15 Petrophysical Considerations in Evaluating the Montney Formation (Unit C), West-Central Area, Alberta, Canada – Part 2 20 Geology Is Geoscience – But So Is Geophysics 22 Geomodeling: A Team Effort To Better Understand Our Reservoirs Part 3: Geostatistics 32 Go Take a Hike
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2 PETROSYSRESERVOIR CSPG RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 2015.indd • APRIL 1 2015 20/02/2015 9:35 am APRIL 2015 – VOLUME 42, ISSUE 4 ARTICLES Petrophysical Considerations in Evaluating the Montney Formation (Unit C), West-Central Area, Alberta, Canada – Part 2 ...... 15 CSPG OFFICE Geology Is Geoscience – But So Is Geophysics ...... 20 #110, 333 – 5th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3B6 Geomodeling: A Team Effort To Better Understand Our Reservoirs Tel: 403-264-5610 Part 3: Geostatistics ...... 22 Web: www.cspg.org Please visit our website for all tickets sales and event/course registrations H.M. Hunter Award, Distinguished Service to the Society ...... 26 Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:00am to 4:30pm The CSPG Office is Closed the 1st and 3rd Friday of every month. 26th Annual CSPG Mixed Golf Tournament ...... 27 OFFICE CONTACTS Membership Inquiries Go Take a Hike ...... 32 Tel: 403-264-5610 Email: [email protected] Technical/Educational Events: Biljana Popovic Tracks Awards ...... 36 Tel: 403-513-1225 Email: [email protected] Advertising Inquiries: Emma MacPherson Graduate Student Thesis Awards ...... 38 Tel: 403-513-1230 Email: [email protected] Sponsorship Opportunities: Candace Seepersad Tel: 403-513-1227 Email: [email protected] Conference Inquiries: Candace Seepersad DEPARTMENTS Tel: 403-513-1227 Email: [email protected] CSPG Educational Trust Fund: Kasandra Amaro Message from the Board ...... 5 Tel: 403-513-1234 Email: [email protected] Technical Luncheons ...... 8 Accounting Inquiries: Eric Tang Tel: 403-513-1232 Email: [email protected] Executive Director: Lis Bjeld Division Talks ...... 11 Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Rock Shop ...... 37 EDITORS/AUTHORS Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF format at 300 dpi., at final size. CSPG COORDINATING EDITOR Emma MacPherson, Communications Coordinator, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Tel: 403-513-1230, [email protected] The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office. No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable).The material contained in this publication is intended for informational use only. While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees that any of the equations, schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some information contained herein may be inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. The CSPG expressly disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and its officers, directors, employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or expense arising in any manner whatsoever from the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user. FRONT COVER Designed and Printed by McAra Printing, Calgary, Alberta. Mount Victoria, Banff National Park, Alberta. Looking west to an icefall cascading over the grey and brown limestones and dolomites of the Middle Cambrian Cathedral Formation on Mount Victoria in Banff National Park, Alberta.
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RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 3 Warning: Our data has gone mobile (You may never return to the office)
Now, get geoLOGIC’s value-added data almost any place, any time, any way you want it. Available through gDCweb on your tablet, smartphone or computer.
With 30 years of data experience behind it, gDC is the source for high quality, value-added well and land data from across Western Canada and the Northern United States. Another plus – our data is accessible through an expanding range of industry software utilizing our own easy-to-use gDC GIS and our geoSCOUT software. Leading the way with customer-driven data, integrated software and services for your upstream decision-making needs. View, search, import and export well, land and production data, documents, logs and more from almost anywhere. For more information geoSCOUT | gDC | petroCUBE at www.geoLOGIC.com visit our website at www.geoLOGIC.com Message from the Board A message from Milovan Fustic Warning: Our data has gone mobile (You may never return to the office)
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PRESIDENT Tony Cadrin • Journey Energy Inc. [email protected]@cspg.org Tel: 403.303.3493 PRESIDENT ELECT Publication Year! Greg Lynch • Shell Canada Ltd A synopsis of my tenure as a board member v. Oil sands and Heavy Oil: A local to global [email protected] Tel: 403.384.7704 of CSPG in only two words - THANK YOU! multidisciplinary collaboration” with Fran Hein, Chris Seibel, Dale Leckie and PAST PRESIDENT There are many people who did hard and Dale Leckie Kevin Parks as guest editors. excellent work that I am very pleased to [email protected] summarize and report on. If you have material that you would like to publish in any thematic issues please consider FINANCE DIRECTOR After several years of evaluation our Bulletin being invited and contact guest-editors Astrid Arts • Cenovus Energy of Canadian Petroleum Geology (BCPG) is directly to propose a paper! Also, if you have [email protected] Tel: 403.766.5862 only one issue away from being eligible to a topic in mind that you like to know more apply for re-instatement with the Thomson- about, please contact us and propose thematic FINANCE DIRECTOR ELECT Reuters journal ranking service! This is issue. The Bulletin continues publication of Astrid Arts • Cenovus Energy fantastic news for everyone who enjoys [email protected] Tel: 403.716.3205 regular issues on topics of interest to the publishing and will certainly attract more high- petroleum industry. quality scientific papers from both industry DIRECTOR Mark Caplan • Athabasca Oil Sands Corp. and academia. Behind this success are BCPG A compilation of the very popular “Go Take editors, Dave Morrow and Burns Cheadle, a Hike” articles from our Reservoir Magazine [email protected] Tel: 403.975.7701 along with associate editors who together are in the process of being published into a DIRECTOR ensured timely production of the Bulletin book., I am sure this will be the ‘must have Milovan Fustic • Statoil Canada Ltd. while maintaining rigorous review processes item’ in every geologists library and hiking [email protected] Tel: 403.724.3307 ensuring the acceptance of appropriately back-pack. Kudos to Phil Benham and his team high-quality scientific papers. on their dedication to create both the series DIRECTOR of articles in the Reservoir and the book! Michael LaBerge • Channel Energy Inc. In addition to the recently published thematic issue about geology and petroleum systems This time last year I wrote the comment “Let’s [email protected] Tel: 403.301.3739 of Baffin Bay by James Haggart, the Bulletin publish” with CSPG in which I have reviewed DIRECTOR has lined up a series of thematic issues which the reasons for publishing in the BCPG, some Ryan Lemiski • Nexen Energy ULC include: of which I would like to repeat in somewhat [email protected] Tel: 403.699.4413 shorten version: i. “Devonian Beneath Oil Sands” with Dr. Chris Schneider (University of • This is good for your employer: through DIRECTOR Robert Mummery • Almandine Resources Inc. Alberta) and Darrell Cotterill (Parallax your publication, your organization Resources) as guest editors; does not only demonstrate their [email protected] Tel: 403.651.4917 technical competency and resources, but ii. “Advances in Applied Geomodeling” frequently this is the most elegant way DIRECTOR a compilation of invited papers from Now, get geoLOGIC’s value-added data almost any place, any time, for protecting IP (intellectual property) Darren Roblin • Kelt Exploration proceedings at the Gussow 2014 any way you want it. Available through gDCweb on your tablet, [email protected] Tel: 587.233.0784 rights. Technical publication commonly Conference “Closing the Gap 2” with smartphone or computer. allows a company to evaluate potential David Garner, Olena Babak and Clayton DIRECTOR patenting resulting from the work for a Deutsch as guest editors; With 30 years of data experience behind it, gDC is the source for high Jen Russel-Houston • Osum Oil Sands Corp. period of time following publication and quality, value-added well and land data from across Western Canada and [email protected] Tel: 403.270.4768 iii. “Biogenic Gas fields in Canada and China: ensures their freedom to operate. the Northern United States. Another plus – our data is accessible through Characterizations and new insights” with • Because this is good for you: from peer- an expanding range of industry software utilizing our own easy-to-use DIRECTOR Dr. Zhuoheng Chen and Steve Grasby as Leading the way with customer-driven data, integrated software review comments and citations to your gDC GIS and our geoSCOUT software. Eric Street • Jupiter Resources guest editors; and services for your upstream decision-making needs. [email protected] Tel: 587.747.2631 work in a follow up publications you and View, search, import and export well, land and production data, iv. Importance of Rock Properties in your co-authors will expand knowledge documents, logs and more from almost anywhere. For more information geoSCOUT | gDC | petroCUBE at www.geoLOGIC.com EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Unconventional Reservoirs” with Ken on the topic; your article becomes visit our website at www.geoLOGIC.com Lis Bjeld • CSPG Potma, Chad Glemser and Ryan Mohr accessible through various worldwide [email protected] Tel: 403.513.1235 acting as guest editors, and (... Continued on page 7)
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 5 « Traditional Microseismic Analysis Switch to High Definition
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Learn More at PDGM.com (... Continued from page 5) and has already sparked a number of ideas geoscience search engines; you qualify about how to promote and help publications. for APEGA’s PDH credits; your diagrams As a result of her initiative CSPG will soon will never fade; your publication is a offer free of charge sessions / workshops nice addition to your CV and technical about how to publish scientific papers in the portfolio; publishing is the best recipe Bulletin (BCPG)! If you are looking for some for protecting your work and ensuring guidelines and help, you will receive it first its legacy as a contribution to geoscience. hand from BCPG editors. • Because we owe it to people we learned Lis Bjeld (CSPG manager) and Emma from: Canada is place where many MacPherson (CSPG office staff member) are geoscience concepts were developed and thanked for keeping things in order and for CORPORATE SPONSORS ideas tested. The latter happened because all their hard work on promoting publications of people like you, people who had ideas behind the scene. SAMARIUM and courage to share it with others and geoLOGIC systems ltd. Finally, I would like to thank all of the people made time to publish it. Can you imagine who decided to take the time contribute DIAMOND where our industry would be today if W. C. AGAT Laboratories scientific and/or technical literature through Gussow in his 1954 paper on “differential The CSPG Educational Trust Fund the past year and all who are working on entrapment of oil and gas” had not paved Cenovus Energy publications right now. TITANIUM the way for petroleum system analysis Tourmaline Oil Corp. nowadays routinely applied worldwide? And for the rest of you – I sincerely look ConocoPhillips Canada Limited How many more dry holes would have forward to seeing your names in published APEGA been drilled? Simple and obvious today, his literature soon! PLATINUM concept was controversial and contrary Nexen ULC to accepted ideas at the time when he I welcome any comments, thoughts or ideas Imperial Oil Resources published. But, he had an important idea you may have. I also welcome your suggestions Schlumberger Canada Limited and the perseverance to publish it. for Memoirs and Special Publications and IHS Global Canada Limited BCPG’s thematic issues. Feel free to contact Baker Hughes One thing I did not know at that time was that me at [email protected] GOLD your publication with BCPG is also creating Suncor Energy a monetary value. In fact, just last year CSPG Devon Energy Corp received revenue from downloaded papers Seitel Canada Ltd. that exceeded 40K! This revenue supports Enerplus Husky Energy Inc. CSPG’s activities including best student MSc and PhD thesis and student industry field trips. SILVER Canadian Natural Resources Ltd I would like also to welcome Jen Russell- Chinook Consulting Houston, who recently joined the board CSEG Arcis Seismic Solutions MJ Systems Cabra Consulting Inc. Emerson Process Management EOG Resources Canada Inc. CRAINʼS LOG ANALYSIS COURSES BRONZE For Engineers, Geologists, Geophysicists, and Technologists Weatherford Canada Partnership Talisman Energy SeisWare 35$&7,&$/48$17,7$7,9(/2*$1$/<6,6 Halliburton Every April and October in Calgary Osum Oil Sands Corp. Details / Registration at www.spec2000.net/00-coursedates.htm Pro Geo Consultants Qatar Shell GTL Limited AAPG - Canada region 1$55$7('08/7,-0(',$6(/)678'<&2856(6 Ikon Science Ltd. Slide Shows, Reference Manuals, and Exercises Included Pengrowth Corporation AV-01 Practical Quantitative Log Analysis Crescent Point Energy Trust AV-02 Advanced Quantitative Log Analysis Geovariances AV-03 Analysis of Unconventional Reservoirs Paradigm Pason System Details / Order Online at: www.spec2000.net/00-av-training.htm Geomodeling Technology Corp. Single-User, Corporate, and Academic Licenses Available Painted Pony Petroleum Ltd. Individual Reference Manuals and Slide Shows Available Separately Canadian Discovery Ltd. RPS Energy Canada Ltd. Encana Corporation &5$,163(7523+<6,&$/+$1'%22.21/,1( GLJ Petroleum Consultants Ltd. Shareware Petrophysical Encyclopedia at www.spec2000.net Sproule Associates Limited 50+ Years Of Experience At Your Fingertips Streamsim Technologies, Inc. === Tucker Energy Services Canada E. R. (Ross) Crain. P.Eng. 1-403-845-2527 [email protected] As of January 31, 2015 ======A Special Thanks to Geologic Systems Ltd., CSPG’s Top Sponsor of the Month.
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 7 MARCH LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS APRIL LUNCHEON
producing supervolcano silicic caldera localized in transtensional stepovers. Extensional and fields in the east, including the Sierra Madre This talk will focus on distinguishing Occidental silicic large igneous province. sedimentary, volcanic and structural features Transtensional Our new work there shows that extension of basins formed under the tectonic regimes accompanied the ignimbrite flareup and described above Rift Basins in swept westward with it, producing the largest epithermal gold province on Earth. California BIOGRAPHY Continued Farallon slab fallback at ~22-16 Ma and Mexico produced stratovolcano/lava dome chains on SPEAKER thinner crust in the west, including the Sierra Cathy Busby Nevada Ancestral Cascades arc and Comundú University of California arc, in Alta and Baja California, respectively. By ~16-12 Ma, the Pacific/North America 11:30 am plate boundary lengthened, causing E-W Tuesday, April 7th, 2015 extension over a broad arc/backarc region in Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre the southwest U.S. and Mexico (northern and Macleod Hall C/D Calgary, Alberta southern Basin and Range).
