Recent Advances in Electrical Doping of 2D Semiconductor Materials: Methods, Analyses, and Applications
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Supercapattery: Merit-Merge of Capacitive and Nernstian Charge Storage Mechanisms
Supercapattery: Merit-merge of capacitive and Nernstian charge storage mechanisms George Zheng Chen University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China. First published 2020 This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 The work is licenced to the University of Nottingham Ningbo China under the Global University Publication Licence: https://www.nottingham.edu.cn/en/library/documents/research- support/global-university-publications-licence-2.0.pdf Supercapattery: Merit-merge of capacitive and Nernstian charge storage mechanisms George Zheng Chen1,2 1 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK 2 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, University Park, Ningbo 315100, China Email: [email protected] Abstract Supercapattery is the generic name for hybrids of supercapacitor and rechargeable battery. Batteries store charge via Faradaic processes, involving reversible transfer of localised or zone-delocalised valence electrons. The former is governed by the Nernst equation. The latter leads to pseudocapacitance (or Faradaic capacitance) which may be differentiated from electric double layer capacitance with spectroscopic assistance such as electron spin resonance. Since capacitive storage is the basis of supercapacitors, the combination of capacitive and Nernstian mechanisms has dominated supercapattery research since 2018, covering nanostructured and compounded metal oxides and sulfides, water-in-salt and redox active electrolytes and bipolar stacks of multi-cells. The technical achievements so far, such as specific energy of 270 Wh/kg in aqueous electrolyte, and charging-discharging for over 5000 cycles, benchmark a challenging but promising future of supercapattery. -
History of Transistors
TRANSISTOR MUSEUM™ HISTORY OF TRANSISTORS VOLUME 1 THE FIRST GERMANIUM HOBBYIST TRANSISTORS Special Collection of Historic Transistors Designed for the Historian, Engineer, Experimenter, Researcher and Hobbyist INCLUDED ARE CLASSIC EXAMPLES OF THESE 1950/60s GERMANIUM HOBBYIST TRANSISTORS 2N35 2N107 SURFACE BARRIER 2N170 CK78X A Publication of the Transistor Museum™ Copyright © 2009 by Jack Ward ABOUT THIS BOOK AND THE TRANSISTOR MUSEUM™ This book is the first of a series of History of Transistors publications developed by the Transistor Museum™. The History of Transistors Volume 1 documents The First Germanium Hobbyist Transistors, a subject that should be of great interest to the modern-day experimenter, engineer, historian, researcher and hobbyist. Included in the book are technical descriptions, historical commentary, circuits, and photographs of the famous germanium transistors that first appeared in the 1950s and have had a profound effect on the world of electronics ever since. Also included are working examples of some of the best remembered hobbyist transistors – 2N35, 2N107, Surface Barrier, 2N170, and CK78X. The web version of this book is available as a pdf at this url: http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/MuseumLibrary/HistoryOfTransistorsVolume1.pdf You can purchase a hardcopy version of the book, which also includes packaged examples of all five hobbyist transistors listed above, as well as additional storage/display envelopes for starting your own collection. You can visit the Transistor Museum™ Store for details on how to purchase this book as well as numerous other historic semiconductors and publications. http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/MuseumStore/MuseumStore_Index.htm The Transistor Museum™ is a virtual museum that has been developed to help preserve the history of the greatest invention of the 20TH century – the TRANSISTOR. -
April 16, 1963 M. TANENBAUM 3,085,981
April 16, 1963 M. TANENBAUM 3,085,981 Filed March 25, 1960 CDsY /W/AW7OAP M. 74WEWABAVMM A^ 477OAPAVE/ 3,085,981 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 16, 1963 2 3,085,981 FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a portion of a typical FERRIMAGNETCCRYSTALS garnet crystal having surface characteristics after rough Morris Tanenbaum, Madison, N.J., assignor to Bell Tele polishing; phone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N.Y., a FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a portion of the same corporation of New York crystal during the first phase of the treatment of the Filed Mar. 25, 1960, Ser. No. 17,539 invention; 1. Claim. (C. 252-62.5) FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a portion of the same crystal at a subsequent stage of the operation; This invention relates to an improved ferrimagnetic FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a portion of the desired structure, particularly in ferrimagnetic garnets. More O finished crystal; and specifically, it relates to a structure wherein the demag FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an appropriate apparatus netizing effects on the crystal surface are minimized. used in obtaining the desired crystal. With the advent of more perfect crystal growing tech Referring to FIGS. 1 through 4 which show the crystal niques, particularly with respect to ferrimagnetic gar in various stages of treatment according to the invention, nets, superior resonance characteristics have been found 5 numeral 1 refers to the ferrimagnetic interior layer and to depend more and more on the surface characteristics 2 denotes the crystal surface. -
Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silicon at Research Reactors
Silicon at Research Silicon Reactors Neutron Transmutation Doping of Doping Neutron Transmutation IAEA-TECDOC-1681 IAEA-TECDOC-1681 n NEUTRON TRANSMUTATION DOPING OF SILICON AT RESEARCH REACTORS 130010–2 VIENNA ISSN 1011–4289 ISBN 978–92–0– INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC AGENCY ENERGY ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silicon at Research Reactors The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NIGERIA ALBANIA GREECE NORWAY ALGERIA GUATEMALA OMAN ANGOLA HAITI PAKISTAN ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PALAU ARMENIA HONDURAS PANAMA AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRIA ICELAND PARAGUAY AZERBAIJAN INDIA PERU BAHRAIN INDONESIA PHILIPPINES BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF POLAND BELARUS IRAQ PORTUGAL IRELAND BELGIUM QATAR ISRAEL BELIZE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BENIN ITALY ROMANIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BULGARIA KENYA SEYCHELLES BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURUNDI KUWAIT SINGAPORE CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN CAMEROON LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC SLOVAKIA CANADA REPUBLIC SLOVENIA CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC LEBANON SPAIN CHAD LESOTHO SRI LANKA CHILE LIBERIA SUDAN CHINA LIBYA SWEDEN COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CONGO LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CÔTE DIVOIRE MADAGASCAR THAILAND CROATIA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CYPRUS MALI TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA -
Modeling Techniques for Multijunction Solar Cells Meghan N
NUSOD 2018 Modeling Techniques for Multijunction Solar Cells Meghan N. Beattie Karin Hinzer Matthew M. Wilkins SUNLAB, Centre for Research in SUNLAB, Centre for Research in SUNLAB, Centre for Research in Photonics Photonics Photonics University of Ottawa University of Ottawa University of Ottawa Ottawa, Canada Ottawa, Canada Ottawa, Canada [email protected] Christopher E. Valdivia SUNLAB, Centre for Research in Photonics University of Ottawa Ottawa, Canada Abstract—Multi-junction solar cell efficiencies far exceed density of defects at the interface [4]. Many of these defects those attainable with silicon photovoltaics. Recently, this propagate towards the surface, resulting in threading technology has been applied to photonic power converters with dislocations that inhibit minority carrier collection [3] In this conversion efficiencies higher than 65%. These devices operate research, we are investigating the use of a voided germanium well in part because of luminescent coupling that occurs in the interface layer to intercept dislocations before they reach the multijunction device. We present modeling results to explain surface, enabling epitaxial growth of high quality Ge, IV how this boosts device efficiencies by approximately 70 mV per (e.g. SiGeSn), and III-V (e.g. InGaAs, InGaP) junction in GaAs devices. Luminescent coupling also increases semiconductors on Si substrates. efficiency in devices with four more junctions, however, the high cost of materials remains a barrier to their widespread By modelling multijunction solar cell designs on Si use. Substantial cost reduction could be achieved by replacing substrates, we investigate the impact of threading the germanium substrate with a less expensive alternative: dislocations on device performance. With highly doped Si, silicon. -
Subsurface Oxide Plays a Critical Role in CO2 Activation by Cu(111)
Subsurface oxide plays a critical role in CO2 activation by Cu(111) surfaces to form chemisorbed CO2, the first step in reduction of CO2 Marco Favaroa,b,c,1, Hai Xiaod,e,1, Tao Chengd,e, William A. Goddard IIId,e,2, Junko Yanoa,f,2, and Ethan J. Crumlinb,2 aJoint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; bAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; cChemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; dJoint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125; eMaterials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125; and fMolecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 Contributed by William A. Goddard III, May 9, 2017 (sent for review January 26, 2017; reviewed by Charles T. Campbell and Bruce E. Koel) A national priority is to convert CO2 into high-value chemical sorbed form of CO2 was stabilized by a partial negative charge products such as liquid fuels. Because current electrocatalysts are δ− induced by electron capture (CO2 ) (Fig. 1A) (7, 8). The same not adequate, we aim to discover new catalysts by obtaining a experiments showed that no physisorption is observed upon detailed understanding of the initial steps of CO2 electroreduc- increasing the temperature of the Cu substrate to room temper- tion on copper surfaces, the best current catalysts. Using ambient ature -
