of our lottery- funded project 'Swiss Rolls, Tea & the Electronic Office.' Virtual reality (VR) is the perfect tool to bring to life the LEO 1 computer, the room in which it stood and the environment in which it worked. VR can enable us to explore this magnificent machine, finding out more about its history in an engaging interactive way. While the VR element is still in development, in this talk Chris will show the 80+ photographs of the LEO 1 installation that have been identified and explain how pulling those together has given us brand new insights into the machine. Date: Saturday 10th August 2019, Time: 10:00am - 5:00pm. http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/53912/Tea-Cake-Computers-Saturday-10th- August-2019/ LEO I Virtual Reality depiction Report on demonstration of Cambridge Centre for Computer History development of virtual reality depiction of LEO I by Peter Byford, 9th August, 2019 at CCH. Peter Byford and Ray Ivatt were given a demonstration by Chris Monk and his colleague, Richard, and were able to use the VR headset to walk around the LEO l computer room. It was amazing that we could walk around the World’s first business computer, LEO l, which was operational between 1951 and 1965. It really gave the impression of being amongst the machines. Currently it is just the basic equipment of LEO l and at this stage you cannot look inside the cabinets nor see the peripherals working. This is the first step but we could see what could be done if finance was available to develop this into a simulation of a fully operational LEO l. This would enable viewers to look inside the peripherals and cabinets and see how they worked, listen to audio of people who worked on LEO l and drill into the LEO l archives relevant to a specific piece of LEO l equipment.  Georgina Ferry, Wuthering Bytes Festival, 9:00am — 9:30pm The Town Hall, Hebden Bridge, 3oth August 2019, Of tea, cakes and computers: LEO the Lyons Electronic Office. The first company in the world to launch a business application was J. Lyons & Co, Britain’s biggest catering company. It ran a national chain of high street teashops, some larger restaurants, and factories producing tea, cakes and ice cream - so why did it want a computer? Georgina Ferry, author of A Computer Called LEO, recounts the story of a company that put Britain at the forefront of business computing in the 1950s, and asks why its innovative approach ultimately lost out to competition from IBM. MEDIA COVERAGE

 BBC Calling Europe, February 1954, John Pinkerton talk on LEO reported in LEO Chronicle, February 16th 1954.  BBC French Service, talk on LEO by Mary Coombs  BBC 1 TV in March 2012 ran a 5 episode series fronted by Len Goodman, reminiscing about the 1950s entitled The 1952 Show in honour of the Queen’s Jubilee. Episode 5 screened on March 30th at 9.15am. It featured the LEO story with an excellent interview of Ernest Kaye. See also http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01f9qw3/broadcasts/2012/03 The section featuring LEO and Ernest Kaye can be seen on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE6TX70A3Rc

 Granada TV (2003), London’s Home Movies. Episode 3 includes a section on LEO featuring David Caminer and Peter Byford. Copy held by Trevor Hughes ex LEO peripheral equipment engineer on VHS tapes.

 60th Anniversary event at Science Museum 11th November 2011 The event received wide coverage including interviews on the BBC Today programme, BBC World Service, and BBC5 Live Outriders programme. It was also covered by the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail website. A video interview of Georgina Ferry, Ernest Kaye, Mary Coombs, Ralph Land and Frank Land made for Google was also presented. The links below include reports in media, video recordings, radio recordings, photographs. http://www.youtube.com/user/LeoCompSoc/videos http://storify.com/lynetter/leo-60th-anniversary http://www.pcauthority.com.au/Tools/Print.aspx?CIID=280510

 Eric Schmidt in the 2011 MacTaggart Lecture noted: “You (UK) invented computers in both concept and practice. (It is not widely known, but the world’s first office computer was built in 1951 by Lyons’ chain of teashops!). Yet today none of the world’s leading exponents in these fields are from the UK” http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/238974/mactaggart-lecture-2011.pdf

 The Guardian on 2011 McTaggart Lecture Bridging the arts and sciences divide http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/29/bridging-arts-science-divide

