BYU Studies Quarterly

Volume 5 Issue 2 Article 5

4-1-1964

View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

Spencer J. Palmer

William L. Knecht

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Recommended Citation Palmer, Spencer J. and Knecht, William L. (1964) "View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?," BYU Studies Quarterly: Vol. 5 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol5/iss2/5

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in BYU Studies Quarterly by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

view ofj the hebrews substitute for inspiration

SPENCER J PALMER AND WILLIAM L KNECHT

recent imputations against joseph smith contain the charge that the isaiah chapters of the book of mormon were purloined by the prophet from a popular book first published in 1823 by a protestant clergyman named ethan smith under the title view of the hebrews exhibiting the destruction of jerusalem the certain restoration of judah and israel the present state of judah and israel and an address of the prophet isaiah relative to their restoration joseph smith s detractors look upon this alleged act of plagiarism as a betrayal of his claim of a sacrosanct origin of the book of mormon writers like fawn M brodie and G T harrison approach these isaiah parallels with particular rejoicing and ridicule 2 to quote brodie in writing the early portion of the book the book of mormon his joseph smith s literary reservoir frequent- ly ran dry when this happened he simply arranged for his nephite prophets to quote from the bible thus about twentyfivetwenty five thousand words in the book of mormon consist of passages from the old testament CHIEFLY THOSE CHAPTERS FROM ISAIAH MENTIONED IN ETHAN SMITHS VIEW OF THE HEBREWS 3 emphasis added fortunately this allegation can be tested empirically in an effort to judge the validity of the charge we have taken the so called isaiah portion of the book of mormon ie II11 spencer J palmer is assistant professor of history and religious instruction at brigham young university william L knecht is an attorney at law in berkeley california printed by smith & shute at poultney vt in two editions 1823 and 1825 2thisathishis is not to say that harrison and brodie are of the same scholastic stripe harrison s cormonsmormons are peculiar people new york vantage press inc 1954 often reaches the absurd his tongue in cheek style is undisturbed by documentation brodie on the other hand takes her project seriously and uses footnotes regularly in her book no man knows my history the life of joseph smith the mormon prophet new york alfred A knopf 1946 but see hugh nibley no maamngam thatsthais not history salt lake city bookcraft publishers 1946 brodie 58

105

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106 BRIGHAM YOUNG university STUDIES

nephi and recorded every identifiable reference allusion quotation near or partial quotation in it from isaiah be- cause isaiah repeats himself or rather repeats allusions sometimes there is more than one isaiah reference in any par- ticular verse in II11 nephi eg II11 nephi 72 is a quotation isaiah 502 and has identifiable reference to isaiah 6512 and 664664. we have limited the count to one identification unless it is in a verse common to both view of the hebrews and to II11 nephi in that case we have tabulated and counted all the references to see if any of the identifications or uses of a given verse are common we have attempted to carry an analysis of the common use of isaiah beyond the broad brush technique of mrs brodie table I11 lists the verses within each of the two works from isaiah A total of 459 identifiable references from isaiah have been found in the book 361 of that total are found in II11 nephi 116 in view of the hebrews 23 verses are common to both it will be noted that there is no reference to isaiah 66 in table 1 this comes from the fact that although both view of the hebrews and the book of mormon contain possi- ble allusions or quotations from this chapter the former uses verses 18 20 and 21 while the latter refers only to verse 19 4 A total of 37 chapters of isaiah are source for allusion re- ference quotation near quotation or mention in the two works ethan smith confined his mentioningsmentionings to 24 chapters giving credit for a mention when he simply makes a partial quotation from one verse even though he does not give credit for the quotation eg see view of the hebrews 135 232 the prophets of II11 nephi quote from 20 chapters and make allusions andor references to parts of two more chapters making a total of 22 there are nine isaiah chapters common- ly used in view of the hebrews and the book of mormon brodie bases her claim of plagiarism from view of the hebrews upon the common use of isaiah chapters does this existence of similar material in thedie two books damage the latter day saint claim of the divine origin of the book of mormon though it is proverbial that liars can figure there is one test that can be applied to the statistics generated from this

typical examples of the use of isaiah references by ethan smith and by the prophets of II11 nephi are set forth in table 3 in parallel columns

