Citizens' Views and Experiences of Corruption

GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019 CITIZENS’ VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES OF CORRUPTION GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

Transparency International is a global movement with one vision: a world in which government, business, civil society and the daily lives of people are free of corruption. With more than 100 chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, we are leading the GLOBAL fight against corruption to turn this vision into reality. www.transparency.org CORRUPTION BAROMETER MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

Citizens can help 2-7 16-25 tackle corruption Executive summary How are citizens Retaliation and lack affected by corruption? The survey of action are the Key findings One in five citizens biggest hurdles pays bribes Recommendations Do citizens know Authors: Roberto Martinez B. Kukutschka, Jon Vrushi Police have highest their rights? bribery rate Contributors: Dr. Caryn Pfeiffer Designer: Sophie Everett | sophieeverett.com.au 8-15 One in three citizens Cover image: Rana Zaher | ranazillustration.com What do citizens think uses personal 30 about corruption? connections – wasta Conclusion TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information Corruption on the rise Utilities and courts contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct Governments not have the highest 31-32 doing enough wasta rates as of December 2019. Nevertheless, Transparency International Methodology cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other Parliamentarians and Why do people pay Weighting purposes or in other contexts. government officials bribes or use wasta? most corrupt Sextortion ISBN: 978-3-96076-132-7 Low satisfaction with 33-39 Lack of political democracy levels Country cards integrity, especially 2019 Transparency International. Except where otherwise noted, this Government corruption around elections work is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0 DE. Quotation permitted. Please is a problem 40-42 contact Transparency International – [email protected] – Low trust in government Endnotes regarding derivatives requests. Anti-corruption 26-29 agencies Taking action TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent months, millions of people across North Africa and the Middle East have taken to the streets in protest against their governments. There are strong parallels with the Arab revolutions that a decade ago toppled some of the most repressive and corrupt regimes in the region. Whether Tunisia in 2010 or Lebanon and Sudan in 2019, people have been voicing their anger at the corruption they see and experience in their daily lives: from the highest levels of government to accessing basic public services.

It is nine years since the tragic way to access public services or death of Mohamed Bouazizi, the undue privileges. Tunisian street vendor who set In Jordan, Lebanon and himself on fire to protest police Palestine, the results indicate corruption and inspired the Arab a significant lack of political Spring. Yet the most recent wave integrity among government of protests has been caused by leaders. In addition, some many of the same issues that disturbing findings emerged brought down governments about corruption and women. in 2010. The Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) – Middle East Corruption around elections and North Africa reveals that little is prevalent, with people offered has changed. bribes in exchange for votes in national, regional or local In fact, across the region, the elections. Furthermore, in GCB shows that most citizens these countries, an alarming think corruption is increasing number of citizens are coerced and that their governments are to provide sexual favours in not doing enough to tackle the exchange for public services, problem. In addition, the police such as health and education, is still the institution most likely in a practice known as sexual to take bribes. extortion or “sextortion”. Even in countries where Despite these challenges, bribery is low, like Jordan people across the region are and Palestine, our research hopeful. Fifty per cent think shows that the use of personal that ordinary people can connections, or what is known in make a difference in the fight Arabic as “wasta”, is a common against corruption. photo: iStock.com / rrodrickbeiler

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The survey surveyed in Jordan, Lebanon, Citizens in Jordan, Lebanon Morocco, Palestine, Sudan and Palestine also experience The 10th edition of the Global KEY FINDINGS and Tunisia. vote-buying, threats of Corruption Barometer (GCB) – retaliation if they do not vote a Middle East and North Africa, The GCB found that one in certain way and the spread of published by Transparency five people who accessed public fake news. International, presents a services, such as health care and comprehensive set of public education, paid a bribe in the opinion data on citizens’ views preceding year. This equates to 01 02 03 on corruption and direct more than 11 million citizens in experiences of bribery in six the six countries surveyed. Corruption is on the rise Governments are Parliamentarians and not doing enough government officials are countries across the region. For the first time, the GCB seen as the most corrupt It is based on fieldwork also reveals that in three of conducted between March the countries surveyed, one in More than half (65 per cent) of Only 28 per cent of citizens think Fourty-four per cent of and August 2018 in North five citizens experiences sexual all citizens think that corruption their government is doing a people think most or all Africa and between August and extortion, or sextortion, or increased in the previous 12 good job at fighting corruption, parliamentarians and October 2019 in the Middle East. knows someone who has. months. Only 12 per cent think while 66 per cent think their government officials are corrupt. More than 6,600 citizens were it declined. government is performing badly.

ABOUT THE SURVEY 04 05 06 Bribery is a regular Sextortion is a major issue Political integrity is lacking, occurrence for many especially around elections In Jordan, Lebanon and One in five cit izens who Palestine, one in five citizens In Jordan, Lebanon and accessed public services, such as experiences sexual extortion, Palestine, nearly one in three CONDUCTED FROM health care and education, paid or sextortion, when accessing a citizens is offered bribes in MARCH - AUGUST 2018 a bribe in the previous year. In government service, or knows exchange for votes. (NORTH AFRICA) 6 Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, someone who has. COUNTRIES more than a third used their SURVEYED AUGUST - OCTOBER 2019 personal connections, wasta, to (MIDDLE EAST) get the services they needed.

NAMA STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE SOLUTIONS, 6,600+ STATISTICS LEBANON, PEOPLE AGED QIYAS CENTER 07 18+ TOOK PART FOR POLLING AND Despite fears of retaliation, AFROBAROMETER citizens can make a difference FIELDED THE SURVEY One in two citizens believes that ordinary people can help NATIONALLY stop corruption. REPRESENTATIVE AND CONDUCTED FACE-TO-FACE

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Recommendations build transparent and accountable institutions, To win citizens’ trust, prosecute wrongdoing governments must show and allow for citizen serious and genuine political engagement and participation. will to fight corruption, Governments should:

1. STRENGTHEN 2. EMPOWER 3. REDUCE AND 7. IMPLEMENT LAWS ELECTORAL INTEGRITY WHISTLEBLOWERS, PREVENT WASTA AND COMMITMENTS TO ALLOW FOR FAIR AND CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS MEDIA

Governments must ensure Governments should engage Governments must enforce Governments must deliver elections are held periodically civil society and protect a system that eliminates and and publicly report on their in a competitive, fair and activists, whistleblowers and criminalises wasta to ensure anti-corruption commitments, transparent environment. journalists in monitoring and equal access to services. including the UN Convention Governments should enforce exposing corruption. The Governments should take against Corruption (UNCAC). sanctions against vote-buying current crackdown on political preventative measures and Governments must also adopt and threats to voters so that dissent, free speech and press raise awareness about wasta as and implement frameworks citizens can exercise their must end. a form of corruption to combat that comply with international democratic right without current social norms. standards for independent coercion and fear. anti-corruption agencies, whistleblower protection and conflict of interest, among others.