 Sunday Telegraph July 1st 2012 Christopher Middleton interviews Eric Schmidt as part of the paper’s campaign to "Make Britain Count" and in his comment on the interview repeats Eric Schmidt’s earlier notes on the role played by LEO in pioneering business computing. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/maths-reform/9288256/Make-Britain- Count-Google-head-Eric-Schmidt-supports-our-campaign.html

 TV Channel 5 ran a series of programmes on Disappearing Britain. The third episode in December 2006, entitled The BRITISH CUPPA WITH WENDY CRAIG, and included a section on J. Lyons with its Corner Houses and Teashops. This included the story of LEO including an interview with Frank Land. See also http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/824846?view=synopsis and watch on http://www.ovguide.com/tv_episode/disappearing-britain-season-1-episode-3-the-british- cuppa-with-wendy-craig-536421  BBC Radio 4 commissioned a programme from Pennine Productions called Electronic Brains which was broadcast on 30 October 2001. The programme was compiled by and fronted by Mike Hally and one of the four episodes featured the story of LEO. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/electronicbrains.shtml

 BBC Radio 5/Live Tuesday, 29 November 2011. Short piece by Jammilah Knowles on the pioneering LEO enterprise. LEO: Making history. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/outriders/2011/11/leo_making_history.shtml

 Celebrating LEO, the world’s first business computer, Google Europe Blog,, November 17, 2011 http://googlepolicyeurope.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/celebrating-leo- worlds-first-business.html

 ITV (LWT London area only ) is to show a series of 8 programmes called London Home Movies on Sunday afternoons. The series will start on 9th November 2012 at 5.30. Several members have contributed to the series and Trevor Hughes's contribution is included in the first programme. References to LEO will appear in the programme devoted to Work which will appear on Sunday November 30th at 5.30 pm. Interviews with David Caminer and Peter Byford will be included with the LEO film and it will include some footage of a home movie taken by Brian Eaton in the sixties, of LEO 3 together with an interview with Brian.

 National Public Radio (NPR), USA An episode of Revolutionaries, a co-production of the Computer History Museum, Silicon Valley and KQED television, Published on Jul 6, 2012 by Computer History. The subject is the contribution to computing of Sir Maurice Wilkes. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=h9DrKQ2isIk&list=UUHDr4RtxwA1KqKGwxgdK4Vg& index=5&feature=plcp

 The Register: Live Chat NOW: LEO, the British computer that roared, 28th June 2013 (see http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/26/live_chat_leo/). Gavin Clarke, editor of The Register and members of the audience interview Frank and Ralph Land online in real time. The outcome is rather messy as questions and answers do not come out in a proper sequence.

 UK Computer Heritage at Google HQ in London 1st July 2013 to celebrate UK contribution to Information and Communications Technology. Featured the Video commissioned by Google for the 60th anniversary of LEO held at the Science Museum: http://www.youtube.com/playlist? list=PLG7EqWtzeIhXjSD4SdfPx1WQICKZMVcP4  BBC How the Computer Changed the Office Forever. BBC Magazine. Broadcast August 1st 2013 BBC Radio 4 at 13.45 as part of a 10 episode series by Lucy Kellaway entitled Lucy Kellaway's History of Office Life and explores the changes brought about in the office by computers and this episode starts with a brief review of the LEO story including a photo of LEO I. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23509153

 BBC 4 The I.T. Girls August 2013, 11.00 am BBC Radio 4. Fronted by Martha Lane-Fox its contributors include, Mary Coombs, Dame Stephanie Shirley, Ann Moffat and Tilly Blythe. From the 1950s to the mid-1970s in Britain, many of the pioneers of early computing were women. This was a highly skilled new world of work providing opportunities that were often in sharp contrast to the established norms of post-war British life, with new technology helping drive social change.  Mary Coombs was the first woman to program the world's first commercially available business computer: the Lyons LEO. She tells us what it was like to work on this machine - which was the size of a room.  In 1962 Dame Stephanie Shirley founded a programming company, Freelance Programmers, which only employed women. She became a very successful figure in the industry.  Ann Moffat started her career at Kodak in 1959. She programmed the black box flight recorders for Concorde and wrote missile programmes for Polaris.  The Science Museum's Keeper of Technologies and Engineering, Dr Tilly Blyth, explains the significance of her museum's collection of machines that changed these women's lives.  Martha Lane Fox presents the programme. In 1998 she co-founded Lastminute.com, and become one of the pioneers of the dot com era. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b038hfkx

 BBC News Channel: Celebrating the UK’s Computer Pioneers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7521868.stm A Brief account of the role played by the UK in the development of computers from Bletchley to LEO.

