Trinity College of Cambridge University at the Age of 12

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Cambridge University HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1209

The 1st students arrived in Cambridge after fleeing from rioting in Oxford.

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

Cambridge University “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1284

Peterhouse, Cambridge’s initial college, was endowed by Hugh de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely. Following the example of Merton at Oxford University, Peterhouse would be a self-governing college.

PETERHOUSE HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1350

By at about the midpoint of the 14th Century two colleges had been established in Cambridge by wealthy women, Elizabeth de Clare (Clare College, 1326) and Mary of Chatillion (Pembroke College, 1347). Thirteen other such institutions would be founded by the end of the 16th Century, including Gonville and Caius (1348), Corpus Christi (1352), King’s (1441), Queens’ (1448), St. Catherine’s (1473), Jesus (1496), Christ’s (1505), St. John’s (1511), Magdalene (1542), Trinity (1544), and Emmanuel (1584). Four more would be established during the 19th Century, including two for women (Girton in 1869 and Newnham in 1871). In all, 33 university colleges now inhabit the town of Cambridge.

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Cambridge University HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1509

Desiderius Erasmus would be lecturing at Cambridge until 1514.

Upon the demise of King Henry VII, Thomas More was able to return to public life. Erasmus dedicated his THE PRAISE OF FOLIE to this close friend.

A converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, was commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books in Germany, especially the TALMUD (the humanist Johann Reuchlin opposed this). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1511

Desiderius Erasmus was made Professor of Greek at Cambridge University.

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Cambridge University HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1535

The study of canon law was forbidden at Cambridge University.

William Tyndale’s version of the BIBLE in English. Miles Coverdale began to prepare an edition dedicated to King Henry VIII. HISTORY OF THE BIBLE

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

Cambridge University “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1565

At the age of 17 Giles Fletcher (the Elder) was admitted at King’s College of Cambridge University, as a scholar from Eton College in Buckinghamshire. He would achieve the B.A. Bachelor of Arts degree in 1569/ 1570, the M.A. Master of Arts degree in 1573, and the LL.D. Doctor of Divinity degree in 1581.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

Cambridge University “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1568

Giles Fletcher (the Elder) was appointed a Fellow of King’s College of Cambridge University. He would study Greek and poetry, and contribute to the translation of several of the orations of Demosthenes. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1569

During the academic year 1569/1570 Giles Fletcher (the Elder) was awarded the B.A. Bachelor of Arts degree at King’s College of Cambridge University. He would achieve the M.A. Master of Arts degree in 1573 and the LL.D. Doctor of Divinity degree in 1581.

John Heywood’s “Play called the foure PP; a newe and a very mery interlude of a palmer, a pardoner, a potycary, a pedler” was printed by J. Allde.

Catholic rebellion in northern England. Sir Peter Carew laid claim to Fitzgerald and Butler estates in Desmond. James Maurice Fitzgerald led unsuccessful rebellion; escaped to Continent. IRELAND HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1570

Jasper Heywood took full Jesuit vows.

Early in this decade Thomas Heywood would be born, most likely in Lincolnshire, perhaps in the family of a country parson. It is not clear that he was related to John and Jasper Heywood (note that John and Jasper had been Roman Catholics, whereas Thomas was Anglican). He is said to have been educated at Cambridge University and to have become a fellow of Peterhouse College, the oldest and smallest of the schools.

The end of Round #3 of the eight Civil Wars between Huguenots and Catholics in France (characterized for some obtuse reason by historians as “Wars of Religion”):

Civil Began: Ended: War

1.) 1552 1563 2.) 1567 1568 3.) 1568 1570 4.) 1572 1573 5.) 1574 1576 6.) 1577 1577 7.) 1580 1580 8.) 1585 1589 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1572

March 22: Giles Fletcher (the Elder) became a lecturer at King’s College of Cambridge University (founded 1441). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1573

Giles Fletcher (the Elder) received the M.A. Master of Arts degree at King’s College of Cambridge University. He would achieve the LL.D. Doctor of Divinity degree in 1581.

KING’S COLLEGE HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

March: Giles Fletcher (the Elder) became a lecturer in Greek at King’s College of Cambridge University.

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

April: Francis Bacon entered Trinity College of Cambridge University at the age of 12. He would study all the sciences then taught, and later would characterize his tutors as “Men of sharp wits, shut up in their cells of a few authors, chiefly Aristotle, their Dictator” — he disliked the manner in which his teachers relied upon the writings of Aristotle as proof texts for all explanations of the phenomena of the universe.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Cambridge University HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1575

In about this year Gabriel Archer was born in Essex. He would be educated at Cambridge University.

It was probably in about this year that Samuel Purchas was born at Thaxted in Essex (we know he was a near- contemporary of the Reverend Richard Hakluyt and that he would graduate at St John’s College of Cambridge University, in 1600).

Francis Bacon graduated from Trinity College of Cambridge University.

TRINITY COLLEGE HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1577

Giles Fletcher (the Elder) became Deputy Public Orator1 at King’s College of Cambridge University.

1. The Deputy Public Orator is the paid official who stands by, to appear at any function at which the designated Public Orator might be unable to deliver the address — for instance by being at the time on a trip, or ill, or addressing some other assembly. This secondary office still exists. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1578

Robert Greene received the BA degree at St John’s College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1583

July 7, Sunday (Old Style): Robert Greene received the MA degree at Clare Hall of Cambridge University.

By this year Robert Greene, graduate in Cambridge University, had begun his literary career with a long romance, MAMILLIA: A MIRROUR OR LOOKING-GLASSE FOR THE LADIES OF ENGLANDE. WHEREIN IS DISCIPHERED HOWE GENTLEMEN VNDER THE PERFECT, SUBSTAUNCE OF PURE LOUE, ARE OFT INUEIGLED WITH THE SHADOWE OF LEWDE LUST; AND THEIR FIRME FAITH, BROUGHT A SLEEPE BY FADING FANCIE: VNTIL WIT IOYNED WITH WISEDOME, DOTH AWAKE IT BY THE HELPE OF REASON (Imprinted at London: [By T. Dawson] for Thomas Woodcocke, 37 leaves), that had been licensed in 1580. MAMILLIA, PART I (1583)

At London, he would become a principal member of a loose association known as the “University Wits.” He would be able to support himself –more or less– through his own writing. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1580

Giles Fletcher (the Elder) became Dean of Arts at King’s College of Cambridge University (this would not last long, since he would decide to marry which meant the end of the fellowship).

At St John’s College of Cambridge University, Robert Greene received the BA degree (he would receive in 1583 the MA degree). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1581

January 16: At his father Vicar Richard Fletcher’s church at Bishop’s Stortford, Giles Fletcher (the Elder) got married with Joan Sheafe. Returning then to King’s College of Cambridge University, he would receive the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, and the family would settle at Cranbrook. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1583

July 7, Sunday (Old Style): Robert Greene received the MA degree at Clare Hall of Cambridge University.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1589

January 17, Friday (1588, Old Style): At the age of 17, John Brereton was admitted as a pensioner at Gonville & Caius College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1593

John Brereton received the Bachelor’s degree from Gonville & Caius College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1596

John Brereton received the Master’s degree from Gonville & Caius College of Cambridge University.

He would take holy orders and be ordained dean priest in Norwich. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1600

Phineas Fletcher, a scholar from the Westminster School of Eton in Buckinghamshire, matriculated at King’s College of Cambridge University.

KING’S COLLEGE

ST JOHN’S HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Samuel Purchas graduated at St John’s College of Cambridge University (later he would become a B.D.). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1601

Fall: Giles Fletcher the Younger matriculated as a pensioner (one who pays for his keep) at Trinity College of Cambridge University, in the Michaelmas term of 1601. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1603

Phineas Fletcher was made a Fellow at King’s College of Cambridge University (until 1616). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1604

Phineas Fletcher received the B.A. Bachelor of Arts degree at King’s College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1605

Giles Fletcher the Younger was awarded a scholarship to pay for his continuing education at Trinity College of Cambridge University. During the school year 1605/1606 he would receive the B.A. Bachelor of Arts degree.