4. STRENGTHEN JUDICIAL 5. RECOGNISE AND 6. IMPROVE INDEPENDENCE AND ADDRESS SPECIFIC TRANSPARENCY PROMOTE SEPARATION GENDERED FORMS AND ACCESS TO OF POWERS OF CORRUPTION INFORMATION

State institutions must ensure Governments must recognise Governments must establish, the separation of powers sextortion as a form of enforce and effectively and a democratic system of corruption and adopt gender- implement access to checks and balances. A strong inclusive anti-corruption laws information laws. Following and independent judiciary and accountability measures. In open data standards, they must and robust oversight over the addition, governments should proactively publish information executive branch are essential. create safe, confidential and on budgets, officials’ assets gender-sensitive reporting and how to use government mechanisms, and ensure that services. By making information justice systems have the right public, governments can help tools to help those affected to tackle fake news and support speak out and seek redress. fact-based journalism.

photo: iStock.com / mariusz_prusaczyk

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Corruption on the rise

A majority of citizens across the surveyed countries think OF PEOPLE THINK corruption increased in their CORRUPTION INCREASED country in the previous 12 IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS months (65 per cent), while % far fewer think it decreased WHAT DO CITIZENS (16 per cent). 65 In Sudan, an overwhelming THINK ABOUT number of citizens (82 per cent) think corruption increased, which is the highest in the CORRUPTION? region, followed by Lebanon THINK CORRUPTION (68 per cent) and Tunisia (67 We asked people what they thought about the state per cent). While we have seen DECREASED of corruption in their country: how prevalent it is, corrupt politicians and officials % whether it is rising or declining and whether their lose their positions and be 12 convicted, the systems that government is doing enough to control it. Here’s enable corruption remain what we found. unchanged.

Unfortunately, there is no country in which a majority of citizens think that corruption THINK CORRUPTION is decreasing. CORRUPTION ON THE RISE, % STAYED THE SAME BY COUNTRY 19

Percentage of people who think corruption increased in the previous 12 months1

SUDAN Country in focus: Sudan 82% LEBANON In Sudan, the GCB survey was conducted before April 2019, when President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown 68% by the military. Corruption charges were since brought against al-Bashir after US$113 million was allegedly TUNISIA found in his residence2 after he was ousted. The newly formed Sovereignty Council of Sudan, which is leading the transitional government, was mandated PALESTINE 67% to fight corruption and bring justice to those affected by human rights violations and corruption. In October 62% 2019, the council appointed the country’s first woman chief justice to lead Sudan’s judiciary body, which is also JORDAN a first in the history of the Arab world.

MOROCCO 55% As Sudan embarks on a three-year transition to establish democratic institutions, the council should work on a comprehensive anti-corruption framework and develop preventative measures in compliance with the United 53% Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).

0 100

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Governments not per cent) think their government corruption, followed by Sudan doing enough is doing a poor job at addressing (80 per cent), Morocco (74 per corruption risks. However, in cent), Tunisia (64 per cent) and We also asked people how some countries, dissatisfaction is Palestine (51 per cent). they rate their government’s far more prevalent. efforts at tackling corruption. In contrast, 55 per cent of Eighty-seven per cent of citizens in Jordan think their The results show clear citizens in Lebanon think their government is doing well. dissatisfaction with actions taken government is failing to fight so far. A majority of citizens (66

THINK THEIR GOVERNMENT IS DOING A BAD JOB AT TACKLING CORRUPTION 66%

THINK THEIR GOVERNMENT IS DOING WELL 28% photo: iStock.com / Karim Mostafa

GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE, BY COUNTRY Badly Don’t know Well Country in focus: Jordan

Percentage* of people who think their government As 86 per cent of Jordanians think corruption is a big problem, the country faces several challenges. Despite is doing badly vs. well in tackling corruption3 significant changes and amendments to Jordan’s constitution, laws and procedures following the Arab Spring in 87% 1% 13% 2011, obstacles still exist that prevent further progress. LEBANON Over the past two years, the government has amended anti-corruption laws to strengthen the country’s anti- 80% 4% 15% corruption commission4, increase oversight to reduce illicit gains5 and regulate public procurement.6 However, SUDAN abuse of a cybercrimes law7 is restricting freedom of expression and the ability of civil society organisations, 74% 13% 13% media and citizens to promote social accountability. Weak access to information laws are also limiting their efforts to report on and speak out against corruption. MOROCCO 64% 11% 25% The use of personal connections, or what is known in Arabic as “wasta”, is a significant corruption challenge in Jordan. While the GCB results show low overall bribery rates across the country (4 per cent), wasta rates are much TUNISIA higher (25 per cent). This is particularly concerning in hospitals, where only 1 per cent of Jordanians report paying 51% 4% 45% bribes for health care services, but 20 per cent report using wasta to receive the medical treatment they need.

PALESTINE Government and civil society must do more to raise awareness about wasta as a form of corruption, as well as 43% 2% 55% other types of corruption, and strengthen the mechanisms to fight it. Despite wide social acceptance in Jordan, JORDAN wasta poses a significant challenge to basic human rights and the rule of law by denying essential public services to those who do not have the right connections. The government must identify proper mechanisms to detect wasta and create enforcement tools to deter its use.

*Percentages adding to 99% or 101% are due to rounding

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Parliamentarians and cent of citizens think that most are involved in corruption. Low satisfaction with respondents are not satisfied in their country, a further 39 government officials or all members of parliament In Lebanon, the majority of democracy levels with how well their democracy per cent are satisfied. Jordan and government officials are citizens (68 per cent) think that works, followed by Sudan (60 is the only country where a most corrupt When asked about their involved in corruption. most or all government officials per cent), Palestine (56 per cent) substantial majority of citizens satisfaction with the level of We asked people how much are involved in corruption. and Tunisia (51 per cent). (65 per cent) are satisfied with In Palestine, nearly one in democracy in their country, corruption they thought there how well democracy works in two citizens thinks that most 52 per cent of citizens said Although 47 per cent of is in various institutions in their country. or all members of parliament 10 Moroccans are not satisfied their country. Forty-four per that they are not satisfied. In Lebanon, 65 per cent of with the level of democracy

CORRUPTION BY INSTITUTION ARE NOT SATISFIED WITH HOW DEMOCRACY Percentage of people who think that most or all people WORKS IN THEIR COUNTRY in these groups or institutions are involved in corruption8,9 52% MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT 44%

GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS 44%

PRESIDENT/PRIME MINISTER AND Country in focus: Morocco OFFICIALS IN THEIR OFFICE 39% In Morocco, lack of political will, low accountability and poor governance allow systemic corruption to thrive. BUSINESS EXECUTIVES 37% Earlier this year, citizens responded with large-scale protests. The handling of corruption cases reveals a gap between leaders’ promises and real action. According to the LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCILLORS 35% GCB results, one in four Moroccans think most or all judges, magistrates and police are involved in corruption.