 BBC Radio 4 Extra, 2nd November, 2013, 9.00-12.00 am and 7.00- 10.pm. A three hour compilation of computing history from the BBC radio archives, fronted by Maggie Philbin at Bletchley Park. The programme started with Charles Babbage, and Ada Lovelace, went on to Bletchley and the second world war code breaking exploits, then the LEO story from the Make Hally LEO episode in the four-part story of the Dawn of Computers (about 20 minutes), Clive Sinclair and the Micro Computer revolution, Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web, and finally the spread of Social Computing with Facebook and Twitter. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03g8lxl

 BBC 1 ONE Show, 13th November, 2014, 7.00 pm – 7.30 pm devoted a section of the programme to Lyons and the LEO story, with extracts from a LEO film, and explanations from Peter Bird and Frank Land. It was well edited and presented, lauding the LEO initiative and stating clearly Lyons' role in building the world's first business computer

 BBC Radio 4: Hidden Histories of the Information Age 23rd October 2014 at 13.45. Repeated week commencing January 4th with LEO story on 7th January at 9.30 am. One of six 15 minute programmes, presented by Aleks Krotoski, devoted to specific exhibits at the new Information Age Gallery which opened on 24th October in the London Science Museum. The program, on the 23rd of October, told the story of LEO as ushering in the new age of business computing. It involved interviews with Jessica Bradford from the Museum (content manager of the new Gallery, Gloria Guy and Frank Land from the LEO Computers Society, a teashop manageress who had been a user of the original teashop ordering program and nicely rounded off by Tilly Blyth (who had been largely instrumental in the making of the new Gallery from concept to final exhibit) from the Science Museum. Altogether a well-balanced telling of the LEO story and how it fits into the development of the Information Age. It can be heard on http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04m3ftg

 The Guardian Notes and Theories from the Science Desk, 22rd October carries a comprehensive note on the Science Museum Information Age Gallery LEO Story Exhibit, including the film clip which forms part of the LEO exhibit. http://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/oct/22/information-age-cake-computer- changed-world-science-museum

 The Richmond and Twickenham Times Nov 2014 carried a photograph of the presentation to Jackie Caminer and Helen Pinkerton of framed photographs of David Caminer and John Pinkerton respectively by Peter Byford and Ray Hennessy. Included was a brief summary of the LEO story and the key roles played by David Caminer and John Pinkerton in the LEO story. See http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/11581099.Widows_gather _for_tribute_to_their_husbands_pioneering_computer_work/ The Sound of LEO I (1955) as heard in the BC Television Series Quartermas II. Only a short piece which can be downloaded at http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/56533/Quatermass-II-(Sound-of-LEO-I)/

 BBC Radio 4 'Ways of thinking' 4th April, 2015, 1.30. An account by Naomi Alderman of what programming and coding involves including looking back at what underlies high level languages with an excerpt from Mary Coombs Oral History talking about programming LEO I.

 BBC Radio 4 'In Business' 9 April 2015 8.30 pm includes reference to LEO with some photos. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05pqx2g  Stewarts & Lloyds. Corby Town Council is holding a heritage exhibition, open until end of September, 2015 1.00-4..00 weekdays, 11.00-2.00 Saturday, celebrating the town’s connection with early computers. It features LEO II/3, the first LEO delivered to an outside company: Stewart & Lloyds, steel makers located at that time in Corby. See http://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/news/top-stories/discover-corby-s-computing-heritage- with-new-exhibition-1-6866793 and http://www.corby.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Leo%202.pdf

 Living Legends Hidden Histories Exhibition, including a presentation on LEO II/3 at Stewarts and Lloyds and exhibit of Mercury Delay memory. Thursday 3rd May 2018 at 6.00pm Rooftop Arts Centre. Chisholm House, Queens Square, Corby, NN17 1PZ.