Please note: The cut-off date for ticket Thermal softening weakened the continent sales is1:00 pm, three business days before in the arc front, just inboard of a strong event. [Thursday, April 2nd, 2015]. lithospheric block created by the Cretaceous CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. batholith in Alta and Baja California. This Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. became exploited by focused NNW-SSE transtension at ~12 Ma, in response to a Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH change in Pacific plate motion, from more credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// westerly to more northerly. Baja California Cathy Busby has been a professor at the University of www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. was quickly rifted off of North America California for 32 years. Her B.S. is from Berkeley, and at 12-6 Ma, due to stalling of large Farallon her Ph.D. is from Princeton, both in Geological Sciences. microplates, but extension in Baja basins has Cathy is a field-based geologist, doing research in ABSTRACT continued during the “drift” phase. sedimentology, volcanology, and structural geology, in Cenozoic volcanism and sedimentation convergent margin and rift tectonic settings. Her work in the western U.S. and Mexico occurred California is calving off more slowly, is mainly sponsored by the National Science Foundation, under extensional to transtensional strain following northward migration of the but has also been supported by the geothermal, mineral regimes, resulting in excellent preservation Mendocino triple junction (MTJ). The onset and petroleum industries, and the U.S. Geological of stratigraphy in deep, fault-controlled basins. of transtension is marked by a burst of ~12- Survey. Most recently, Cathy has become involved in At ~50-16 Ma, fallback of the subducting 10 Ma high-K arc volcanism. The leading tip oceanographic research, serving as Co-Chief Scientist Farallon slab resulted in long-distance of the transtensional rift exploited a series of on International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition westward-migration of arc front volcanism large arc volcanic centers localized at major 350 to the Izu-Bonin arc (2014). Cathy teaches short across the southwest US and western Mexico, transtensional stepovers (Sierra Crest-Little courses and field workshops on sedimentary tectonics, accompanied by E-W extension and basin Walker, Ebbetts Pass), presently occurring deepwater sedimentation, and volcanic-volcaniclastic development. Initially (pre-22 Ma), Farallon at Mount Lassen; in its wake, the largest geology. Cathy’s two offered talks will focus on the two slab fallback caused asthenospheric upwelling, rift volcanic centers (Long Valley, Coso) are main themes of her current NSF-funded research.
8 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 Webcasts sponsored by TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS APRIL LUNCHEON
The primary applications of gas fingerprinting isotopic data with each other and with geological Reducing to exploration and development of petroleum in and engineering data. This talk will use case unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are: studies to illustrate such applications of gas data. Exploration and Both laboratory-based and well-site-based gas • Determination of reservoir thermal maturity analyses will be discussed. Development (constraining the likelihood of associated hydrocarbon liquids). BIOGRAPHY Risk Using Gas • Assessment as to whether or not induced Geochemistry fractures have propagated out of the intended zone and into either an overlying or underlying SPEAKER zone causing the unintended commingling of Mark A. McCaffrey, Ph.D. production from multiple intervals. Weatherford Laboratories • Quantitative allocation of the contribution 11:30 am of individual pay zones to commingled gas Tuesday, April 21th, 2015 production. Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre • Assessing the origin of hydrocarbon gas in aquifers Macleod Hall C/D Calgary, Alberta to determine if such gas is, or is not, related to petroleum development activity in an area. Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is1:00 pm, three business days before Additional applications of gas fingerprinting to event. [Thursday, April 2nd, 2015]. conventional reservoirs: CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. • Determination as to whether or not the gas Dr. Mark McCaffrey is the Geoscience Manager of Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. in each penetrated interval is bacterial or Interpretive Services at Weatherford Laboratories. He thermogenic in origin (greatly constraining the received his B.A. (1985) from Harvard University, magna Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH likelihood of associated hydrocarbon liquids). credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// cum laude with highest honors in geological sciences, and www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. • Prevention of “missed pay” (e.g., pay zones his Ph.D. (1990) in chemical oceanography (in the area of could be missed where they have been flushed organic geochemistry) from the Massachusetts Institute ABSTRACT by drilling while overbalanced, but isotope data of Technology/ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution “Gas Fingerprinting” refers to using the composition identify when an interval contains migrated gas, Joint Program. Mark spent 10 years at Chevron and Arco of a gas as a tool to resolve various exploration even if the drilling conditions prevent the migrated as a petroleum geochemist, then founded OilTracers and development problems. Two characteristics of gas from appearing clearly on well log data). LLC, a firm specializing in applications of petroleum a gas define the gas “fingerprint”: geochemistry. After 10 years, OilTracers was acquired by • Characterization of hydrocarbon type in a zone Weatherford. He is an author of more than 30 articles on (i) the molecular composition of the gas (i.e., how (gas, condensate, or oil). MUCH of each gas species is present – e.g. the application of geochemistry to petroleum exploration, methane, ethane, propane, butanes, CO2, N2 • Identification of reservoir compartment reservoir management, and paleoenvironmental etc.) and boundaries. reconstruction. As an Expert Witness he has testified (i) in Mississippi State Court, (ii) in Ohio Federal Court, (iii) (ii) the isotopic composition of the gas (i.e., the Weatherford Laboratories scientists have developed tools for deriving the maximum before the Oklahoma Corporation Commission, and (iv) abundances of the stable isotopes of carbon before the Texas Railroad Commission. and hydrogen in each gas species). information from gas fingerprinting data by thoroughly integrating gas compositional and
Long Time Members Reception Have you been a CSPG member for 30+ years (since 1985)?
If so, watch your email inbox for your invitation to the 15th Annual CSPG Long-Time Members Reception. The popular event is a cocktail party organized exclusively for our more senior members, in appreciation of their long commitment to the Society.
Attendance is by invitation only.
Tuesday, May 5, 2015 | 5:30pm – 7:30pm | The Fairmont Palliser, Alberta Room
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 9 Webcasts sponsored by TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS MAY LUNCHEON
large impact on prospect chance of success Chris specializes in application of Quantitative Exploration and drill or not drill decisions. Thus any detected seismic anomalies are sometimes Risking and streamlined as true DHI’s, creating high Impact of Direct expectation and potentially resulting in spectacular failures. The learning from Hydrocarbon successes and failures demonstrates that potential DHI’s must be tested against a Indicators: broad range of subsurface scenarios and the results must pass the consistency test Application of against geological expectations. At a high- level, the DHI evaluation process should scenario-based include four steps: AvO classification • DHI detection – constrained by previous knowledge of rock properties technology system and seismic analogues to define detection strategy SPEAKER Krzysztof M. (Chris) Wojcik • DHI detection – constrained by Interpretation technologies in conventional AAPG Distinguished Lecturer previous knowledge of rock properties exploration and is one of Shell’s global experts system and seismic analogues to define in the area of DHI assessment and integration 11:30 am detection strategy with prospect risking. He had several exploration Tuesday, May 26th, 2015 and technology assignments in Gulf of Mexico, Calgary, TELUS Convention, Macleod Hall C/D • DHI verification – inspection of Angola, Nigeria, Norway, Brazil, Guyanas and Calgary, Alberta pre-stack data and qualitative AvO worked in many other deepwater basins. Chris interpretation carried out in a context Please note: The cut-off date for ticket was involved in a number of Shell’s discoveries of reservoir/seal stratigraphy and over the last two decades and his is principal sales is 1:00 pm, three business days possible trapping configurations before event. [Thursday, May 21st, 2015]. interest is detection of hydrocarbons with CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. • DHI assessment – detailed comparison seismic methods. His areas of interest include Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. of the observed and predicted seismic the following: response for full range of subsurface • Geologic controls on elastic rock properties Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH scenarios with sensitivity analysis and and AvO response credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// quantification of scenario likelihoods www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. Fluid contact analysis – focused on • Integration of geology and geophysics into geophysical and geological consistency scenario-based predictive workflows and reduction of volumetric uncertainties ABSTRACT • Multi-attribute interpretation and DHI Seismic amplitude anomalies have been The results of detailed quantitative detection with 3D seismic data used for over 40 years to identify and de- interpretation studies are integrated with • Probabilistic assessment of exploration risk exploration opportunities with a great independent geologic risk and confidence risks with seismic methods degree of success. Beginning in the late level assessments. Good quality 3D seismic 90s, the global industry portfolio of solid data facilitate rapid multi-attribute AvO Chris is also involved in teaching and coaching of amplitude-supported opportunities started classification and probabilistic chance new generations of explorers and geoscientists. to get depleted in many basins. The depletion factor updates. The process is guided by of high-confidence opportunities resulted scenario-based forward modeling based in drilling of intrinsically riskier amplitude on applicable predictive frameworks and anomalies leading to significant exploration with considerations of success and failure failures and unexpected outcomes. Some outcomes. This paper presents several of the failures involved non-commercial examples of volume and scenario-based hydrocarbons (low-saturation gas or residual DHI assessment workflows from selected gas), some involved anomalous lithologies Circum-Atlantic basins, with discussion of (e.g. marl, ash or high-porosity wet sand) underpinning rock properties systems and and some appeared to be related to seismic lessons learned from drilling results. artifacts. The exploration community realized that seismic anomalies have to be rigorously BIOGRAPHY verified and evaluated within a correct Krzysztof M. (Chris) Wojcik currently holds a geological context to facilitate realistic risk position of Geophysical Advisor with Deepwater assessment. Exploration in Shell Americas in Houston. Chris Detecting amplitude or AvO anomalies has MSc degree in Geology from the Warsaw is always a significant factor in prospect University and PhD in Sedimentary Petrology evaluation. True and robust DHI’s have from the University of Kansas.
10 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 Webcasts sponsored by DIVISION TALKS STRUCTURAL DIVISION
in December, 2010. Over time and through Drilling fluid losses data and production data Fracture experimentation it was determined that were also incorporated. The VVAZ processing Cyclic SAGD in horizontal wells was the most of seismic data also provided insights to the Characterization effective means of bitumen production from fracture interpretation. the dolomite of the Grosmont Formation. of the Grosmont A NE-SW trending tectonic fracture set was Vertical permeability is critical to any steam identified based on image logs and seismic. It Formation recovery mechanism for bitumen recovery. is interpreted to be related to the complex The permeability of the Grosmont Formation burial and uplift history involving two Dolomite, Saleski is dictated by fracture density. In order to orogenies and one episode of continental Alberta better understand variations in production glaciation downwarping and post-glacial along producing horizontal wells and to assist rebound SPEAKER reservoir analysis and simulation studies, Most fractures are not tectonic but instead Kent Barrett a good understanding of the nature of the are subvertical cracks formed by differential Laricina and Ghislain De Joussineau, distribution of fractures within the reservoir compaction around solution voids created by Beicip Inc., France was required. early Cretaceous karsting. They are randomly 12:00 Noon In 2013, Beicip Inc. of Paris, France was oriented but their abundance is controlled Thursday, April 2, 2015 engaged to provide a fracture model of the by reservoir facies. Many of these formed Schlumberger, Second Floor Lecture Theatre Saleski Grosmont reservoir. Over a period of during the karsting event and have undergone Palliser One Building weeks a team of geologists and then engineers solution enlargement that has enhanced their 125 - 9th Ave S.E., Calgary AB travelled to Calgary to work on this project. contribution to reservoir porosity as well as They began by conducting detailed fracture permeability. descriptions of six 60m long cores from the ABSTRACT study area. They then reviewed 20 image logs The Laricina Energy pilot at Saleski has derived from vertical wells around the pilot. produced 500,000 bbl of bitumen (79,400 m3) One recent horizontal well drilled in 2014 since the commencement of steam injection was subsequently added to the interpretation.
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RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 11 Sponsored by DIVISION TALKS BASS DIVISION
The initial docking of Crockerland of detrital zircons from northerly-derived, Finding occurred in earliest Devonian and the final Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous sandstones convergence of Crockerland and Laurentia indicate that only local streams from nearby Crockerland occurred near the Devonian- Carboniferous rift shoulders (Sverdrup Rim) supplied the - An Account of boundary (Ellesmerian Orogeny). In Early northern margin of the Sverdrup Basin. In Carboniferous, the highly deformed portion Early Cretaceous, sea floor spreading began the Origin, Travels of the former Laurentian margin was affected in the Amerasia Basin and the fragments of by extension and the post-Devonian history Crockerland were further dispersed and and Demise of of Crockerland is recorded in the sediments buried by sediment. These fragments now of the Sverdrup Basin. form the basement of: 1) portions of the an Arctic Micro- northern Amerasia Basin, 2) the Chukotka- In Permian and Triassic substantial amounts East Siberia continental margin of Russia, and of siliciclastic sediment, derived from continent 3) Chukchi Borderland. Crockerland, were deposited in Sverdrup SPEAKER Basin. Late Triassic sandstones contain Ashton Embry numerous detrital zircons of Middle BIOGRAPHY Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, Triassic and Carnian age, indicating that the Ashton Embry did his graduate studies on Arctic [email protected] drainage systems stretched all the way to Devonian strata at the University of Calgary in the tectonically active, Pacific margin of the late 60s and early 70s and worked for four of 12:00 Noon Crockerland. Sediment influx reached a the “seven sisters” in the oil patch. For the last 38 Tuesday 14th April, 2015 zenith in the Late Triassic (Norian) when years he has worked with the Geological Survey ConocoPhillips Auditorium, Gulf Canada Crockerland-derived, siliciclastic deposits of Canada as a regional stratigrapher responsible Square, 401 - 9th Ave. S.W. Calgary, AB were up to a kilometre thick and extended for the Mesozoic successions of the Arctic Islands. over the entire Sverdrup Basin. Last year he became an emeritus scientist with ABSTRACT GSC.. In latest Triassic, following an episode of Crockerland is conceived as an allochthonous widespread tectonic uplift, sediment input terrane which accreted to the Laurentian from the north became very minor. It is INFORMATION margin in the Devonian and remained interpreted that a rift developed between BASS Division talks are free. Please bring your an important source area until the latest Crockerland and the Sverdrup Basin in lunch. For further information about the division, Triassic. The history of Crockerland has been the early Rhaetian resulting in a disruption joining our mailing list, a list of upcoming talks, or interpreted from tectonic analyses, facies of regional drainage patterns and a huge if you wish to present a talk or lead a field trip, analyses, sediment composition, and ages of reduction of sediment supply. Such rifting please contact either Steve Donaldson at 403- detrital zircons. The Crockerland Terrane represented the initiation of the Amerasia 766-5534, email: Steve.Donaldson@cenovus. originated to the east as a fragment of fused Basin. The rifting of Crockerland away from com or Mark Caplan at 403-975-7701, email: Baltica and Laurentia crust on the basis of the Sverdrup Basin, continued throughout [email protected] or visit our web page on the the common occurrence of both Timanide the Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous as CSPG website at http://www.cspg.org. (500-700 MA) and Caledonide (440-420 MA) the Amerasia Basin slowly opened by zircons in Late Devonian sandstones. hyperextension of continental crust. The ages
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Do you have a short rock shot you would Field Work in the like to show? We can add that to the agenda. Axis of Evil Do you have a short technical or business oriented presentation? We can add that to SPEAKER the agenda. Bob Mummery Please contact Kevin Morrison or Jurgen Wednesday 15th April, 2015 Kraus for more information. Further updates will be sent to our members ABSTRACT at a later date. Renew your CSPG Over ten years ago I had the opportunity to undertake some field work in North Korea membership online! for a JV group out of Singapore who had been awarded the first onshore exploration block in North Korea (DPRK). I will share some of the geological work available to me from both Russian & DPRK sources and my own observations of the hydrocarbon potential of onshore North Korea based on my travels to the concession area.