With many court cases ignored by public authorities and some already drawn out judicial processes BANKERS 35% lengthened by unmotivated prosecutors,11,12 it is unsurprising to see why an overwhelming majority of citizens (74 per cent) think that the government is not doing enough to tackle corruption and why 47 per cent say they are POLICE 32% not satisfied with the level of democracy in their country.

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS 28% An example of delayed justice is the Casino Es Saadi case, where a local government official was allegedly bribed to cheaply sell municipal land to a business. In 2015, after a trial in which Transparency Maroc, Transparency International’s chapter in Morocco, was a civil party, the official was sentenced to five years in JUDGES AND MAGISTRATES 27% prison.13 However, the appeal is still not concluded and has had to restart after those judges who were hearing the appeal were replaced.14 RELIGIOUS LEADERS 23% By undermining the vital pillars of democracy, including the judicial system, corruption can produce a vicious cycle, where corruption weakens democratic institutions, and in turn the institutions are less able 0 50 to control corruption.

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Government THINK GOVERNMENT Low trust in IN LEBANON corruption is a problem government HAVE CORRUPTION IS A LITTLE OR In Jordan, Lebanon and Corruption contributes to NO TRUST IN THEIR Palestine we also asked BIG PROBLEM the erosion of citizens’ trust in people whether corruption in government. The results show GOVERNMENT government is a problem in % that trust in government is very 16 % their country. An overwhelming 83 low in Lebanon and Palestine. 80 majority of people (83 percent) In Lebanon, the majority of think government corruption is citizens have little or no trust in a big problem. THINK GOVERNMENT the government (80 per cent), IN PALESTINE Only 16 per cent think the courts (72 per cent) or the HAVE LITTLE OR corruption is no problem or CORRUPTION IS police (59 per cent). a small problem. In Lebanon NO TRUST IN THEIR In Palestine, 51 per cent of (89 per cent), Jordan (86 per NO PROBLEM OR citizens have little or no trust in GOVERNMENT cent) and Palestine (75 per A SMALL PROBLEM the government. However, 52 % cent), a high percentage of % per cent trust the courts and 59 51 citizens think that government 16 per cent trust the police. corruption is a big problem. In Jordan, the government, IN JORDAN the police and the courts enjoy relatively high levels of trust, with 60 per cent of citizens TRUST THEIR having trust in the government, 70 per cent in the courts and 87 GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION, per cent in the police. 60% BY COUNTRY

Percentage of people who think corruption in government is a big problem15 Anti-corruption ARE NOT FAMILIAR agencies IN JORDAN AND WITH THEIR We asked citizens in Jordan PALESTINE and Palestine whether they are COUNTRY’S ANTI- aware of the anti-corruption % % agencies in their respective CORRUPTION AGENCY 89 86 countries and whether they think these institutions are OR ITS WORK LEBANON JORDAN doing well at tackling corruption. 72% An overwhelming majority of citizens in Palestine (78 per cent) and Jordan (66 per cent) have either never heard of their state’s anti-corruption agency or know very little to nothing 75% about it.17 Of the small number of people who are familiar with PALESTINE the agency, those in Jordan (44 per cent) and Palestine (45 per cent) think that it is doing well.18

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HOW ARE CITIZENS

AFFECTED BY CORRUPTION? One in five citizens at least one public service in the Jordan maintains the lowest pays bribes previous 12 months. Of these, overall bribery rate (4 per We asked citizens about their experiences with bribery for basic services, such as health more than one in five people cent), followed by Palestine (17 care and education, to better understand what happens in people’s daily lives. We found We asked citizens in six (22 per cent) paid a bribe for per cent) and Tunisia (18 per that their experiences vary – some services are better than others when it comes to countries whether they had basic services, such as health cent). However, even in these contact with six key public controlling corruption. care or education. countries, governments could services in their country in the do more to stop bribes for Across the six countries previous 12 months: the police, public services. the courts, health care, schools, surveyed, this equates to more identity documents and utilities. than 11 million people who paid 20 We then asked whether they a bribe in the preceding year. paid a bribe, gave a gift or did Lebanon has the highest BRIBERY RATES BY COUNTRY a favour in order to receive the overall bribery rate (41 per services they needed. cent), followed by Morocco (31 Percentage of public service users who paid a Seventy-eight per cent of all per cent) and Sudan (24 per bribe in the previous 12 months19 respondents had contact with cent).

4% 17% MORE THAN 1 IN 5 PEOPLE WHO USED JORDAN PALESTINE A PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS PAID A BRIBE.

41% 24 % LEBANON SUDAN THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO MORE THAN 11 MILLION PEOPLE IN THESE SIX 31% 18% 11,000,000 COUNTRIES. MOROCCO TUNISIA

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Police have highest Schools have the lowest In Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine: bribery rate bribery rate, although 10 per cent of people who had contact The results show that the with public schools in the experience with bribery, we also Palestine at 39 per cent and Jordan police have the highest bribery previous 12 months paid a bribe. More than a third rate (22 per cent) and are the use personal asked about the prevalence of at 25 per cent. connections – wasta wasta when accessing public public service most likely to Across these countries, two in services in Jordan, Lebanon demand and receive bribes. Despite relatively low bribery five people who accessed public and Palestine. rates in countries like Jordan services used wasta, paid bribes or and Palestine, citizens often The results show more than both. The two forms of corruption resort to other means including one in three people (38 per are often complementary: almost BRIBERY RATES BY SERVICE wasta, or the use of personal cent) who accessed public half of the people who used wasta connections, to get the public services used wasta to receive also paid a bribe. Percentage of people who used services and services they need. the service they needed. 21 Lebanon has the highest wasta paid a bribe in the previous 12 months For the first time, in addition rate, at 54 per cent, followed by to asking people about their

POLICE 22% IDENTITY 16% DOCUMENTS UTILITIES 16% MORE THAN 1 IN 3 PEOPLE WHO USED A PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE

COURTS 16% PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS USED WASTA.

HOSPITALS 14%

SCHOOLS 10% THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO APPROXIMATELY 3.6 MILLION PEOPLE.23 0 25 3,600,000

POLICE IN FOCUS WASTA RATES BY SERVICE Percentage of people who came into contact with the people in the previous 12 months and paid a bribe22 Percentage of people who used public services and had to use wasta in the previous 12 months24

COURTS 31% % % % 36 33 31 UTILITIES 31% LEBANON SUDAN MOROCCO HOSPITALS 29%

POLICE 29% IDENTITY 27% 17% 11% 2% DOCUMENTS 22% TUNISIA PALESTINE JORDAN SCHOOLS 24%

0 35

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Utilities and courts and court services used wasta used wasta to get the education Why do people pay having been asked to pay, while cent) who use wasta say that have the highest to get the services they needed. they needed in Jordan, Lebanon bribes or use wasta? 31 per cent say that although they would not have received and Palestine. they were not explicitly asked, the service otherwise. However, wasta rates This rate skyrockets in Some people pay bribes to get they knew an informal payment 43 per cent of citizens who use Lebanon, where 65 per cent of Similarly, in the six countries Courts and public utilities, things done more quickly (29 was expected. wasta also say they did so to citizens who came into contact surveyed, 14 per cent paid a bribe such as water and electricity, per cent) or to express gratitude get a better service than what is with the courts report using a for hospitals. Twenty nine per cent Like bribery, people resort are the public services for which for the service they received (13 usually offered. personal connection. used wasta to get the medical care to wasta for several reasons. citizens are most likely to use per cent). Interestingly, only 21 they needed in Jordan, Lebanon A majority of citizens (53 per their personal connections. In the six countries surveyed, per cent of bribe payers report and Palestine. only 10 per cent of people In Jordan, Lebanon and report paying bribes for Palestine, nearly one in three schools. Twenty four per cent people who accessed utilities REASONS WHY PEOPLE PAY BRIBES