 BBC Radio London, 2010, interview of Neville Lyons, with Robert Elms, on the occasion of opening of the new Modern London gallery in the Museum of London, which featured part of the frontage of the Coventry Street Corner House, donated by J Lyons company to the Museum.

 BBC Radio 4 ‘Today Programme’ 2013 on the occasion of a major exhibition of the Lyons Teashop Lithographs at the Towner Gallery, Eastbourne. The recording, introduced by Justin Webb, was conducted by Nicola Stanbridge, the interviewees Neville Lyons, Charlie Batchelor, Curator and David Gentleman, one of the lithograph artists.

 BBC Radio 4 'Computing Britain' a 10 part series presented by mathematician Hannah Fry from University College London. Broadcast on Monday to Friday between 14th and 25th September. The series will start in the mid-1940s and finish in the early 21st century, concentrating the UK’s part in computing history between these years. The series features the story behind machines such as LEO, EDSAC, Baby and ERNIE as well as later breakthroughs such as packet switching, home computing, the BBC Micro and ARM microprocessors. Program 2: LEO: The Electronic Office, 15th September 2015, 15 minutes. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4 Reflections on Program: Peter Byford: I heard the programme in your Computing Britain series about LEO. Whilst I was delighted that you made a programme about LEO and Lyons, I was disappointed about a number of aspects about it. You used our film and other recordings that we provided, I should also state that we hold the Copyright of the LEO film, made in 1957 as I told you. Despite this there was no acknowledgement of the Society or mention of its excellent website - see below. I looked at your website and there was no mention there either. Please correct this when you can and acknowledge the Society. You used a number of people in your programme who were not LEO people to describe Lyons and LEO and possibly because of this you made some mistakes. The only LEO people the late Ernest Kaye, Mary Coombs and Gloria Guy were taken from recordings/YouTube that we provided to you. The Society has a number of quite eloquent speakers who are, of course, knowledgeable about LEO. We could have checked your facts corrected any errors you have made before it was broadcast. One significant error was that you stated that LEO was operational in 1956 - no it was in November 1951 when the first LEO program went operational. I know Tilly Blythe of course, but who were that other people who were on the programme? Other than the presenter of course, they were not mentioned.

 BBC 4 TV: The Joy of Data July 20th, 2016, 9.00pm. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07lk6tj David Crawford in the Radio Times writes: “We live in a data driven world, where every industry you can think of relies on digital data, and there’s the constant threat of drowning in information overload. But why are we so enamoured of all this stuff, and how did we get to this point? Happily the ever enthusiastic Dr Hannah Fry – the Beeb’s new go to mathematician – is here to throw a lifebelt with this witty explainer. She argues that data is the bridge essential for scientific discovery, to move from problem to solution – and invaluable in the modern world. Along the way you’ll learn how J Lyons purveyor of fine British tea and cakes was at the forefront of the computer revolution.” The programme includes interviews with Mary Coombs and Frank Land. Guardian Review at https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/jul/21/the-joy-of- data-review-who-knew-data-could-seem-so-magical-so-sexy The Program was repeated on 18th September 2018 at 2.00 am

 Wall Street Journal, August 14th 2018, correspondence from John Kelly III, of IBM claiming IBM invented business computing and response from Norman Witkin refuting the claim and putting forward the LEO precedence. Frank Land has copy of correspondence. See https://www.dropbox.com/s/nva7ep5ejpuarde/Wall%20Street %20Journal%20Correspondence%20August%202018.docx?dl=0