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RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 13 Sponsored by DIVISION TALKS PALAEONTOLOGY DIVISION
Great Canadian Dinosaur Rush. Methods of Education. He was Principal at five different Where have our displaying these original specimens will also schools prior to his retirement in 2012. be shared. Alberta dinosaurs Arnold has continued his passion of painting as well as paleontology during his retirement. gone? Try New BIOGRAPHY He and his wife also have a strong interest in Arnold Ingelson is a native Calgarian and travelling throughout the world. His recent York City has been involved in searching for fossils and trips to the American Museum of Natural dinosaur bones for the past five decades. As History form the basis for this presentation. SPEAKER a young boy, his uncle, Bill Downton, one of William Arnold Ingelson, the founding members of the Calgary Rock INFORMATION APS Member and Lapidary Club would take Arnold & his This event is presented jointly by the Alberta 7:30 pm younger brother Allan, on field trips to the Palaeontological Society, the Earth Science April 17, 2015 Badlands. This inspired a life-long interest in Department of Mount Royal University, and ConocoPhillips Auditorium, Gulf Canada both paleontology and landscape painting. the Palaeontology Division of the Canadian Square, 401 – 9th Ave. S.W. Calgary, AB Following high school, Arnold pursued a Society of Petroleum Geologists. For details or Bachelor of Education from the University of to present a talk in the future, please contact Calgary majoring in Secondary Art. Arnold CSPG Palaeontology Division Chair Jon Noad ABSTRACT also completed three diplomas in the areas of at [email protected] or APS Coordinator On two recent trips to New York City, the Speech Arts and Drama from Trinity College Harold Whittaker at 403-286-0349 or contact dinosaur display at the American Museum of London, England, the Royal Conservatory [email protected]. Visit the APS of Natural History held a special interest. In of Toronto and Mount Royal College. This website for confirmation of event times and his presentation, Arnold will share a number provided the opportunity to teach Speech upcoming speakers: http://www.albertapaleo.org/ of photographs and descriptions of Alberta Arts for a number of years at Mount Royal dinosaurs collected during the first three Conservatory. He later completed a Masters decades of the 20th century. These original in Educational Leadership from the University specimens represent a significant number of of Portland, Oregon. Arnold taught at both the dinosaurs collected by Barnum Brown and elementary and secondary levels in a career the Sternberg family during the so-called spanning 34 years with the Calgary Board of
14 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 PETROPHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EVALUATING THE MONTNEY FORMATION (UNIT C), WEST-CENTRAL AREA, ALBERTA, CANADA – PART 2 | By Omar Mazen Derder, NeoSeis Technology Group Ltd., Earth Science Section, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Petrophysical Reservoir correlation of the sonic porosity with core from 4.4% to 8.7% for the core measurement, Characterization porosity. The similarity of the density and while porosities vary from and from 4.4% sonic porosities values may indicate that no to 11.7% for log measurement. The average Porosity Determination micro-fracture is present in the core interval. porosity was 5.4% with standard error band Variations in matrix density can cause In general, MnC is characterized by inter- of +/- 0.5 porosity unit from wireline log significant errors in the porosity calculation granular porosity, with some micro-porosity. measurement. by assuming a static matrix density. Using the methods are previously mentioned, the matrix density of 2706 kg/m3 was determined and used for density-porosity calculation in well O1. A depth shift of 2.83 m is required to match the core depth to density log depth. After depth shift, the log-derived bulk density and routine core porosity with depth demonstrates a good correlation between these parameters (Fig. 8). Fig. 9 XRD mineralogy analysis by weight % for the three samples based on data from Bustin (2009). Fig. 12 A comparison of log-derived porosity from the The results shows values for quartz, dolomite, pyrite, density log and RCA on plugs versus depth orthoclase and calcite, but the results are less accurate for muscovite and illite Porosity and Permeability Relationship Although a good trend is noted, the correlation between the density porosity and averaged probe permeability is weak. The density porosity (calculated using a matrix density of 2706 kg/m3) is compared to profile permeability of the seven point average Fig. 8 A comparison of grain density from the core and as mentioned. The density porosity trends RCA on plugs porosity versus depth generally match probe permeability values (Fig.13). Three samples of XRD have been collected; in general the samples have a similar mineralogical composition (Fig. 9). The Fig. 10 Weak correlation of the 27 sample points of average of the chemical analysis for quartz core plug samples versus density and sonic porosity for is 35%. The dolomite content increases with unit MnC. The density porosity with core porosity shows depth with an average of 20%. The potassium better correlation compared to the sonic porosity with content within the study core is 12% for core porosity muscovite and 18% for K-feldspar. The average of the pyrite and albite content are 2% and 4%, respectively. Fig. 13 A comparison of density porosity values and averaged profile permeability (7 points), Well O1. This indicates that the K-feldspars contribute The density porosity trends generally match profile the largest proportion to the potassium permeability values content of the formation. The illite occurs Pore-throat Radius and in trace amounts (1.5–2%). The author Flow Unit Identification believes that the illite content probably Using the permeability correction derived was underestimated due to the difficulties from pulse-decay data measured at estimated in distinguishing between the illite and the Fig. 11 A comparison of bulk-density log and RCA on reservoir NOB pressure, the averages of the muscovite using the bulk XRD. plugs porosity versus depth. The averages of variation between both the porosity measurements were pore throat apertures from the Winland rp35 A correlation after the core was depth-shifted acceptable within a range of 0.5 to 1 porosity unit plot suggest that the values lie between the 0.05 of the density porosity to the core porosity; and 0.1 micron (µm) despite a wide variation A comparable response between the core and the sonic porosity to the core porosity in porosity. As a result, the scale of nano-pore porosity and log bulk-density is noted (Fig. 11). is shown for the unit of the studied well in sizes dominates rather than porosity control Also, a similar trend was observed between (Fig.10). Although the both correlations are the flow in the study reservoir and impacts the porosity derived from bulk density and poor, the correlation of the density porosity production from the tight gas of the MnC. the core porosity (Fig.12). Porosities vary with core porosity is slightly better than the (... Continued on page 16)
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 15 (... Continued from page 15) established a relationship between core Despite a wide variation in porosity, the porosity and Dean-Stark saturation (resistivity relationship between the permeability, independent). In their study case method, porosity and pore throat shows that only the average water saturation values from one flow unit was identified, but some errors the core are close to the water saturation can be expected without taking lithology- values gained from logs by using Archie’s dependent compressibility into consideration equation parameters which are assumed to (Fig. 14). Some of the data that lies outside be comparable with core analysis. The average of the range of 0.05-0.1 µm lines may reflect water saturation value is found to be around the lithology-dependence of stress (Clarkson 14% (Fig. 16). et al., 2012). As a result, the dominant pore throat dimension and the porosity control the flow speed and capacity in reservoir rock and also help to identify the rock quality. Fig. 17 Petrophysical characteristics for the different sub-petrofacies based on the cut-off values of the logs on the cored interval, Well O1. Maximum porosity accompanied with SP 3 and minimum porosity in SP 1. GR trend decrease from SP 1 to SP 3, and resistivity threshold values (1, 2 & 3) shows that the highest average of resistivity is in SP 3 and the lowest in SP 1 Fig. 16 A plot of Dean-Stark water saturation determination and log-based water saturation estimates, well O1 Petrofacies and Rock Types Fig. 14 The Winland’s cross plot of corrected for in-situ The Montney Fm was deposited as a series stress probe permeability data versus density porosity of siltstone and shale cycles. An understanding along with lines based on Aguilera Equation, Well O1. The of the sub-petrofacies architecture of the scale of nano-ports size dominates in the study reservoir. distal shelf and slope deposits was built up The relationship between permeability, porosity and pore throat shows that only one flow unit was identified from the well log and core data. The Montney Fm contains extremely low-permeable Table 1 Hydraulic rock type by threshold value of In the studied zone, the MLP plot of the log laminations of shale and siltstone. porosity, permeability and lithology within 0.5 µm pore derived porosity versus the probe permeability throat size for the studied core, well O1 Petrofacies 3 (phosphatic Montney) is for the core intervals indicate homogeneity recognized in the study area and has been despite the fact that it is not in the form of a determined through core and log analysis to 45-degree line. The presence of only one flow be characterized by laminated sediments and (no inflection points) is indicated (Fig. 15). finer grain size. Although, the resistivity has a The results confirmed in the definition of one very slight impact on determination of sub- flow unit from the Winland plot, and also that petrofacies, we distinguished that in addition the porosity is not the main factor to control to the rock type, gamma ray and density the permeability despite of the presence of porosity are fully capable of determining the different wide range of storage capacity. sub-petrofacies. In general, the average value of resistivity log is the highest in sub-petrofacies 3, while the lowest average value was noted for sub- petrofacies 1. The gamma ray trend from the high value in sub-petrofacies 1 to the low values Fig. 18 Determination of the reservoir distribution in sub-petrfacies 3. The plot of the density using an integrated geological description, core measurements and petrophysical properties porosity versus the gamma ray and resistivity shows the petrophysical characteristics for Sub-petrofacies (SP1) to Sub-petrofacies Fig. 15 Modified Lorenz Plot shows a cumulative the different sub-petrofacies in the studied (SP3) are located in the studied core of storage capacity versus cumulative flow capacity from core (Fig. 17). Well O1. The petrophysical measurement density porosity and profile permeability (7 point of the core can be used to bridge the gap The sub-petrofacies were determined by averages). The MLP indicates that the presence of only between the core and well productivity. Sub- one flow unit (no deflection points was notified) using a threshold (cut-off) technique. Table 1 petrofacies (SP3) contains very fine sandstone shows the log threshold values for the sub- and siltstone. The porosity of sub-petrofacies Water Saturation Calculation petrofacies determination for the studied (SP3) is also the highest among that of the Using D-S method, water saturation core. Further, an attempt was made to link the three petrofacies and represents the best measurements were found to be less than core observations and the well productivity reservoir rock in the studied core. It has the 20%. In the tight gas reservoir, the Dean- by integrating the core description with the highest porosity ranging from 6.8% to 10% Stark method is inadequate to capture the petrophysical measurements of the core and permeability ranging from 0.0007 mD to heterogeneity changes at a fine scale; it is also intervals. The importance of this discussion 0.0045 mD. inadequate for dry cores. was to link these sub-petrofacies to the well productivity (Fig. 18) Nieto et al. (2009) prefer the core analysis Sub-petrofacies (SP2) represents the method and obtained good results. They shaly-siltstone with ripple laminations and
16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 bioturbation. It represents the reservoir rock Net Pay Estimation were obtained by minimizing the sum of the with a relatively high porosity. The porosity The non-pay intervals within the gross probabilities of (B) and (C) or maximizing the ranges from 4.6% to 6.8%, and the permeability interval were excluded by using porosity and sum of the probabilities of (A) and (D). The ranges from 0.0005 mD to 0.003 mD. A Sub- permeability cutoff values. The porosity and best estimate of Net-to-Gross-ratio (NTG) petrofacies (SP1) is mostly a shale interval permeability cut-off values were established requires selecting Øc with equal probabilities with a ripple lamination and occasionally through the calibration of wire-line logs to of regions (B) and (C); regardless of their it is extensively bioturbated, however, it the core data. Based on the values for the magnitudes, in order for the errors to cancel represents a reservoir rock with a porosity calculated average permeability (kc) and out in the misidentified regions (B) and (C). of less than 4.6%, and a permeability ranging calculated average porosity (Øc) of the three By combining all the core data, petrophysical from 0.0004 to 0.002 mD. The porosity of this different sub-petrofacies, the cross-plot of and statistical analysis, the conclusion was to sub-petrofacies is the least among all the three porosity versus permeability was divided into use the Øc and kBE as cut-off values. Utilizing petrofacies. Petrophysically, it represents the four regions. Øc and kBE gives the best estimate for NTG. poorest quality reservoir in the core (Derder, Jensen and Menke (2006) used a probabilistic The best estimate of permeability is to use 2012). approach to estimate the accuracy and kBE rather than kc, which are 0.00125 mD In general, the sub-petrofacies in the studied errors of various porosity cut-off values. This and 0.0016 mD, respectively. The standard core were assigned by combining all available was accomplished by shifting the Øc line. deviation from the average of the permeability geological and petrophysical information. Alternately, in this study the kc line has been kBE is within a range of (± 0.00066 mD). In the studied unit, the midpoint of the GR, shifted instead to minimize the errors and to Table 3 summarizes the different values resistivity and porosity are considered to be get the best estimation of the permeability of Øc, kc, and kBE with their error rate boundaries of the units. Sub-petrofacies and cut-off value, which is called (kBE). The (probability of making an error for regions log responses for the studied unit (MnC) of approach is based on defining four regions; A, (B) and (C)). In the study well, the cut-off the non-cored interval in the studied well are B, C and D in the log(k)–Ø (Fig. 20), where porosity and permeability are estimated to be shown in (Fig. 19). the region boundaries are identified by the 5.4%, 0.00125 mD, respectively. Therefore, the threshold values of average permeability (kc) A slight difference was noted in general NTG of the MnC unit for the core interval is and average porosity (Øc). petrophysical properties of the three sub- estimated to be 0.39 (Fig. 21). petrofacies. However, separating the reservoir into different petrofacies based only on the petrophysical analysis can lead to an incorrect estimation of reservoir properties. Consequently, an accurate estimation for the reservoir properties requires the integration of the core data to the petrophysical properties. Table 2 summarizes the sub- Table 3 Demonstrates the different estimation for KC, petrofacies and estimated cut-off values for KBE and ØC for the studied core, well O1 the studied unit. Fig. 20 Cutoff value estimation using the relationship between k and Ø for the core samples. The Kc line (blue) is shifted to minimize the errors and get best estimation of the permeability cut-off value KBE (red). The dotted lines indicate the standard error band from the average permeability KBE is within range of (± 0.00066 mD)