Percentage of people who pay bribes, by reason26

COURTS AND UTILITIES IN FOCUS 21% 29% 31% 13%

Percentage of people who came into contact with courts and utilities in the previous 12 months and used wasta25

ASKED TO PAY PAID FOR CONVENIENCE NOT ASKED, BUT AN INFORMAL NOT ASKED, BUT WANTED PAYMENT WAS EXPECTED TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE

Highest percentage: Highest percentage: Highest percentage: Highest percentage: 51% 21% 21% 32% 47% 39% 17% LEBANON JORDAN PALESTINE PALESTINE JORDAN LEBANON PALESTINE UTILITIES

REASONS WHY PEOPLE USE WASTA

Percentage of people who use wasta, by reason27 65% 29% 16 % LEBANON PALESTINE JORDAN 53% 43%

COURTS Highest percentage: Highest percentage:

58% 49% I WOULD HAVE NOT RECEIVED I WANTED TO GET A BETTER SERVICE THE SERVICE OTHERWISE PALESTINE THAN WHAT IS USUALLY OFFERED JORDAN

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SEXTORTION SEXTORTION RATES BY COUNTRY

For the first time, the GCB to receive public services, of people experience sextortion Percentage of citizens who experience Middle East and North Africa including health care and or know someone who has, sextortion or know someone who has highlights data on sextortion, education. followed by Palestine at 21 per one of the most significant cent and Jordan at 13 per cent. Our results show that one forms of gendered corruption.28 in five citizens across Jordan, Forty-seven per cent think When sex is the currency of Lebanon and Palestine that sextortion happens at the bribe, evidence indicates experiences sextortion, or least occasionally.30 Further a gender bias that particularly knows someone who has. analysis of the results shows % % affects women.29 Some women that women are significantly 23 13 The highest sextortion rate is are coerced into providing more likely to think sextortion in Lebanon, where 23 per cent sexual favours in order occurs frequently.31 LEBANON JORDAN

1 IN 5 47% 21% PEOPLE EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE THINK THAT PALESTINE SEXTORTION OR KNOWS SEXTORTION HAPPENS 32 SOMEONE WHO HAS AT LEAST OCCASIONALLY

photo: Hossam el-Hamalawy / CC BY-SA 2.0

Country in focus: Palestine

When it comes to measuring the impact of corruption on women in Palestine, gathering concrete evidence can sometimes prove difficult.

Although GCB results show that 21 per cent of people in Palestine experience sextortion or know someone who has, these incidents often go unreported.

This may be due to a tendency of victim blaming within Palestinian communities, where sexuality is still taboo.33 As a result, many women often think twice before reporting sextortion.

According to the Coalition for Accountability and Integrity (AMAN), Transparency International’s chapter in Palestine, every year a number of women contact the organisation’s Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre with complaints of sextortion in public workplaces. In such cases, public officials abuse their authority to gain sexual favours from their employees. However, when asked to file a formal complaint outlining these incidents, most women refuse.

Civil society organisations in Palestine have advocated for the inclusion of sextortion as an illegal form of corruption.34 However, there is still no cohesive, consistent legal framework to criminalise sextortion as well as sexual harassment within the public sector. Similarly, the legal framework does not recognise and address specific forms of corruption experienced by women.

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LACK OF POLITICAL INTEGRITY, ESPECIALLY AROUND ELECTIONS Country in focus: Lebanon

In Lebanon, the dynamic between money and power is a common challenge to curbing corruption, particularly during elections. Too often, political leaders parties, vote-buying or the spread Political integrity can also be Regardless of political party, money can influence votes directly or indirectly. During the 2009 and 2018 act in their own self-interest at of fake news during campaigns. jeopardised by the spread of parliamentary and municipal elections, the Lebanese Transparency Association, which is Transparency the expense of the citizens they fake news. Fifty-two per cent Nearly one in three citizens is International’s chapter in Lebanon, observed some significant issues that stemmed from gaps in the country’s serve. To have any chance of of citizens think that fake news offered bribes in exchange for electoral laws.38 curbing corruption, we need to often spreads around elections, votes in national, regional or local ensure that our leaders act with while only eight per cent think For example, incentives for vote-buying have been increased by a lack of legal clarity on what defines vote- elections. In some countries, greater integrity. that it never happens.36 buying and a recent law that raised the upper limit on electoral spending. In the lead-up to the 2018 elections, citizens are also threatened with state institutions illegally employed over 4,500 people39 and used jobs, scholarships, medical aid and in-kind Political integrity means that retaliation if they do not vote in a In Jordan, 59 per cent of assistance to allegedly buy their votes and those of their families. The GCB found that in Lebanon, nearly one people with political power certain way.35 citizens believe that fake news in two people is offered a bribe in return for their vote and one in four people is threatened with retaliation if consistently act in the long-term spreads frequently to influence Vote-buying is highest in they do not vote a certain way. public interest while using open election outcomes, while many Lebanon. Nearly one in two and transparent decision-making. in Lebanon and Palestine Unfortunately, the Supervisory Commission for Elections, which is the government body in charge of people (47 per cent) is offered believe the same (58 per cent monitoring elections and promoting electoral integrity, has limited financial and human resources to do its Often one of the root causes a bribe in return for their vote, and 39 per cent respectively). job, including curbing vote-buying.40 of political corruption is election while more than one in four (28 abuse, including fraudulent, per cent) receives threats if they The political dynamics in Lebanon create a complicated environment that contributes to corruption and the undeclared funding of political do not comply. protection of corrupt individuals. Political interference, an absence of accountability and transparency, and a lack of independence of the judicial system are other major challenges.

NEARLY VOTE-BUYING RATES BY COUNTRY

PEOPLE IS OFFERED BRIBES Percentage of citizens offered bribes 1 IN 3 IN EXCHANGE FOR VOTES in exchange for votes41 LEBANON 47%

JORDAN 26% THINK FAKE NEWS OFTEN PALESTINE 12% SPREADS AROUND ELECTIONS37 52% 0 60

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Citizens can help TAKING ACTION tackle corruption Fifty per cent of citizens are % hopeful and believe ordinary 50 Several basic requirements are fundamental to reducing the prevalence people can make a difference of corruption: ensuring people can safely report corruption, guaranteeing in the fight against corruption. THINK ORDINARY PEOPLE CAN that punishments are given fairly, enabling NGOs to operate freely and This is especially true in Tunisia empowering citizens to hold governments to account. and Sudan where 59 and 54 per MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE cent of citizens, respectively, The survey finds that while there are barriers to such anti-corruption efforts believe their voice matters. FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION in the region, many people are ready and willing to take action.

