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Translation, the French Language and the United Irishmen (1792-1804)

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Translation, the French Language and the United Irishmen (1792-1804) Translation, the French language and the United Irishmen (1792-1804). Supervisor Prof Michael CRONIN School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies Dublin City University A thesis submitted to Dublin City University in Candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Sylvie Klemman Bidfet, M P h il July 2005 I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy, is entirely my own work, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work Signed y (Candidate) ID no 3 / Date / y TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 History, bilingualism and translation 5 1 1 'Making shifts ’ Shifting the emphasis in the historiography 5 of 1798 to define a role for translation 1 2 Overview of theoretical models on bilingualism 15 1 3 Considerations on learning French and English in the 26 eighteenth century 1 4 Eighteenth-century travel literature as a source of insights on 39 travel ability 15 Translation overview of theoretical models 44 1 6 Special considerations on Interpreting 56 1 7 Methodology 69 CHAPTER 2 ‘Traduire pour son temps' Nicholas Madgett, John Sullivan 72 and the Bureau de traduction 1793-1796 2 1 Civil service translation a mere 4instrumental function’*> 72 2 2 Historical context of the Bureau de Traduction 1793-1796 “ces 75 serviteurs modestes ” 2 3 ‘Portraits de traducteurs Nicholas Madgett and John Sullivan 84 2 3 1 Nicholas Madgett (1740?-1813) “that maker of so many missions3’ 86 2 3 2 John Sullivan (ca 1767-ca 1801) “Natif d’Irlande et ennemi jure du 92 gouvernement anglois” 2 4 Linguistic aspects of the work of Bureau translators “much more than 96 just translating 2 5 The political advocacy of Nicholas Madgett and John Sullivan 109 “une mission particulière” 2 6 Translators, “In the service of two masters ” 123 CHAPTER 3 “Veuillez excuser mon detestable françois ” 130 Theobald Wolfe Tone and the French language 3 1 Tone’s weakness in French as a leitmotif in his historiography 130 3 2 Tone's exile to America 135 3 3 4 Vive le pain bis et la hberteI * Tone’s mission to France 144 3 4 Self-interpreting in a communicative ‘pas de trois’ Tone’s overtures to 151 Carnot and Delacroix 3 5 Tone’s First and Second Memorials and their French translations as 161 an intercultural communicative event 3 6 Tone’s collaboration with John Sullivan 180 CHAPTER 4 Interpreting in the French campaigns of 1796 and 1798 199 “amidst [the] clamour and confusion of three languages’7 4 1 “quelques officiers parlant anglais employes avec avantage 199 dans cette expedition ”’ 4 2 The ‘instrumentality’ of soldiers speaking the same language 203 ‘undoubtedly convenient but not absolutely necessary 4 3 ‘ quelques officiers parlant la langue du pays ’ O’Keane, Sullivan, 223 Teeling and Tone 4 4 C£Monsieur VEvêque” Bishop Stock of Killala, witness, participant 243 and interpreter chosen by history CHAPTER 5 1 Irish prowess versus French promises} Robert Emmet, 253 Thomas Addis Emmet and the end of the Umted Irish lobby in France, (1800-1804) 5 1 Robert Emmet’s 1800 Memorial to Napoleon Bonaparte 253 5 2 Robert Emmet’s mission to France, and “cette conversation ” 264 5 3 Thomas Addis Emmet and the last negotiations between the 268 Umted Irishmen and France (1803-1804) 5 4 Insights on the French exile of Miles Byrne 294 CONCLUSION 311 List of Manuscript sources and Bibliography 322 APPENDICES l CHAPTER 1 Appendix 1 1 Freeman's Journal 15-17 April 1773 (Vol X n°100p 399 3 ) Mabbot street Mercantile Academy Premiums awarded to pupils, including Theobald Wolfe Tone A i Appendix 1 2 Sheehy ’ s Modern French Pronouncing SPELLING BOOK, Dublin 1798 title page and p xxx, ‘Additional names’ including Hutton, Esq A 11-111 Appendix 1 3 CPA/589/244 Appia, Interprete au bureau des relations exterieures, to the Citoyen general de l’interieur’, ca 9 May 1796 (20 f 1 ?) A lv Appendix 1 4 CPA/588 12 Thomas Paine to Otto, June 28, 1793 A v CHAPTER 2 Appendix 2 1 AAE/Pers 1/65/58r-59v Sullivan to Delacroix, 30 October 1796, folio 58r A vi Appendix 2 2 CPA/587/20r-21r Madgett to Lebrun, 13 March 1793, folio 2 0 r A vii Appendix 2 3 AAE/Pers l/47/85r-6r Madgett to the Comite de Salut public List of translations assigned to the Bureau de traduction, 15 April 1794, in hand of John Sullivan A vm-x Appendix 2 4 AAE/Pers 1/ 47/89rv, iVote by Madgett, (undated) A xi Appendix 2 5 CPA 588 480r-81v, L'Adresse au peuple d'Irlande par le Citoyen Madgett Chef du Bureau de Traduction prêt le Comité de Salut public, folio 480r A xn Appendix 2 6 McPeake, in IS, Hayes 1950-1 142 Brevet of Madgett’ s Legion, 27 August 1798 A xni CHAPTER 3 Appendix 3 1 CPA 589/182r