 BBC News East (West) One of the world's first computers gets VR reboot, The LEO story retold in the context of the Cambridge Centre for Computer History partnership expectation to build a virtual reality version of LEO I – news item on local BBC News 24th October 2018 6.30 pm https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england- cambridgeshire-45953502.  BBC Look East 2018 BBC World ServiceBBC Look East news segment from October 2018 on the LEO story retold in the context of lottery funding received by the Centre for Computing History and LEO Computers Society partnership project Swiss Rolls, Tea and the Electronic Office. Includes Pathe footage of Lyons teashops and an interview with Dr Lisa McGerty. A live studio interview with Jason Fitzpatrick was also broadcast at the time. Both the Centre for Computing History and the LEO Computers Society have a copy of the recorded broadcast, and it can be viewed at CCH but we are restricted from making this available on display due to copyright restrictions.  ITV Grantchester, Episode 3, 25th January, 2019 investigating a break in at a computer laboratory includes a sequence mentioning EDSAC and the LEO teashop job. Available for viewing until Spring 2019 at https://www.itv.com/hub/grantchester/2a2958a0022

 BBC 2 TV The Dream Machine a series of episodes on the history of computers televised on Sunday evenings in November and December 1991. The story of LEO is briefly recounted in episode 2 with extracts from an ICL film on LEO. https://www.bing.com/videos/search? q=bbc+2+The+Dream+Machine&&view=detail&mid=A1C7350BBDAD3B907A3BA1 C7350BBDAD3B907A3B&&FORM=VRDGAR&ru=%2Fvideos%2Fsearch%3Fq %3Dbbc%2B2%2BThe%2BDream%2BMachine%26%26FORM%3DVDVVXX The Machine that Changed the World: Inventing the Future, PB Series on Computer History S May 9th 2012. A 1 hour long programme telling the story of the birth of the electronic computer and its rise from obscurity as a machine for computing tables of trajectories for the American military to the universal machine of today. The program tells the story from an American perspective through interviews with some of the early pioneers and with computer historians. Much of the program is taken up by the story of ENIAC and its founders, the attempt by them to build a universal machine, the UNIVAC, and the rise of IBM to dominance. But the program switches briefly to the UK and the story of Lyons and LEO including an interview with John Pinkerton. It notes that in 1954 Lyons added computers to their product range. The program is well constructed, informative and provides a good analysis of, for example the rise of IBM to dominance . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GropWVbj9wA BBC World Service, Mike Lanchin introduces Witness History including: From cakes to computers, Wednesday 27th November, 2019 at 8.50. 12.50 and 1.50 local time. See http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/56531/Witness-History-From-Cakes-to- Computers/

Mary Coombs recalls her work as an early computer programmer on LEO, the first electronic office system, pioneered by the Lyons catering company.In the early 1950s, the leading British catering firm, J Lyons & Co, pioneered the world's first automated office system. It was baptised LEO - the Lyons Electronic Office - and was used in stock-taking, food ordering and payrolls for the company. Soon it was being hired out to UK government ministries and other British businesses. Mary Coombs worked on the first LEO and was the first woman to become a commercial computer programmer. She tells Mike Lanchin about her memories of those heady days when computers were still in their infancy. Photo:LEO 2 in operation, 1957 (credit: The LEO Computers Society) https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csyx55 FILMS First LEO Payroll February 1954 Films a BBC T.V. Newsreel (Filmed on the 12th February, shown on 16th February, 1954 ). "ELECTRONIC BRAIN" ON THE PAYROLL A high speed automatic calculator or "Electronic Brain" has recently been installed in the London HQ of a big catering firm. The BBC film clip, lasting just over 3 minutes, features a BBC reporter being shown LEO in operation during a payroll run. It includes shots of a data operator (Margaret Cole?) punching paper tape from data sheets, the paper tape being read into the computer, punch cards being loaded into a card reader by Peter Woods (first LEO operator) and being read into computer, the printer clunking away and printing payslips on pre-printed paper by the LEO tabulator, various shots of LEO Units being attended by engineers, the oscilloscope display and an interview with TRT explaining what LEO is doing. This is a film of historical importance as it is the first public showing of the world’s first computer payroll. The BBC have generously given the LEO heritage project a licence to archive and use the film for educational and research purposes. An archive copy is held by Cambridge Centre for Computer History and the BBC held copy can be uploaded from: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/ffs3x1ifnq8nbvx/AAADIwW45JJ0mfhC5dm9SFSZa?dl=0 and a copy is held in http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/62307/leo-i- bbc-newsreel--16-feb-1954/ https://www.dropbox.com/s/8hxf9pe5qll73tw/LEO%20Payroll%20Film %20Clip.eml?dl=0

