Chapter 1 Rebellion and Feminism 1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chapter 1 Rebellion and Feminism 1 Notes Chapter 1 Rebellion and Feminism 1. For example, Greta Gaard argues that ecofeminism is unlike rebellion in that it offers an alternative, in addition to rebellion’s perceived limitations in critique alone (Ecological 31). 2. John Cruickshank also argues that the meaning of “rebellion” changes from the beginning of The Rebel, in which it is a metaphysical concept and a philosophical attitude, to the end, in which it is a political philosophy of moderation and political reform. I would agree with his further argument that the multiple uses of the word “revolt” causes confusion in Camus’s work (118). 3. Camus also explored the question of absurdity in three genres: (1) a play, Caligula; (2) a novel, The Stranger; and (3) a philosophical essay, The Myth of Sisyphus. These early works are the ones with which most people in the United States are familiar, especially since they are often assigned in high school English or French classes, or in college survey courses on existential- ism, but being only the first stage in a long series, they are hardly represen- tative of Camus’s thought. 4. Though born in Algeria into a poor family of European descent, Camus spent the bulk of World War II in Paris, where Nazism and resistance to it were everpresent realities. A recurrence of tuberculosis had prompted him to travel to the mountains of France in the winter of 1942, during which time the Allies invaded North Africa, preventing his return to Algeria. He and his wife were separated for the remainder of the war. Already a noted author, Camus took up residence in Paris where he was employed as an editor at the Gallimard publishing house, and soon became part of the intellectual circle that included Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir (though never becom- ing one of Sartre’s disciples or one of “The Family”—which seemed to irritate de Beauvoir), Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Arthur Koestler, and Jean and Michel Gallimard. After the occupation of Paris, Camus became active in the resis- tance group, Combat, eventually becoming the editor of their underground newspaper by the same name, and was renowned for his rebellious editorials. 5. This was the development of a theme he had actually contemplated nearly twenty years earlier. He wrote in his journal around 1932, “ ‘Should one accept life as it is? That would be stupid, but how to do otherwise? Should one accept the human condition? On the contrary, I think revolt is part of human nature’ ” (qtd. in Todd 21). 194 / notes 6. At the time it was published (1951), L’Homme révolté (The Rebel) was hugely controversial, particularly within the French intellectual community, who were appalled by Camus’s critiques of revolution and communism. The Rebel received a scathing review in Sartre’s Les Temps Modernes (though Sartre himself did not write it), to which Camus responded bitterly, provoking an even more biting response from Sartre himself: “ ‘And what if your book bore witness merely to your philosophical incompetence? If it were composed of hastily gathered knowledge [It took Camus six years to write The Rebel.], acquired secondhand? If, far from obscuring your brilliant argu- ments, reviewers have been obliged to light lamps in order to make out the contours of your weak, obscure, and confused reasoning?’ ” Sartre, “Réponse à Albert Camus,” Les Temps modernes, 82, August 1952, rpt. in Situations IV (Paris: Gallimard, 1964, 90–126, qtd. in Judt 100). Camus found himself dismissed by the community of which he had once been a part. His work, however, was embraced by others. The poet, René Char, wrote to Camus that he thought L’Homme révolté was Camus’s best book so far. Polish painter and writer Josef Czapski told Camus, “ ‘Immediately after the attack that was concentrated on you, I wanted to write to tell you why I love you, and why you have more friends than you might think’ ” (qtd. in Todd 314). Witold Gombrowicz asked Czeslaw Milosz to send Camus a copy of his own works as an act of solidarity with him. Hannah Arendt wrote Camus a letter of admiration and praise for The Rebel (Judt 129). Camus suffered from the controversy, writing to his wife in September 1952, “ ‘Decidedly, this book has cost me dearly, and today I only have doubts about it, and about myself, who resembles it too much’ ” (qtd. in Todd 311). Nevertheless, Camus continued to believe that L’Homme révolté was his best work, writing, “ ‘It’s a book that has provoked lots of noise, and which has earned me more enemies than friends, . but if I had to do it all over again, I would rewrite the book just as it is. It’s the book of mine which I value the most’ ” (qtd. in Todd 315). Writing thirty years after its publication, Camus-scholar Raymond Gay- Crozier writes: “The significance of The Rebel clearly transcends the political and historical circumstances of its gestation and the acrimonious polemics that accompanied it,” Gay-Crozier, La Revues lettres Modernes: Albert Camus, 12: la révolté en question (Paris: Minad, 1985, 3 (qtd. in Brée 88) ). 