Effects of Various Electrical Fields on Seed Germination Fredrick Warner Wheaton Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1968 Effects of various electrical fields on seed germination Fredrick Warner Wheaton Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Wheaton, Fredrick Warner, "Effects of various electrical fields on seed germination " (1968). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 3521. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/3521 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-4288 WHEATON, Fredrick Warner, 1942- EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ELECTRICAL FIELDS ON SEED GERMINATION. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1968 Engineering, agricultural University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ELECTRICAL FIELDS ON SEED GERMINATION by Fredrick Warner Wheaton A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Agricultural Engineering Approved : Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was -
Gas-Phase Boudouard Disproportionation Reaction Between Highly Vibrationally Excited CO Molecules
Chemical Physics 330 (2006) 506–514 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemphys Gas-phase Boudouard disproportionation reaction between highly vibrationally excited CO molecules Katherine A. Essenhigh, Yurii G. Utkin, Chad Bernard, Igor V. Adamovich *, J. William Rich Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202, USA Received 3 September 2006; accepted 21 September 2006 Available online 30 September 2006 Abstract The gas-phase Boudouard disproportionation reaction between two highly vibrationally excited CO molecules in the ground elec- tronic state has been studied in optically pumped CO. The gas temperature and the CO vibrational level populations in the reaction region, as well as the CO2 concentration in the reaction products have been measured using FTIR emission and absorption spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that CO2 formation in the optically pumped reactor is controlled by the high CO vibrational level populations, rather than by CO partial pressure or by flow temperature. The disproportionation reaction rate constant has been determined from the measured CO2 and CO concentrations using the perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) approximation. The reaction activation energy, 11.6 ± 0.3 eV (close to the CO dissociation energy of 11.09 eV), was evaluated using the statistical transition state theory, by comparing the dependence of the measured CO2 concentration and of the calculated reaction rate constant on helium partial pressure. The dispro- À18 3 portionation reaction rate constant measured at the present conditions is kf =(9±4)· 10 cm /s. The reaction rate constants obtained from the experimental measurements and from the transition state theory are in good agreement. -
Efficient Er/O Doped Silicon Light-Emitting Diodes at Communication Wavelength by Deep Cooling
Efficient Er/O Doped Silicon Light-Emitting Diodes at Communication Wavelength by Deep Cooling Huimin Wen1,#, Jiajing He1,#, Jin Hong2,#, Fangyu Yue2* & Yaping Dan1* 1University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. 2Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. #These authors contributed equally * To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract A silicon light source at communication wavelength is the bottleneck for developing monolithically integrated silicon photonics. Doping silicon with erbium ions was believed to be one of the most promising approaches but suffers from the aggregation of erbium ions that are efficient non-radiative centers, formed during the standard rapid thermal treatment. Here, we apply a deep cooling process following the high- temperature annealing to suppress the aggregation of erbium ions by flushing with Helium gas cooled in liquid nitrogen. The resultant light emitting efficiency is increased to a record 14% at room temperature, two orders of magnitude higher than the sample treated by the standard rapid thermal annealing. The deep-cooling-processed Si samples were further made into light-emitting diodes. Bright electroluminescence with a spectral peak at 1.54 µm from the silicon-based diodes was also observed at room temperature. With these results, it is promising to develop efficient silicon lasers at communication wavelength for the monolithically integrated silicon photonics. The monolithic integration of fiber optics with complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits will significantly speed up the computing and data transmission of current communication networks.1-3 This technology requires efficient silicon-based lasers at communication wavelengths.4, 5 Unfortunately, silicon is an indirect bandgap semiconductor and cannot emit light at communication wavelengths. -
A New Strategy of Bi-Alkali Metal Doping to Design Boron Phosphide Nanocages of High Nonlinear Optical Response with Better Thermodynamic Stability
