Bruce Walker Papers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Bruce Walker Papers http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt067nd9sk No online items Register of the Bruce Walker papers Finding aid prepared by Brad Bauer, Beth Goder, and Hoover Institution Library and Archives Staff Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2012 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Bruce Walker 2006C8 1 papers Title: Bruce Walker papers Date (inclusive): 1958-2011 Collection Number: 2006C8 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 7 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize folder, 1 painting, media(3.2 Linear Feet) Abstract: Writings, instructional and propaganda material, printed matter, photographs, video tapes, and memorabilia, relating to Central Intelligence Agency programs to train Tibetan guerrillas. Creator: Walker, Bruce, 1932- Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 2006. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Bruce Walker papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. 1932 Born, Bronxville, New York August 29 1953 Second lieutenant, United States Marines Graduated from DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, with a major in economics and minor in Spanish 1954-1955 Stationed in Korea with the First Marine Air Wing. Promoted to first lieutenant 1955 Honorably discharged at Treasure Island 1956-1973 Case officer, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 1957-1959 Assigned to U.S. Consulate in Guayaquil, Ecuador 1960 Enrolled in Tibetan studies courses at the University of Washington, Seattle Transferred to Near East Division and started work on STCIRCUS 1962 Private audience with the Dalai Lama Student, Namgyal Institute of Tibetology in Gangtok, Sikkim, India 1962-1964 Trained Tibetans at Camp Hale, Colorado, as part of STCIRCUS project 1965-1966 Worked at Tibetan project desk, where one of his duties was to oversee the Cornell University program for Tibetans under the STCIRCUS project 1966 Assigned to U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, India, using State Department cover, as the replacement STCIRCUS representative at the Joint Operations Center 1968 Six month leave of absence from CIA 1969 Transferred to Hong Kong desk in China Operations 1971 Assigned to U.S. Consulate-General in Hong Kong as a case officer under State Department cover 1973 Married Mary Frances Doyle Resigned from CIA 1974 Moved to San Francisco 1974-1988 Worked in several business development departments of Bechtel Corporation 1980-1988 Member, Board of Directors, Merola Opera Program of the San Francisco Opera 1985 Established a Merola scholarship endowment fund 1994 Became a volunteer at the San Francisco Performing Arts Library & Museum 2004 Elected president of the board of the San Francisco Performing Arts Library & Museum Scope and Content of Collection The papers document Bruce Walker's role in STCIRCUS, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) project to give support to the Tibetan resistance by training Tibetan guerrillas, providing arms to the Chushi Gangdruk fighters, and using radio teams to communicate information to the CIA. Bruce Walker's initial assignment for the project was to transfer Tibetans to Camp Hale, Colorado, for training in "high-speed radio operations, clandestine communications, small arms, map reading, tradecraft," and other skills, including parachuting (curriculum vitae, box 1, folder 1). In 1962, Walker became part of the training staff at Camp Hale. Register of the Bruce Walker 2006C8 2 papers The arrangement of the STCIRCUS file is based on the order of materials found in a partial inventory of the collection created by Bruce Walker, although the arrangement does not exactly match this list. The file includes photographs at Camp Hale and of Chushi Gangdruk fighters, clippings, a report by Sam Curry, and propaganda booklets. Detailed descriptions of materials in the collection can be found in Walker's inventory (box 1, folder 2). Items not listed in Walker's inventory of September 2005 can be found in the Incremental material. Several folders include detailed container lists. The Oversize material contains cloth flags with the logo of the Chushi Gangdruk and the painting "The Secret PLA Pouch Heads for CIA's K Building, West Tibet" by Keith Woodcock. Related Collections American Emergency Committee for Tibetan Refugees Records, Hoover Institution Library & Archives S. Fawl typescript, Hoover Institution Library & Archives Subjects and Indexing Terms Secret service -- United States Tibet Autonomous Region (China) -- History -- 1951- Guerrillas -- China -- Tibet Autonomous Region United States. Central Intelligence Agency STCIRCUS File 1958-2005 Scope and Contents note Includes