Paramount News (Film show in week commencing15th February 1954): Brian BEGG interviews Mr THOMPSON re the applications of the machine; woman uses adding machine; man takes tape from woman & feeds into "Brain"; man takes stack of cards & feeds them into "Brain"; machines electronics at work; "Brains" printer produces pay slips.  LEO The Automatic Office, 1957 promotional film highlighting the way LEOs were

constructed and their many varied business uses, ranging from teashop inventories to Ford's payroll. Copyright LEO Computer Society. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 8K-xbx7jBM Also held by Computer History Museum Silicon Valley http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/110/2260 and http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102705993

 LEO: Celebrating The Pioneers: A short film sponsored by GOOGLE made to highlight the contribution of the team behind LEO computers, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of it taking on its first "office job" on November 17th 1951. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrn24SdW64I

 Ernest Kaye LEO 1952: An extract from the 1952 show featuring Ernest Kaye and his involvement in the development of Lyons Electronic Office (LEO). It includes a glimpse of how he looked 60 years ago, barely any different from today. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE6TX70A3Rc  Leo II Computer: The latest in out series of early technologies from Michael Bennett- Levy's collection that went up for auction in October last year looks at the worlds first commercial business computer, the LEO II/3. Entering service in May 1958, the LEO II/3 (Lyons Electronic Office II/3) at Stuart and Lloyds in London was the world’s first commercial business computer. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_Z6OGBif9w  Mary Coombs shares her story: Mary Coombs was a programmer for LEO, the Lyons Electronic Office that was the world's first business computer. Produced by Google as part of a series of short films high lighting women's involvement in the early days of computing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6DRr0Dhn4Q

 Taking the Punch Out of Input, 1970's era film by Lyons Computer Services focusing on input devices for LEO III range developed in 1960's. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IPVdHHRc2Q  Electronic Data Processing. A series of film strips produced by the Institute of Office Management by its EDP Committee covering LEO I, Elliott 405 and Ferranti Pegasus. Available from Kevin Murrell at the National Museum of Computer History, Bletchley. Copy held by LEO Computers Society.