This was the completion of the term of Giles Fletcher the Elder as Remembrancer for London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1608

Giles Fletcher the Younger became a Fellow at Trinity College of Cambridge University.

TRINITY COLLEGE

Phineas Fletcher received the M.A. Master of Arts degree there. He would be Chaplain to Sir Henry Willoughby.

John Fletcher’s tragicomedy THE FAITHFUL SHEPHERDESS, his adaptation of Giovanni Battista Guarini’s IL PASTOR FIDO, was performed by the Children of the Blackfriars but was not well received. (Henry Thoreau HDT WHAT? INDEX

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would refer to this play in his journal, during Fall 1846.)

A tragicomedy is not so called in respect of mirth and killing, but in respect it wants [lacks] deaths, which is enough to make it no tragedy; yet brings some near it, which is enough to make it no comedy. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1609

Giles Fletcher the Younger was awarded the M.A. Master of Arts degree at Trinity College of Cambridge University.

The tragicomedy of Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher PHILASTER, OR LOVE LIES A-BLEEDING was successfully performed by the King’s Men at the Globe Theatre, and at Blackfriars. In this year also, they created their tragedy THE MAID’S TRAGEDY and their comedy THE CAPTAIN.2

2. Fletcher would collaborate also with other Elizabethan playwrights such as William Shakespeare. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

George Herbert was admitted on scholarship to Trinity College of Cambridge University.

JESUS COLLEGE TRINITY COLLEGE

During this year or the following one, Francis Higginson was receiving his BA degree from Jesus College. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1613

At the age of 20, George Herbert graduated with the Bachelors degree with distinction, from Trinity College of Cambridge University.

Francis Higginson received his MA degree from Jesus College (though the Reverend Mather would suppose he was of Emanuel College).

Robert Herrick’s apprenticeship in the goldsmith’s shop of his uncle Sir William Herrick ended after only six years when, age 22, he matriculated at St John’s College. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1614

At Trinity College of Cambridge University, George Herbert was elected a minor fellow. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1615

Performance of Francis Beaumont’s and John Fletcher’s tragicomedy LOVE’S PILGRIMAGE.

Giles Fletcher the Younger became a Reader in Greek Grammar at Trinity College of Cambridge University.

Publication of Samuel Daniel’s pastoral play HYMENS TRIUMPH, in honour of Lord Roxburghe’s marriage.

At Trinity College of Cambridge University, the minor fellow George Herbert was elected a major fellow.

Cambridge was granted the right to elect two MPs. The vote was given to all members of the senate. (Between 1784 and 1806 one of Cambridge’s MPs would be William Pitt. In 1826 Lord Palmerston, who had been Cambridge’s representative since 1811, would be defeated as a result of his support for a proposed Parliamentary Reform Act.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1616

At the age of 23, George Herbert received the Master of Arts degree with distinction, from Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1617

Robert Herrick graduated from St John’s College of Cambridge University.

He would become one of the groupies of the “Sons of Ben” that admired the works of Ben Jonson, and would himself create at least five poems in honor of that Poet Laureate of England.

Our Hero HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1618

Giles Fletcher the Younger became a Reader in Greek Language and George Herbert a Reader in Rhetoric at Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1619

October 21, day (Old Style): George Herbert was appointed deputy orator at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1620

George Herbert was elected to be the Cambridge University Public Orator, a post the duties of which called for considerable poetic skill. He would occupy this position until 1628. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1621

At the age of 13 Thomas Fuller was admitted to Queens’ College of Cambridge University, a school which was presided over by his uncle, Dr. John Davenant, bishop of Salisbury. Also, one of his cousins, Edward Davenant, was a tutor there. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1625

John Milton matriculated at Christ College at Cambridge University.

March 27, Sunday (Old Style): King James VI of Scotland, King James I of England died at Theobolds Park in Herts, England at the age of 59.3 The body would be interred at Westminster Abbey.

3. As an exception among English monarchs, this monarch had produced no bastards — the reason behind such a rarity, however, was not sexual restraint, for his bosom buddy had not been capable of producing children. His son James II would be playing catch- up by producing four (undeniable, or acknowledged) bastards. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

University Public Orator George Herbert made the egregious blunder of delegating to another the duty of delivering the Cambridge funeral oration in regard to this royal death (they would therefore need to replace him as University Public Orator). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1628

January (1627, Old Style): Because Cambridge University Public Orator George Herbert had delegated to another the important duty of delivering “the funeral oration commemorating the death of King James on March 27, 1625,” he was officially replaced as University Public Orator (such a gaffe simply cannot be forgotten).

July: Thomas Fuller received the M.A. at Queens’ College of Cambridge University.

November: There was an election of fellows at Queens’ College of Cambridge University, and Thomas Fuller was not selected. He moved, therefore, to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1630

Thomas Fuller received, from Corpus Christi College, the curacy of St Benet’s, Cambridge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1631

July: Richard Crashaw had been at Charterhouse School near Godalming in Surrey, but at this point was admitted to Pembroke College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1632

John Milton graduated with a scholastic M.A. from Christ College at Cambridge University and began private study in his father’s home. His first works would be the poem “Lycidas” and the masque COMUS, a dramatization of the conflict between good and evil.

At London, performance of John Ford’s Love’s Sacrifice (printed 1633). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1634

Richard Crashaw graduated from Pembroke College of Cambridge University, with the degree of BA, and put out a volume of Latin verses, EPIGRAMMATUM SACRORUM LIBER. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1636

Richard Crashaw removed to Peterhouse College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1637

Richard Crashaw was made a fellow of Peterhouse College of Cambridge University, and achieved note as an eloquent and powerful preacher. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1638

Richard Crashaw graduated from Peterhouse College of Cambridge University with the degree of MA and became a priest for the Church of St. Mary the Less in Cambridge.

He would made the acquaintance and secure the lasting friendship of Abraham Cowley. He would also come HDT WHAT? INDEX

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to be on terms of intimacy with Nicholas Ferrar, and frequently visit him at his house at Little Gidding. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1639

Ralph Cudworth took his MA degree and became fellow and tutor of Emmanuel College of Cambridge University.

John Birkenhead became a Fellow of All Souls’ at Oriel College, Oxford. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1640

It was probably during this year of the meeting of the Long Parliament, that David Clarkson entered Clare Hall of Cambridge University.

At this point it was being reported in England that Catholic Irish butchers were hamstringing or knee-capping their Protestant rival butchers, who were retaliating by hanging Catholic Irish butchers from meat hooks. Some of this, presumably, was exaggeration.

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

Abraham Cowley was named Fellow at Trinity College of Cambridge University.

Cambridge University “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

WITTS RECREATIONS SELECTED FROM THE FINEST FANCIES OF MODERNE MUFES. WITH A THOUFAND OUTLANDIFH PROVERBS. (London, Printed by T.P. for Humphrey Blunden; at the Caftle in Corn-hill. 1640.)4