partial inventory by Bruce Walker, photographs, clippings, English-Tibetan dictionary, reports, transcripts, and audiovisual material related to a CIA project to train Tibetan guerrilla fighters. box 1, folder 1 Curriculum vitae of Bruce Walker 2005 box 1, folder 2 Partial inventory, compiled by Bruce Walker 2005 box 1, folder 3 STCIRCUS bibliography 2005 Articles box 1, folder 4 John Kenneth Knaus, "Official Policies and Covert Programs," 2003 box 1, folder 5 Miscellaneous 1961-1988 box 1, folder 6 Miscellaneous 1991-1997 box 1, folder 7 Miscellaneous 1998-1999 box 1, folder 8 Miscellaneous 2000-2004 box MC21 VHS tape, The Shadow Circus: The CIA in Tibet undated Scope and Contents note Formerly Box/Folder 1 : 9. box 1, folder 10 Reunion of STCIRCUS personnel in Las Vegas 2004 Photographs Camp Hale, Colorado box 1, folder 11 General 1961-1964 box StillNegPos Slides by Bruce Walker 1961-1964 Box 2 Scope and Contents note Formerly Box/Folder 1 : 12. box 2, folder 1 Black and white prints by Bruce Walker 1961-1964 box 2, folder 2 Black and white prints, miscellaneous 1961-1964 box 2, folder 3 Reproductions by Bruce Walker 1961-1964 box 2, folder 4 Cornell University: Tibetan trainees 1964-1966 Scope and Contents note By Bruce Walker Register of the Bruce Walker 2006C8 3 papers STCIRCUS File 1958-2005 box 2, folder 5 Chushi Gangdruk fighters 1958 Scope and Contents note Photocopies of photographs box 2, folder 6 Chushi Gangdruk general meeting, New Delhi 1997 Scope and Contents note Photocopy of photograph box 2, folder 7 Dhokham Chushi Gangdruk (New York): pamphlets and cover letter from Kalsang Gyatotsang 2004 Propaganda booklets and brochures box 2, folder 8 Booklets in Tibetan language 1963 Scope and Contents note Five brochures by Ken Knaus and STRANCH trainees box 2, folder 9 Brochures in Tibetan language undated box 2, folder 10 Brochure circa 1963 box 2, folder 11 First-aid brochure in Tibetan language undated box 2, folder 12 Maps of Tibet region undated English-Tibetan dictionary Scope and Contents note Prepared by Bruce Walker and Tibetan interpreters and trainees at Camp Hale, Colorado box 2, folder 13 Drafts 1964 box 2, folder 14 Printed version 1964 box 2, folder 15 Drawings and text by Tibetan trainees, Stranch, Nepal undated box 2, folder 16 Transcript, "The Science of Spying," NBL-TV 1965 May 4 Anthony Poshepny (also known as Tony Poe) file box 2, folder 17 News articles 1972-2000 box 2, folder 18 Death and funeral 2003 Scope and Contents note Includes photographs box 2, folder 19 Report by Sam Curry undated box 3, folder 1-2 Typescript, "Tears of the Lotus: The Savaging of Tibet" by Roger E. McCarthy 1994 Scope and Contents note Two copies. Includes correspondence box 3, folder 3 Sound cassette, Interview of Alan Farley by Ken Knaus, "Orphans of the Cold War" 1999 Incremental Material 1967-2011 Scope and Contents note Includes materials not listed in Walker's partial inventory of September 2005, such as clippings, video tapes, and correspondence. box 3, folder 4 Articles 2008-2009 box 3, folder 5 Booklet on Archangel aircraft 2007 box 4, folder 1 Correspondence and articles 1994-2006, undated Scope and Contents note Includes correspondence about "Tears of the Lotus" manuscript box 4, folder 2 Materials received in 2008 1998-2008, undated Register of the Bruce Walker 2006C8 4 papers Incremental Material 1967-2011 box 4, folder 3 Materials received in 2011 1967-2011 Scope and Contents note Includes articles, maps, and STCIRCUS bibliography box MC24 VHS tape, "Meeting with the Dalai Lama," with Roger E. McCarthy and Mikel Dunham 1999 March 23 Scope and Contents Originally housed in Box 4 box MC24 VHS tape, Talk by Roger E. McCarthy at the University of Toronto 1998 October 1 Scope and Contents Originally housed in Box 4 Oversize Material 1961, undated box 4, folder 4 Cloth flags (use copies only) undated Scope and Contents note Two cotton flags containing the Chushi Gangdruk logo of crossed swords in black on a solid orange background. One flag contains a motto Access Originals restricted; use copies available in Box/Folder 4 : 4. art Tower 16 Painting, "The Secret PLA Pouch Heads for CIA's K Building, West Tibet," by Keith Woodcock 1961 October 25 map_case case Operational maps of Tibet printed on silk undated Additional Incremental Material Material Specific Details: Materials not yet described. box 6 Material not yet described. box 7 Material not yet described. box 8 Material not yet described. box MC4 Roger McCarthy Interview at Toronto University 1998 November Physical Description: 1 optical disc box MC4 Roger McCarthy interview, date and place TBD undated Physical Description: 1 DVD-R box MC4 Ray Starke - Camp Hale 1959 2010-2013 Physical Description: 5 CDs of digital photographs Register of the Bruce Walker 2006C8 5 papers.