7. Susan Griffin has made a similar argument that until the rebel comes to understand him or herself, rebellion ultimately imitates what it rebels against (Pornography 16). Rebellion that ends in imitating what it rebels against is revolution. Rebellion that stays true to its origins is that in which the rebel understands herself, especially her capacity to engage in the very acts she is is fighting against. 8. Eric Bronner makes an important criticism of Camus’s tactic in The Rebel of embracing the initial source of rebellion, but critiquing it when it goes awry. As he suggests, plenty of Nazis began their efforts with rebellious attempts to eradicate injustices while invoking a value of something they believed worth- while (91). I do believe, however, this is exactly why Camus needed to inves- tigate rebellions, in order to discover all the initial sources of rebellion, not notes / 195 just the initial impulse to refuse injustice. The enumeration of all of these initial sources is my task in the next few pages. 9. Beginning with the initial critiques of L’Homme révolté following its publi- cation (see note 7), Camus has been criticized for the weakness of his philo- sophical argumentation. As Tony Judt writes, “Sartre was right, at least so far as the structure and arguments of Camus’s book were concerned...” (100). Likewise, Eric Bronner argues that The Rebel “lacks philosophical grounding” (86). Henri Peyre calls The Rebel, “a confused and imperfect volume that fails to come up to its philosophical claims,” and should instead be read as a collection of maxims (27). Lev Braun states that The Rebel is not a systematic philosophy but rather an “unwieldy and rather confused sequence of ideas” (107). Serge Doubrovsky says that Camus “has no system, no general framework, no philosophy” (153). But Camus’s French biographer, Olivier Todd has argued that it was in fact Camus’s opposition to systematic thinking that has contributed to advances in polit- ical philosophy, likening Camus’s maxims more to a “clash of cymbals” than to philosophical ideas. “Not being a philosopher did not prevent him from being a stimulating thinker” (418). As for himself, Camus never claimed to be a philosopher, “ ‘I am not a philosopher, because I don’t believe in reason enough to believe in a system. What interests me is knowing how we must behave,...”(qtd. in Todd 408). Tony Judt sums it up: “These—philosopher, engaged intellectual, Parisian—are all the things Camus was not. But he was, despite his misgivings at the idea, quite assuredly a moralist. a moralist in France was someone who told the truth” (121–122). 10. I have distilled the elements in this chart distinguishing rebellion from revo- lution primarily from pages 246–252 of The Rebel, though Camus wrote about the distinction throughout. 11. Please refer back to the chart contrasting rebellion and revolution. Unity, a characteristic of rebellion, is distinguished from totality, a characteristic of revolution. 12. My appreciation to Rita Gross and China Galland, whose discussion of the meaning of compassion in the contexts of Buddhism and feminism in their works enabled me to recognize this equivalence of compassion and solidarity. 13. I should point out that despite popular conceptions of Camus as an exis- tentialist, stemming from his friendship with Sartre, he never regarded himself as such. The nonexistence of such key existentialist terms as “imma- nence,” “poursoi,” “en soi,” and “mitsein” in his works also is evidence of this. 14. For more discussion of this quality in Camus’s works, see Judt 97 ff.; Bronner 14–18; Sprintzen; Tisson-Braun; and Amoia. 15. Some have argued that one of the failings of The Rebel is that it has no suggestions for political practice (Doubrovsky 153; Sprintzen 280). This will be taken up further in chapter eight. 16. Though I do not know of any particular direct intellectual links between the works of Camus and feminist authors and activists, beyond my own, it is possible that certain elements of feminist thought were directly 196 / notes influenced by Camus’s philosophy of rebellion. A confluence of events— Camus’s winning the Nobel Prize for literature in 1957, Camus’s untimely death in an automobile accident in 1960, and the rise of various protest movements in the United States in the 1960s—catapulted Camus to a posi- tion of a sort of folk hero of the New Left. “He [Camus] was the single most popular writer during the student revolt of the 1960’s” (Bronner 143).