 Unveiling Ceremony, on the 29th November 2016 a commemorative plinth was unveiled in Lyons Walk in the Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, a site overlooking the place once occupied by Cadby Hall the headquarters of J. Lyons & Co and the location of the world’s first business computer LEO. The unveiling took place exactly 65 years after LEO carried out on behalf of Lyons the running of the world’s first data processing application on an electronic computer. The unveiling was carried out jointly by Dame Stephanie Shirley and Frank Land in the presence of representatives of the Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, representatives of the local MP, Andrew Slaughter, descendants of the families which had built J. Lyons & Co., members of the LEO Computers Society and friends of LEO including representatives of the Association for Information Technology. The erection of the plinth was arranged by the Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and much of the funding provided by Tony Morgan of the LEO Computers Society. A film of the ceremony, including speeches by Peter Byford, a representative of the Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, Frank Land, Dame Stephanie Shirley, and Tony Morgan can be found on https://youtu.be/FmHnKq15SGc For more information and pictures see http://ta.mdx.ac.uk/leo/leo-plaque-unveiling-in- london/ The Sunday Times carried an op-ed article by Dominic Lawson following the ceremony, entitled 65 years ago the age of the computer began ….. to sell better tea cake page 24 4th December 2016. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/comment/65-years- ago-the-age-of-the-computer-began-to-sell-a-better-tea-cake-zzpx63qx6  Cambridge Centre for Computer History Exhibition of LEO history 18-19th November 2017, including presentations by Peter Byford and colleagues. Peter Byford’s presentation available on You Tube at https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=N4zyZG0OxFI  YOUTUBE 1969 Film celebrating 20 years of Ostrava Steel Works including a number of shots of their LEO III including shots with its chief engineer Jiri Baranek. The LEO episodes occur at 3m 24s, 7m 42s, and 9m 58s in the film. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OYm5GeZXc4&t=3s. Another 1971 Film of the steelworks featuring LEO can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Wpm6LYgnb8w 7.46 minutes into the 10 minute film.  ITV Grantchester. The episode shown on January 25th 2019 features the fictional computer UNIAC, based on EDSAC and notes it working on a business system for a teashop enterprise around 1960  Hot Millions: a 1968 crime comedy made by MGM. The story depicts Ustinov as a computer operator using the computer to steal millions. It was directed by Eric Till and produced by Mildred Freed Alberg, from a collaborative screenplay by Ira Wallach and star Peter Ustinov. MGM rented a LEO III/326 computer from the Post Office for the scenes involving Ustinov engaged in his criminal activity. The trailer for the film can be downloaded at https://www.bing.com/search?q=Hot+Millions+Peter+ +Ustinov&refig=1910fc8a8d5845e99f4f153ee907922b&pc=U531&sp=- 1&pq=hot+millions+peter+ustinov&sc=1- 26&qs=n&sk=&cvid=1910fc8a8d5845e99f4f153ee907922b&FORM=VDVVXX  Peter Byford’s collection of Video and Film Material 1. Bletchley Park lectures - LEO the first Business Computer by Alan King 20th January 2005 2-4. 3 DVDs labelled London Home movies episode 4 - Granada TV LEO - this included interviews with David Caminer and Peter Byford effectively doing a commentary with the LEO (1958 film)and a short sequence of LEO lll film introduced by Brian Eaton. Another DVD includes some video of Manchester computer (Baby?) , Colossus and John Page (LEO engineer) talking about LEO. Incidentally does Chris Monk realise that the LEO film does include sequences of LEO l? 5. LEO lll/1 (Hartree House - mid-sixties 2min 22 secs by Colin Browning 6. LEO people interviews by Over the pond film company on behalf of Google Nov 2011 - used for the Pioneers film. 2 dvds Original filming and edited version (by Peter B). I also have VHS copies of London Home movies and a 1960 training film. I also have a VHS which someone gave me ages ago which is labelled. 2min 45 Bletchley stills, 3min 42 Rostram/Lyons sync, 6min 20 Wilsoh (not sure of writing here) "white heat, 9 min ICL press conference etc. Hilary Caminer CD, 2001 Hilary Caminer notes: a CD recording of my father and John Aris giving the 2nd Pinkerton lecture at the Guildhall 50th anniversary of first LEO lob conference - with Frank Land proposing the vote of thanks British Library 24th June 2019 Recording of the week: Frank Land OBE - from Nazi Germany to the tea shop electronic brain This week's selection comes from Dr Tom Lean, Project Interviewer for An Oral History of British Science. https://blogs.bl.uk/sound-and-vision/2019/06/recording-of-the-week-frank-land-obe- from-nazi-germany-to-the-tea-shop-ectronic-brain.html LEO AWARDS and PRIZES  The AIS LEO Award for Exceptional Lifetime Achievement in Information Systems The Association for Information Systems (AIS) is the institution linking academics in the discipline of Information Systems world-wide and has a membership in excess of 3000. It selects members who have made outstanding contributions