OUTLANDIFH PROVERBS

In every Art it is good to have a master. Astrologie is true, but the Astrologers cannot finde it. Pleasing ware is halfe sould. Litle stickes kindle the fire; great ones put it out. A childs service is little, yet hee is no little foole that despiseth it. A naughty child is better sick than whole. 4.The 1,032 outlandish proverbs are thought now to have been prepared anonymously by George Herbert. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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One father is more then a hundred Schoolemasters. A well-bred youth neither speaks of himself, nor being spoken to is silent. In the house of a Fidler, all fiddle. The child saies nothing, but what it heard by the fire. No love to a Fathers. An Idle youth, a needy Age. Children when they are little make parents fooles, when they are great they make them mad. Little pitchers have wide eares. Parsons are soules waggoners. Though you see a Church-man ill, yet continue in the Church still. Nothing lasts but the Church. The itch of disputing is the scab of the Church. No sooner is a Temple built to God but the Devill builds a Chappell hard by. At the games end we shall see who gaines. They talke of Christmas so long, that it comes. Better speake truth rudely, then lye covertly. He that tells a secret is anothers servant. Good words quench more than a bucket of water. An ill wound is cured, not an ill name. That is not good language which all understand not. Good words are worth much, and cost little. The tongue talkes at the heads cost. Conversation makes one what he is. Better the feet slip than the tongue. He that speakes sowes, and he that holds his peace, gathers. Criticks are like brushers of Noblemens cloaths. A Cake and an ill custome must be broken. With customes wee live well, but Lawes undue us. No Church-yard is so handsom, that a man would desire straight to bee buried there. Happy is he that chastens himself. To weepe for joy is a kinde of Manna. Yeeres know more then bookes. The bird loves her nest. If the mother had not beene in the oven, shee had never sought her daughter there. In a good house all is quickly ready. Woe to the house where there is no chiding. The House shewes the owner. A snow yearena rich yeare. God sends cold according to Cloathes. Man Proposeth, God Disposeth Where there is peace, God is. Helpe thy selfe, and God will helpe thee. The river past, and God forgotten. He loseth nothing, that loseth not God. God comes to see without a bell. God oft hath a great share in a little house. To a close shorne sheepe, God gives wind by measure. God strikes not with both hands, for to the sea he made havens, and to rivers foords. Every day brings his bread with it. All things in their being are good for something. Gods Mill grinds slow, but sure. Who spits against heaven, it falls in his face. The healthful man can give counsell to the sick. After Death the Doctor. One houres sleepe before midnight is worth three after. The chiefe boxe of health is time. Autumnal Agues are long, or mortal. He that lives most dies most. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Whatsoever was the father of a disease, an ill dyet was the mother. A little labour, much health. The words ending in “ique” do mocke the Physician (as Hectique, Paralitique, Apoplectique, Lethargique.) By suppers more have beene killed then Galen ever cured. He that would be well, needs not goe from his owne house. Glottony kils more then the sword. Hee that lives in hope danceth without musick. The Frier preached against stealing, and had a goose in his sleeve. He hath great neede of a foole, that plaies the foole himselfe. Long jesting was never good. Every one is witty for his owne purpose. Some had rather lose their friend then their Jest. Leave jesting whiles it pleaseth, lest it turne to earnest. There is no jollitie but hath a smack of folly. Wo be to him that reads but one book. In doing we learne. Manie things are lost for want of asking. Rivers neede a spring. Had you the world on your Chesse-bord, you could not fit all to your mind. In time comes he whom God sends. He that is surprized with the first frost feeles it all the winter after. He that thinks amisse, concludes worse. Knowledge is no burthen. Knowledge is folly, except grace guide it. Good newes may bee told at any time, but ill in the morning. Love and a Cough cannot be hid. The Fox knowes much, but more he that catcheth him. Look not for musk in a dog’s kennell. Follow not truth too near the heels, lest it dash out thy teeth. Learne weeping, and thou shalt laugh gayning. No hair so small but hath his shadow. The Law is not the same at morning and at night. In the world who knowes not to swimme, goes to the bottome. A beane in liberty is better then a comfit in prison. I wept when I was borne, and every day shewes why. Forbeare not sowing because of birds. A faire death honours the whole life. One faire day in winter makes not birds merrie. It ’s not good fishing before the net. To a fair day open the window, but make you ready as to a foule. Though you rise early, yet the day comes at his time, and not till then. A crooked log makes a straight fire. Silkes and Satins put out the fire in the chimney. Without danger we cannot get beyond danger. Life without a friend is death without a witnesse. One sound blow will serve to undo all. I had rather ride on an ass that carries me, than a horse that throws me. The honey is sweet, but the Bee stings. Service without reward is punishment. Stay till the lame messenger come, if you will know the truth of the thing. In the kingdome of blind men the one ey’d is king. The greatest step is that out of doores. Hee hath no leisure who useth it not. He that is not in the warres is not out of danger. Bee not idle and you shall not bee longing. The life of man is a winter way. No prison is faire, nor love foule. Every path hath a puddle. One flower makes no garland. He that feares death lives not. Step after step the ladder is ascended. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Old Camels carry young Camels skins to the Market. Whether you boil snow or pound it, you can have but water of it. You may bring a horse to the river, but he will drinke when and what he pleaseth. While the discreet advise, the foole doth his busines. There is a remedy for every thing, could men find it. Take heed of winde that comes in at a hole, and a reconciled Enemy. A Dwarf on a Giant’s shoulder sees further of the two. A shippe and a woman are ever repairing. Souldiers in peace are like chimneys in summer. Living well is the best revenge. He begins to die, that quits his desires. There is an hour wherein a man might be happy all his life, could he find it. Hee that bewailes himselfe hath the cure in his hands. Stay a little and news will find you. Not a long day, but a good heart rids work. There needs a long time to know the worlds pulse. Time is the Rider that breakes yuth. Love makes a good eye squint. No love is foule, nor prison fair. Love askes faith, and faith firmenesse. The heart’s letter is read in the eyes. To bee beloved is above all bargaines. He that hath love in his brest, hath spurres in his sides. In life you lov’d me not, in death you bewaile me. Love rules his kingdome without a sword. Love is the true price of love. Love makes one fitt for any work. Love makes all hard hearts gentle. A faire wife and a frontier Castle breede quarrels. A Horse made, and a man to make. Hee that hath a wife and children wants not businesse. Chuse a horse made, and a wife to make. He that marries late, marries ill. A married man turns his staffe into a stake. Hee that tells his wife newes is but newly married. Marry your son when you will; your daughter when you can. If the husband be not at home, there is nobodie. Marry a widow before she leave mourning. In the husband wisedome, in the wife gentlenesse. In war, hunting, and love, men for one pleasure a thousand griefs prove. The Jews spend at Easter, the Moors at marriages, the Christians in suits. The ballance distinguisheth not betweene gold and lead. A penny spar’d is twice got. I had rather aske of my sire browne bread, then borrow of my neighbour white. A good bargaine is a pick-purse. Good cheape is deare. He that gaines well and spends well, needes no count booke. I gave the mouse a hole, and she is become my heire. To a grateful man give money when he askes. Hee that marries for wealth sells his liberty. Honour without profit is a ring on the finger. Better spare to have of thine own, then aske of other men. Knowledge makes one laugh, but wealth makes one dance. Wealth is like rheume, it falles on the weakest parts. Much money makes a Countrey poor, for it sets a dearer price on every thing. Hee that gets out of debt, growes rich. No Alchymy to saving. Poore and liberall, rich and coveteous. He that hath lost his credit is dead to the world. Either wealth is much increased, or moderation is much decayed. Would you know what mony is, Go borrow some. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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To have money is a feare, not to have it is a griefe. A fat house-keeper makes leane Executors. All is not gold that glitters. Hee is rich enough that wants nothing. Debtors are liars. Keepe good men company, and you shall be of the number. A holy habit cleanseth not a foule soule. Fly the pleasure that bites to morrow. Better be a foole then a knave. Better to be blind, than to see ill. Hell is full of good meanings and wishings. God complains not, but does what is fitting. Hee that goes barefoot, must not plant thornes. Hee that doth what hee will, doth not what he ought. Once a yeare a man may say: On his conscience. Hee that should have what hee hath not, should doe what he doth not. Neither bribe nor loose thy right. Feare nothing but sinne. Fine words dresse ill deedes. Where there is no honour, there is no griefe. The body is more drest then the soule. It ’s more paine to doe nothing then something. To steal the Hog, and give the feet for alms. When the Foxe preacheth, beware your geese. By doing nothing we learne to do ill. Who gives to all, denies all. It costs more to doe ill then to doe well. Saint Luke was a Saint and a Physitian, yet is dead. Who hath none to still him, may weep out his eyes. Hee that is in a towne in May loseth his spring. Old wine, and an old friend, are good provisions. Emptie vessels sound most. Love your neighbour, yet pull not down your hedge. A poore beauty finds more lovers then husbands. The fault of the horse is put on the saddle. The best mirror is an old friend. A great ship askes deepe waters. Shew me a lyer, and I’le shew thee a theefe. The horse that drawes after him his halter, is not altogether escaped. A noble plant suites not with a stubborne ground. Who hath bitter in his mouth, spits not all sweet. A long tongue is a sign of a short hand. Take heed of credit decaid, and people that have nothing. Talke much and erre much, saies the Spanyard. Hee will spend a whole yeares rent at one meales meate. A man’s discontent is his worst evil. Trust no friend with that you need fear him if he were your enemy. Call me not an olive, till thou see me gathered. Hee that is master must serve (another). None knowes the weight of anothers burthen. The German’s wit is in his fingers. Many friends in generall, one in speciall. He that is not handsome at 20, nor strong at 30, nor rich at 40, nor wise at 50, will never bee handsome, strong, rich, or wise. Ever since we wear clothes, we know not one another. In sports and journeys men are knowne. He that owes nothing, if he makes not mouthes at us, is courteous. Quick beleevers neede broad shoulders. He that hath no hony in his pot, let him leave it in his mouth. He that makes his bed ill, lies there. An ill agreement is better then a good judgement. When the tree is fallen, all goe with their hatchet. All is well with him, who is beloved of his neighbours. The Italians are wise before the deede, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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the Germanes in the deede, the French after the deede. Neither praise nor dispraise thy selfe, thy actions serve the turne. If ye would know a knave, give him a staff. Many kiss the hand they wish cut off. The best remedy against an ill man is much ground between both. None is borne Master. On painting and fighting looke aloofe. Ships feare fire more then water. Hee that lies with the dogs, riseth with fleas. Hee that ’s fed at anothers hand may stay long ere he be full. Hee that makes himself a sheep, shall be eat by the wolfe. The vertue of a coward is suspicion. The ignorant hath an Eagles wings, and an Owles eyes. Advise none to marry or to go to war. The fatt man knoweth not, what the leane thinketh. Since you know all, and I nothing, tell me what I dreamed last night. The offender never pardons. Hee that stumbles and falles not, mends his pace. To a crazy ship all winds are contrary. He that is warme, thinkes all so. He will burne his house, to warme his hands. Whatever is made by the hand of man, by the hand of man may be overturned. Where your will is ready, your feete are light. The scalded dog fears cold water. At dinner my man appeares. Without favour none will know you, and with it you will not know your self. Let an ill man lie in thy straw, and he lookes to be thy heire. A journying woman speakes much of all, and all of her. Fear keeps the garden better than the gardener. The chiefe disease that raignes this yeare is folly. One hand washeth another, and both the face. When a dog is a drowning, every one offers him drink. Great deservers grow Intolerable presumers. Three helping one another, beare the burthen of sixe. Here is talk of the Turk and the Pope, but my next neighbour doth me more harm then either of them both. A disarmed peace is weake. He that followes the Lord hopes to goe before. The Philosophy of Princes is to dive into the Secrets of men, leaving the secrets of nature to those that have spare time. He is not poor that hath little, but he that desireth much. Hope is the poore mans bread. The reasons of the poore weigh not. He that hath little is the lesse durtie. Poverty is no sinne. There would be no great ones if there were no little ones. The more little fish they eat, the bigger they grow. He commands enough that obeyes a wise man. If great men would have care of little ones, both would last long. The little cannot bee great, unlesse he devoure many. Great strokes make not sweete musick. A scepter is one thing, and a ladle another. Old praise dies, unlesse you feede it. When prayers are done, my Lady is ready. Punishment is lame, but it comes. Punishment for crime and sin may not be a swift runner. He that will learne to pray, let him goe to Sea. Hee hath not liv’d, that lives not after death. The world is nothing except it tend to another. Hee that respects not, is not respected. A mountaine and a river are good neighbours. Halfe the world knowes not how the other halfe lives. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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To live peaceably with all breedes good blood. Praise day at night, and life at the end. By the needle you shall draw the thread, and by that which is past, see how that which is to come will be drawne on. The yeare doth nothing else but open and shut. Say no ill of the year, till it be past. He that hath time and looks for better time, time comes that he repents himself of time. Time undermines us. Say to pleasure, Gentle “Eve,” I will none of your apple. Be what thou wouldst seeme to be. Labour as long liu’d, pray as ever dying. A gentle housewife mars the household. Honour and profit lie not in one sacke. He that’s long a giving, knowes not how to give. The shortest answer is doing. A handfull of good life is better then a bushell of learning. Empty Chambers make foolish maids. One stroke fells not an oak. Our own actions are our security, not others judgements. Better suffer ill, then doe ill. The Devill is not alwaies at one doore. He that will enter into Paradise, must have a good key. Hee a beast doth die, that hath done no good to his country. He is onely bright that shines by himselfe. Send a wise man on an errand, and say nothing unto him. Corne is cleaned with wind, and the soule with chastnings. Keep not ill men company, lest you increase the number. Vertue never growes old. Great almes-giving lessons no mans living. Almes never make poore. When war begins, then hell openeth. Cloath thee in war, arme thee in peace. Hee that makes a good warre makes a good peace. It is a great victory that comes without blood. A wolfe will never make war against another wolfe. Warre makes theeves, and peace hangs them. For a morning raine leave not your journey. Although it raine, throw not away thy watering pot. Although the sun shine, leave not thy cloake at home. Wine is a turne-coate. A joy; sorrow. Where the drink goes in, there the wit goes out. Wine that cost nothing is digested before it be drunke. Wine makes all sorts of creatures at table. Wine ever paies for his lodging. Give a clowne your finger, and he will take your hand. A wise man cares not for what he cannot have. Whose house is of glasse, must not throw stones at another. When you are an Anvill, hold you still; when you are a hammer, strike your fill. Being on sea saile, living on land settle. Dally not with money or women. He that measures not himselfe, is measured. A foole knowes more in his house, then a wise man in anothers. An old wise mans shaddow is better then a young buzzards sword. If things were to be done twice, all would be wise. For want of a naile the shoe is lost, for want of a shoe the horse is lost, for want of a horse the rider is lost. Evening words are not like to morning. If the wise erred not, it would goe hard with fooles. Hee that lookes not before, finds himselfe behind. He that studies his content, wants it. Hee stands not surely, that never slips. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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He is a fool that thinks not that another thinks. An oath that is not to be made is not to be kept. The foole askes much, but hee is more foole that grants it. The wise hand does not all that the foolish mouth speaks. It ’s an ill aire where wee gaine nothing. The morning Sunne never lasts a day. Go not for every grief to the Physician, nor for every quarrel to the Lawyer, nor for every thirst to the pot. The least foolish is wise. The first degree of folly is to hold ones selfe wise, the second to professe it, the third to despise counsell. He that will take the bird, must not skare it. He that sends a fool, means to follow him. Fooles bite one another, but wise-men agree together. The mill cannot grind with the water that’s past. We are fooles one to another. None is a fool always, every one sometimes. Discreet women have neither eyes nor eares. The more women looke to their glasse, the lesse they looke to their house. Three women make a market. An ill labourer quarrells with his tooles. Never had ill workeman good tooles. February makes a bridge and March breakes it. Reckon right, and February hath one and thirty days. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1642