Recommended publications
  • A Life Worth Living
    A LIFE WORTH LIVING A LIFE WORTH LIVING Albert Camus and the Quest for Meaning robert zaretsky the belknap press of harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, En gland 2013 Copyright © 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College all rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Zaretsky, Robert, 1955– A life worth living : Albert Camus and the quest for meaning / Robert Zaretsky. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 72476- 1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Camus, Albert, 1913– 1960. 2. Conduct of life. I. Title. B2430.C354Z37 2013 194—dc23 2013010473 CONTENTS Prologue 1 1. Absurdity 11 2. Silence 59 3. Mea sure 92 4. Fidelity 117 5. Revolt 148 Epilogue 185 Notes 199 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s 2 2 1 Index 223 A LIFE WORTH LIVING PROLOGUE “Even my death will be contested. And yet what I desire most today is a quiet death, which would bring peace to those whom I love.”1 Albert Camus’ prediction, written in the last decade of his life, has been borne out, though perhaps not his hope. Over the past several years, contests have simmered and burst over the French Algerian writer’s legacy. Shortly after becoming France’s president, Nicolas Sarkozy made a state visit to Algeria. The visit garnered more than the usual attention, in part because Sarkozy had come to offi ce with a reputation as a bluntly spoken conservative who saw no reason for France to apologize for its role as a colonial power.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Reflections on Hanging by Arthur Koestler
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW [VOL 25 Rutledge; Taney and Stone surely have little in common. One ends the book with a feeling that the great trait of the best judges is unselfishness, the capacity to see society clearly, without the distortion of vision that accom- panies the drive to succeed, to persuade, to gain power. We trust the justices of our Supreme Court with some of the greatest powers of government; we do so because they are characteristically beyond the desire for power. Much of their labor is disclaiming the exercise of power. In a society of frantic grasp- ing for influence, of shrill competing claims, of strident advertisement, the good judge is calm and quiet. In the troublesome days between 1935 and 1937 there was much discontent among the loquacious because judges were not more like legislators. But perhaps the reverse would be a more wholesome ideal for our time. ARTHUR SUTHERAND* 6 Professor of Law, Harvard University. Freedom, Virtue, and the First Amendment. By Walter F. Berns. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1957. Pp. 264. $4.00. Professor Berns, of the Yale Political Science faculty, has written an un- usual book. In considering the function of the Supreme Court in American government,' he rejects the "libertarian" doctrine of "judicial restraint."' He also rejects the "libertarian" thesis that the freedoms of the Bill of Rights are ultimate and absolute values in our society.3 He would have the Court exer- cise all its power to decree the good, the true and the beautiful.4 Perhaps some day he will provide the touchstone so that we may all readily recognize these qualities.
    [Show full text]
  • HE CONTRIBUTION of GEORGE ORWELL and ARTHUR KOESTLER to the POLIT- ICAL THEORY of TOTALITARIANISM ~Oland James Wensley
    ~HE CONTRIBUTION OF GEORGE ORWELL AND ARTHUR KOESTLER TO THE POLIT­ ICAL THEORY OF TOTALITARIANISM ~oland James Wensley ·A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts , Department of Economies and Political Science, McGill University, Montreal. August, 1964. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i-v CHAPTER I: The Men and the Age 1-18 Situation in the 1930's Pl-2; Koestler's personal background P3-6; Koestler's background related to his thought P6-10; Orwell's personal background Pl0-12; Orwell's background related to his thought Pl2-16; Koestler and Orwell compared in general terms Pl7-18. CHAPTER II: Spain 1937 - The Impact of Totalita­ rianism on Koestler and Orwell 19-34 Situation in Spain 1936-37, Pl9-20; Koestler's Spanish experience P21-26J Orwell's Spanish experience P26-30; meaning of the Spanish experience for Koestler and Orwell as defined in terms of ''li.m.ited '' and "luxuriant r• totalita­ rianism P31-34. CHAPTER III: Arthur Koestler and Limited Totalita­ rianism 35-61 Koestler's view of man and society P35-38J Koestler's idea of the genesis of totalitarianism P39-41; attraction of Communism for Koestler P41-43; Koestler's conception of Stalinism P44-48; Koestler's theory of history P47-48; Koestler's idea of totalita­ rianism P48-56; the meaning of '' limi ted '' totalitarianism in Koestler's work ex­ pounded P56-61. CHAPTER IV: George Orwell and Luxuriant Totalita­ rianism 62-83 Orwell's view of man and society P62-64; Orwell's ideas compared with Koestler's on this P65-69; Orwell's extension of the anomalies of the modern age P69-73; Orwell on totalitarian stability1 distortion of reality, and the in­ vasion of the human personality P73-80; Orwell's conception of luxuriant totalitarianism P80-83.
