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19810002524.Pdf NASA Technical Memorandum 81814 Bibliography on Aerodynamics of Airframe/Engine Integration of High-Speed Turbine-Powered Aircraft Volume I t.,x Mark R. Nichols NOVEMBER 1980 N/LS/X i J NASA Technical Memorandum 81814 Bibliography on Aerodynamics of Airframe/Engine Integration of High-Speed Turbine-Powered Aircraft Volume I Mark R. Nichols The George Washington University Joint Institute for Advancement of Flight Sciences Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia NI A National Aeronautics and Space Administration ScientificandTechnical Information Branch 1980 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 REFERENCES ................................................... 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. 4 1. INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL .................................. 4 1.1 BROAD REVIEWS AND SURVEYS ........................... 4 1.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS ......................... 4 2. TURBINE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY ............................... 5 2.1 HISTORICAL TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS ...................... 5 2.2 PRINCIPLES, DESIGN INFORMATION, AND BASIC STUDIES ............ 5 2.3 SUBSONIC-CRUISE-ENGINE STUDIES .......................... 7 2.4 SUPERSONIC-TRANSPORT-ENGINE STUDIES ..................... 8 2.5 VARIABLE-CYCLE-ENGI NE STUDIES .......................... 9 3. INTERNAL FLOW-SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY ........................... 10 4. SUBSONIC NACELLE TECHNOLOGY .............................. 12 4.1 NOSE INLETS ....................................... 12 4.2 NOZZLES AND THRUST REVERSERS ......................... 13 4.3 NOISE CHARACTERISTICS ................................ 14 5. PROPULSION-SYSTEM INTEGRATION FOR HIGH-SUBSONIC-CRUISE AIRCRAFT ................ .............. 15 5.1 REVIEWS OF DESIGN AND INTEGRATION PROBLEMS ............... 15 5.2 COMPONENT AND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STUDIES ............... 17 5.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES ............................. 17 5.4 NACELLE-AIRFRAME INTERFERENCE STUDIES ................... 18 5.5 ANALYTICAL TOOLS AND DESIGN METHODS .................... 20 6. SUPERSONIC INLET TECHNOLOGY .............................. 22 6.1 PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION ................ 22 6.2 INTERNAL PERFORMANCE OF ISOLATED THREE-DIMENSIONAL INLETS (PRESSURE RECOVERY, BLEED REQUIREMENTS, DISTORTION, TURBULENCE) .............................. 23 6.3 INTERNAL PERFORMANCE OF ISOLATED TWO-DIMENSIONAL INLETS (PRESSURE RECOVERY, BLEED REQUIREMENTS, DISTORTION, TURBULENCE) .............................. 25 6.4 EXTERNAL DRAG (COWL, SPILLAGE, ADDITIVE, LIP SUCTION) .................... 26 6.5 SECONDARY FLOW SYSTEMS .............................. 27 6.5.1 Boundary-Layer Bleed Design ........................... 27 6.5.2 Bypass Design and Drag .............................. 28 6.5.3 Diverter Design and Drag ............................. 29 6.6 DISTORTION, DYNAMICS, AND STABILITY ...................... 29 iii 7. SUPERSONIC-INLET ENGINE INTEGRATION ......................... 31 7.1 AIRFLOW MATCHING .................................. 31 7.2 INLET-ENGINE COMPATIBILITY AND INTERACTIONS ............... 32 7.3 INLET AND INLET-ENGINE CONTROLS ........................ 34 8. SUPERSONIC INLET-AIRFRAME INTEGRATION ....................... 35 8.1 GENERAL REVIEWS AND TEST TECHNIQUES .................... 35 8.2 NACELLE INLETS FOR SUPERSONIC-CRUISE AIRCRAFT ............. 36 8.2.1 Inlet Flow-Field Studies .............................. 36 8.2.2 Inletoto-lnlet and Surface-ReflectedShock Interference ............. 37 8.2.3 DesignPhilosophy and Experimental Studies ................... 38 8.2.3.1 Concorde Type Installation ......................... 38 8.2.3.2B-70/B-1 Type Installation ......................... 38 8.2.3.3YF-12 Type Installation .......................... 39 8.2.3.4Axisymmetric Diverter-Mounted Nacelles ................. 39 8.3 FUSELAGE INLETS FOR MANEUVERING FIGHTERS ................ 39 8.3.1 ComprehensiveIntegration Studies ......................... 39 8.3.2 Inlet Flow-Field Studies .............................. 39 8.3.3 FuselageInlet Drag Studies ............................ 40 8.3.4 Fuselage-SideInlet Installation Studies ...................... 40 8.3.5 FuselageUnderslungand Top Inlet Installation Studies ............. 42 9. ENGINE NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY ................................ 42 9.1 PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION ................ 42 9.2 NOZZLE INTERNAL PERFORMANCE .......................... 44 9.2.1 Convergent, C-D, and Plug Nozzles ........................ 44 9.2.2 Ejector Nozzles ................................... 45 9.2.3 Nonaxisymmetric Nozzles .............................. 