A New Strategy of bi-Alkali Metal Doping to Design Boron Phosphide Nanocages of High Nonlinear Optical Response with Better Thermodynamic Stability Rimsha Baloach University of Education Khurshid Ayub University of Education Tariq Mahmood University of Education Anila Asif University of Education Sobia Tabassum University of Education Mazhar Amjad Gilani ( [email protected] ) University of Education Original Research Full Papers Keywords: Boron phosphide (B12P12), Bi-alkali metal doping, Nonlinear optical response (NLO), Density functional theory Posted Date: February 11th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-207373/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials on April 16th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-02000-6. A New Strategy of bi-Alkali Metal Doping to Design Boron Phosphide Nanocages of High Nonlinear Optical Response with Better Thermodynamic Stability ABSTRACT: Nonlinear optical materials possess high rank in fields of optics owing to their impacts, utilization and extended applications in industrial sector. Therefore, design of molecular systems with high nonlinear optical response along with high thermodynamic stability is a dire need of this era. Hence, the present study involves investigation of bi-alkali metal doped boron phosphide nanocages M2@B12P12 (M=Li, Na, K) in search of stable nonlinear optical materials. The investigation includes execution of geometrical and opto-electronic properties of complexes by means of density functional theory (DFT) computations. Bi-doped alkali metal atoms introduce excess of electrons in the host B12P12 nanocage. -
Some Unusual, Astronomically Significant Organic Molecules
'lL-o Thesis titled: Some Unusual, Astronomically Significant Organic Molecules submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph,D.) by Salvatore Peppe B.Sc. (Hons.) of the Department of Ghemistty THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE AUSTRALIA CRUC E June2002 Preface Gontents Contents Abstract IV Statement of Originality V Acknowledgments vi List of Figures..... ix 1 I. Introduction 1 A. Space: An Imperfect Vacuum 1 B. Stellff Evolution, Mass Outflow and Synthesis of Molecules 5 C. Astronomical Detection of Molecules......... l D. Gas Phase Chemistry.. 9 E. Generation and Detection of Heterocumulenes in the Laboratory 13 L.2 Gas Phase Generation and Characterisation of Ions.....................................16 I. Gas Phase Generation of Ions. I6 A. Positive Ions .. I6 B. Even Electron Negative Ions 17 C. Radical Anions 2t tr. Mass Spectrometry 24 A. The VG ZAB 2}lF Mass Spectrometer 24 B. Mass-Analysed Ion Kinetic Energy Spectrometry......... 25 III. Characterisation of Ions.......... 26 A. CollisionalActivation 26 B. Charge Reversal.... 28 C. Neutralisation - Reionisation . 29 D. Neutral Reactivity. JJ rv. Fragmentation Behaviour ....... 35 A. NegativeIons.......... 35 Preface il B. Charge Inverted Ions 3l 1.3 Theoretical Methods for the Determination of Molecular Geometries and Energetics..... ....o........................................ .....39 L Molecular Orbital Theory........ 39 A. The Schrödinger Equation.... 39 B. Hartree-Fock Theory ..44 C. Electron Correlation ..46 D. Basis sets............ .51 IL Transition State Theory of Unimolecular Reactions ......... ................... 54 2. Covalently Bound Complexes of CO and COz ....... .........................58 L Introduction 58 tr. Results and Discussion........... 59 Part A: Covalently bound COz dimers (OzC-COr)? ............ 59 A. Generation of CzO¿ Anions 6I B. NeutralCzO+........ -
High-Pressure Synthesis of Boron-Rich Chalcogenides B12S and B12se
High-pressure synthesis of boron-rich chalcogenides B12S and B12Se 1,2 1 3,4 Kirill A. Cherednichenko, Vladimir A. Mukhanov, Aleksandr Kalinko, 1, and Vladimir L. Solozhenko 1,* 1 LSPM–CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, 93430, France 2 Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin University, Moscow, 119991, Russia 3 Photon Science – Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany 4 Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1063, Latvia * [email protected] ABSTRACT Two boron-rich chalcogenides B12S and B12Se isostructural to α-rhombohedral boron were synthesized by chemical reaction of the elements at high-pressure – high-temperature conditions. The crystal structures and stoichiometries of both compounds were confirmed by Rietveld refinement and elemental analysis. The experimental Raman spectra of B12S and B12Se were investigated for the first time. All observed Raman bands have been attributed to the theoretically calculated phonon modes, and the mode assignment has been performed. INTRODUCTION Boron-rich compounds isostructural to the α-rhombohedral boron (α-B12) have become the subject of extensive theoretical 1-11 and experimental 12-23 studies due to their unusual properties and potential technical applications.14,18,24 One of the most attractive features of boron-rich compounds is their outstanding mechanical properties. For instance, the reported hardness values of boron 25-31 suboxide (B12O2) varies from 24 to 45 GPa. Thus, boron suboxide is believed to be the hardest known oxide. Numerous works have been devoted to the investigation of its phase stability,3,32 compressibility,32-34 phonon 35-37 and thermal 34,38 properties, etc.