Madgett to Delacroix, 2 March 1796 A xiv Appendix 3 2 SHA/MR/1422/30, Tone’s Memorial translated by Madgett, pages 1 and 15 A xv-xvi Appendix 3 3 CPA 589/169r Sullivan’ s translation of Tone’s letter to Delacroix, first folio A xvu Appendix 3 4 CPA 589/226r-227r Sullivan’s translation, Principales dispositions du Bill A xvm-xx Appendix 3 5 TCD MS 2050/1 l-12v Tone’s Copie des Instructions folio 1 lr A xxi Appendix 3 6 CPA 589/221r Madgett to Delacroix (undated) On distingue en Irlande A xxii Appendix 3 7 CPA 589/233r-237v Sullivan’s translation of T ont's Memorandum on the number and position of troops folios 23 3r and 23 5r A xxin-iv Appendix 3 8 AN AF IQ/3 69/50, Tone to Delacroix 12 May 1796 A xxv Appendix 3 9 TCD MS 2050/18 Tone to “Général Buonaparte”, 12 November 1797 A xxvi CHAPTER 4 Appendix 4 1 SHA/2Y7MacSheehy MacSheehy’s Brevet as Adjutant Commandant, delivered by Bonaparte, 17 September 1803 A xxvn Appendix 4 2 Passport issued to Mahony, in Sullivan’s hand (Hayes 1937 facing p 52) A xxvm Appendix 4 3 B 1 1 2 Address to the People of Ireland first folio of Tone’s version, and Peuple dlrlandef , first folio of Grouchy’s version A xxix-xxx Appendix 4 4 SHM FF1 /3 3/V 1 Cartel d ‘echange des prisonniers de guerre entre la France et la Grande-Bret&gne 13 September 1798 English and French table of corresponding ranks A xxxi-n Appendix 4 5 Pnvate collection of P Joannon Humbert’s testimonial for Henry O’Keane, 19 January 1800, in Sullivan’s hand A xxxm Appendix 4 6 PRO/HO/82/123rand 125r, Humbert’s Aux Soldats Irlandois and first folio of English translation A xxxiv-v Appendix 4 7 Humbert’s surrender to Lake [print] (Hayes 1937 f 152) A xxxvi CHAPTER 5 Appendix 5 1 SHA/MR/1420/34/1-12,42/1-4, f 1 of each Humbert’s Reflections sur I’utihte d'une descente soit en Angleterre etc, in Sullivan's hand, 8 and 23 October 1800 A xxxvii-xxxvm Appendix 5 2a CPA/593/288-9 Emmet and Delaney memorial, 15 September 1800 A xxxix-xln Appendix 5 2b CPA/593/288-9 Emmet and Delaney memorial, transcription A xlm-xlv Appendix 5 3 CPA/594/150r Talleyrands’ Rapport cm premier consul, 6 January 1801 A xlvi Appendix 5 4 J D Reigh’s print of Robert Emmet’s interview with Napoleon {Shamrock, December 1895) A xlvn Appendix 5 5 AN/AF/IV/1672/2/209-216r Thomas Addis Emmet to Napoleon, 7 September 1803, folios 209r and 216r A xlvm-xlix Appendix 5 6 AN/AF/IV/1672/2/203-8v Emmet to Berthier lOdecember 1803, folios 203r and 203v A l-li Appendix 5 7a SHA/MR/1420/91/l-8r Dalton’s Traduction du memoire deMr Thomas Addiss [sic] Emmet au Mimstre de la Guerre 25 January 1804 folio 1 A hi-iii Appendix 5 7b Transcription of full text of Dalton’s translation A liv-lvn Appendix 5 8 SHA/Xh14, Page Dalton’s Report on United Irishmen m the Irish Legion, ca October 1803, listing the various skills of MacNeven and Corbet, including linguistic competence A Ivin CONCLUSION Appendix 6 1 TCD MS 2050/5r, Tone to Du Petit Thouars, 24 May 1798 A hx Appendix 6 2 CPA/592/411 List of Umted Irishmen in Pans, 13 September 1799 A lx Acknowledgments I am most grateful to the Directors of the Dublin City University Language Services (DCULS) and Dr Marie-Annick Gash, Dr Bill Richardson, Prof Jenny Williams, and the Research Board of the School for Applied Language and Intercultural Studies (SALIS) as I was one of the first recipients of the DCULS/SALIS postgraduate studentship scheme in October 2002 This allowed me to undertake this thesis under the supervision of professor Michael Cronin, a fellow translator-interpreter and longstanding colleague from the Irish Translator’s and Interpreter’s Association, whose constant encouragement and unwavering patience saw the project through The interest taken in my research by my former colleagues and students at SALIS, by Dr Marie-Annick Gash of DCULS, fellow translators at the ITIA, and the library staff at Dublin City University were most appreciated Dr David Denby, Marine Holborrow, Dr Dorothy Kenny, Dr Christelle Petite and Dr Vera Sheridan all helped in various ways My research abroad was considerably facilitated by the generous assistance of the Ireland Fund of France, administered by Pierre Joannon, as I was awarded a Lady Chris O’Reilly Scholarship in June 2003 The Bursary allowed me to conduct extensive research in Pans at the Service Histonque de 1’ Armee and the Service Histonque de la Marine at Vincennes, as well as the Archives nationales and the Bibhotheque nationale Special thanks are due to the staff at Vincennes, who guided my trawl through their collection, an arduous process which yielded a wealth of information on the Insh who had served under the French flag, and the moving testimonies of the French they had served under At the Bibhotheque nationale, Marguente Bourcier quickly enthused to the cause of the United Inshmen and her assistance
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