Region (A) represents a non-pay zone (k
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 17 (... Continued from page 17) • Routine core analysis performed on Acknowledgements full-diameter core is not useful to The petrofacies are defined by the core- I thank Libyan Education Ministry for all the characterize the tight gas reservoir. log calibration for the reference well O1. support. Thanks to the Natural Sciences and Based on the core-log integration, the three • Utilizing profile permeabilityEngineering Research Council of Canada different sub-petrofacies are noticed for the measurements under reservoir for funding the Project, for releasing log and MnC unit in well O1. The correlation and conditions is an effective way to evaluate core data. I thank Dr. Chris Clarkson and Dr. extension of the petrofacies were done to the heterogeneities at scale finer than Per K. Pedersen, University of Calgary, for the matching wells O2, O3 and O4 for a the full-diameter core volume in the their guidance for the Master Thesis. I wish better understanding of the interpretation. tight gas reservoir. to thank Roy Haigler for helpful comments The geological and petrophysical data was during preparation of manuscript which integrated for the reference well O1 to • Fine-scale heterogeneity in the tight gas greatly improved the readability of the recognize the different petrofacies. Horizons reservoir can be quantified properly by paper. Finally, I acknowledge the donation of (Montney Top, MnC Top and Bottom) were profile permeability data. NeoStrat® software computer program to used to create the overall geometry of Unit • Fine core-scale heterogeneities in the develop and perform all computations from C for the selected wells. studied unit which are below the vertical NeoSeis Technology Group Ltd. The results of qualitative and quantitative resolution of the wire-line logging tools References analysis from the reference well are taken cause difficulties when scaling up the 1. Aguilera, R., 2010. Flow Units: From to arrive at different well log sub-petrofacies. core data to logs. conventional to tight gas to shale gas From the three mentioned Sub-petrofacies, • Pulse decay measurements on core plug reservoirs. Paper SPE 132845 presented reservoir attributes for very fine-grained cut at profile permeability location under sandstones and siltstones (Sub-petrofacies at the Trinidad and Tobago Energy reservoir conditions is useful in order to Resources Conference, Port of Spain, 3) at Unit C include a 11-14 m thick interval correct the profile measurements. with 0.3-0.4 net to gross ratio, 5-6% average Trinidad, June 27-30. • Flow unit can be identified by correcting porosity, and 0.001-0.003 mD average 2. Aguilera, R., 2002. Incorporating the profile permeability measurements permeability. Based on these attributes, the capillary pressure, pore aperture radii, to in-situ condition. estimated net-to-gross are 0.35, 0.35, 0.34 and height above free water table and 0.34 for wells O1, O2, O3 and O4 respectively • In terms of the petrophysical properties, Winland r35 values on Picket Plots: (Derder, 2014). NeoStrat® software was used the MnC unit is characterized by an AAPG Bulletin, v.86, p. 605-624. to assess the quality of results and display a average porosity of 5.4%, average 3. Alberta Information, Alberta Atlas: Maps sophisticated cross section (Fig. 22). permeability of 0.00125% mD and a low and Online Resources [Online], May water saturation of 20%. 28, 2014, www.infoplease/atlas/region/ • Three sub-petrofacies with different alberta.html. reservoir qualities were recognized in the studied unit. The very fine 4. Barclay, J., Krause, F., Campbell, R., & sandstone sub-petrofacies indicates Utting, J., 1990. Dynamic casting and better reservoir quality, while shale sub- growth faulting: Dawson Creek Graben petrofacies indicates worse reservoir Complex, Carboniferous-Permian Peace quality. River Embayment, western Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, • Winland and Modified Lorenz Plots v.38A, p.115-145. established that only one flow unit was identified. 5. Bassiouni, Z., 1994. Theory, Measurement and interpretation of well • The net pay was estimated for the tight logs. Richardson, TX, USA: Society of gas reservoir in the studied well using a Petroleum Engineers. Figure 22: Cross section displaying the different combined geological, petrophysical and lithology, sub-petrofacies with thickness and estimated statistical approach. The systematic use 6. Clarkson, C., Jensen, J., Pedersen, P.k., & NTG for the entire unit of MnC for all selected wells. Freeman, M., 2012. Innovative methods Reservoir attributes for Sub-petrofacies 3 (v.f.sandstone of least-square regression for selecting and siltstone). Logs in the display are GR and resistivity porosity cut-off (or permeability) values for flow-unit and pore-structure from permeability cut-off (or porosity analyses in a tight siltstone and shale gas cut-off) may lead to erroneous values. reservoir. AAPG Bulletin, v. 96, No. 2, pp. 4. Conclusions A new vision is provided to select 355-374. In this study uses an integrated approach permeability cut-off and porosity cut-off 7. Davies, G., Moslow, T., & Sherwin, M., to petrophysical research and evaluation values to delineate NPT and evaluate 1997. The Lower Triassic Montney of tight gas reservoirs. This paper attempts NTG. to present a quantitative methodology to Formation, west-central Alberta. Bulletin Further work will be performed on the improve reservoir characterization. It also of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 45, subject well and offset wells including attempts to define flow unit, petrofacies, No. 4, 474-505. petrographic work. Well-log analysis; Neural rock typing, and net pay estimation through Networks (ANN) may improve prediction the integration of non-routine geological of permeability and evaluation of reservoir data with petrophysical analysis. By utilizing properties from wireline logs in adjacent this method, I endeavor to more precisely (noncored intervals) wells. assess the reservoir properties and their distributions. These include:
18 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 8. Derder, O., 2012. Characterizing 13. Moslow, T., & Davies, G., 1997. Turbidite 17. Rushing, J.A., Newsham, K.E. & Reservoir Properties for the Lower reservoir facies in the Lower-Triassic Blasingame, T.A., 2008. Rock typing- Triassic Montney Formation (Units C Montney Formation, west-central keys to understanding productivity and D) Based on Petrophysical Methods. Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum in tight gas sands. Paper SPE 114164 MS thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Geology, v.45, No.4, p.507-536. presented at the SPE Unconventional Alberta, Canada (January 2012). Gas Reservoir Conference, Keystone, 14. Mutti, E., 1977. Distinctive thin-bedded Colorado, USA. 9. Derder, O., 2012. Rock typing and Turbidite facies and related depositional definition of flow units, Montney environments in the Eocene Hecho 18. Snyder, R., 1971. A Review of the Formation (Unit C), West Central Group (south-central Pyrenees, Spain): Concepts and Methodology of Alberta. InSite: 31(1): 16-21. Sedimentology, v. 24, p.107-131. Determining “Net Pay”. SPE Paper 3609, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 10. Derder, O., 2014. Well-to-Well 15. Nieto, J., Bercha, R., & Chan, J., 2009. Richardson, Texas. automated Correlation: Western Shale gas Petrophysics-Montney Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Alberta, and Muskwa, are they Barnett look- 19. Tiab, D., & Donaldson, E., 2004. Canada. Reservoir: CSPG, v. 41, Issue 02, alikes?. SPWLA 50th Annual Logging Pertrophysics: Theory and practice pp.20-29. Symposium, the Woodlands, Texas, June of measuring reservoir rock and fluid 21-24, 2009, pp. 1-18. transport properties. Oxford: Elsevier. 11. Jensen, J., & Menke, J., 2006. Some statistical issues in selecting porosity 16. Porras, J., Barbato, R., & Khazen, L., 1999. 20. Worthington, P., & Cosentino, L., cutoffs for estimating net pay. Reservoir flow units: A comparison 2005. The role of cutoffs in integrated Petrophysics: 47(4): 315-320. between three different models in the reservoir studies. SPE Res Eval & Eng Santa Barbara and Pirital Fields, North 8(4), 276-290. 12. Kukal, G., Biddison, C., Hill, R., Monson, Monagas Area, Eastern Venezuela Basin. E., & Simons, K., 1983. Critical problems 21. Worthington, P., 2010. Net pay-what Paper SPE 53671 Latin American and hindering accurate log interpretation is it? What does it do? How do we Carribbean Petroleum Engineering of tight gas sand reservoir. SPE/DOE quantify it? How do we use it?. SPE Res Conference. Caracas, Venezuela. 11620, 1-10. Eval & Eng 13(5), 812-822.
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RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 19 GEOLOGY IS GEOSCIENCE – BUT SO IS GEOPHYSICS | By Tom Snedden argument can be made for geomatics and its stepchild, Geographic (sometimes call geoscience) Information Systems. Similar arguments can be made for geomodelling as a specialty practiced by all three professions. Most new and promising ideas take at least 25 years to be accepted by applied geoscientists; geomechanics is no different in that respect. The applied geoscience disciplines, plus petroleum engineering and petrophysics (which is still something of an orphan) are focused on reservoir models. Reservoir models hold elements of both hydrostatics (contributed primarily by geologists and exploration geophysicists) and fluid-flow dynamics (fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of petroleum reservoir engineering and hydrogeology). Add Two years have passed since APEGA joined the in both the 1920 and 1930 versions of the Act. in the need to know how effective hydraulic rest of Canada’s provinces in assigning the title Geologists and geophysicists were licensed as fracturing operations are (microseismicity has Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.) to qualified Professional Engineers until 1961. become a subdiscipline of both geophysics and Members instead of the Professional Geologist Geology practitioners, it should be noted, were reservoir engineering) and voila! We are back (P.Geol.) and Professional Geophysicist arguing for a separate identity from APEGA’s to being one more-or-less happy professional (P.Geoph.) titles that have been around since earliest days. Geophysics practitioners began family again, a la 1920. 1953 and 1961, respectively. Members who differentiating themselves in the mid-1950s, already held those titles in 2012 are free to The time has fully arrived when each of the and their profession was formally recognized retain them indefinitely or use P.Geo. after active Members of the three disciplines as being separate from both engineering and their name, if they prefer. need to know more about what Members geology in 1961, when the Association’s name in the other disciplines do and how they can During the review process for the most recent changed to the double-G APEGGA. Thus, the communicate together more effectively. The revisions to The Engineering and Geoscience Association’s branding effectively tracked Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Professions Act in 2010 and 2011, there was the growing maturity of the professions: the has begun what will undoubtedly be a highly very little concern expressed by the group Association of Professional Engineers of Alberta, productive relationship with the Society of of Members now known as Professional (AEPA), then APEGGA and now APEGA. Petroleum Engineers (SPE). The Canadian Geoscientists. After the fact, the Professional Today, we are seeing an interesting Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG) may Geophysicists became worried. As the most phenomenon—considerable overlap amongst follow the CSEG in working more closely with recently recognized group in the APEGA geology, geophysics and engineering. The the SPE, largely as a follow-up to the last three family, many were concerned that dropping the emerging specialities include the comparatively Gussow conferences. G from APEGGA was actually dropping the new kid on the block: petrophysics. Another Professional Geophysicists from the title and In the same vein, APEGA held a highly successful emerging specialty is the practice of re-submerging them into geology. two-day workshop on wellbore stability at the geomechanics. It first surfaced as a topic in 2014 APEGA Annual Conference in Edmonton, This isn’t true of course, any more than petroleum engineering at the academic level led by Dr. Maurice Dusseault, P.Eng. and Dr. electrical engineers were dropped when the in the early 1980s as a brat child of rock Dick Jackson, P.Eng., from the University of Engineering Professions Act of 1920 was mechanics and geodynamics, at the time an Waterloo, along with colleagues from industry amended in 1930 to become the Engineers esoteric, academic topic under the general and other universities. The process will be Act and the four divisions (civil, electrical, heading of structural geology. continued in Calgary in April 2015 and will be mining and mechanical) were dropped from Geodynamics, of course, began as an academic open to all disciplines again, co-sponsored by the Act, and the certificates and seals of the pursuit of the geophysicists who were hot CSPG. Members. Many new engineering disciplines on the trail of global tectonics and the grand that emerged between 1919 and 1930, and All of these events enable APEGA Members collision of crustal plates. After they had it continue to emerge today, render organizing to claim professional development hours, keep figured out, the structural geologists adopted the Association on that basis simply impractical. current with the state of the art in their scopes that body of knowledge, as it created a whole The same is true for the geosciences. of practice and gain new insights into how the new way of looking at the development of new, advanced concepts of emerging specialties In the 1920s through to the early 1950s, mineral deposits and petroleum provinces can be applied. Knowledge is power, and there geology was classified as a subdiscipline of on the continental plates themselves. is much power to be derived from ideas mining engineering and geophysics didn’t exist Both geodynamics and petrophysics claim developed in concert between the geosciences yet as an applied science. In fact, geology was practitioners who are Professional Engineers, and related fields of engineering. After all, that defined as part of the practice of engineering Geologists and Geophysicists. The same is where APEGA began nearly a century ago.