    [Show full text]
  • Daniel Brick's Judisk Krönika
    Cultural Zionism in Sweden: Daniel Brick's Judisk Krönika Stephen Fruitman Umeå I. Introduction The present study examines the content of the pendence" . Spotlighting those years reveals an Swedish-Jewish Zionist periodical Judisk Krö- especially vibrant, if at times trying period in nika during its earliest years of publication, Swedish-Jewish debate. I consider this reading 1932 to 1950, under the editorship of its found- of Judisk Krönika to be the first step toward a er, Daniel Brick. The onus will be on how the more comprehensive study of cultural Zionism magazine, in its brightest and most ambitious in Sweden, which will include use of archival years, acted as a conduit through which the and secondary sources to provide a more com- ideas of cultural Zionism flowed into Sweden. plete picture of this instance in Swedish-Jewish Through essays, reports, editorial comm- intellectual history. ments, book reviews and debates, the circle of intellectuals grouped around Brick clamoured for a revivification of what they considered to be the moribund cultural life of Swedish Jewry, II. Judisk Krönika: An Overview the result (in their eyes) of decades of Reform dominance in communal life. Not wishing to make themselves any less "Swedish", the cul- tural Zionists nevertheless insisted that Jews Daniel Brick: Voice of a "Reflective Youth" in Sweden (and Norway, Denmark, and Fin- land) needed to adopt an international per- Daniel Brick (1903-87) was the son of an immi- spective, integrating the proposed idea for a grant from Lithuania, a man described as both Jewish national home in Palestine into their "deeply religious" and a "chovev-zionist [lover lives as a source of cultural pride and spiritual of Zion], warmly interested in the Jewish pio- renewal.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinoza and Feminism Question the Structures of Domination | Public Seminar
    7/27/2018 Spinoza and Feminism Question the Structures of Domination | Public Seminar Navigation O.O.P.S. SEX & GENDER Spinoza and Feminism Question the Structures of Domination Is the mind-body problem a gender problem? Eva Perez de Vega — April 30, 2018 0 By CCO Public Domain (https://pixabay.com/p-149577/?no_redirect) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons http://www.publicseminar.org/2018/04/spinoza-and-feminism-question-the-structures-of-domination/ 1/9 7/27/2018 Spinoza and Feminism Question the Structures of Domination | Public Seminar Traditional theory on the mind-body problem has been mostly conceptualized by men. The historical debate found its most heated moment in the seventeenth century between Rene Descartes and Benedict De Spinoza; the rst advocating for the superiority of the mind over the body, and the latter with his characteristic Monist view framing the mind and body as one same substance. While it seemed that Descartes had won the debate, developments in neuroscience have been weighing towards the spinozistic conception. However, the feminine perspective had been largely ignored until Simone de Beauvoir published her seminal book in 1949. Feminists since then have had a conicting relationship with the earlier debates, yet Spinoza’s work, with its materialist framework, seems to be holding steady ground within the contemporary feminist movement. For instance, Spinoza’s ontology is used as framework to discuss feminism (anarcha-feminism) in the text by Chiara Bottici, “Bodies in Plural: Towards an anarcha-feminist manifesto.” But this reliance on the dead white man as a means to parse through feminist issues poses some interesting questions, chief among them: can a white male from the seventeenth century provide any openings to thinking about the very contemporary problematics of women’s issues in the twentyrst century? In The Second Sex De Beauvoir writes explicitly about the female body, about the physical cycles it undergoes: menstruation, pain, blood.