Recommended publications
  • Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule
    TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A COMPILATION OF REFUGEE STATEMENTS 1958-1975 A SERIES OF “EXPERT ON TIBET” PROGRAMS ON RADIO FREE ASIA TIBETAN SERVICE BY WARREN W. SMITH 1 TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A Compilation of Refugee Statements 1958-1975 Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule is a collection of twenty-seven Tibetan refugee statements published by the Information and Publicity Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in 1976. At that time Tibet was closed to the outside world and Chinese propaganda was mostly unchallenged in portraying Tibet as having abolished the former system of feudal serfdom and having achieved democratic reforms and socialist transformation as well as self-rule within the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans were portrayed as happy with the results of their liberation by the Chinese Communist Party and satisfied with their lives under Chinese rule. The contrary accounts of the few Tibetan refugees who managed to escape at that time were generally dismissed as most likely exaggerated due to an assumed bias and their extreme contrast with the version of reality presented by the Chinese and their Tibetan spokespersons. The publication of these very credible Tibetan refugee statements challenged the Chinese version of reality within Tibet and began the shift in international opinion away from the claims of Chinese propaganda and toward the facts as revealed by Tibetan eyewitnesses. As such, the publication of this collection of refugee accounts was an important event in the history of Tibetan exile politics and the international perception of the Tibet issue. The following is a short synopsis of the accounts.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet and China: History, Insurgency, and Beyond
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2003-06 Tibet and China: history, insurgency, and beyond Barton, Philip J. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS TIBET AND CHINA: HISTORY, INSURGENCY, AND BEYOND by Philip J. Barton June 2003 Thesis Advisor: Anna Simons Second Reader: David C. Tucker Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2003 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Tibet and China: History, Insurgency, and Beyond 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR(S) Philip J. Barton 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tibetan Nonviolent Struggle: a Strategic and Historical Analysis
    ICNC MONOGRAPH SERIES The Tibetan Nonviolent Struggle: A Strategic and Historical Analysis Tenzin Dorjee ICNC MONOGRAPH SERIES Cover photos: (l) John Ackerly, 1987, (r) Invisible Tibet Blog SERIES EDITOR: Maciej Bartkowski John Ackerly’s photo of the first major demonstration in Lhasa in 1987 CONTACT: [email protected] became an emblem for the Tibet movement. The monk Jampa Tenzin, who is being lifted by fellow protesters, had just rushed into a burning VOLUME EDITORS: Hardy Merriman, Amber French, police station to rescue Tibetan detainees. With his arms charred by the Cassandra Balfour flames, he falls in and out of consciousness even as he leads the crowd CONTACT: [email protected] in chanting pro-independence slogans. The photographer John Ackerly Other volumes in this series: became a Tibet advocate and eventually President of the International Campaign for Tibet (1999 to 2009). To read more about John Ackerly’s The Power of Staying Put: Nonviolent Resistance experience in Tibet, see his book co-authored by Blake Kerr, Sky Burial: against Armed Groups in Colombia, Juan Masullo An Eyewitness Account of China’s Brutal Crackdown in Tibet. (2015) Invisible Tibet Blog’s photo was taken during the 2008 Tibetan uprising, The Maldives Democracy Experience (2008-13): when Tibetans across the three historical provinces of Tibet rose up From Authoritarianism to Democracy and Back, to protest Chinese rule. The protests began on March 10, 2008, a few Velezinee Aishath (2015) months ahead of the Beijing Olympic Games, and quickly became the largest, most sustained nonviolent movement Tibet has witnessed. Published by the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict The designations used and material presented in this publication do P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Herever Possible