20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015
GEOMODELING: A TEAM EFFORT TO BETTER UNDERSTAND OUR RESERVOIRS Part 3: Geostatistics
| By Thomas Jerome, Suzanne Gentile and Jun Yang, RPS INTRODUCTION interpolation, so as to be more skeptical about to the most sophisticated. Geostatistics are the model where extrapolation prevails. powerful because these techniques not only The previous paper introduced the general take into account the univariate statistics reservoir modeling workflow. One topic was Evaluation techniques can be deterministic (mean value, min/max values, standard left aside though: geostatistics. It is the focus of or probabilistic. The former give a unique deviation…), but they also take into account the present paper. Geostatistics are a whole set solution, such as the orange geometry for how the property is varying spatially between of techniques that allow modeling properties in horizon A (Figure 1). The later will provide the data points. This is perfect for modelers, as three dimensions (3D) by taking into account multiple solutions, such as the set of possible many reservoir properties vary spatially. For the spatial variations of these properties. The black geometries (Figure 1). Each realization example, rock types will have accumulated topic is large and can’t be covered in one respects the input parameters, here the well differently in different parts of the reservoir, paper. We narrowed down to kriging and picks, while showing variations between the depending on the geological context (fluvial, simulation techniques, which are the more data points. Probabilistic techniques allow marine…). Porosity might be increasing with popular techniques by far. We also narrowed taking into account the uncertainty. In Figure 1, depth because of the increasing compaction. down to the modeling of rock types – and by we will never know exactly where the horizon As another example, water saturation will vary generalization of discrete properties. Similar lays between the well picks. But at least we can, spatially depending on the fluid zone (gas, oil, techniques exist for continuous properties and we should, quantify the level of uncertainty water) and it might also vary depending on the like porosity. Once the concepts presented whenever possible. distance to the contact itself (transition zone hereafter are assimilated, the reader will have above an oil-water contact). no problem transferring them to the equivalent techniques for continuous properties. Variograms are the key mathematical objects RULE No 1: FIRST TRUST YOUR used to capture the spatial variability of the BRAIN AND ONLY THEN data. They are input to kriging and simulation THE MACHINE techniques.Variograms are to the understanding of spatial variability as histograms are to the We are interpreting reservoirs from a limited understanding of univariate statistics: essential. amount of data – wells and seismic mostly. Figure 1. Evaluating the geometry of a horizon between For this reason, variograms are explained in To palliate to this problem, we evaluate wells in a deterministic way (orange line) or in a the next section to some details so that every the reservoir characteristics between data probabilistic way (black lines). asset team member can understand how points using interpolation and extrapolation their reservoir modeler defined them in their techniques. Numerous mathematical Mathematical evaluation techniques available project. As promised in the introduction paper techniques exist and it is up to us to select the on our computers are useful. For example, though, the next section is free of any equation. one(s) most appropriate to a given property they allow quick testing of multiple models. type (discrete/continuous), to a specific Also, all the input parameters can be archived Once the notion of variogram is explained, property (facies, porosity, permeability…), to and the method rerun at a later stage. But, the remainder of this paper goes through a the specific geological characteristics of the we must never forget that these techniques simplified 2D dataset of a fluvial system to studied reservoir (clastic, carbonates, channels, are the automation of the manual evaluation illustrate the results obtained by these two reefs…) and to the specific purpose of the techniques that we, scientists, master. As such, types of techniques. we should never trust blindly what computers model (deterministic model / quantifying the VARIOGRAMS, AT THE HEART OF uncertainties). compute for us. If the results don’t seem to make sense based on what we know about GEOSTATISTICS Interpolation means evaluating the property the reservoir (geological context, typical fluid In the next two sections, we’ll go through the between the available data points. It is usually characteristics, statistics at the wells…), then modeling of a sand/shale facies distribution, a well-defined problem, as the data points limit we must first, double-check how we used the first using a dense dataset (Figure 2A) and then the possible range of the property. On the software before eventually changing our vision a limited dataset extracted from the dense contrary, extrapolation means interpreting of the reservoir. It must never be done the dataset (Figure 2B). In this section, we are the property beyond the last data point. It is other way around. Maybe we simply didn’t use focusing on the variograms that will be used a much more difficult problem as one can’t the most appropriate evaluation technique with this dataset. be sure if the trend observed around the last or we didn’t set its parameters correctly. Of set of data can be propagated far past the last course, no need to be extreme the other way. Figure 2 shows the different variograms that known value. The last section will illustrate If everything ran as it should and the results still will be used in the next sections. Variograms are this problem. Extrapolation problems can can’t back up the assumptions, our hypotheses represented on a map either as circles (black be turned into interpolation problems by might need to be updated. Figures 2 to 13 and circles, Figure 2) or as ellipses (red and green including data on the immediate surroundings the accompanying text illustrate this point. ellipses, Figure 2). By extension, 3D variograms of the zone of interest (see the Figure 3 of the are represented as spheres or ellipsoids. March paper for an example). All evaluation Geostatistics is the largest evaluation toolbox A circular variogram means that there is no techniques interpolate and extrapolate at the available to us, thanks to several main types preferred orientation in the data. On the same time. We have us to keep in mind which of algorithms, which can, in turn, take multiple contrary, the more anisotropic the ellipse is, areas correspond more to extrapolation than different types of input, from the most basic the more elongated and narrow the facies
22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 will be distributed in that direction. When the implies that the ellipsoid can have a dip and starts at the origin, climbs progressively property is evaluated at a given empty location, a plunge. True 3D variograms are used when until reaching a plateau equal to the sill of the variogram being used (circle or ellipse) we assume that the plane of deposition is not the experimental variogram. It is essential is centered on this location. The data points horizontal but inclined. True 3D variograms are to properly fit the experimental variogram found inside the circle will have an influence not commonly used, but they are gaining some between the origin and the range, as this is the on the value that will be computed at the traction for example in oil sands project to part of the variogram model which will have new location. The data points outside of the model dipping IHS. the higher influence on the results of kriging variogram won’t have any impact. and simulation. It is also essential to capture Variograms are defined using variogram the anisotropy of the experimental variogram: analyzers (Figure 3 and Figure 4). The correlation keeping an isotropic (circular) variogram found in different orientations (azimuths) while the data show anisotropy will lead to is analyzed to identify the directions of the missing some important information about maximum and minimum horizontal ranges the property we want to predict. Figure 3 A, (Azimuths 150 and 60 degrees respectively in B and C were used for kriging and the results our dataset). For a given azimuth, the analyzer are respectively shown on Figure 6, Figure 7 superimposes two objects: the experimental and Figure 8. As can be seen with this dataset, variogram and the variogram model. The different variogram shapes do indeed give experimental variogram is a succession of some drastically different models. points computed from the input data. The variogram model is a mathematical equation that we have to adjust to the points of the experimental variogram. The circle/ellipses (Figure 2) are the spatial representations of the corresponding variogram models.
Figure 3. Variogram analyzers showing the experimental variograms for the dense dataset (Figure 2A) along Figure 2. Dense (A) and limited (B) input dataset of the azimuths 60 and 150 degrees + variogram model sand and shale + variograms used as input for kriging for the circular variogram (A), the slightly elongated and simulation. variogram (B) and the flattened variogram (C). Kriging algorithms use only the input data points, which The modeling expert feeds two main datasets is why kriging is a deterministic technique. Simulation to the variogram analyzer: a set of azimuths algorithms, on the contrary, use both the input data and a set of distances between data points. points and the values that were computed before The horizontal axis of the variogram analyzer moving to this location. Simulations are probabilistic represents these distances. For our dataset, in nature because the empty nodes are not populated in the same order from one realization to the next. we decided to compare each data point with As a result, when the time comes to populate a given the nearby point, if any, 400 meters away. We location, the surrounding available data will be different then do the same for a distance of 800 meters Figure 4. Variogram analyzer showing the experimental from realization to realization. For more details on how and so on until distances of 8000 meters. As a variograms for the limited dataset (Figure 2B) along the the surrounding data are used, please refer to (Pyrcz result, our experimental variograms have one azimuths 60 and 150 degrees + variogram model for and Deutsch, 2014) for example. point every 400 m. We did so in 10 different the flattened variogram (C). azimuths, of which we show only azimuths 2D isotropic variograms are defined by their Adjusting a variogram model is often 60 and 150, the azimuths of the axes of the range and their sill. The range represents the challenging. It is rare to have a dataset as dense variogram model. For a given azimuth and a radius of the circle/ellipse. The sill will be as the one used here (Figure 2A). As a result, given distance, the goal is to check how two data defined in the next paragraph. 2D anisotropic it is rare to have horizontal experimental points (= a pair) are similar. If the values of the variograms are defined by their maximum and variograms as clean as in Figure 3. Often, the two points making every pair are the same, the minimum ranges, represented respectively by data is limited and the experimental variogram correlation is perfect and the corresponding the ellipse semi-major and semi-minor axes. difficult to interpret (Figure 4). In this example, point of the experimental variogram will be They are also defined by a sill, as for isotropic the experimental variogram in azimuth 60 at Y=0 on the variogram analyzer. This only variogram, and by the azimuth of the semi-major degrees even looks as if it’s a perfect sill: there happens at the origin of the graph, where the axis (referenced to the North; 150 degrees are no points dipping down progressively to distance is zero and each node is compared on Figure 2 for example). A 3D variogram is the origin. If this were true, it would mean to itself. The bigger the distance, the lower the usually defined as the combination of a 2D that even for very short distances, there is no correlation will get, until a distance (the range) horizontal isotropic or anisotropic variogram correlation between the values. While true for is reached beyond which there is no more and a vertical range. The vertical range is some ore deposits, this is rarely – if ever – the correlation. At this stage, the points of the much smaller than the horizontal ranges. It case in sedimentary rocks. The issue is not the experimental variogram plateau. This plateau is reflects the fact that geological properties are geology but the dataset: the facies distribution the sill. For stationary and ergodic properties, continuous over a large area, while they rapidly is under-sampled and as such the first few the sill is the variance of the data. change in the direction of deposition (here points are not representative. In petroleum referred to as vertical). A true 3D variogram A good variogram model will be one that (... Continued on page 24
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 23 (... Continued from page 23) our variogram is fitting to the experimental variograms as it is impossible to know which studies, variogram models should always points, we could stop here. one is the most reasonable one. The shape, start at the origin unless it can be backed up dimensions and orientations of the variograms otherwise with solid geological evidences. is a major source of uncertainty. In many In technical terms, we should never have any reservoir modeling projects though, studying nugget effect (= variogram model not starting the variogram uncertainty is not done. Instead, at zero). modelers tend to pick one variogram – here the highly anisotropic one for example – and KRIGING & SIMULATION – they run numerous simulation models with it. DENSE DATASET Figure 9 and Figure 10 are examples of two The datasets and the variograms introduced such simulation realizations. Each realization in the previous section were used as input for respects the input data, the input facies kriging and simulation. The dense dataset is proportion and the input variogram. But each used in this section, while the limited dataset does it by distributing the sand and shale is used in the next section. Figure 5 shows Figure 6. Kriging on the dense dataset – slightly differently. the conceptual model from which the dense isotropic variogram. dataset was extracted. The limited dataset is a subset of the large one. The area represents a set of fluvial channels which flow from the North to the South along the azimuth 150 degrees. Naturally, in a real study, the truth is not known. Here, we are assuming that the well data and the geological context lead the geologist to see it is a fluvial system and the dipmeter data helped identifying the main azimuth of 150 degrees. Kriging was applied first with different variograms (Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8) before simulation was Figure 9. One possible simulation realization among run using the most elongated ellipse (Figure 9 Figure 7. Kriging on the dense dataset – slightly and Figure 10). many, created using the highly anisotropic variogram anistropic variogram. – dense dataset. The geologist insisted though that he expected the channels to be even more continuous than they are now. He asked us to see if we could find a way to make it happen. After some testing, we decided to run kriging with a highly anisotropic variogram (Figure 3C). Of course, this variogram no longer matches the experimental variogram in the azimuth 150 - our new range is much too large. The kriging results pleased the geologist though (Figure 8) as the channels are now much better defined than before, as can be Figure 5. Conceptual sand/shale distribution from which a dataset was extracted and used in this study. seen in the rectangle area labelled 2 noted in Figure 10. Second possible simulation realization Figure 5 to Figure 8.. In the meantime though, among many, created using the highly anisotropic Kriging was first done using an isotropic we start creating channel geobodies where variogram – dense dataset. variogram (Figure 6), even if the variogram none should exist (rectangle labelled 1, same analyzer showed that this variogram has too pictures). Also, we still can’t get some channels Realizations defined by simulation have short a range in the azimuth 150 (Figure 3A). right (rectangle labelled 3, same pictures). This considerable value as together they build a After all, with such a dense dataset, why shall channel was not sampled well enough by our range of possible rock distributions for the we worry about the preferred orientation wells for kriging to be able to track it reservoir. This range can then be used to run of the facies distribution? The data will take sensitivity analysis while doing well planning care of everything for us with some simple or reserve computations for example. Ideally, interpolation! The result is good overall and modelers should first spend time understanding the sand facies does align along North-South the uncertainty hidden in the variograms geobodies, which might be interpreted as large but also in the proportions they are using. channels. These channels are, nevertheless, In a second step, they can use simulation to wider than the input ones we know the generate multiple realizations in which these dataset is coming from. different key sources of uncertainty are taken Then, kriging is done using a variogram model into account. matching the experimental variogram (Figure At last, modelers should not limit themselves 3B). One might argue that the plateau for in matching the data strictly. It often makes the azimuth 150 is lower than the plateau sense to adjust our data analyses in light of the at azimuth 60. In a real study, this would be Figure 8. Kriging on the dense dataset – highly extra information provided to them by their investigated further. The resulting model anistropic variogram. team. General geological knowledge must be (Figure 7) is closer to what we expected. The In a real project, it would make sense to used to transform data into information. sand geobodies are more continuous along carry forward at least the two anisotropic the azimuth 150 than in the first model. As