1642 Events of the English Civil War: • 5th January: King Charles I failed to arrest 6 of his leading opponents. • 5th March: The Militia Ordinance. • 23rd April: Hotham barred Hull to the king. • 1st June: The Nineteen Propositions. • 11th June: The Commissions of Array. • 15th July: There was fighting in Manchester. • 4th August: The Battle of Marshall’s Elm. • 22nd August: The royal standard was raised at Nottingham. • 22d September: The Episcopacy was suspended. The Royalists won the Battle of Powick Bridge. • 23rd October: The initial battle of Edgehill. • 12th November: The Storm of Brentford. • 13th November: The Royalists turned back at Turnham Green.

January (1641, Old Style): The town of Bradford in Yorkshire was being defended for the Parliament by Sir Thomas Fairfax and his soldiers. When Royalists under Sir William Saville approached, they were compelled to retreat to Leeds. Young David Clarkson must have returned from Cambridge to visit his family after this alarm, for he would be trapped in his native town when the Royalists returned a few months later under the Earl of Newcastle and took the town by storm. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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June: Royalists led by the Earl of Newcastle returned to the town of Bradford, Yorkshire, this time took the town by storm. At first David Clarkson escaped capture by hiding himself in a thick holly-tree, but it is likely that they got their hands on him and took him as a prisoner to Leeds to exchange for one or another Royalist prisoner held by the Parliamentarians (he then would return to Cambridge, eventually to be exalted to competency and honor). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1644

Vicar Robert Herrick would have written his poem “To the King upon his Coming with his Army into the West” in this year. WELCOME, most welcome to our vows and us, Most great and universal genius! The drooping west, which hitherto has stood As one, in long-lamented widowhood, Looks like a bride now, or a bed of flowers, Newly refresh’d, both by the sun and showers. War, which before was horrid, now appears Lovely in you, brave prince of cavaliers! A deal of courage in each bosom springs By your access, O you the best of kings! Ride on with all white omens ; so that where Your standard’s up, we fix a conquest there.

Despite his humble birth, at the age of 16 John Wray or Ray had been sent to study at Trinity College and Catharine Hall in Cambridge University.

After the disintegration in the vicinity of Cambridge of the influence of King Charles I in the ongoing English Civil War, Richard Crashaw refused to take the oath of the Covenant and was forcibly ejected by Parliamentarians from his fellowship at Peterhouse College of Cambridge University. Escaping to Paris, he converted to Catholicism and became a secretary to the exiled Queen Henrietta Maria and her court. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Queen Henrietta Maria HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1645

1645 Events of the English Civil War: • 4th January: Ordinance for Directory of Worship. • 10th January: Archbishop William Laud was executed. • 29th January: Uxbridge negotiations opened. • 2nd February: The Royalists won the Battle of Inverlochy. • 17th February: The New Model Army Ordinance. • 3rd April: The Self Denying Ordinance. • 9th May: The Royalists won the Battle of Auldearn. • 30th May: The Storm of Leicester. • 14th June: The Parliamentarians won the Battle of Naseby. • 10th July: The Parliamentarians won the Battle of Langport. • 1st August: The Parliamentarians won the Battle of Colby Moor. • 15th August: The Royalists won the Battle of Kilsyth. • 25th August: Glamorgan’s Treaty with the Irish. • 10th September: The Fall of Bristol. • 13th September: The Battle of Philiphaugh. • 20th September: Glamorgan’s second Treaty. • 24th September: The Parliamentarians won the Battle of Rowton Heath. • 1st November: The Parliamentarians won the Battle of Mold. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1646

1646 Events of the English Civil War: • January: The exposure of King Charles I’s secret treaty with the Kilkenny government. • 3rd February: Chester surrendered to the Parliamentarians. • 21st March: The Parliamentarians won the Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold. • 5th May: King Charles I surrendered to the Scots besieging Newark. • 5th June: Confederation forces won the Battle of Benburb. • July: Parliament presented King Charles I with the Newcastle propositions. • 4th August: The treaty between Kilkenny and Ormund. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1647

1647 Events of the English Civil War: • 30th January: The Scots surrendered King Charles I to the English. • 21st March: The 1st Saffron Walden meeting of Members of Parliament with army officers. • 15th April: The 2nd Saffron Walden meeting of Members of Parliament with army officers. • 28th April: Agitators addressed the House of Commons. • 7th May: The 3rd Saffron Walden meeting of Members of Parliament with army officers. • 4th June: King Charles I was removed to Newmarket. • 5th June: The Solemn Engagement. • 16th June: The New Model Army moved against Eleven Members. • 14th July: The Declaration of the New Model Army. • 23rd July: The Heads of Proposals was submitted to King Charles I. • 30th July: The Speaker and Independent MPs fled to the Army. • 6th August: The Army occupied London. • 8th August: The Battle of Dangan Hill. • 20th August: The Null and Void Ordinance. • 7th September: The Hampton Court Proposals. • 15th October: The Case of the Army Truly Stated. • 28th October: The Agreement of the People. The Putney Debates began. • 11th November: The Four Bills. • 24th December: The Four Bills were presented to King Charles I. • 25th December: There were riots due to the abolition of Christmas. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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• 26th December: King Charles I and the Scots entered into The Engagement.

April 29, Thursday (Old Style): Mr. David Clarkson was a fellow and a tutor at Clare Hall of Cambridge University and received as his pupil John Tillotson (who would succeed him when he resigned his fellowship during about November 1651 and eventually would be made Archbishop of Canterbury). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1648

1648 Events of the English Civil War: • 3rd January: The vote on No Addresses. • 23rd March: Laugharne’s revolt in Wales. • 8th May: The Battle of St Fagans. • 24th May: The House of Commons voted to negotiate with King Charles II. • 26th May: The failure of the Kentish revolt. • 27th May: The Navy revolted against the Parliament. • 1st June: The Battle of Maidstone. • 8th June: The rising in Essex. • 13th June: Colchester Castle was seized. • 10th July: The Battle of St Neots. • 17th August: The Battle of Preston. • 18th August: The Battle of Wigan. • 24th August: Repeal of the vote on No Addresses. • 25th August: The Duke of Hamilton surrendered. • 27th August: Colchestre Castle surrendered. • 11th September: The Leveller’s Humble Petition. • 18th September: The Newport Treaty talks began. • 29th October: The assassination of Rainsborough. • 16th November: The Remonstrance of the Army. • 2nd December: The Army occupied London. • 6th December: Pride’s Purge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1649

1649 Events of the English Civil War: • 4th January: The assumption of full power by House of Commons. • 20th January: The commencement of the trial of King Charles I. • 30th January: The execution of Charles I. • 5th February: King Charles II was proclaimed in Scotland. • 8th February: The Eikon Basilike was printed. • 14th February: The Council of State. • 17th March: The abolition of the monarchy.

• 19th March: The abolition of the House of Lords. • 27th April: The execution of Lockyer the mutineer. • 15th May: A mutiny was suppressed at Burford. • 19th May: England proclaimed itself a Commonwealth. • 2nd August: The Battle of Rathmines. • 11th September: The Drogheda slaughter. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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• 11th October: The Wexford slaughter. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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John Wray or Ray was chosen minor fellow of Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1650

May 18, Wednesday: John Dryden passed from the Westminster School to Trinity College of Cambridge University. I read Plutarch in the Library of Trinity College in Cambridge, (to which foundation I gratefully acknowledge a great part of my Education;) ...

TRINITY COLLEGE

October 2, Sunday: John Dryden was elected to a scholarship at Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1651

John Wray or Ray became a lecturer in Greek at Cambridge University.

Samuel Pepys, matriculating at Magdalen College there, was awarded a scholarship.

November: At about this point Mr. David Clarkson resigned his fellowship at Clare Hall of Cambridge University, presumably on account of his marriage with Elizabeth Holcroft,5 with his pupil John Tillotson succeeding him as fellow and tutor (Tillotson eventually would be made Archbishop of Canterbury).

5. It appears that the family would produce four children, one son, Robert, named after his grandfather, and three daughters, Rebecca, Gertrude, and Katherine. We know nothing of the son, but know that Rebecca, the eldest, married, while the other two daughters did not marry. Rebecca and Gertrude authored published accounts of their religious sensibilities. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1653

Robert Hooke took up a poor scholar’s place at Christ Church, Oxford University, at the time one of the prime science schools of England. He would be employed by the anatomist Dr. Thomas Willis as a chemical assistant. During his college years he would be a close friend of Christopher Wren, another “Alumnus Westmonasteriensis” who had come up to Wadham in 1650.

John Wray or Ray became a lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1655

Robert Hooke studied astronomy with Seth Ward. After he had assisted Thomas Willis in chemistry, Wills recommended him to Robert Boyle. He then assisted Boyle in the construction of an air pump.

John Wray or Ray became a lecturer in humanity at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1657

Though Abraham Cowley received a medical doctorate from Oxford in this year, he would never practice.

Bishop Henry King, D.D.’s POEMS, ELEGIES, PARADOXES AND SONETS.

John Wray or Ray became a praelector at Cambridge University, and a junior dean. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1659

John Wray or Ray became a college steward at Cambridge University.