ORDINARY CITIZENS CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE 37% IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION THINK ORDINARY PEOPLE

Percentage of people who agree42 CANNOT MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE FIGHT TUNISIA AGAINST CORRUPTION 59% SUDAN

PALESTINE 54% 51% JORDAN Country in focus: Tunisia

MOROCCO 50% To help empower citizens to make a difference in the fight against corruption, every December since 2012, Tunisian civil society hosts the “Month Against Corruption” (MAC) organised by I-Watch, Transparency LEBANON 49% International’s chapter in Tunisia, and other partners. The programme includes activities that raise awareness of corruption in Tunisia and places special emphasis on engaging young people, who are key in fighting corruption.

39% In 2018, one youth club involved in International Anti-Corruption Day on 9 December created a series of social media advertisements43 to alert citizens to corruption concerns in government, the police and the court systems. In addition to working with students and young people, the Month Against Corruption 0 100 engages artists, comedians and rappers44 to promote anti-corruption efforts. One of the best ways citizens can make a difference in tackling corruption is by reporting cases of corruption when they occur. The role of whistleblowers is particularly important in this regard. Tunisia is one of the only countries surveyed that allows civil society to present cases of corruption, including from whistleblowers, and requests for access to information in court.

In 2016, one whistleblower45 went to court to compel the Central Bank of Tunisia to publish its investigations into the suspicious conduct of a public bank. The case sparked several additional investigations, including the case of Nabil Karoui, a former media mogul and presidential candidate,46 who is now facing corruption charges. Reporting corruption is something any citizen can do, no matter who they are. The more people who stand up for anti-corruption and promote integrity and transparency, the more successful our efforts will be in tackling corruption.

26 27 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

Retaliation and lack People in Jordan, Palestine, is the only country bucking this In Jordan and Lebanon: of action are the Sudan and Tunisia are trend, with a majority of citizens biggest hurdles particularly concerned about (54 per cent) who think they can retaliation. Only 36 per cent of report corruption without fear. Although reporting cases of people think they can report Do citizens know corruption is critical to curbing corruption freely and without their rights? overall corruption levels, more ARE consequences, while only 38 per 43% AWARE than half of people think that if Information is an essential tool cent think reporting corruption they report corruption, they will to empower citizens to demand OF THEIR RIGHT TO will lead to any action.47 Lebanon suffer retaliation. accountability from governments 49 and fight corruption. INFORMATION

We asked citizens in Jordan and Lebanon whether they are aware of their right to request information from government agencies and institutions. THINK THEY WILL SUFFER RETALIATION Less than half of citizens in HAVE IF THEY REPORT CORRUPTION these countries (39 per cent) are 19% USED THEIR aware of their right to request RIGHT TO OFFICIALLY % information from government 58 agencies and institutions. REQUEST INFORMATION50 Only one in five citizens used their right to request official documents from the government THINK THEY CAN REPORT CORRUPTION in the previous 12 months. 36% FREELY, WITHOUT CONSEQUENCE

THINK REPORTING CORRUPTION 48 38% WILL LEAD TO ACTION

Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres

Through our Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres (ALACs), Transparency International offers citizens advice and support when reporting a case of corruption. Governments should support and work with mechanisms like these to ensure that complaints are investigated effectively and safely by the relevant authorities.

photo: iStock.com / Goran Jakus Photography

28 29 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

CONCLUSION METHODOLOGY The results from the latest edition of the Global Corruption The surveys were conducted in the local language using a Barometer – Middle East and North Africa paint a complex face-to-face approach in all six countries. The interviews were picture. Citizens are concerned about corruption, and while conducted through computer-assisted personal interviewing, a majority of people think that it is getting worse, 50 per except in Palestine, where the survey was administered using cent of citizens are optimistic about their role in bringing paper and pen interviewing. about change.

Across the six countries, one Governments must build The surveys in Morocco, Weighting in five citizens paid bribes for electoral integrity to allow for Sudan and Tunisia were public services, while more than fair and democratic elections. conducted by Afrobarometer as Unless otherwise stated, for a third in Jordan, Lebanon and part of its Round 7 surveys in reported multi-country averages Addressing specific gendered Palestine used wasta, or their collaboration with Transparency an additional weighting factor has forms of corruption like personal connections, to access International. A random been applied so that the sample sextortion requires urgent the same services. In addition, probability cluster sample sizes for each country are equal. attention. In Jordan, Lebanon half of all people who used was used. The sample was and Palestine, one in five people wasta also paid bribes. stratified by region and by level said they experience sextortion, of urbanisation. Secondary Bribery and wasta skew the or knew someone who had. sampling units were selected at distribution of public resources Governments should adopt random and households were to those who can either pay for gender-inclusive anti-corruption selected using a random walk. bribes or use their connections laws and accountability The results have a margin of to find someone to provide measures. They should also +/- 2.8 percentage points at a 95 public services as a private create safe, confidential and per cent confidence level. favour. These practices further gender-sensitive reporting exacerbate inequality across mechanisms so that those the region. Governments must affected can speak up and seek prosecute wrongdoing and justice. enforce a system that eliminates It is time for leaders in the and criminalises wasta. Middle East and North Africa to Much more work is needed act and demonstrate serious to strengthen political integrity. political will against corruption. Citizens think parliamentarians Countries should fulfil their and government officials are commitments to the United the most corrupt institutions Nations Convention against across the region. In addition, Corruption (UNCAC) as a first political corruption, including step. In addition, strong and forms of electoral abuse like independent judicial systems, vote-buying and the spread of as well as proper separation of fake news, is a serious challenge powers, are needed to promote to the democratic processes in anti-corruption efforts. Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine.

30 31 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

Country Surveying organization Fieldwork dates Sample size

Jordan NAMA Strategic Intelligence Solutions 27 July – 19 August 1,000 2019 Lebanon Statistics Lebanon 18 September – 3 1,000 October 2019 Morocco Global for Survey and Consulting (GSC) 13-28 May 2018 1,200 COUNTRY Palestine Qiyas Center for Polling and Survey Research 23 September – 1 1,025 October 2019 CARDS Tunisia One-to-One Research and Polling (121) 31 March – 7 May 1,199 2018 Sudan Sudan Polling Survey Center 22 July – 25 August 1,200 2018

32 33 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

Paid a bribe for public services in Paid a bribe for public services in 4% the previous 12 months* 41% the previous 12 months* JORDAN LEBANON Used wasta for public services in Used wasta for public services in 25% the previous 12 months* 54% the previous 12 months*

Think corruption increased in the Think corruption increased in the 55% previous 12 months 68% previous 12 months

Experience sextortion or know Experience sextortion or know 13% someone who has 23% someone who has

Were offered bribes in exchange Were offered bribes in exchange BRIBERY AND WASTA RATES* 26% for votes BRIBERY AND WASTA RATES* 47% for votes

* Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months. * Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months. * Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months. * Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months.