24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 KRIGING & SIMULATION – with a good variogram and simulation, even will be discussed in the papers on geology, LIMITED DATASET this limited dataset allows us to show possible petrophysics and geophysics. geometries for the channels that our team As mentioned earlier, the dense dataset is knows must be present. Naturally, the local Several important categories of geostatistical not realistic and one might even argue based variations between these two realizations techniques could not be presented either on it that isotropic variograms are in fact are much more important than with the two by lack of space. Readers interested in good enough. To test this hypothesis, a subset realizations of the dense dataset. For example, plurigaussian simulations can refer to made of 1/8th of points of the dense dataset with this dataset (Figure 13 and Figure 14), (Armstrong and als, 2011), while those eager has been randomly picked and kriging and the areas in rectangles 1 and 2 change from to know more about multipoint geostatistics simulation was run on it. sand to shale drastically while with the two should have a loot at (Mariethoz and Caers, 2014). Firstly, kriging was run using an isotropic realizations ran on the dense dataset are very variogram. If we use the same small range than similar in these areas (Figure 9 and Figure 10) (Isaaks and Srivastava, 1990) is a good for the dense dataset, one gets an ocean of introduction on geostatistics, as are the sand with a few patches of shale (Figure 11B). different courses on the topic that the CSPG This is mathematically correct, but geologically offers every year. implausible: it doesn’t look anything like the fluvial system we know we have. Kriging Lastly, Alberta has the chance to host one is assigning an average value – sand in this of the world’s leading teams in geostatistics: case – at all the locations too far from the the Center for Computational Geostatistics input points for the variogram to include in Edmonton, led by Professor Clayton them. This is an example of problematic Deutsch (www.ccgalberta.com). Each of extrapolation that is up to us to spot and fix their publications is a valuable source of by changing the kriging parameters. Using a information and of new ideas on geostatistics. very range 10 times the size of the initial one REFERENCES fixes this problem (Figure 11A). Nevertheless, Figure 13. One possible simulation realization among the model still doesn’t show any channel. many, created using the highly anisotropic variogram Armstrong, M., Galli, A., Beucher, H., Loc’h, – limited dataset. G., Renard, D., Doligez, B., Eschard, R. and Geffroy, F., 2011. Plurigaussian Simulations in Geosciences. Springer, 2nd edition. 176 pages. Chilès, J.-P. and Delfiner, P., 2012. Geostatistics: Modeling Spatial Uncertainty. Wiley, 2nd edition. 734 pages. Isaaks, E.H. and Srivastava, R.M., 1990. An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. Oxford University Press. 592 pages. Mariethoz, G. and Caers, J, 2014. Multiple- Point Geostatistics. Wiley-Blackwell. 376 pages. Figure 11. Kriging on the limited dataset – isotropic Pyrcz, M.J. and Deutsch, C.V., 2014. variogram with a long (A) and a short (B) range. Figure 14. Second possible simulation realization Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling. Oxford If we use the highly isotropic variogram, the among many, created using the highly anisotropic variogram – limited dataset. University Press, 2nd edition. 448 pages. model is showing some elongated geobodies that start looking like channels (Figure 12). This example shows that geostatistics have TO CONTACT THE AUTHORS But we are still far from the level of detail that the potential to create realistic models even Feel free to contact us if you have questions we obtained with kriging the dense dataset from a small dataset. about this paper or about the series. (Figure 8). CONCLUSION Thomas Jerome, Reservoir Modeling Geostatistics techniques are powerful Manager and Geologist, because they take into account both the RPS: [email protected] statistics and the spatial variability of the data. Suzanne Gentile, Reservoir Modeler and They are an essential part of every reservoir Geophysicist, modeling workflow. RPS: [email protected] Having reviewed the reservoir modeling Jun Yang, Reservoir Modeler and Geologist, workflow in this paper and the previous RPS: [email protected] one, the next three papers will focus on the interaction between reservoir modeling and geology, petrophysics and geophysics respectively. After this, the focus will shift to Figure 12. Kriging on the limited dataset – highly the interaction between reservoir modeling anisotropic variogram and engineering. On the other hand, the results of running TO GO BEYOND simulation with this anisotropic variogram are very interesting (Figure 13 and Figure 14). The Geostatistics are a vast topic that is sand distribution in these two realizations is impossible to cover in a short introduction similar to the ones computed from the dense paper. Aspects of vertical, horizontal and 3D dataset (Figure 9 and Figure 10). It means that trends as well as the declustering of input data
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 25 H.M. HUNTER AWARD Distinguished Service to the Society
co-chair Marc Enter. He has also able to rescue one luncheon speaker received assistance in numerous ways when her personal laptop froze - he from CSPG office staff over the years. traded the CSPG’s advertising laptop The current role of the committee for hers and the talk resumed within is to oversee the advertising at the five minutes. Thankfully, this is not a CSPG Technical Luncheons. Norbert’s common event. organizational skill, attention to detail Norbert was born and raised in and willingness to adapt to audio-visual Olds, Alberta. This south-central technologies has enhanced advertising location presented him with numerous at the luncheons over the past years. opportunities to visit Alberta’s Norbert recalls that it was Dr. Philip geological wonders including the Simony of the University of Calgary Foothills and Front Ranges of the that initially encouraged him to join the Rockies, the Badlands of Drumheller CSPG. It was the summer of 1984 and and Dinosaur Provincial Park. He Norbert was still an undergrad and was graduated from the University of assisting Dr. Simony in the field. They Calgary with a BSc in Geology (1986) were in the remote wilderness near and has worked for the Alberta Valemount, B.C. on the ridge of Mount Geological Survey/AOSTRA, the Blackman having lunch when Phil gave ERCB, Fekete Associates Inc. and IHS Norbert “The Talk.” He insisted that Energy. Norbert is grateful to these CSPG is pleased to announce Norbert you can never stop learning and that employers as they have all supported Alwast as the recipient of the 2014 you need to stay current with the his volunteering with the CSPG. He H.M. Hunter Award. latest trends and research as well as has received two CSPG Tracks awards Norbert has been a member of the networking with your peers and joining (1998 and 2009) and a number of CSPG CSPG since 1986 and chair (often the CSPG would be critical in this Service awards (2010-2013). endeavor. After joining and enjoying all co-chair) of the CSPG Advertising Outside of work and volunteering with the benefits that the society offered its Committee since 1996. During his the CSPG, he is busy with family and members, Norbert was only too happy 18 years of service he has assisted in church activities. Norbert is married to accept when Dave Work called him the evolution of the CSPG Reservoir to Cheryl and they have three children. to see if he would like to volunteer. magazine and the CSPG Technical He is grateful to his family as they have Luncheons. When he joined the While enjoyable, volunteering with the supported his CSPG involvement over committee in 1996, the Reservoir was Advertising Committee has been a lot the years. one half of its current 8½ x 11 inch of work and often without much fanfare. format and included perhaps five ads. With all due respect to the advertisers Likewise, the Technical Luncheons and their polished slide and table had only two slide advertisers per advertising, one of Norbert’s mantras luncheon, and the media was 35mm is “when we do our job properly, no slides! Advertising in the Reservoir one notices: no ‘blue screen of death’, and at the Technical Luncheons has no one falls off the stage, everyone grown and progressed with both the just enjoys their lunch”. Not that it times and technology and continues was all smooth sailing… unbeknownst to generate important revenue for to most luncheon attendees, there the society. The committee itself has are occasional last-minute audio- also evolved with anywhere from one visual or other issues that need to be to six people actively participating at sorted out. Norbert’s other mantra any one time. Their combined efforts is “if we do things last-minute, it will have truly benefited the society. Dave probably look that way, so let’s make Work initially recruited Norbert to sure it’s finalized way ahead of time.” take over the committee and for many Despite this seemingly reasonable goal, years he was co-chair along with Tim sometimes things aren’t finalized until Bird. There were times when Norbert members are walking into the luncheon had to run the committee as the sole venue or even after the luncheon has member but he now works alongside started. One incident - Norbert was
26 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 26TH ANNUAL CSPG MIXED GOLF TOURNAMENT August 21st, 2015
Mark your calendars, and get ready for the 2015 CSPG Mixed Golf tournament on 21st August at Lynx Ridge Golf course. The four-golfer, best-ball tournament includes a round of golf, meals, plenty of hospitality and good times, and a chance to network with your colleagues and industry sponsors. The tournament usually benefits from the pleasant August weather (the unseasonable rain last year was unfortunate!), and typically the golf course is at its finest, with the inviting fairways, smooth greens, spectacular mountains and the ever-beckoning water hazards and sand traps to capture WELLSITE GEOSCIENCE SERVICES errant golf shots. This is a fun tournament, with balanced teams that allow all golfers to contribute to the team score, while having a great time enjoying the day and the fellowship of golfing as a team, and developing your network of geoscientists. Please watch for further announcements, registration forms and information in the CSPG Reservoir, and make sure to register on-line at the CSPG website www.cspg.org. Register early to avoid disappointment! We thank our previous sponsors from 2014 and look forward to the return of members, guests and sponsors to enjoy the event. A big thank you to our continuing committee members, Darin Brazel, Penny Christensen, Norm Hopkins, Adam MacDonald, When time is money, Jeff Boissoneault, and co-chair Brenda Wellsite Geoscience is Pearson. money well spent. You can address registration inquiries Whether you’re exploring a basin, producing a well or completing to David Middleton at 403-296-8844
a shale play, time is money. That’s why Weatherford Laboratories ([email protected]), or to brings a suite of formation evaluation technologies right to the Kasandra Amaro, CSPG Coordinator at wellsite. Utilizing mud gas and cuttings, these technologies provide 403-513-1234 (kasandra.amaro@cspg.
detailed data on gas composition, organic richness, mineralogy org) and chemostratigraphy in near real time. As a result, operators now
have an invaluable tool to assist with sweet spot identification, If you are interested in sponsoring the
wellbore positioning, completion design and hydraulic fracturing. tournament this year, please contact We call it Science At the Wellsite. You’ll call it money well spent. Darin Brazel at [email protected]. SCIENCE AT THE WELLSITE™ www.weatherfordlabs.com David Middleton & Brenda Pearson Co-Chairs CSPG Mixed Golf Formation Evaluation ┃Well Construction ┃Completion ┃Production Tournament
©2013 Weatherford. All rights reserved
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 27 Registration is open CONTINUING EDUCATION Upcoming CSPG Short Courses and Field Seminars
TITLE - Short Courses Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat.
Applied Hydrogeology and the Petroleum Industry in Alberta Apr. 23 Apr. 24 Instructor(s): Morris Maccago, Tannis Sharp
Mannville Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Petroleum Geology Apr. 27 Apr. 28 Apr.29 Instructor(s): Doug Cant COMING SOON Clastic Diagenesis and Reservoir Quality Apr. 27 Instructor(s): Nick Harris Evaluating Source Rocks in a Risk Analysis Framework Apr. 28 Instructor(s): Nick Harris
Facies Architecture and Sequence Stratigraphy of Delta System: From Exploration to Reservoir Performance Apr. 29 Apr. 30 May 01 Instructor(s): Janok P. Bhattacharya
SAGD Fundamentals - Application of Core, Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Apr. 30 Instructor(s): Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic & Daryl Wightman
COMING SOON Natural Fractures Systems: An approach to evaluating Resource Plays Apr. 30 May 01 Instructor(s): Paul MacKay, Hutch Jobe
Evaluation and Exploitation of Low Permeability (Tight) Carbonate
Reservoirs in Western Canada May 01
Instructor(s): Graeme Bloy
Introduction Energy Geoscience Workshop (IEG) May 01 May 02 Instructor(s): Art Irwin
TITLE - Field Seminars Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat.
CMC Research Institute’s Newell County Field Research Station Apr. 30 Instructor(s): Kirk Osadetz
IEG Field Seminars - Drumheller, Alberta May 03 Instructor(s): Art Irwin
The Athabasca Oil Sands Area from Basin to Molecular Scale – 4D Observations from Inside the Reservoir June 16 June 17 Instructor(s): Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic & Daryl Wightman
Register online today at www.cspg.org
28 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 CONTINUING EDUCATION Upcoming CSPG Field Seminars
The Athabasca Oil Sands Area from START DATE LENGTH INSTRUCTORS PDH Credits Basin to Molecular Scale – 4D Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic Observations from Inside the Reservoir 16-June-15 2 days & Daryl Wightman 17 Hours
Topic(s): Oil Sands, McMurray Formation Location: Fort McMurray, Alberta Vehicle(s) Used: Field vehicles and jet boat Who Should Attend: This course is recommended for geologists, geophysicists, geomodelers, reservoir and production engineers and technical managers who wish to gain insight into in-situ oil sands operations. Why Should You Attend: Developing a 3D view of representative oil sands deposits, understanding the impact of reservoir heterogeneity on steam chamber growth and identifying challenges with associated production are important considerations for developing optimal recovery strategies? Pre-requisites: It is recommended that participants attend the associated short course SAGD Fundamentals. Objectives: This two day field study focuses on integrating SAGD fundamentals with reservoir characterization of the McMurray Formation.
Course Content: Stops include outstanding 2D to 3D exposures illustrating a range of depositional environments including open estuarine, large scale single and stacked channel point bar deposits, multiple cut and fill channel deposits; a variety of IHS deposits; different reservoir configurations including continuous, and laterally and vertically compartmentalized reservoirs as well presence and/or absence of bottom water, top gas, top water and multiple gas and/or lean zones throughout the reservoir column. At each stop participants will discuss risks for SAGD development and group exercises will define SAGD top and base and optimal well pair placement. Applicability and limitations of a variety of tools for subsurface interpretation and mapping will be demonstrated with a focus on geophysical logs, dipmeter, FMI, seismic, and geochemical logs. Additionally, at most stops outcrop exposures will be compared to nearby well data. At each stop leaders will identify an existing production analog and analyse public production data in context of SAGD risks.
Additional Information: Lunches and a group dinner are provided. Participants are responsible for their own flights and paying for their hotel room for 2 nights in Fort McMurray. A block of rooms at the Sawridge Inn and Conference Center, has been put aside under the name CSPG for the nights of June 15th and 16th with discounted rates. When booking return flights on June 17th, please book them for after 6:00 PM to ensure enough time to finish the second day activities. Please be prepared for variable weather conditions, hiking on steep slopes and wearing appropriate field clothing with sturdy hiking boots. An evening seminar on the first evening, beginning at 7:30 PM at the hotel provides an opportunity for a field safety briefing, video coverage of outcrops that will be visited, recap of SAGD fundamentals and a venue for questions and discussion.
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 29 CONTINUING EDUCATION Upcoming CSPG Field Seminars
START DATE LENGTH INSTRUCTORS PDH Credits CMC Research Institute’s Newell County Field Research Station 30-Apr-15 1 days Kirk Osadetz 8 Hours
Field Seminar Description The purpose of this trip is to visit CMC Research Institute’s (CMC) Newell County Field Research Station (FRS) for subsurface containment and monitoring. Programs performed at FRS will be conducted by CMC in partnership with the University of Calgary and other academic, industrial and government partners and clients. Although the primary FRS research focus is secure carbon dioxide storage (SCS) in geological media, the results and benefits will be more widely applicable to subsurface issues of engineering conformance and containment monitoring. FRS will become a major international nexus for subsurface, surface and atmospheric scientific and engineering research and education coupled with new technology development and demonstrations. It will also serve as a major public outreach tool for SCS. FRS is located on a surface and subsurface site, kindly provided by Cenovus Energy Ltd. covering slightly more than 2.5 km2 in Newell County southeast of Calgary. The field trip also makes stops and addresses environmental changes on geological and historical time-scales, both progressive and catastrophic, some natural and other anthropogenic. More about this trip on www.cspg.org
START DATE LENGTH INSTRUCTORS PDH Credits IEG Field Seminar - Drumheller, Alberta 03-May-15 1 days Art Irwin 8 Hours
Field Seminar Description Part 1, Morning The first part will be to examine the Late Cretaceous, Horseshoe Canyon Formation which outcrops in the Red Deer River Valley East of Drumheller, Alberta. The formation is comprised of mudstones, sandstones, carbonaceous shale and coals deposited in a delta plain environment. Sequences of transgressive and regressive sedimentation are visible within the sediments exposed in the badlands topography. Examples of delta plain, estuarine channels and coal swamps will be discussed. The primary focus is to show the areal distribution and complexities of fluvial point bar deposition and IHS beds in outcrop and discuss how this affects subsurface reservoirs and production.
Part 2, Afternoon Visit the Royal Tyrrell Museum: a Canadian tourist attraction and center of palaeontological research noted for its collection of more than 130,000 fossils. It features ten signature galleries devoted to paleontology, with 40 dinosaur skeletons. Your chance to go walking with the Dinosaurs . More about this trip on www.cspg.org
30 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 CONTINUING EDUCATION Upcoming CSPG Short Courses
SAGD Fundamentals - Application of START DATE LENGTH INSTRUCTORS PDH Credits Core, Geology, Geophysics and Rudy Stobl, Milovan Fustic Geochemistry 30-Apr-15 1 days & Daryl Wightman 12 Hours
Based on a previous participants’ feedback the course will be followed by beer and chat (included in the price of the Short Course). There will be an exciting hands on workshop session at The Last Defence Lounge (LDL) operated by the Graduate Students’ Association of the University of Calgary until 7:30PM.