During this year William Penn, while a student in Oxford University, came under the influence of the preaching of Thomas Loe. During this last year before the restoration of the monarchy, Quakers became intensely active in the republican and sectarian agitation which brought down the Protectorate. In May the Rump of the Long Parliament was restored. In August, volunteer regiments including Quakers were raised to crush the Presbyterian-Royalist risings. Then General Monck’s army marched south from Scotland, to connect up with the rising led by the former General Lord Fairfax in York. Their target was the “fanatics” — Quakers, Baptists, the Rump and the Army.

Young Penn had been knocked about, and would continue to knock about for quite a number of years, getting himself expelled from Oxford, studying for the law at Lincoln’s Inn, studying at the Huguenot school l’Académie Protestante at Saumer in France, with the Christian humanist Moïse Amyraut, and managing his father’s estates in Ireland. It would not be until 1666 that he would formally make a commitment to the Quakers. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1660

John Wray or Ray continued as a college steward at Cambridge University.

Having been educated at Christ Church College at Oxford, John Locke became a lecturer there in Greek, rhetoric, and philosophy.

August 2, day (Old Style): The restored monarch Charles II instructed Cambridge University to award the Reverend Thomas Fuller its degree of Doctor of Divinity. The Reverend would resume his lectures at the Savoy, an edifice of the Church of England on the Thames in the toney Westminster district of London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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December 23, Sunday (Old Style): John Wray or Ray took holy orders.

John Evelyn’s diary entry for this day was in part as follows: John Evelyn’s Diary

… A robbery attempted at my house, but God deliverd us:

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1662

August 24, Sunday (Old Style), Bartholomew’s-day: The Restoration had produced an Act of Uniformity, which came into operation on this date and removed about 2,000 other divines from their pulpits, including the Reverend David Clarkson, who up to that point had held the living of Mortlake in the county of Surrey, a living amounting to £40 per year paid out of the great tithes. For a decade after this ejectment the Reverend would devote himself to reading and meditation, shifting from one place of obscurity to another — “till the times suffered him to appear openly.”

Unable to swear that the Solemn League and Covenant they had taken was not binding on those who had taken it, as required by the “Bartholomew Act” of 1662, 13 Cambridge fellows needed to resign their fellowships. The Reverend John Wray or Ray also resigned, although this was for him a matter of conscience only as he had not himself taken this oath and had not been in fellowship with it — he considered nevertheless that upon his colleagues who had subscribed to it, such a pledge might indeed be morally binding. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1662

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1695

Samuel Clarke received his BA from Gonville & Caius College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1714

Vinny Bourne matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge.

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1717

Vinny Bourne graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge.

A college in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, “Saybrook Collegiate School,” relocated to New Haven and renamed itself Yale College in recognition of former Indian spice trader Mr. Elihu Yale’s generosity in having sent along from England a number of cartons of old books of significant value. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1720

The Reverend Richard Grey became rector of Hinton in Northamptonshire.

Vinny Bourne obtained a fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1722

Thomas Morell matriculated at King’s College of Cambridge University.

The Reverend Richard Grey’s AN ANSWER TO BARBEYRAC’S SPIRIT OF THE ECCLESIASTICS OF ALL AGES AS TO THE DOCTRINES OF MORALITY. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1758

William Paley entered, as sizar, Christ College at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1762

At the age of 16 or 17, William Hayley matriculated at Trinity College of Cambridge University.

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1766

William Paley was elected a fellow and tutor of Christ College at Cambridge University, where he would become an intimate friend of John Law and would lecture on metaphysics, morals, the Greek Testament, John Locke, the Reverend Dr. Samuel Clarke’s A DISCOURSE CONCERNING THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, THE OBLIGATIONS OF NATURAL RELIGION, AND THE TRUTH AND CERTAINLY OF THE CHRISTIAN REVELATION, IN OPPOSITION TO THOMAS HOBBES, SPINOZA, THE AUTHOR OF THE ORACLES OF REASON, AND OTHER DENIERS OF NATURAL AND REVEALED RELIGION, and Bishop Joseph Butler’s ANALOGY OF RELIGION, NATURAL AND REVEALED. In his lectures on divinity he would take the position he would maintain later in his MORAL PHILOSOPHY, that the 39 Articles of English history was nothing more than a politicolegal document inasmuch as by parsing these 39 thingies one might obtain some 240 distinct propositions some of which were mutually inconsistent. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1769

Bishop Thomas Percy became a chaplain of the King of England and was admitted at Emmanuel College of Cambridge University.

Gasparo Grimani was in debtor’s prison in London charged with an unpaid debt of £17 (something which he was denying). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1770

Bishop Thomas Percy received the degree of Doctor of Divinity at Emmanuel College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1776

November 6, day: William Kirby was admitted as a pensioner at the age of 17 to Gonville & Caius College of Cambridge University (he would be a scholar from Michaelmas 1777 to Michaelmas 1783; it would be recorded that he narrowly escaped an undergraduate condemnation for Socinianism). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1781

William Kirby graduated from Caius College of Cambridge University (founded 1348). He would take holy orders. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1789

Thomas Harwood’s ANNOTATIONS ON THE BOOK OF GENEFIS, WITH OBFERVATIONS DOCTRINAL AND PRACTICAL (London). He was ordained deacon, and was admitted sizar of Emmanuel College of Cambridge University (founded 1584, the alma mater of the Reverend John Harvard). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1791

In the year in which William Wordsworth graduated from Cambridge, he ascended Mt. Snowdon in Wales (a peak experience).

Mt. Snowdon is bald on top — a hairbinger of things to come. Poems, in Chronological Sequence • Lines written as a School Exercise • Extract from the Conclusion of a Poem • Written in very Early Youth • An Evening Walk. Addressed to a Young Lady • Lines written while sailing in a Boat at Evening • Remembrance of Collins • Descriptive Sketches • Guilt and Sorrow; or, Incidents upon Salisbury Plain • Lines left upon a Seat in a Yew-tree • The Borderers. A Tragedy • The Reverie of Poor Susan • The Birth of Love • A Night-Piece • We are Seven • Anecdote for Fathers • The Thorn • Goody Blake and Harry Gill. A True Story • Her eyes are Wild • Simon Lee, the old Huntsman • Lines written in Early Spring • To my Sister • A whirl-blast from behind the hill • Expostulation and Reply • The Tables Turned HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

• The Complaint of a Forsaken Indian Woman • The Last of the Flock •The Idiot Boy • Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey • The Old Cumberland Beggar • Animal Tranquillity and Decay • Peter Bell. A Tale • The Simplon Pass • Influence of Natural Objects • There was a Boy • Nutting • Strange fits of passion have I known • She dwelt among the untrodden ways • I travelled among unknown men • Three years she grew in sun and shower • A slumber did my spirit seal • A Poet’s Epitaph • Address to the Scholars of the Village School of ——— • Matthew • The two April Mornings • The Fountain. A Conversation • To a Sexton • The Danish Boy. A Fragment • Lucy Gray; or, Solitude • Ruth • Written in Germany, on one of the coldest days of the Century • The Brothers • Michael. A Pastoral Poem • The Idle Shepherd-boys; or, Dungeon-Ghyll Force. A Pastoral • The Pet-lamb. A Pastoral • Poems on the Naming of Places: • It was an April morning, fresh and clear • To Joanna • There is an Eminence, — of these our hills • A narrow girdle of rough stones and crags • To M. H. • The Waterfall and the Eglantine • The Oak and the Broom. A Pastoral • Hart-leap Well • ’Tis said, that some have died for love • The Childless Father • Song for the Wandering Jew • Rural Architecture • Ellen Irwin; or, The Braes of Kirtle • Andrew Jones • The Two Thieves; or, The Last Stage of Avarice • A Character •Inscriptions HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