    [Show full text]
  • A Content Analysis of the Women Against Feminism Tumblr Page Lyndsey S
    Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Theses and Dissertations 2015 A Content Analysis of the Women Against Feminism Tumblr Page Lyndsey S . Collins Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Collins, Lyndsey S ., "A Content Analysis of the Women Against Feminism Tumblr Page" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 2559. http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd/2559 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Content Analysis of the Women Against Feminism Tumblr by Lyndsey S. Collins A Thesis Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts in Sociology Lehigh University May 18, 2015 © 2015 Copyright (Lyndsey S. Collins) ii Thesis is accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Sociology. A Content Analysis of the Women Against Feminism Tumblr Page Lyndsey Collins ____________________ Date Approved Dr. Jacqueline Krasas Dr. Yuping Zhang Dr. Nicola Tannenbaum iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Jacqueline Krasas, who has provided me with invaluable insights, support, and encouragement throughout the entirety of this process. In addition, I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Nicola Tannenbaum
    [Show full text]
  • An Artist in the Age of Terrorism: Camus and the Algerian Confl Ict( 1 )
    四天王寺大学紀要 第 49 号(2010年 3 月) An Artist in the Age of Terrorism: Camus and the Algerian Confl ict( 1 ) Keiji OKAZAKI Whatever our[writers’]personal frailties may be, the nobility of our calling will always be rooted in two commitments difficult to observe: refusal to lie about what we know and resistance to oppression.(Camus’s Nobel Prize address of December 10, 1957)(2 ) Keywords: Camus, Algiers, Terrorism, Revolt, The Just 1. Introduction If Camus had survived the automobile accident to witness Algeria’s independence and its aftermath, the collapse of the Soviet Union, or the proliferation of terrorism, culminating in the 9.11 attack in New York, would he have remained silent as he did in the late fi fties concerning the Algerian confl ict? This, we are confi rmed, is a question requiring an urgent answer which would present a possible key to our dealing with the twin contemporary problems – justice and terrorism. David Schalk refers to Camus as ‘the wrong model for American antiwar activists during the Vietnam era...(’ 3 ) Emily Apter argues that “The failure of Camus’s cosmopolitical hybrid – a vision of French Algeria...offers a kind of object lesson for the future of globalization theory or transnational identity-formation.”( 4 ) Accordingly, we are convinced that it would not be futile, rather very rewarding and signifi cant, to re-read and re-interpret his artistic achievements to have an overview of the present world crisis and gain a deeper insight into the reality of the contemporary political situation. We are living in the age of terrorism as was Camus half a century ago.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Lori Marso, Union College Simone De Beauvoir's the Second Sex
    1 Lori Marso, Union College Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex Comments presented at: A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s A conference organized by the Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program Boston University, March 27-29, 2014 Please do not circulate or cite without permission from the author: [email protected] Since its publication in 1949, reception of The Second Sex has been ambivalent and fraught with emotion. Listen to how Beauvoir describes early response to the book in her 1963 autobiography, Force of Circumstance: “Unsatisfied, frigid, priapic, nymphomaniac, lesbian, a hundred times aborted, I was everything, even an unmarried mother. People offered to cure me of my frigidity or to temper my labial appetites; I was promised revelations, in the coarsest terms but in the name of the true, the good and the beautiful, in the name of health and even of poetry, all unworthily trampled underfoot by me” (FC, 197). Beauvoir goes on for several pages documenting violent and aggressive reactions to her book. In an opposing stance, also emotional and deeply ambivalent, Beauvoir was cast as the “mother” of feminism, a label she disavowed in a 1974 interview remarking that “mother-daughter relations are generally catastrophic” (Schwarzer, 94) and “people don’t tend to listen to what their mothers are telling them” (Patterson, 92). Her text has also been called “the feminist bible” even though Beauvoir herself was an atheist (Thurman, xii). Over half a decade later, the text still solicits powerful reactions. Reviewing the new 2010 translation in the New York Times, Francine du Plessix Gray says: “Beauvoir’s truly paranoid hostility toward the 2 institutions of marriage and motherhood — another characteristic of early feminism — is so extreme as to be occasionally hilarious.” She goes on to say that “pessimism runs through the text like a poisonous river” while reassuring us that Beauvoir did not hate men (Plessix-Gray, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Albert Camus' Dialogue with Nietzsche and Dostoevsky Sean Derek Illing Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Between nihilism and transcendence : Albert Camus' dialogue with Nietzsche and Dostoevsky Sean Derek Illing Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Illing, Sean Derek, "Between nihilism and transcendence : Albert Camus' dialogue with Nietzsche and Dostoevsky" (2014). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1393. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1393 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BETWEEN NIHILISM AND TRANSCENDENCE: ALBERT CAMUS’ DIALOGUE WITH NIETZSCHE AND DOSTOEVSKY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science by Sean D. Illing B.A., Louisiana State University, 2007 M.A., University of West Florida, 2009 May 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the product of many supportive individuals. I am especially grateful for Dr. Cecil Eubank’s guidance. As a teacher, one can do no better than Professor Eubanks. Although his Socratic glare can be terrifying, there is always love and wisdom in his instruction. It is no exaggeration to say that this work would not exist without his support. At every step, he helped me along as I struggled to articulate my thoughts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics, Ambiguity, and the Existential Novel; a Study of Simone De Beauvoir’S Works of Fiction