Who Should Attend: This course is recommended for geologists, geophysicists, reservoir and production engineers and technical manag- ers who wish to gain insight into in-situ oil sands operations.
Objectives: This one day seminar integrates practical SAGD fundamentals with reservoir characterization of the McMurray Formation. Developing a 3D view of representative oil sands reservoirs, understanding the impact of reservoir heterogeneity on steam chamber growth and identifying production risk are important considerations for developing optimal recovery strategies. Course Content: 1. Discussion of regional stratigraphy, depositional models including This seminar will be complemented by an opportunity to analogues and oil migration review representative oil sands cores from operating oil 2. Reservoir Architecture, geometry and compartmentalization with sands projects. We will: Implications to subsurface mapping 1. Compare and contrast open or outer esturine, large- 3. IHS - origin, recognition, vertical and lateral (dis)continuity, tools scale point bar, and stacked channel oil sands reser- for mapping and classification(s) voirs of the McMurray Formation. 4. SAGD Fundamentals - impact of reservoir heterogeneity on 2. Develop an understanding of variations in reservoir production, principles and case studies quality, effects of heterogeneity, and assess some of 5. Reservoir characterization methods and uncertainties; geological, the challenges associated with SAGD production. geophysical and geochemical considerations 6. Well pair placement considerations 7. SAGD Impairments - origin, geometries, recognition, mapping and solutions 8. Distinguishing Barriers from Baffles 9. Effective vs. breached caprock - geological vs. geomechanical tools and principles 10. Good mud vs. bad mud; good breccia vs. bad breccia 11. Strategics + production analogues - IHS and lean zones. 12. Analysis of post-steam core for estimating recovery factor.
Participants of this short course are encouraged to attend the associated 2 day field trip to the outstanding outcrops in the Fort McMurray area (you have a chance to register for both (Short Course and Field Seminar) choosing COMBO with discounted price)
More about offered and coming Short courses and Field Seminars you can find in the March issue of the Reservoir and visiting cspg.org
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 31 GO TAKE A HIKE Burgess Shale (Walcott Quarry), Yoho National Park,
British ColumbiaP | By Philip Benham, Chris Collom P Trailhead: Access to Walcott Quarry is only through guided hike because of its designation as a P UN World Heritage Site. Details will be provided when you register. Hikes are currently offered by Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation www.burgess-shale.bc.ca/guided-hikes & Parks Canada http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/bc/yoho/natcul/burgess/visit/randonnees-hikes.aspx
Distance: ~22 km round trip if hiking from Takakkaw Falls to Walcott Quarry and back. This is the route followed during guided hikes offered by both organizations. Elevation Gain: 850 m.
Wapta Mountain The Burgess Shale fossil site was discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1909 and has been studied off and over for more than a century. The site is worthy of its 1981 UN World Heritage Site designated protection because it provides some of the best preserved evidence of life shortly Wapta Mountain after the Cambrian Explosion, an evolutionary event during which many of the extant lineages Wapta Mountain of the animal kingdom arose. There are earlier sites around the world but few exhibit such spectacular preservation of soft body parts organisms. The Burgess Shale site has been heavily studied and there are almost as many opinions as researchers, though all would agree on its importance as a window into the evolution of early life on this planet.
Beside the Burgess Shale site, the hike also offers breathtaking views of Emerald Lake far below, the hydrothermal dolomitization pipes of Wapta Mountain (see Yoho Glacier and Wapta Mountain hikes), glacial hanging valleys, waterfalls, moraines, alluvial fans, thrust faults and associated drag folds. Yoho is a Cree expression of awe and wonderment. Participation in a guided hike to the 1 Walcott Quarry will leave one breathless and at a loss for all words other than “yoho”. km The deposits are within the Burgess Shale at the foot of a 150m high escarpment at the edge 1 of the Cathedral Formation which formed about 509 Ma when Neoproterozoic basement faults 1 km reactivated (Collom et al., 2009). East of the Cathedral escarpment, the middle Cambrian package km consists of 600m of carbonate strata belonging to the Cathedral Fm and a similar thickness of Eldon Fm which sandwiches the much thinner an argillaceous Stephen Formation. The Cathedral Formation exhibits a number of shallow water features including stromatolites, chicken mesh anhydrite and birds eye structures (Fletcher and Collins, 2009). The latter form in fine grained carbonates when gas bubbles are trapped or the sediment is exposed to dessication and layers of sediment part; think of how mud chips curl up at the edges as they dry (Shin, 1968). These features collectively are a strong indicator of intertidal or supratidal depositional settings for the Cathedral. One can infer a slightly deeper (but still shallow shelf) setting for the Stephen Formation before it drops into the abyss off the Cathedral Escarpment. These mixed carbonate and fine grained strata all grade to west of the escarpment into a very thick package of silty to dolomitic and often slate-like shale collectively known as the Chancellor Group.
Csul Michael Peak Csul Michael Peak Csul lateral morainesMichael Peak lateral moraines Cel Cel lateral moraines Cel
Wapta thrust fault Cel Wapta thrust fault Cel Wapta thrust fault Cel
Centre Left: At 384m, Takakkaw Falls, Canada’s second highest waterfall, is prominent at start of trail. The dolostone of the late Cambrian Sullivan Formation is well displayed. Right: Lateral moraines (blue arrows) associated with cirque glacier on the President Range as seen from the trail to the quarry. Wapta Mountain thrust fault (direction indicated by white arrow) cuts through the Eldon Fm. All photos in this hike courtesy of Jon Dudley.
32 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 Mount Carnarvon Mount The Michael Michael MountMount CarnarvonCarnarvon MountMount TheThe MichaelMichael MountMount Carnarvon Carnarvon MountMarpoleMount ThePresidentThe MichaelPeakMichael MichaelMichaelPeak MountMount Carnarvon Carnarvon MountMarpoleMarpoleMount ThePresidentPresidentThe MichaelMichaelMichael MichaelPeakPeakMichael MarpoleMarpole PresidentPresident PeakPeak PeakPeak MarpoleMarpole PresidentCpPresident PeakPeakPeak PeakPeak MHMH Cp Cp MHMMHMHH kCp Cp MHMH CpCpCpCp kCp MHMMHMHHMHMCpH kklateral moraineorainCpeCpCp Cel Cp klateral moraineorainekk Cel kCp kk lateralk moraineorainek Cel CpCpCpCp laterallaterallaterallateral morainemoraine moraineorainorain orain moraineoraineke ek CelCelCel LVLVkk Cel kkk k CelCel LVLLVLVV CelCelCelCel Cel LVLLVLVLVLVV LVLV CelCel Cp Cel CelCelCel CpCp CelCel BFBF CpCpCpkCp CelCelCelCel BFBF kk BFBF kk k BFBBFBFBFBFFBFBFalluvial fanCc k alluvialalluvialPAPA fan fanCcCc thrust ffaultl & ddrag flfoldd end moraine alluvialalluvial fan fanCcaCc thrustthrust ffault ffaultl l & & ddrag ddrag flfold flfolddd end moraine alluvialalluvialPAPPAPA Afan CcfanaCc end moraine PAPAPAPAPAPA a thrustthrustthrust ffault ffault l ffault l& &ddragl ddrag & ddrag flfold flfoldd dflfold d Cel endendend endmoraine moraine moraine moraine PAPA aaa a CelCel Emerald Lake CelCelCel EmeraldEmerald LakeLake EmeraldEmeraldEmeraldEmerald Lake Lake Lake Lake
Above: The Emerald Valley, one of the most magnificent vistas within the Rocky Mountains. Note the alluvial fan emanating from Emerald Basin at the foot of The President and the thrust fault on Michael Peak. Below: Fossil Ridge as seen from Burgess Pass showing location of the Walcott Quarry. Wapta Fossil Ridge Mount Field WaptaWapta FossilFossil Ridge Ridge MountMount Field Field WaptaMountainWaptaWaptaWapta FossilFossilFossilFossil RidgeRidge Ridge Ridge MountMountMount Field Field Field MountainMountain MountainMountainMountainMountain CelCelCel CelCelCelCel
WaptaWapta Mt Mt WaptaWaptaWaptaWaptaWapta MtMt MtMt Mt
marine worms (Ottoia) & trilobitesittes marinemarinemarinemarinemarinemarine wormsworms wormsworms worms worms (Ottoia ( Ottoia(Ottoia (Ottoia)) &)) ) && trilobites&) trilobites trilobites &trilobites trilobitesittesititttitestesesittes Walcott Quarry 1999 BF WalcottWalcottWalcottWalcottWalcottWalcott QuarryQuarry Quarry QuarryQuarry Quarry 1999 1999 19991999 1999 LV BFBFBF LV BF BF Centre Left: The Walcott Quarry in 1999 when the Royal Ontario MuseumLVLVLVLVLV was conducting field research. The excavated 7m thick interval is known as the Greater Phyllopod Bed. Note the buff dolomite intermingling with the grey limestone in Mount Wapta (see The Emerald Lake Hike for more information). Centre right: some of the fossils to be seen within the quarry. The organisms with skeletal material show up in relief but soft bodied fauna leave only carbonaceous and aluminosilicate (mica and chlorite) films and can be difficult to spot because of their size and the dark colour of the rock (Butterfield, 2009).
CrinCrin CrinCrinCrinCrinCrin
Bottom Left: Leanchoilia is a four eyed arthropod with elongate feelers. Bottom Centre: Anomalocaris claw. Anomalocaridids are an extinct class of arthropod that was the top predator in the Cambrian oceans and reached up to 2 m long (Whittington and Briggs, 1985). Its claws, partly mineralized, are often found where only organisms hard parts are preserved, but the body only where there is Burgess Shale type preservation. Bottom Right: The marine priapulid worm Ottoia. Preservation is so spectacular that sometimes their last meal (a small shelly fauna known as hyolithids) can be observed lining their guts.
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 33 fauna as well as the setting in which to preserve them. The abundance of fossils around these pools may be due in part to chemo-symbiosis. Expeditions to the hot, mineral rich vents (black smokers) in the Mid- Atlantic Ridge have identified bivalves and other organisms in life- sustaining relationships with sulphide and methane oxidizing bacteria. This may be occurring at the foot of the Cathedral Escarpment and provides an indication of the importance of this these kinds of settings to the rise of early life. Another reason why fossils haven’t been found away from the Cathedral Escarpment is that the buttress of the escarpment provides protection from the regional deformation and metamorphism that generated a vertical (fossil destroying) cleavage away from the escarpment. There is a complex mixture of processes depositing sediment at the foot of the escarpment, dominated by dense flowing mud-slurries but also including minor turbidites, subordinate sediment rain and rare catastrophic collapses of the escarpment providing coarse angular debris (Gabbot and Zalasiewicz, 2009). These processes led to quick burial of organisms in anoxic conditions within decimetre thick flows, away from both scavengers and the bacterially active sediment-ocean interface. Early models of Burgess Shale fossil preservation involved the fauna being swept over the edge of the escarpment from shallower waters of the adjacent platform, followed by rapid burial. But it now appears that many were living in the depths, proximal to the seeps and so haven’t been transported as far as previously thought. Prior to uplift and erosion, Cambrian sediments were buried as much as 10 km deep and experienced low grade green schist stage metamorphism. Slate and schists evolve from metamorphosed shale when pressure and temperature cause the formation and re- orientation of phyllosilicates (clay minerals) at angles oblique to the original bedding. One can see excellent examples of slate belonging to the Miette Group exposed along the Trans-Canada Highway, enroute to the hike, at the intersection of Hwy 1 and 93 (Icefields Parkway). Soft bodied preservation occurs at numerous stratigraphic levels within the Burgess Shale, but the best known and most spectacular are at Figure Above (from Collom et al 2009): Two interpretations of the Cathedral platform the original Walcott Quarry. The Burgess Shale is one of the World’s to basin transition during the Cambrian. There is a saying that if you want three opinions best known lagerstatten; a deposit showing prolific and exceptional get two geologists in a room. The geology associated with the Burgess Shale is complex preservation of otherwise rarely preserved flora and fauna. The diverse and obscured by time, faulting and exposure of variable quality. The result is that there are often conflicting interpretations associated with the shale. Even the status of the flora and fauna here includes annelid, priapulid, onychophoran and Burgess Shale as a formation is under some debate. For the sake of simplicity in this chaetognath worms, brachiopods, echinoderms, chordates (including article we will refer to it as the Burgess Shale and let the issue be resolved through our distant ancestor Pikaia), sponges, jellyfish, algae and cyanobacteria. healthy scientific discourse. As is the case today the most diverse fauna are the arthropods. Of There are also differing interpretations on the stratigraphy and the role of structure these the most abundant is the feathery limbed arachnomorph (called a in the evolution of the stratigraphic units. An earlier interpretation based on Stewart “lace-crab” by Walcott) Marrella splendens. Other arthropods include (1993) depicted in (A) would suggest no basement structure influencing the position soft (Naraoia) and hard (Olenoides, Habelia, etc) shelled trilobites, of the Cathedral escarpment and a broad unconformity truncating the Gog Group. In Canadaspis ( a distant relative of shrimps and lobsters), the large (B) more recent work by Collom et al (2009) would suggest that basement faults were predatory anomalocaridids (such as Hurdia and Anomalocaris), and bi- active possibly into the Cambrian and controlled the position of the escarpment and the placement of stratigraphic units. The deep seated faults provided paths for mineral valved forms such as Tuzoia and Odaraia. One of the more unusual laden brines that supported chemotrophic communities, generated lead-zinc deposits arthropods is Opabinia; the five eyed wonder with a trunk-like grasping and drove dolomitization along the margin of the Kicking Horse Rim. appendage. Your guides will show you some of these amazing fossils and provide you with a introduction to the geology and paleontology of The noted “megatruncation” surfaces are related to collapse events along the escarpment, triggered by fault brecciation and dissolution along hydrothermally active the site. There are numerous publications which allow you to explore margins of the platform (Collom et al, 2009). “F” marks the position of the Walcott deeper; some of these are included in the references. Quarry. The domes with brick pattern are carbonate mud mound build-ups created by small clusters of reef forming organisms.