• For the Spot where the Hermitage stood on St. Herbert’s Island, Derwentwater • Written with a Pencil upon a Stone • Written with a Slate Pencil upon a Stone • The Sparrow’s Nest • Pelion and Ossa flourish side by side • The Prioress’ Tale (from Geoffrey Chaucer) • The Cuckoo and the Nightingale (from Geoffrey Chaucer) • Troilus and Cresida (from Geoffrey Chaucer) • The Sailor’s Mother • Alice Fell; or, Poverty • Beggars • To a Butterfly (first poem) • The Emigrant Mother • My heart leaps up when I behold • Among all lovely things my Love had been • Written in March, while resting on the Bridge at the foot of Brothers Water • The Redbreast chasing the Butterfly • To a Butterfly (second poem) • Foresight • To the Small Celandine (first poem) • To the same Flower (second poem) • Resolution and Independence • I grieved for Buonaparte •A Farewell • The Sun has long been set HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1797

The Reverend Thomas Harwood’s ALUMNI ETONIENFES; OR A CATALOGUE OF THE PROVOFTS AND FELLOWS OF ETON COLLEGE AND KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, FROM THE FOUNDATION IN 1443, TO THE YEAR 1797; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR LIVES AND PREFERMENTS, COLLECTED FROM ORIGINAL MSS. AND AUTHENTIC BIBLIOGRAPHICAL WORKS (Birmingham, Printed by T. Pearson, for Messrs. Cadell, Jun. and Davies, Strand, London; J. Deighton, Cambridge; and M. Pote, Eton).

ALUMNI ETONIENFES HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1811

Thomas Harwood graduated BD at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

George Waddington transferred from preparatory schooling at the Charterhouse School of Godalming in Surrey, to continued preparatory schooling at Trinity College of Cambridge University, where he was Browne medallist for the Latin ode (he had his prize-winning Latin ode printed for circulation among his friends).

TRINITY COLLEGE HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

July 18, Thursday: William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta, India, as the only son of Richmond Thackeray, a Collector in the East Indian Company’s service. After the death of his father he would be sent home and educated at Charterhouse School in Godalming, Surrey and then at Trinity College of Cambridge

University (he would abandon his studies without taking a degree, having lost some of his inheritance through gambling).

TRINITY COLLEGE HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 18 of 7 Mo// I again may thankfully acknowledge that I feel much better, but my head is not yet entirely releaved, after trying the effect of another dose or two of physic, & find the cause not removed, I think to try a second bleeding. I sleept well last night.— Our meeting was well attended on the womens side of the house, the mens was rather small. The first meeting silent but to me favor’d in a good degree the mind feeling especially in the forepart of the precious arisings of life, in the last (Preparative) nothing particular engaged the meetings attention but the Answers to the Quaries & the appointment of D R as Clerk —-Brother J Rodman & Wife spent the Afternoon with us, & brought little Thomas.- ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1812

George Waddington was admitted as a scholar at Trinity College of Cambridge University. His poem “Columbus” won in a competition sponsored by Gentleman’s Magazine. WADDINGTON’S COLUMBUS HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1813

July: At Trinity College of Cambridge University, George Waddington was named as the Davies’s University Scholar, and for his poem “Columbus” he was named as the 1st Chancellor’s Gold Medallist (Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in his capacity as Chancellor of Cambridge University, presented this gold medal to him, and then on Commencement Day he would be asked to read his poem aloud in it entirety at the Senate House). WADDINGTON’S COLUMBUS • 1813 — George Waddington, for “Columbus.” • 1814 — William Whewell, for “Boadicea.” • 1815 — Edward Smirke, for “Wallace.” • 1816 — Hamilton Sydney Beresford, for “Mahomet.” • 1817 — Chauncy Hare Townshend, for “Jerusalem.” • 1818 — Charles Edward Long, for “Imperial and Papal Rome.” • 1819 — Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, for “Pompeii.” • 1821 — Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, for “Evening.” • 1823 — Winthrop Mackworth Praed, for “Australasia.” • 1824 — Winthrop Mackworth Praed, for “Athens.” • 1825 — Edward George Earle Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, for “Sculpture.” • 1827 — Christopher Wordsworth, for “The Druids.” • 1828 — Christopher Wordsworth, for “Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte.” • 1829 — Alfred, 1st Baron Tennyson, for “Timbuctoo.” • 1831 — George Stovin Venables, for “Attempts to find a North West Passage.” • 1842 — Henry James Sumner Maine, for “Birth of the Prince of Wales.” • 1844 — Edward Henry Bickersteth, for “The Tower of London.” • 1845 — Edward Henry Bickersteth, for “Caubul.” • 1846 — Edward Henry Bickersteth, for “Caesar’s Invasion of Britain.” • 1852 — Frederic William Farrar, for “The Arctic Regions.” • HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1816

The Reverend William Kirby received the MA degree from his alma mater, Caius College of Cambridge University. He remarried, with Charlotte Rodwell. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Barnard Hanbury, 3d son of Charles Hanbury, Esq. of Halstead, received the BA degree at Jesus College, while at Trinity College of Cambridge University, George Waddington was member’s prizeman.

JESUS COLLEGE TRINITY COLLEGE HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1821

November 12, Friday: Barnard Hanbury received the MA degree at Jesus College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1822

In this year, as 15-year-old Edward George Earle Bulwer was leaving the Baling school and matriculating at Trinity College of Cambridge University, he published some of his early work as ISHMAEL AND OTHER POEMS. Soon he would change from Trinity College to Trinity Hall.

TRINITY COLLEGE

TRINITY HALL HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1825

Edward George Earle Bulwer was awarded the Cambridge Chancellor’s Gold Medal for English verse. • 1813 — George Waddington, for “Columbus.” • 1814 — William Whewell, for “Boadicea.” • 1815 — Edward Smirke, for “Wallace.” • 1816 — Hamilton Sydney Beresford, for “Mahomet.” • 1817 — Chauncy Hare Townshend, for “Jerusalem.” • 1818 — Charles Edward Long, for “Imperial and Papal Rome.” • 1819 — Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, for “Pompeii.” • 1821 — Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, for “Evening.” • 1823 — Winthrop Mackworth Praed, for “Australasia.” • 1824 — Winthrop Mackworth Praed, for “Athens.” • 1825 — Edward George Earle Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, for “Sculpture.” • 1827 — Christopher Wordsworth, for “The Druids.” • 1828 — Christopher Wordsworth, for “Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte.” • 1829 — Alfred, 1st Baron Tennyson, for “Timbuctoo.” • 1831 — George Stovin Venables, for “Attempts to find a North West Passage.” • 1842 — Henry James Sumner Maine, for “Birth of the Prince of Wales.” • 1844 — Edward Henry Bickersteth, for “The Tower of London.” • 1845 — Edward Henry Bickersteth, for “Caubul.” • 1846 — Edward Henry Bickersteth, for “Caesar’s Invasion of Britain.” • 1852 — Frederic William Farrar, for “The Arctic Regions.” • HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1814

At Trinity College of Cambridge University, George Waddington was the medallist for epigrams. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1815

At Trinity College of Cambridge University, George Waddington graduated BA, as senior optime in the mathematical tripos and as the 1st Chancellor’s Medallist. Publication of his ACADEMICAL EXERCISES, &C. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1817

George Waddington was admitted a minor fellow of Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1818

George Waddington received his MA degree and was admitted a major fellow of Trinity College of Cambridge University.

March 2, Monday: George Long of Lancashire was admitted sizar at St John’s College of Cambridge University.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 2 of 3 M / D Quinby is still engaged in town & it fell to my lot to give information to the families that he has visited yesterday as well as today. several times in passing about my mind was led to look back & reflect how much shorter time it now takes to visit the families in this place than it did say 60 years ago & even less time, this was the great seat of friends in New England, & in passing round I could see houses, several together, where were families of repute of weight, but now either deserted or inhabited by others, not a vestage of Ancient greatness remaining, but the bare House itself. - Well tho’ that generation has passed away I trust there is yet Salt remaining, & that if the present generation walk faithfully in the paths made known to us by the influence of the holy spirit, we shall yet Know an increase in good & that we shall dignify our profession as did those of ancient days. - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 29, Tuesday: Polonaise in Bb for violin and strings by Franz Schubert was performed for the initial time, in the Waisenhaus, Vienna.