    Published by Department of Information and International Relations (DIIR) Central Tibetan Administration Dharamshala-176215 H.P. India Email: [email protected] www.tibet.net Copyright © DIIR 2018 First edition: October 2018 1000 copies ISBN-978-93-82205-12-8 Design & Layout: Kunga Phuntsok / DIIR Printed at New Delhi: Norbu Graphics CONTENTS Foreword------------------------------------------------------------------1 Chapter One: Burning Tibet: Self-immolation Protests in Tibet---------------------5 Chapter Two: The Historical Status of Tibet-------------------------------------------37 Chapter Three: Human Rights Situation in Tibet--------------------------------------69 Chapter Four: Cultural Genocide in Tibet--------------------------------------------107 Chapter Five: The Tibetan Plateau and its Deteriorating Environment---------135 Chapter Six: The True Nature of Economic Development in Tibet-------------159 Chapter Seven: China’s Urbanization in Tibet-----------------------------------------183 Chapter Eight: China’s Master Plan for Tibet: Rule by Reincarnation-------------197 Chapter Nine: Middle Way Approach: The Way Forward--------------------------225 FOREWORD For Tibetans, information is a precious commodity. Severe restric- tions on expression accompanied by a relentless disinformation campaign engenders facts, knowledge and truth to become priceless. This has long been the case with Tibet. At the time of the publication of this report, Tibet has been fully oc- cupied by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for just five months shy of sixty years. As China has sought to develop Tibet in certain ways, largely economically and in Chinese regions, its obsessive re- strictions on the flow of information have only grown more intense. Meanwhile, the PRC has ready answers to fill the gaps created by its information constraints, whether on medieval history or current growth trends. These government versions of the facts are backed ever more fiercely as the nation’s economic and military power grows.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Great Awakening
    Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005 http://www.buddhistethics.org/ Buddha’s Warriors: The Story of the CIA-Backed Tibetan Freedom Fighters, the Chinese Communist Invasion, and the Ultimate Fall of Tibet Reviewed by Vibha Arora Department of Humanities and Social Sciences The Indian Institute of Technology [email protected] Copyright Notice: Digital copies of this work may be made and distributed provided no change is made and no alteration is made to the content. Reproduction in any other format, with the exception of a single copy for private study, requires the written permission of the author. All enquiries to: [email protected] A Review of Buddha’s Warriors: The Story of the CIA- Backed Tibetan Freedom Fighters, the Chinese Communist Invasion, and the Ultimate Fall of Tibet Vibha Arora * Buddha’s Warriors: The Story of the CIA-Backed Tibetan Freedom Fighters, the Chinese Communist Invasion, and the Ultimate Fall of Tibet. By Mikel Dunham. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher & Penguin, 2004, 448 pages, ISBN 1-58542-348-3, US $29.95. Mikel Dunham’s Buddha’s Warriors is not a Shangri-La story about Tibet, but a sensitive historical account of the valiant warrior Khampas armed resis- tance to Chinese colonialism: a tribute to Tibet’s freedom fighters. This heart-rending and gripping account is based on interviews of persons who actively participated in the armed resistance in Kham and are now living in refugee camps and settlements in India and Nepal. The fierce, independent, and intimidating Khampa brigands are anything but the gentle stereotyped image of a peace-loving religious Tibetan group, nevertheless “To be a Khampa was [is] to be a Tibetan Buddhist” and whole monasteries in Kham armed themselves and waged war against the Chinese forcible occupation of Tibet (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Gyalthang Under Chinese Rule: Memory, Identity, and Contested Control in a Tibetan Region of Northwest Yunnan
    THE HISTORY OF GYALTHANG UNDER CHINESE RULE: MEMORY, IDENTITY, AND CONTESTED CONTROL IN A TIBETAN REGION OF NORTHWEST YUNNAN Dá!a Pejchar Mortensen A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Michael Tsin Michelle T. King Ralph A. Litzinger W. Miles Fletcher Donald M. Reid © 2016 Dá!a Pejchar Mortensen ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii! ! ABSTRACT Dá!a Pejchar Mortensen: The History of Gyalthang Under Chinese Rule: Memory, Identity, and Contested Control in a Tibetan Region of Northwest Yunnan (Under the direction of Michael Tsin) This dissertation analyzes how the Chinese Communist Party attempted to politically, economically, and culturally integrate Gyalthang (Zhongdian/Shangri-la), a predominately ethnically Tibetan county in Yunnan Province, into the People’s Republic of China. Drawing from county and prefectural gazetteers, unpublished Party histories of the area, and interviews conducted with Gyalthang residents, this study argues that Tibetans participated in Communist Party campaigns in Gyalthang in the 1950s and 1960s for a variety of ideological, social, and personal reasons. The ways that Tibetans responded to revolutionary activists’ calls for political action shed light on the difficult decisions they made under particularly complex and coercive conditions. Political calculations, revolutionary ideology, youthful enthusiasm, fear, and mob mentality all played roles in motivating Tibetan participants in Mao-era campaigns. The diversity of these Tibetan experiences and the extent of local involvement in state-sponsored attacks on religious leaders and institutions in Gyalthang during the Cultural Revolution have been largely left out of the historiographical record.