BRIBERY WASTA BRIBERY WASTA

Overall rate 4% 25% Overall rate 41% 54% Public schools 4% 15% Public schools 26% 40% Public clinics and health centers 1% 20% CORRUPTION BY INSTITUTION* Public clinics and health centers 27% 45% CORRUPTION BY INSTITUTION* IDs 2% 13% IDs 37% 45% Utilities 5% 21% Utilities 36% 51% * Percentage who think that most or all people in these institutions * Percentage who think that most or all people in these institutions Police 2% 15% are corrupt. Police 36% 42% are corrupt. Courts 0% 16% Courts 48% 65% INSTITUTION INSTITUTION

Prime Minister 25% President / Prime Minister* - HAS CORRUPTION LEVEL CHANGED Members of Parliament 45% HAS CORRUPTION LEVEL CHANGED Members of Parliament 64% IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS? Government officials 36% IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS? Government officials 68% Local government officials 28% Local government officials 46% Police* - Police 44% Increased 55% Increased 68% Judges and Magistrates 12% Judges and Magistrates 53% Decreased 17% Decreased 10% Religious leaders 17% Religious leaders 46% Stayed the same 25% Stayed the same 21% NGOs 22% NGOs 47% Don’t know 3% Don’t know 0% Business Executives 38% Business Executives 53% Bankers 21% Bankers 54%

CAN ORDINARY PEOPLE CAN ORDINARY PEOPLE MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE IS THE GOVERNMENT DOING MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE IS THE GOVERNMENT DOING FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION? A GOOD OR BAD JOB OF FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION? A GOOD OR BAD JOB OF FIGHTING CORRUPTION? FIGHTING CORRUPTION?

Yes 50% Yes 39% No 42% Good 55% No 48% Good 13% Neither yes nor no 8% Bad 43% Neither yes nor no 11% Bad 87% Don’t know / refused to answer 0% Don’t know 2% Don’t know / refused to answer 2% Don’t know 1%

* Survey data about police was not collected in Jordan. * Survey data about the President/Prime Minister 34 was not collected in Lebanon. 35 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

Think corruption increased in the Paid a bribe for public services in 53% previous 12 months 17% the previous 12 months* MOROCCO PALESTINE Used wasta for public services in Paid a bribe for public services 39% the previous 12 months* 31% in the previous 12 months* Think corruption increased in the Think their government is doing 62% previous 12 months 74% a bad job of tackling corruption Think ordinary citizens can Experience sextortion or know make a difference in the fight 21% someone who has 49% against corruption Were offered bribes in exchange * Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months. BRIBERY RATES* BRIBERY AND WASTA RATES* 12% for votes

Overall rate 31% BRIBERY WASTA Public schools 6%

Public clinics and health centers 32% Overall rate 17% 39% IDs 18% CORRUPTION BY INSTITUTION* Public schools 11% 22% Utilities 13% Public clinics and health centers 9% 31% CORRUPTION BY INSTITUTION* Police 31% * Percentage who think that most or all people in these institutions IDs 9% 24% are corrupt. Utilities 8% 21% * Percentage who think that most or all people in these institutions Police 11% 30% are corrupt. INSTITUTION Courts 14% 29% INSTITUTION HAS CORRUPTION LEVEL CHANGED Prime Minister 39% IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS? Members of Parliament 41% President / Prime Minister 55% Government officials 37% HAS CORRUPTION LEVEL CHANGED Members of Parliament 36% Local government officials 38% IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS? Government officials 47% Increased 53% Police 24% Local government officials 33% Decreased 12% Judges and Magistrates 26% Police 36% Increased 62% Stayed the same 26% Religious leaders 11% Judges and Magistrates 31% Decreased 12% Don’t know 9% NGOs 22% Religious leaders 33% Stayed the same 24% Business Executives 28% NGOs 31% Don’t know 2% Traditional leaders 21% Business Executives 41% Bankers 29%

Yes 49% Yes 51% No 24% Good 13% No 36% Good 45% Neither yes nor no 15% Bad 74% Neither yes nor no 13% Bad 51% Don’t know / refused to answer 12% Don’t know 13% Don’t know / refused to answer 0% Don’t know 4%

36 37 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

Think corruption increased in the Think corruption increased in the 82% previous 12 months 67% previous 12 months SUDAN TUNISIA Paid a bribe for public services Paid a bribe for public services 24% in the previous 12 months* 18% in the previous 12 months*

Think their government is doing Think their government is doing 80% a bad job of tackling corruption 64% a bad job of tackling corruption Think ordinary citizens can Think ordinary citizens can make a difference in the fight make a difference in the fight 54% against corruption 59% against corruption

* Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months. * Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months. BRIBERY RATES* BRIBERY RATES*

* Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months. * Based on people who used these public services in the previous 12 months.

Overall rate 24% Overall rate 18% Public schools 8% Public schools 8% Public clinics and health centers 12% Public clinics and health centers 11% IDs 20% CORRUPTION BY INSTITUTION* IDs 12% CORRUPTION BY INSTITUTION* Utilities 21% Utilities 10% Police 33% Police 17% * Percentage who think that most or all people in these institutions * Percentage who think that most or all people in these institutions are corrupt. are corrupt.

INSTITUTION INSTITUTION

HAS CORRUPTION LEVEL CHANGED President / Prime Minister 49% HAS CORRUPTION LEVEL CHANGED President / Prime Minister 25% IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS? Members of Parliament 47% IN THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS? Members of Parliament 30% Government officials 45% Government officials 31% Local government officials 38% Local government officials 27% Increased 82% Police 34% Increased 67% Police 23% Decreased 8% Judges and Magistrates 22% Decreased 12% Judges and Magistrates 16% Stayed the same 5% Religious leaders 16% Stayed the same 14% Religious leaders 18% Don’t know 5% NGOs 22% Don’t know 7% NGOs 24% Business Executives 32% Business Executives 28% Traditional leaders 25% Traditional leaders 16%

Yes 54% Yes 59% No 36% Good 15% No 36% Good 25% Neither yes nor no 5% Bad 80% Neither yes nor no 1% Bad 64% Don’t know / refused to answer 5% Don’t know 4% Don’t know / refused to answer 3% Don’t know 11%