    ETHICS, AMBIGUITY, AND THE EXISTENTIAL NOVEL; A STUDY OF SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR’S WORKS OF FICTION A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE TEXAS WOMAN’S UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BY SYLVIA GONZALEZ, B.S. DENTON, TEXAS MAY 2015 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Timothy Hoye for his insights into the political nature of literature, and his unwavering support as I struggled to grasp the concepts of the Hegelian school of thought as perceived by the existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. His thoughtful analysis has urged me to see beyond the obvious and recognize the purposeful choice of names, experiences, and their symbolic implications. I thank Dr. Valentine Belfiglio for his unstinting encouragement as I struggled through my writing and for his words of wisdom when I most needed them. I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Barbara Presnall for her indirect inspiration on my desire to study such a brilliant, feminist philosopher. To my valued friend, Jason C. Mims, I am grateful for his numerous readings of this thesis for content, theoretical insights, and messages of confidence. To my family, I am indebted for their steadfast support despite the hardships imposed by this research. Finally, to Brent C. Sullivant, I am most grateful for his confidence and understanding through my path to the completion of this thesis. iii ABSTRACT SYLVIA GONZALEZ ETHICS, AMBIGUITY, AND THE EXISTENTIAL NOVEL; A STUDY OF SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR’S WORKS OF FICTION MAY 2015 This thesis analyzes five novels of the existentialist French author Simone de Beauvoir.
    [Show full text]
  • Albert Camus's Mediterraneanism in <I>La Peste</I>
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2017 Albert Camus's Mediterraneanism in La Peste Jacquelyn Libby The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2411 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Albert Camus’s Mediterraneanism in La Peste by Jacquelyn Libby A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in French in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2017 Jacquelyn Libby ii Doctoral Thesis © 2017 Jacquelyn Libby All Rights Reserved Jacquelyn Libby iii Doctoral Thesis Albert Camus’s Mediterraneanism in La Peste by Jacquelyn Emma Libby This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in French in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. September 7th, 2017 Peter Consenstein Chair of Examining Committee September 7th, 2017 Francesca Canadé Sautman Executive Officer Supervisory Committee Peter Consenstein Ali Nematollahy Jason Herbeck THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Jacquelyn Libby iv Doctoral Thesis ABSTRACT Albert Camus’s Mediterraneanism in La Peste by Jacquelyn Libby Advisor: Professor Peter Consenstein The following dissertation uses the speech Camus gave at the inauguration of a new community arts center in Algiers in 1937, entitled “La Culture Indigène. La Nouvelle Culture Méditerranéenne,” to show that this expression of Mediterraneanism, as well as its evolution, can be detected in his novel La Peste, which was published ten years later in 1947.
    [Show full text]
  • Excerpts from Albert Camus' “Exile and the Kingdom”
    Exile and Inclusion: Excerpts from Albert Camus’ “Exile and the Kingdom” Alison M. Brady *This is an Accepted Manuscript to be published in a collection of short essays, entitled “Educational Frontiers: The Anxiety of Inclusion” by Kyoto University in March 2017. Do not quote without permission. Abstract The collection of short stories entitled “Exile and the Kingdom” by pied-noir Albert Camus embrace the themes of exile and return as illuminating an underlying anxiety of inclusion and exclusion. Written during the time of the French-Algerian war, these stories may be said to exemplify those who, in Cassin’s terms, “’are’ never there, never at home.” Through considering such stories, this paper discusses the connection between belonging and identity, and what it means, then, to be simultaneously included and excluded. Such ideas are important for education, not only in recognising identities of those who ‘belong-in-exile’, but in creating educational spaces where such identities can be more fully accounted for. Firstly, I will give a brief overview of Camus’ pied-noir status as an influential factor in his writings, before looking more closely at two of these stories, and discussing the ways in which they explore these themes in relation to Camus’ absurdism. I will then briefly point to how such themes might be understood in relation to the wider themes of anxiety, recognition, and rootedness. Finally, I will briefly offer some insights into the role education might play in relation to these themes. Introduction In 1957, the French-Algerian writer Albert Camus wrote a collection of short stories entitled “Exile and the Kingdom”.
    [Show full text]