    [Show full text]
  • The Utility of Freedom a Principal-Agent Model for Unconventional Warfare
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items 2011-06 The utility of freedom a principal-agent model for unconventional warfare Van Horn, Tyler G. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5624 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE UTILITY OF FREEDOM: A PRINCIPAL-AGENT MODEL FOR UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE by Tyler G. Van Horn June 2011 Thesis Advisor: Gordon H. McCormick Second Reader: Kalev I. Sepp Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2011 Master‘s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS The Utility of Freedom: A Principal-Agent Model for Unconventional Warfare 6. AUTHOR Major Tyler G. Van Horn 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9.
    [Show full text]
  • En En Motion for a Resolution
    EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 - 2014 Plenary sitting 5.4.2011 B7-0266/2011 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION with request for inclusion in the agenda for the debate on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law pursuant to Rule 122 of the Rules of Procedure on Ban on the elections for the Tibetan government in exile in Nepal Kristiina Ojuland, Norica Nicolai, Marielle De Sarnez, Ramon Tremosa i Balcells, Leonidas Donskis, Marietje Schaake, Sonia Alfano on behalf of the ALDE Group RE\P7_B(2011)0266_EN.doc PE459.803v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B7-0266/2011 European Parliament resolution on Ban on the elections for the Tibetan government in exile in Nepal The European Parliament, – having regard to the international human rights treaties to which Nepal is a party, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), – having regard to Rule 122(5) of its Rules of Procedure, A. whereas the Nepalese government refused to allow Tibetans in their country to vote, setting a worrying trend for democracy, B. whereas Nepal's monarchy fall in 2006, leading to a government formed of the Maoist parties (Unified Communist Party of Nepal) and Marxist-Leninist Party (Unified Marxist- Leninist), Nepal started to prohibit anti-Chinese behaviours and demonstrations, C. whereas Police in Nepal have forcefully shut down local elections for the leadership of a Tibetan refugee group, apparently yielding to pressure from China, D. whereas voting was underway for the head of the Chushi Gangdruk, a group which protects the interests of a former Tibetan resistance force against the Chinese military, when police in riot gear and armed with guns and batons stormed into an election centre and carted away the ballot box, E.
    [Show full text]
  • 20110823 Arrested Histories Review
    Rough draft for Ethnos, forthcoming Rough Draft for Ethnos 77 (1) Arrested Histories: Tibet, the CIA, and Memories of a Forgotten War. By Carole McGranahan. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010. xx, 307 pp., £16.99 (paperback), £66 (cloth). Arrested Histories: Tibet, the CIA, and Memories of a Forgotten War is a fascinating work from historical anthropologist Carole McGranahan focused on the Tibetan guerilla army (the Chushi Gangdruk/Four Rivers Six Ranges) who fought against the People's Republic of China between 1956 and 1974. Over a course of more than ten years of field research, McGranahan interviewed veterans of the Chushi Gangdruk who live in Tibetan refugee settlements scattered across the Southern Himalayas. Though McGranahan describes the activities of the Chushi Gangdrug in Tibet and in exile, the real focus and value of the book lies in her development of "arrested histories" as a perspective to understand Tibetan historiography, as well as her focus on subalterneity within the diverse groups of people's who fall under the banner of a pan-Tibetan identity. In the Introduction, McGranahan introduces a dense network of key concepts for her perspective on Tibetan historiography including Veena Das' observation that societies hide the pain of belonging (p. 3), the fraught nature of Tibetan identity (p. 4), the place of the Dalai Lama in the lives of veterans, lived impermanence (p. 5), layered political allegiances (p. 7), resistance history as national history (p. 9), an anthropology of recognition and deferral (p. 19), and memory and its relationship to history (p. 19). At the beginning of the Introduction, McGranahan states, "This book is about the grassroots Tibetan militia, the war they fought, and how and why it was forgotten," and then gives a series of reasons for why the war was forgotten.