to the study and teaching of Information Systems for the LEO Award (its highest honour), named in remembrance of LEO the First Business Computer. The award was inaugurated in 1999. See https://aisnet.org/page/LeoAward  The LEO Award Advisory Board The LEO's are named after the world's first business computer. Created by the Lyons Company of the UK in 1951 and with installations in Australia by Tubemakers, Shell and Colonial Mutual. LEO was the first computer in the world to be used to solve complex analytic problems including (but not limited to) calculating disease among miners, ballistic problems of missiles, mortality rates for insurance companies, “flutter” in new aircraft, how to make rain by seeding clouds and even calculating tax tables. The awards celebrate outstanding achievements in the full range of Business Intelligence and Information Management activities:  Data modelling, integration, quality, warehousing and mining  Analytics, reporting, dashboarding and scorecarding  Business Process Management  Search  Performance management  Knowledge management and strategy to name a few. The awards are given to commercial organisations, government, and education initiatives as well as individuals who have excelled in the end-use of analytics and information management. Governance of the LEO Awards is conducted by an Advisory Board consisting of seasoned members of the Australasian commercial, government and academic knowledge economy. The Board represent many industries and aspects of hands-on experience from the end-user community. The awards were launched in 2010. See http://www.tbig.com.au/advisors/  Middlesex University: David Tresman Caminer Postgraduate Scholarship in Business Computing The scholarship was set up to honour the achievements if David Caminer under the aegis of The LEO Computers Society . The Scholarship is funded through the generosity of the Association for Information Technology (AIT) and its Trustees, and is valued at £5000 per annum. The scholarships will be available to students who have demonstrated excellent academic potential. Applications are welcome from students who have fulfilled the admission criteria and been offered a place to study for a postgraduate degree based in the School of Engineering and Information Science. A student will only be entitled to one award during his/her period of study with Middlesex University. The first students were selected in 2011. See http://www.scholarship-search.org.uk/grants/the-david- tresman-caminer-postgraduate-scholarship-in-business-computing-supported-by-the-leo- foundation-and-ait-trust-at-middlesex- university/hc_edufin.page_pls_user_sch_dets/16180339/220707/sch_id/58303/page.htm The 2014 award winner Tope Ashiru writes: “Receiving the Scholarship is mind blowing! It has restored me back on track and reinvigorated my career aspirations. My academic progression almost took a dark turn in the light of my father's prolonged illness which eventually took his life. I had thought it was all coming to a dramatic halt for me but the Scholarship came to the rescue! Now I can focus on finishing with a first class.”  2016 Middlesex University David Tresman Caminer PhD Scholarship. The research leading to a PhD will investigate the role of LEO in the evolution of business computing with special emphasis on the philosophy which motivated a company in the food industry to build the world’s first business computer. The project supervisor is Dr Giuseppe Primiero of the Computer Science Department. The scholarship is funded by a grant from the AIT. See http://www.mdx.ac.uk/news/2016/03/first-ever-business-computer-to-be-researched- at-middlesex-university and http://www.mdx.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate-research- degrees/research-studentships/david-tresman-caminer-studentship-for-the-history-of- computing and tinyurl.com/j3oh6ow. Miscellaneous and Unclassified  Leo II Quotation and specification. An individual who worked for Thorn/EMI found a manuscript quotation and technical specification for a LEO II c. 1958. The LEO II was valued at about £180,000. A copy can be found in Dropbox at https://www.dropbox.com/s/wy3xirkff35nae9/LEO%20II %201958%20Quote.pdf?dl=0  Retronaut Website: 1952 Behind the Scenes at Lyons. Pictures and text about Lyons with a mention of them as computer pioneers. https://retronaut.com/content/1952- behind-the-scenes-at-lyons  Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society: as part of their regular lecture series, Dan Heaton, a member is repeating has been invited to provide a session on LEO, based on the earlier CCs session. www.glias.org.uk

 LEO Computer Society Zoom Forum (Winter 2020), A new initiative during the pandemic to establish a forum where members of LCS could meet via Zoom to reminisce and discuss activities furthering the aims of the Society and the Lottery Heritage Fund LEO project commenced in November 2020. Vince Bodsworth has posted all the mp4 videos of all four Forua held on the LCS Website. http s ://www.leo- computers.org.uk/members/

These are 7 videos: Zoom 1, Zoom 2 Plenary, Zoom 2 Breakout Room 1 (Daines), Zoom 2 Breakout Room 2 First Half (Paschoud),Zoom 2 Breakout Room 2 Second Half (Paschoud), 3rd Forum, 4th Forum

Lyons Office Journal See entry for London Metropolitan Library and Reference to article above