46 9.3 EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL FLOW ON NOZZLE PERFORMANCE .......... 47 9.3.1 Convergent, C-D, and Plug Nozzles ........................ 47 9.3.2 Ejector Nozzles ................................... 48 9.3.3 Nonaxisymmetric Nozzles .............................. 49 10. JET EFFECTS IN EXTERNAL FLOW .............................. 50 10.1 JET CHARACTERISTICS AND SIMULATION REQUIREMENTS ........... 50 10.2 NOZZLE-AFTERBQDY TEST TECHNIQUES ...................... 52 10.3 BASE DRAG ........................................ 54 10.4 JET EFFECTS ON AFTERBODY-ISOLATED SINGLE NACELLE .......... 56 10.5 JET EFFECTS ON AFTERBODY-ISOLATED TWIN OR MULTIPLE NACELLES ............................ 57 10.6 EFFECTS ON LIFT, MOMENT, AND ADJACENT SURFACES ............ 58 10.7 JET NOISE (SUPERSONIC-CRUISE AIRCRAFT) .................... 59 11. ENGINE-NOZZLE/SUPERSONIC-AIRFRAME INTEGRATION ................. 61 11.1 GENERAL REVIEWS ................................... 61 11.2 NOZZLES AND THRUST REVERSERS FOR SUPERSONIC-CRUISE AIRCRAFT 61 11.3 NOZZLES AND THRUST DEFLECTORS FOR MANEUVERING FIGHTERS ............................ 63 11.3.1 ConfigurationsWith Axisymmetric Nozzles .................... 63 11.3.2 ConfigurationsWith NonaxisymmetricNozzles .................. 64 11.4 ANALYTICAL STUDIES AND DESIGN METHODS .................. 66 12. PROPULSION-SYSTEM/SUPERSONIC-AIRFRAME OVERALL DESIGN INTEGRATION ................................ 69 12.1 DISCUSSION OF PROBLEMS ............................... 69 12.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS AND EVALUATIONS .................... 70 12.3 SYSTEM DRAG AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION ................ 70 12.4 INTEGRATED AIRFRAME/PROPULSION SYSTEM CONTROLS ........... 72 13. MISCELLANEOUS USEFUL REFERENCES ........................... 72 AUTHOR INDEX ................................................. 75 INTRODUCTION Airframe-engine integration gained general recognition somewhat before World War II as an independent specialty field of the aerodynamicist. A number of excellent books written in the following decade, such as "Aerodynamics of Propulsion" by Kuchemann and Weber, "Principles of Jet Propulsion and Gas Turbines" by Zucrow, and "Aerodynamic Drag" by Hoerner (refs. 1 to 3), devoted extensive attention to the explanation and correlation of propulsion-system installation information accumulated during the war years. The post-war period saw rapid changes in this vital area which accompanied the intensive development of the high-speed turbine-powered airplane. An extensive search of the literature, however, has failed to uncover any single document which covers the extensions of the art of airframe-engine integration in a completely satisfactory manner from an educational viewpoint. As a result, some consideration has been given to the development of a monograph on the subject. The first step in this effort has been the compilation of the present bibliography, which is being published at this time because of its potential value to the advanced student and the researcher. The bibliography is limited to coverage of engine-integration problems of the high-subsonic-cruise airplane, the supersonic-cruise airplane, and the maneuvering fighter. Problems unique to VTOL and hypersonic aircraft are not covered in this compilation. Most of the documents listed were published after 1955. Extensive bibliographies of earlier internal-aerodynamics research are given in references 4 and 5. Other more current bibliographies, which overlap the objectives of the present one or supplement it in specialized areas, are presented in references 6 to 13. The primary objective in the development of the present bibliography was to locate documents concerned with the aerodynamic problems and interferences encountered in the process of airframe-engine integration. Less intensive searches were conducted relative to the individual elements of the overall propulsion system. The goal in the first case was reasonably complete coverage of the available literature, whereas that in the second case was merely sufficient coverage to explain the characteristics of isolated system components. Classified references and unclassified documents published by or for the services and intended for use by government agencies only or government agencies and their contractors only are not included in this listing. Both classes of documents frequently contain the basic data and back-up studies on which the related open-literature studies are based; consequently, they may be of great interest to the person attempting to understand or use the open-literature documents. In most cases, they can be obtained only by direct request to the originating agency. A listing of unclassified documents pertinent to this bibliography but available to government agencies only or to government agenciesand their contractors only is presented in Volume II of the present compilation. The bibliography is organized into the categories specified in
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