    [Show full text]
  • Proxy Warfare on the Roof of the World: Great Power Competition Lessons from Tibet
    Proxy Warfare on the Roof of the World: Great Power Competition Lessons from Tibet by Steve Ferenzi sponsor may disrupt or coerce an adversary with only a small investment in a proxy force without crossing the threshold to traditional armed conflict. Proxy employment represented a significant component of U.S. policy during the Cold War. As the United States once again Arelies on this tool to compete with peer state adversaries, it is beneficial to examine past engagements that may inform better ways to outsource national security objectives to proxy forces. Central Intelligence Agency support to anti-Chinese resistance forces in Tibet, the “Roof of the World,” from 1956 to 1974 accomplished the limited objective of disrupting Chinese regional ambitions as part of the global effort to contain Communist expansion. However, success came at the expense of Tibetan casualties and failure to achieve the resistance’s objective of an independent Tibet. This case study offers lessons for future proxy engagements in establishing mechanisms that facilitate proper proxy selection, mitigate deviation from sponsor goals, and optimize proxy capabilities. Surrogates and Proxies—Then and Now President Eisenhower characterized proxy warfare as the “cheapest insurance in the world.”1 He recognized the potential to accomplish national security objectives without direct U.S. military involvement by making relatively small investments in surrogate forces. Proxy employment therefore became a significant plank of U.S. national security policy during the Cold War against both the Soviet Union and China. Today, proxy warfare again provides the United States a way to compete below the level of armed conflict by expanding options to compel adversary behavior change and deter undesirable actions.2 Central Intelligence Agency support to the Tibetan resistance against China from 1956 to 1974 represents a crucial Cold War proxy engagement that may inform better ways to outsource national security objectives to proxy forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Of a Twentieth-Century Khampa Trader Lucia Galli
    Money, Politics, and Local Identity An Inside Look at the ’Diary’ of a Twentieth-Century Khampa Trader Lucia Galli To cite this version: Lucia Galli. Money, Politics, and Local Identity An Inside Look at the ’Diary’ of a Twentieth- Century Khampa Trader. Frontier Tibet: Patterns of Change in the Sino-Tibetan Borderlands, 2019, 10.5117/9789463728713_ch09. halshs-02502645 HAL Id: halshs-02502645 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02502645 Submitted on 11 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 9 Money, Politics, and Local Identity An Inside Look at the ‘Diary’ of a Twentieth-Century Khampa Trader Lucia Galli Abstract This chapter analyses the socio-economic role played by Khampa traders in twentieth-century Tibet, focusing in particular on the increasing political and economic power gained in the 1940s and 1950s by members of the most influential eastern Tibetan trading firms. The discussion is enriched by information drawn from the travel journal of Khatag Dzamyag, an other- wise unknown Khampa trader. The author’s recollection, spanning over a period of thirteen years (1944-1956), mainly spent journeying, trading, and pilgrimaging, provides the scholar with an insider’s perspective on events until now known only through the conventional historiographical writing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sino-Tibetan Dispute: Issues of Sovereignty and Legal Status
    The Sino­Tibetan Dispute: Issues of Sovereignty and Legal Status Background Briefing Paper No.2 for Scottish Parliament’s Cross­Party Group on Tibet Contents 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 3. Disputes Regarding The Historical Status of Tibet .............................................................................................. 3 3.1 The pre‐20th Century Status of Tibet ........................................................................................................... 3 3.2 The 20th Century Status of Tibet ................................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Summary of Beijing and Dharamsala’s Positions Regarding the Historical Status of Tibet .......................... 6 4. The View of External Parties ............................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 The International Commission of Jurists, 1959 ............................................................................................. 8 4.2 The Position of the United Nations ............................................................................................................... 8 4.3 The Position of the Government
    [Show full text]