38 39 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA 2019

ENDNOTES

?article/896098-affaire-cih-khalid-alioua- answered that they had contact with any in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, we was your main reason for doing this ةيرحل ًادييقت رثكأ تاليدعت :ندرألا يف ةينورتكلإلا Q: In your opinion, over the past 1 en-d-tention of these public services were then asked used the country level wasta rates (the Response options: I would not have ,ة ّيصوصخلا يف قحلل ًاكاهتناو يأرلا نع ريبعتلا year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased or stayed February 2019, https://www.accessnow. “How often, if ever, did you have to pay a percentage of all adults in the country received the service without my personal 13 TelQuel, L’istiqlali Abdellatif the same? Response options: Increased org/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8 bribe, give a gift or do a favour” for each who used wasta). We then added the connection; I wanted to get a better Abdouh condamné à 5 ans de prison a lot; Increased somewhat; Stayed the 8%D8%B9-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86 service. Response options: Never; Once projected number of people who used service than what is usually offered; ferme, February 2015, https://telquel. same; Decreased somewhat; Decreased %D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%83%D8 or twice; A few times; Often; Don’t know; wasta across all three countries, which Don’t know; Refused to answer. Base: All ma/2015/02/20/listiqlali-abdellatif- a lot; Don’t know. Base: all respondents, %A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7 Refused to answer. Base: all respondents gave a total number of 3.6 million. respondents who said they used wasta abdouh-condamne-5-ans-prison- excluding missing. %D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8 who had contact with at least one service Source: UN population estimated 18+. at least once for at least one of the six ferme_1435277 %A6%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5 in the previous 12 months. Percentages The survey questionnaire was updated services, excluding missing. 2 BBC News, Omar al-Bashir trial: refer to those who said they had paid a to include the wasta questions after ..”يدعسلا ونيزاك“ ةيضق ,D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9 14 Alyaoum24% Sudan’s ex-president ‘got millions from 28 Gender-specific forms of bribe at least once for any service. the fieldwork had been completed in ,اموي 20ـل زجعلا ةداهشب حودبأ ءالدإ دعب ديدج ليجأت /%88%D9%86 Saudis’, August 2019, https://www.bbc. corruption are not restricted to women June 2019, http://www.alyaoum24. Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan. Hence, com/news/world-africa-49394908 8 Q: How many of the following 20 To calculate the total number only. com/1264037.html there is no wasta data available for these people do you think are involved in of bribe payers in the six surveyed 3 Q: How well or badly would you three countries. 29 UNDP, Gender and Corruption corruption, or haven’t you heard enough 15 Q: How big or small a problem countries, we used the country level say the current government is handling in Latin America: Is there a link?, July about them to say? Response options: would you say corruption is in bribery rates (the percentage of all 24 Q: In the past 12 months have the following matters, or haven’t 2014, https://www.undp.org/content/ None; Some of them; Most of them; All government? Response options: No adults in the country who had paid a you had contact with a) a public school you heard enough to say? “Fighting dam/rblac/docs/Research%20 of them; Don’t know; Refused to answer. problem at all; A very small problem; bribe) to calculate the number of bribe b) a public clinic or hospital c) the corruption in government”. Response and%20Publications/Democratic%20 Base: all respondents, excluding missing. Quite small; Quite big; A very big payers in each country. We then added government to get an identity document options: Very badly; Fairly badly; Fairly Governance/Gender_and_Corruption_ problem; Don’t know. Base: all the projected number of bribe payers (i.e. a birth certificate, driver’s licence, well; Very well; Don’t know; Refused to 9 The questions on how many in_Latin_America_Is_There_a_Link_ respondents, excluding missing. across all six countries, which gave a passport or voter’s card, or a permit) d) answer. Base: all respondents, excluding corrupt people are in the office of the Final_10july.pdf total number of 11 million. Source: UN the government to get water, sanitation missing. president and prime minister were 16 Q: Overall, how much trust and population estimated 18+. or electric services e) the police f) a 30 Q: How often, if at all, do you asked separately but the responses were confidence do you have in the following 4 Al-Mamlaka, judge or court official? Respondents who think that this [sexual extortion] occurs combined for consistency with previous to do a good job and act in a fair manner 21 Pooled responses. In the past ةئيه نوناق لِّدعم رارقإ August 2019, https:// answered that they had contact with in this country? Do you think it happens: editions of the Global Corruption whilst carrying out their responsibilities? 12 months have you had contact with ,داسفلا ةحفاكم www.almamlakatv.com/news/%D8%A any of these public services were then Response options: Very frequently; Barometer. The questions on how many Response options: None at all; Not very a) a public school b) a public clinic or 5%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1- asked “How often, if ever, did you have Often; Occasionally; Rarely; Never; Don’t corrupt people are in the office of the much; A fair amount; A great deal; Don’t hospital c) the government to get an %D9%85%D8%B9%D8% AF%D9%84-%D9 to use wasta” for each service. Response know; Refused to answer. Base: all president and how many corrupt people know. Base: all respondents, excluding identity document (i.e. a birth certificate, %82%D8%A7%D9% 86%D9%88%D9%86- options: Never; Once or twice; A few respondents excluding missing. are in the office of the prime minister missing. driver’s licence, passport or voter’s card, %D9%87%D9%8A%D 8%A6%D8%A9- times; Often; Don’t know; Refused to were not asked in Lebanon. The question or a permit) d) the government to get 31 Results are derived from %D9%85 %D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8 17 How much, if anything, do answer. Base: all respondents who had on how many corrupt people are in the water, sanitation or electric services e) survey-weighted logistic regressions 1%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7% you know about the “Anti-Corruption contact with at least one service in the banking sector was not asked in Sudan, the police f) a judge or court official? with standard errors clustered at the D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7% Commission”? Response options: Never previous 12 months. Percentages refer Morocco and Tunisia. The question Respondents who answered that they country level. Being female is a positive D8%AF-23497 heard of them; Heard the name, but to those who used wasta at least once on how many corrupt people are in had contact with any of these public and significant predictor for thinking that don’t know anything about what they for any service. 5 Ad-Dustour, “ the police and in the Royal Court was services were then asked “How often, if sextortion happens very frequently or do; A fair amount; A great deal; Don’t تائفلا ددحي ”باونلا , November dropped from the questionnaire during ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give 25 Pooled responses on wasta use often. know; Refused to answer. Base: all عورشملا ريغ بسكلا نوناقب ةلومشملا 2018, https://www.addustour.com/ fieldwork in Jordan following police a gift or do a favour” for each service. for utilities and courts. respondents, excluding missing. 32 Q: And thinking about your articles/1040525-%D8%A7%D9%84 complaints by interviewees. Response options: Never; Once or twice; 26 Q: And thinking about the own experience or experiences had %D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8- 18 Q: How well or badly would you A few times; Often; Don’t Know; Refused 10 Q: Overall, how satisfied are most recent time that you paid a bribe, by people you know, how often, if at %D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AF- say the “Anti-Corruption Commission” to answer. Base: all respondents who you with the way democracy works in gave a gift, or did a favour in order to all, has a public official implied either %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81 is doing at fighting corruption in this had contact with at least one service in [INSERT COUNTRY NAME]. Response get a public service, what was your openly or suggestively to either yourself %D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA- country? Response options: Very Badly; the previous 12 months. Percentages options: Very satisfied; Fairly satisfied; main reason for doing this? Response or someone you know that they will %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B Fairly Badly; Fairly Well; Very Well; Don’t refer to those who said they had paid a Not very satisfied; Not at all satisfied; options: You were asked to pay; You grant a government benefit in exchange 4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9- know. Base: All respondents who said bribe at least once for any service. [INSERT COUNTRY NAME] is not a were not asked to pay but you knew for sexual favours? Response options: %D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86% they have heard of the “Anti-Corruption democracy; Don’t know. Base: all 22 Q: How often, if ever, did you it was expected; You offered to pay Never; Once or twice; A few times; D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84% Commission” in their country, excluding respondents, excluding missing. have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a to get things done quicker or better; Often; Or have you had no contact with D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8- missing. favour for a police officer in order to get You were not asked to pay but you any public officials ever; Don’t know; %D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D 11 HuffPost Maghreb, Aux origines 19 Q: In the past 12 months have the assistance you needed, or to avoid a wanted to express your gratitude; Don’t Refused to answer. Base: all respondents 9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8 de l’affaire de dilapidation de deniers you had contact with a) a public school problem, such as passing a checkpoint, know; Refused to answer. Base: All excluding those who said they had no 8%D8%B9 publics à la CNSS, July 2016, https:// b) a public clinic or hospital c) the or avoid a fine or arrest? Base: all respondents who said they paid a bribe contact with any public officials ever. www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/ 6 Ammon News, government to get an identity document respondents who had contact with the at least once for at least one of the six cnss-proces-verdict-dilapidation_ 33 Al-Haq, Violence against تايرتشملا ماظن رودص , May (i.e. a birth certificate, driver’s licence, police in the previous 12 months. services, excluding missing. ,mg_11066948 Palestinian Women Must Stop دحوملا ءارشلا عم ةماعلا مزاوللا ديحوتو ةيموكحلا 2019, https://www.ammonnews.net/ passport or voter’s card, or a permit) d) 23 Wasta is an Arabic word that 27 Q: And thinking about the most December 2015, http://www.alhaq.org/ article/458470 12 L’Economist.com, Affaire the government to get water, sanitation means connections. To calculate the recent time that you had to use wasta advocacy/6457.html CIH: Khalid Alioua en detention, July or electric services e) the police f) a 7 Access Now, total number of people who used wasta in order to get a public service, what https://www.leconomiste.com/ judge or court official? Respondents who 34 The Coalition for Accountability ,2012 مئارجلا ةحفاكم نوناق عورشم