One portion of the lower Chancellor Group abutting the Cathedral escarpment is mapped as the Burgess Shale Formation. While the Burgess Shale fossils occur at numerous intervals along the 100 km long Cathedral Escarpment, fossils are not preserved away from it. At the base of the escarpment are carbonate mud mounds which are associated with magnesium and barium rich brine seeps coming from the basement faults. These seeps form dense pools in topographic lows in the ocean floor and provide a nutrient rich setting for Burgess Shale
34 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 References: • Balkwill, H.R., Price, R.A., Cook, D.G., and Mountjoy, E.W.,1980. GSC Map 1496A; Golden, East Half. • Butterfield, N., 2009. Fossil Preservation in the Burgess Shale. In “A Burgess Shale Primer; History, Geology and Research Highlights”, ICCE 2009 Field Trip Companion Volume. • Caron, J.B., 2006. Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed Community, Burgess Shale. PALAIOS(2006),21(5):451 • Collom, C.J., Johnston, P.A., & Powell, W.G. (2009). Reinterpretation of ‘Middle’ Cambrian stratigraphy of the rifted western Laurentian margin: Burgess Shale Formation and contiguous units (Sauk II megasequence), Rocky Mountains, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 277, 63-85. • Conway-Morris, Simon, 2000. The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals, Oxford University Press. • Coppold, M. & Powell, W., 2006. A Geoscience Guide to The Burgess Shale. The Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation 2006, 76p. • Fletcher, T.P., and Collins, Desmond, 2009. Geology and Stratigraphy of the Burgess Shale Formation on Mount Stephen and Fossil Ridge. In “A Burgess Shale Primer; History, Geology and Research Highlights”, ICCE 2009 Field Trip Companion Volume. • Gabbot, S., and Zalasiewicz, J., 2009. Sedimentation of the Phyllopod Bed within the Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation. In “A Burgess Shale Primer; History, Geology and Research Highlights”, ICCE 2009 Field Trip Companion Volume. • Gould, S.J., 1989. Wonderful Life; The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History.. 347 pp. New York: W. W. Norton & Company • Johnston, P.A., Johnston, K.J., Collom, C.J., & Powell, W.P. (2009). Palaeontology and depositional environments of ancient brine seeps in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale at The Monarch, British Columbia, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 277, 86-105. • Powell, W.G., Johnston, P.A, Collom, C.J., and Johnston, K.J., 2006, Middle Cambrian brine seeps on the Kicking Horse Rim and their relationship to talc and magnesite mineralization, and associated dolomitization, British Columbia, Canada. Economic Geology, v.101, p. 431-451. • Powell, W.G., 2003, Greenschist-facies metamorphism of the Burgess Shale and its implications for models of fossil formation and preservation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.40, p. 13-25 • Price, R.A., Cook, D.G., Aitken, J.D., and Mountjoy, E.W.,1980. GSC Map 1483A; Lake Louise West Half. • Shin, E.A., 1968. Practical Significance of Birdseye Structures in Carbonate Rocks. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol . 38, No.1, pp 215-223. March 1968. • Stewart, W.D., Dixon, O.A., Rust, B.R., 1993. Middle Cambrian carbonate-platform collapse, southeastern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geology 21, 687–690. • Whittington, H.B.; Briggs, D.E.G. (1985). The largest Cambrian animal, Anomalocaris, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 309 (1141): 569–609.
CSPG Awards Reception In honour of the 2014 CSPG Award Recipients
Monday, May 4, 2015 6:00 pm – 7:30 pm Hyatt Regency Calgary, Imperial Ballroom
Everyone is invited to attend Please register (no charge) at www.cspg.org under EVENTS tab See award recipients and citations on the website under MEMBERS tab
RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 35 Rock Shop TRACKS AWARDS Members Who Have Set New Standards of Excellence
changing her career path, city and university. a major component of the overall SIFT She completed her B.Sc. (Geology) and her experience. Students are placed within a M.Sc. (Structural Geology) at the University mock exploration scenario where they must of Calgary all while working part time for apply geologic interpretation and mapping various-sized oil and gas companies. While skills to successfully purchase lands, and drill completing her M.Sc., Dawn started her wells, simulating real life oil and gas company career with ExxonMobil Canada/Imperial day-to-day operations. Oil. For 12 years she worked various assets, The SIFT organizing committee has long both conventional and Heavy Oil, in Western recognized a need to revamp the Exploration Canada and the Arctic. Currently she is Game portion of the program, which had located in St John’s Newfoundland working not been updated since inception some 30+ on Hibernia field. In 1997 Dawn was the U years prior. In 2014 Geoff undertook the of C candidate for the Student Industry Field task of creating and implementing a new and Trip (SIFT) and has been an active member improved exploration game which focused Phil Esslinger has been an active member of of the CSPG family ever since. Dawn was a students’ attention on geologic mapping of a the CSPG since 1989. He started his career senior member of the SIFT committee for 15 real life development area within the WCSB. with Petrel Robertson in 1988 and joined years (two years as chair of the committee). Rakhit Petroleum Consulting Ltd in 1990 where An opportunity presented itself to represent Geoff would like to take this opportunity he worked on hydrogeology, geochemistry students and hard working committee to thank all past and present CSPG SIFT and regional exploration studies. He has members at the next level up in the CSPG volunteers, in particular past chair Taylor held a series of exploration/development organization. In 2012 Dawn join the ranks of Olson, for nominating him for this prestigious roles with Encana/Cenovus since 2004 and the CSPG Board as the Outreach Director award. Without the tireless dedication of currently is a Sr. Staff Geologist leading the followed by a brief term with Education these volunteers the CSPG SIFT program Grand Rapids Subsurface team for Cenovus. Trust Fund. Promoting and progressing would not be possible. Phil served on the organizing committee for petroleum geoscience with future generation the CSPG Hydrogeology Division from 1995 geoscientists has always been a passion until 2004 and acted as chairman from 1997 for Dawn and she hopes to continue those to 2000. He has been awarded two CSPG endeavors in East Canada. Service Awards - for his efforts with the Hydrogeology Division (2001) and for his role as one of three organizing co-chairs of the inaugural Gussow Mini-Conference (2003). The Gussow conference has since become a very successful part of the CSPG’s technical conferences. Phil has presented numerous times at the CSPG Annual Convention and published in the CSPG Bulletin. He served as the CSPG General Co-Chair for the 2014 GeoConvention for which he is being awarded the 2014 CSPG Tracks Award. Eric Street has been a member of the CSPG since his university days at Simon Fraser University where he received a B.Sc. in Earth Sciences. He was introduced to the petroleum Geoff Speers was introduced to the CSPG industry through the CSPG’s Student Industry while attending its flagship student outreach Field Trip (SIFT) and summer internships program, the Student Industry Field Trip at Encana Corporation. Eric began his (SIFT), in 2005 as the Brandon University professional career at Encana working on the representative. After graduating the following Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the year Geoff moved to Calgary to continue his Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Seeking career with Pengrowth Energy, the company international experience on conventional he still works with today. In his duration plays, he became an integral member of with Pengrowth, Geoff has nearly worked the team that successfully explored for and through the company’s entire portfolio of developed the “N Sand” play in the Putumayo assets, with current focus on exploration Basin of Colombia with Suroco Energy and and development of the Unconventional Petroamerica. Eric is currently developing Dawn Hodgins discovered her geology Resources within the Cardium, Mannville, Deep Basin assets with Jupiter Resources. His career/adventure at the University of Elkton and Montney formations. most significant CSPG volunteering efforts Manitoba when she wondered into a “rocks came in 2014 when he served as a technical Geoff currently holds the volunteer position for jocks” geology class. She was hooked co-chair of the GeoConvention. of SIFT Exploration Game coordinator, and one year later she moved to Calgary,
36 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS FEBRUARY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by
Abstract Geomechanical Fracture and fault observations at different scales reveal dramatic changes in density Controls on Fault and orientation over small relative distances. This variation has previously been explained and Fracture by variable rock properties or variation in the applied stress. The poroelastic strain Distribution with relationship describes the coupling of the elastic properties with the way stresses are Application to distributed and when this is combined with an understanding of the material strength Structural we can also better predict failure which manifests itself as the creation of structural Permeability and elements (faults and fractures). Hydraulic When considering permeability of fractures Stimulation or placement of hydraulic fractures to BIOGRAPHY stimulate production, we are effectively Scott is a geoscientist with 15 years of consulting evaluating failure of the medium. This experience in petroleum geomechanics and SPEAKER presentation looks at the relationship image log services. On completion of his PhD he Scott Mildren between elastic properties, rock strength spent time with Z&S (Asia) Ltd performing stress, Ikon GeoMechanics and stress distribution with the aid of real structural and sedimentological interpretation of world examples, and demonstrates the image log data. Subsequently, he was among 11: 30 am parameters that we need to consider to the academic staff at the Australian School of Thursday, February 5, 2015 better understand geomechanical failure. This Petroleum researching various geomechanical TELUS Convention Centre approach is then considered in the context of issues such as fault and cap rock seal integrity, Exhibition Hall D, North Building various petroleum related applications that fractured reservoirs, wellbore stability and trap Calgary, Alberta include: risk before founding his own geomechanics and image log service company, JRS Petroleum Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales • predicting permeable fractures; Research. JRS was merged with Ikon Science in is 1:00 pm, three business days before event. 2012 and Scott is now a Senior Vice President (Monday, Feb. 2nd, 2015). CSPG Member Ticket • discriminating natural fractures from of Ikon Geomechanics at Ikon Science based in Price: $45.00 + GST. Non-Member Ticket Price: drilling induced fractures; London. $47.50 + GST. • hydraulic fracture placement and Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA containment, and; PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ • explaining variable fracture gradients. index.cfm. Rock Shop ROCK SHOP
Wellsite Geologists Inc. the maps . technical illustrationsRock Solid Choice presentations Wellsite posters Supervision graphics .Project Management. Graphic Well Profiles Verticals / Horizontals EUB Sample / Core Studies • Domestic and International wellsite supervision elizabeth Conventionalmacey, B.A.,/ Un-conventional cartographer • Conventional and Unconventional wells 403.993.00551350, 734 - 7th Ave SW • Extensive Hz experience [email protected], AB T2P 3P8 • Customized corporate solutions available B 403.234.7625, www.WellsiteGeologists.com www3.telus.net/elizabethmaceyC 403.660.9883, [email protected] (403) 250-3982 [email protected] www.clconsultants.ca
RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2015 9
1602 – 5th St N.E. Domestic and International Shale Gas/Oil Shales T.I.H. Consulting Ltd. Calgary, AB. T2E 7W3 Conventional Vertical and Horizontal Wells Coal Bed Methane Oil Sands - SAGD/Coring Programs Project Supervision Geologic Well-Site Phone: 403-233-7729 Supervision www.tihconsulting.com
Email: [email protected] Tel: (403) 262-9229 Fax: (403) 265-0377 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.progeoconsultants.com GRADUATE STUDENT THESIS AWARDS In 2014 a total of 20 theses were submitted - nine M.Sc. and an unprecedented eleven Ph.D. theses - representing nine universities across Canada. The recipients of the awards are as follows:
CORPORATE SUPPORTERS Enviro-Tech Surveys Ltd CL Consultants Exova Canada Inc Pulse Seismic Inc Canada Brokerlink Inc. Energy Navigator Golder Associates Nalcor Energy Paramount Resources Belloy Petroleum Consulting EDGE Technologies Compass Directional Services EV Cam Canada Inc. Sigma Explorations Canacol Energy Ltd. Earth Signal Processing Ltd Explor Best M.Sc. – Rares Bistran for his thesis Japan Canada Oil Sands Ltd. Best Ph.D. - Dallin Laycock for his thesis entitled ”Sedimentology and Neoichnology McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. entitled “Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Sproule International Limited of a Mixed-Energy Estuary, Tillamook Bay, Target Data Ltd. Geochemistry of Mudstone Dominated Oregon, United States” (supervised by Prof. Petrocraft Products Ltd. Clinoforms and their Depositional RIGSAT Communications Murray Gingras and Prof. J-P Zonneveld at the Spectrum Environments, Carlile Formation, Eastern University of Alberta). Birchcliff Energy Ltd. Alberta, Canada” (supervised by Prof. Per Cabra Enterprises Ltd. Cougar Consultants, Inc. Kent Pedersen and Prof. Ron Spencer at the SAExploration University of Calgary). Serpa Petroleum Consulting Ltd. National Oilwell Varco Signature Seismic Processing Inc. Sensor Geophysical Ltd. Cossack Land Services Ltd. Deloitte Petroleum Services Group EPI Group FMQ Southern Exploration GeoChemTech Inc. Geotir Hurry Hydrocarbons NExT- A Schlumberger Company Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd. Roke Technologies Ltd. Mcleay Geological Consultants Ltd. HEF Petrophysical Consulting Inc. Caracal Energy Inc. Regent Resources Bankers Petroleum Ltd. BJV Exploration Partnership SOCO International 3e Royalties Honorable Mention M.Sc. – Liliana Bengal Energy Bounty Developments Ltd. Zambrano for her thesis entitled “Reservoir Brasoil Corp. Characterization of the uppermost Monteith Bukit Energy Honorable Mention Ph.D. – Benjamin Formation -Tight Gas Sandstones in the Central European Petroleum Ltd Cowie for his thesis entitled “Stable Isotope DualEx Energy International Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in and Geochemical Investigations into the Franconia Geoscience Alberta, Canada” (supervised by Prof. Gran Tierra Energy Inc. Hydrogeology and Biogeochemistry of Oil International Petroleum Consulting Roberto Aguilera and Prof. Per Kent Pedersen Sands Reservoir Systems in Northeastern Jenner Geoconsulting Inc. at the University of Calgary). Korean National Oil Company Alberta, Canada” (supervised by Prof. Long Reach Resources Ltd. Lorne LeClerc & Associates Bernhard Mayer at the University of Calgary). Madison Petrogas Ltd. Petroamerica The full citation of award winners can be seen Serinus Energy in the March issue of the Bulletin of Canadian Sherritt International Corporation Skyhawk Exploration Petroleum Geology or on the CSPG website Tretio Exploration Ltd. under Members>Student Awards. Valeura Energy
Company Patron Journey Energy Inc. Rife Resources Ltd.
AS OF JANUARY 31, 2015
38 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2015 39 ANNUAL GeNeRAL MeetiNG ANd CoNfeReNCe
April 23–24, 2015 Register before April 15 at www.apegasummit.ca
Calgary TELUS Convention Centre Info: 780-426-3990 | 800-661-7020 | #apegasummit