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VIEW OF THE HEBREWS 107

table no 1 ISAIAH REFERENCE comparison resume of verse by verse comparison book of mormon isaiah view of the hebrews Referencereferencesareferences8sa description ch verse description referencebreferencedreference13 ist ed and2nd ed

NR 235 allusion 5 26 allusion 2 nephi 29 2 5 26 quotation 1526 NR 236 part quote 7 8 quotation 17 8 NR 235 allusion 7 18 1718 NR 256 quotation 10 20 2020 NR 256 quotation 10 21 2121 NR 256 quotation 10 22 202220.22 58 56 quotation 11 11 2111 58 56 quotation 11 12 2112 73 70 part quote 11 12 2112 143 242 quotation 11 12 73 72 part quote 11 13 2113 58 56 quotationequotation0quotations 11 15 2115 59 56 quotation 11 16 2116 NR 63 quotation 14 1 24 1 NR 62 allusion 14 25 2425 159 260 part quotequotee 49 1 allusion 1021 65 63 allusion 49 22 quotation 6 6 75 73 allusion 49 22 65 63 allusion 49 23 quotation 6 7 161 261 part quote 51 3 11 8 3 61 58 Quotation 0 60 9 allusion 1021 136 233 part quote 60 9

study which is valid in judging the claim of brodie that joseph smith cribbedcrabbed from another s work when he could not find any other source of inspiration following a method of anal- ysis widely accepted by statisticians the test for hypergeo- metric distribution we shall assume that the two authors worked independently that there was no collusion under this method of analysis the probability is that a certain number of chapters will appear in common by using the figures applicable in this case one should as- sume that eight chapters should most frequently appear in common As indicated in table 2 our survey finds nine such common chapters 5 7 10 11 14 49 51 60 and 66 this is an insignificant variation from eight and one which statis- tically speaking should be expected a large proportion of the time in fact nine or more chapters in common under the

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108 BRIGHAM YOUNG university STUDIES

data of this test should appear 46 percent of the time or in other words have a 4646.46 probability 5 the validity of this test is suggested by the following analysis if joseph smith had foreseen and tried to avoid an attack such as that brodie lays to him he might well have avoided all references to isaiah which were quoted by ethan smith since ethan had already referred his reader to that text the absence of any common isaiah chapters would have been suspicious indeed since this would strongly suggest a deliberate efeffortfort to avoid suspicion particularly if it is realized that the book of isaiah is a primary source for anyone dealing with the subject of the dispersion and gathering of israel the odds are approximately one in one million against there being no common isaiah chapters in the book of mormon and view of the hebrews judged on the basis of this analysis neither brodie nor harrison has yet solved the enigma of joseph smith s inspiration a parallel listing of pages from the two editions reflects the same reference quotation or allusion in rewriting the text for the second printing reverend smith made some additions and deletions hence there are not always parallel references and the designation NR no reference appears b all chapter and verse references are to editions of the book of mormon printed subsequent to 1920 the initial divi- sion into chapters and verses occurred in 1879 A revision of the footnotes was made in 1920 it is upon these notes that the writers relied in tabulating the isaiah references the writers are indebted to melvin W carter of the brigham young university faculty for suggesting the application of the test for hypergeometric distribution to this problem and for working out the probability upon the basis of our tabulations A discussion of this method of analysis is found in B W lindgren & G W mcelrath introduction to probability and statistics the macmillan company new york 1959 146147146 147 our conclusions are based upon the following exercise a classify each chapter of isaiah as being in view of the hebrews Q or b as not appearing in view of the hebrews R c Q plus R equals N the total number of isaiah chapters d y equals the number of chapters common to both works e n equals the number of chapters used by II11 nephi prophets f solve the formula Q R PpyI1 y vyy vnnyn y N n

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol5/iss2/5 4 Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

VIEW OF THE HEBREWS 109

c quotation but without verse reference always true of book of mormon quotations

table no 2 ISAIAH REFERENCE comparison chapter by chapter view of hebrews book of mormon 2 nephi 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 7

10 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 16 18 26 28 29 35 36 40 41 42 43 44 49 49 50 51 51 52 55 56 58 59 60 60 63 65 66 66 the number indicates isaiah chapter from which the respective works make mention quotation allusion citation or reference

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llolio110 BRIGHAM YOUNG0 university cnSTUDIEScn

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https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol5/iss2/5 6 Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

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https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol5/iss2/5 8 Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

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