40 41 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

offer you a bribe or special favour to vote 49 Q: In this country, there is the يسنجلا شرحتلا ميرجت :فقوم ةقرو ,and Integrity in a particular way in national, regional right by law for citizens to access key يضتقي ةرورض ةينيطسلفلا ةماعلا ةفيظولا يف .November 2014, https://www. or local elections? Has this happened to facts and data from the government ,اهزاجنا aman-palestine.org/ar/reports-and- you: Never; Once or twice; A few times; Were you aware that you have the studies/2197.html Often; Don’t know; Refused to answer; right to request information from the Could not vote. Base: all respondents government, or were you not yet aware 35 Q: And in the past five years, excluding those who could not vote. that you have this right? Response how many times, if at all, has anyone option: Yes, I was aware; No, I was threatened you with some sort of 42 Q: Next, for each of the following not yet aware; Don’t know. Base: all retaliation if you did not vote in a statements that I read out, please tell respondents excluding missing. Palestine particular way in national, regional or me whether you strongly disagree, tend does not have legislation regulating local elections? Has this happened to to disagree, neither agree nor disagree, access to information and therefore was you: Never; Once or twice; A few times; tend to agree or strongly agree: Ordinary not included in this question. Often; Don’t know; Refused to answer; people can make a difference in the fight Could not vote. Base: all respondents against corruption. Base: all respondents 50 Q: In some cases, public bodies excluding those who could not vote. excluding missing. make information and facts publicly accessible, for example on their website. 36 Q: Please tell me how often you 43 Lycée Pilote Sfax Youth In other cases, citizens request (e.g. via think the following things happen during Club, Journée internationale de lutte a letter, email or telephone call) that CREATE CHANGE national, regional or local elections in contre la corruption, December the public body provides them with the [insert country name]:False information 2018, https://www.facebook. information they need. In the last 12 or fake news being spread to influence com/pg/Lyc%C3%A9e-Pilote-Sfax- months, how often, if at all, have you voting outcomes. Response options: Youth-Club-127893784359394/ WITH US officially contacted a public body to Never; Rarely; Occasionally; Frequently; photos/?tab=album&album_ request any information? Have you done Very Frequently; Don’t know. Base: all id=520464365102332&__tn__=H-R this: Never; Once or twice; A few times; respondents excluding missing. 44 TAY-C, Beat the Corrupt 2, January Often; Don’t know. Base: all respondents 37 This figure was obtained by 2019, https://www.youtube.com/ excluding missing. ENGAGE adding the percentage of respondents watch?v=q_ieRbvWm3Y who chose the answer options Follow us, share your views and discuss corruption with :ةمولعملا ىلإ ذافنلا ,I-Watch Tunisia 45 “Frequently” and “Very Frequently”. people from around the world on social media. September ,يكنبلا داسفلا ّدض ”يناديعلا“ حالس 38 The Daily Star (Lebanon), 2016, https://www.iwatch.tn/ar/article/22 Transparency Group Call for Electoral 46 Reuters, Tunisian police arrest Reforms, September 2018, https://www. presidential candidate Karoui on tax pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star- evasion charges, August 2019, https:// lebanon/20180925/281603831389162 www.reuters.com/article/us-tunisia- 39 The Daily Star (Lebanon), Over election-karoui-idUSKCN1VD22F? LEARN 4,500 illegal state hires despite jobs 47 Q: In this country, can ordinary freeze, Kanaan, February 2019, http:// Visit our website to learn more about our work in people report incidents of corruption www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon- more than 100 countries and sign up for the latest without fear, or do they risk retaliation News/2019/Feb-21/477097-over-4500- or other negative consequences if they news in the fight against corruption. illegal-state-hires-despite-jobs-freeze- speak out? Response options: Can report kanaan.ashx without fear; Fear reprisals; Don’t know. transparency.org .Base: all respondents excluding missing فارشالا ةئيه تشِّم ُه اذكه ,Al Modon 40 .April 2018, https://www ,تاباختنالا ىلع 48 Pooled responses. Thinking almodon.com/politics/2018/4/23/% about if you were to report a case of D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7- corruption committed by a government %D9%87%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA- DONATE official, how likely is it that appropriate %D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8 action would be taken against them? Your donation will help us provide support to %A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8 Response options: Not at all likely; Not thousands of victims of corruption, develop new tools %B1%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B9%D- very likely; Somewhat likely; Very likely. 9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A and research and hold governments and businesses The percentage reported is obtained 7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D to their promises. We want to build a fairer, more by combining the response options 8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA “Somewhat likely” and “Very likely”. Base: just world. With your help, we can. 41 Q: And in the past five years, how all respondents excluding missing. many times, if at all, has anyone tried to transparency.org/donate

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