At the age of 17, George Long of Lancashire was admitted sizar at Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1821

George Long was bracketed Craven scholar with Thomas Babington Macaulay and Henry Malden at Trinity College of Cambridge University.

TRINITY COLLEGE HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1822

George Long graduated B.A. at Trinity College of Cambridge University as 30th wrangler, and received the 1st chancellor’s Classical medal. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1823

George Long was members’ prizeman, and gained a fellowship over the heads of Lord Macaulay and Professor Malden at Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1824

Upon the creation of the Athenæum Club, George Waddington was one of the initial members. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1825

Professor George Long received the M.A. degree from Trinity College of Cambridge University. For two three years he would be being considered as a Fellow there (apparently despite the fact that he was already on his first job, in America). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1826

Edward J. Fitzgerald matriculated at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1827

Fall: Charles Darwin, finding himself to be extremely sensitive to the sight of blood, had given up on the idea of becoming a physician like his father and grandfather, deciding that instead he ought to go up to Christ College at Cambridge University and make of himself a minister.

October 15, Monday: Charles Darwin arrived at Christ College at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

December: On the day of Commemoration, the Reverend George Waddington preached the sermon in the chapel of Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1828

September 26, Friday: The area that once was the Boston millpond had been completely filled in level with the surrounding terrain, and was ready for other uses.

In Charlestown upon a site selected purely for convenience, the permanent marker to honor Harvard College’s long-deceased benefactor, the Reverend John Harvard, was (belatedly) dedicated at the expense of a number of that college’s graduates. We don’t know where these “graduates of the University at Cambridge” got the idea in 1826 that the Reverend Harvard had died on September 26th in 1638 (it being now recognized that he had succumbed on the 14th). HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

(I do not know whether it was in this year, or in some other, that the Reverend Harvard was also honored by a stained-glass window at Cambridge University in England.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1830

Edward J. Fitzgerald graduated from Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1831

January 22, Saturday: Charles Darwin took his Bachelors of Art exam at Christ College at Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

August 24, Wednesday: The Reverend John Stevens Henslow, Professor of Botany at Cambridge University and founder of the Botanic Garden there, suggested that Charles Darwin travel with him aboard HMS Beagle, a 10-gun brig, for its 2d world voyage of exploration and charting, visiting, among other locations, the Galápagos Islands. THE SCIENCE OF 1831

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 24th of 8th M 1831 / Rode with my wife to Smithfield & attended Moy [Monthly] Meeting - it was to me a remarkably solid & good meeting - in the first Meeting Wm Almy bore a short testimony In the last we did not have much buisness but affairs HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

were conducted in a solid manner I believe this was the first meeting I ever attended with Moses Brown where he was wholly silent in a Meeting for buisness. — he was pretty smart in health, but he told me after meeting that he had nothing special to offer tho’ he took an interest in the subject before us — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1833

February 1, Friday: The Reverend George Waddington was presented by his college to the perpetual curacy of St. Mary the Great, Cambridge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1840

At Trinity College of Cambridge University, George Waddington received the DD degree. In this year Francis Galton was a matriculating student.

The Reverend Thomas Fuller, D.D.’s THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSSITY OF CAMBRIDGE: FROM THE CONQUEST TO THE YEAR 1634 (Cambridge UP).

Republication of THE HISTORY OF THE WORTHIES OF ENGLAND. HISTORY OF THE WORTHIES HISTORY OF THE WORTHIES HISTORY OF THE WORTHIES HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

The three volumes as republished contained in addition “brief notices of the most celebrated worthies of England who have flourished since the time of Fuller, with explanatory notes and copious indexes by P. Austin Nuttall, LL.D.” (London: Printed for Thomas Tegg, 73, Cheapside).

A WEEK: If one doubts whether Grecian valor and patriotism are PEOPLE OF not a fiction of the poets, he may go to Athens and see still upon A WEEK the walls of the temple of Minerva the circular marks made by the shields taken from the enemy in the Persian war, which were suspended there. We have not far to seek for living and unquestionable evidence. The very dust takes shape and confirms some story which we had read. As Fuller said, commenting on the zeal of Camden, “A broken urn is a whole evidence; or an old gate still surviving out of which the city is run out.” When Solon endeavored to prove that Salamis had formerly belonged to the Athenians, and not to the Megareans, he caused the tombs to be opened, and showed that the inhabitants of Salamis turned the faces of their dead to the same side with the Athenians, but the Megareans to the opposite side. There they were to be interrogated.

THOMAS FULLER WILLIAM CAMDEN LAMB ON FULLER HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

A WEEK: What is called common sense is excellent in its PEOPLE OF department, and as invaluable as the virtue of conformity in the A WEEK army and navy, — for there must be subordination, — but uncommon sense, that sense which is common only to the wisest, is as much more excellent as it is more rare. Some aspire to excellence in the subordinate department, and may God speed them. What Fuller says of masters of colleges is universally applicable, that “a little alloy of dulness in a master of a college makes him fitter to manage secular affairs.” “He that wants faith, and apprehends a grief Because he wants it, hath a true belief; And he that grieves because his grief’s so small, Has a true grief, and the best Faith of all.” Or be encouraged by this other poet’s strain, — “By them went Fido marshal of the field: Weak was his mother when she gave him day; And he at first a sick and weakly child, As e’er with tears welcomed the sunny ray; Yet when more years afford more growth and might, A champion stout he was, and puissant knight, As ever came in field, or shone in armor bright. “Mountains he flings in seas with mighty hand; Stops and turns back the sun’s impetuous course; Nature breaks Nature’s laws at his command; No force of Hell or Heaven withstands his force; Events to come yet many ages hence, He present makes, by wondrous prescience; Proving the senses blind by being blind to sense.”

THOMAS FULLER LAMB ON FULLER

October: Francis Galton began what was to have been a temporary interruption in his medical education to read for the Mathematical Tripos at Trinity College of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1842

Toward the end of his 2d year at Trinity College of Cambridge University, Francis Galton was under a lot of pressure because his academic work was not going well, and he began to experience psychosomatic symptoms.

Edward Sherman Hoar joined the Class of 1844 at Harvard College during its Sophomore year.

Frederick Goddard Tuckerman graduated with a degree in law (but he would never practice law, instead living on his inheritance). NEW “HARVARD MEN” HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1843

A statue of George Gordon, Lord Byron was placed in the Library of Trinity College of Cambridge University.

In his 3d year Francis Galton was compelled to withdraw from school to complete mental rest at home. Upon returning he would opt for a “pass” rather than an honours degree, and would receive this “pass” during January 1844.

Fall: Henry Youle Hind would be spending one school year at Queens’ College of Cambridge University, but would not receive a degree. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1844

January: At the Watt Institution and School of Arts in Adam Square, Edinburgh, the Reverend George Gilfillan made a bold stab at reconciling geology with Scripture (or, Scripture with geology).

SCOTLAND

Francis Galton accepted a “pass” in order to graduate from Trinity College, Cambridge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1858

James Burrill Curtis received the AB degree from Cambridge University.

At this point the Reverend Richard Chenevix Trench, dean of Westminster, left off being also professor of divinity in King’s College, Cambridge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

1861

James Burrill Curtis received the AM degree from Cambridge University (he would settle as Anglican chaplain of St. Catherine’s College, Cambridge and get married with Lady Mary Tytler, who would die soon after her marriage without producing any children).

In England, people were feeling fundamentally ambivalent about both sides of the Civil War that was beginning in the United States of America. In general, Americans were considered uncouth and found to be annoying, and with this fighting going on, they seemed even more uncouth, and were rendering themselves even more annoying than usual: A Plague on Both Your Houses? Duncan Andrew Campbell. ENGLISH PUBLIC OPINION AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. Royal Historical Society Series. Woodbridge and Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003 Reviewed for H-CivWar by Jay Sexton, Modern History Faculty, Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford. Britain remained a neutral party throughout the American Civil War, yet, when it comes to public opinion during the conflict, historians have generally divided British observers into either pro-Union or pro-Confederate camps. In his study of English public opinion during the conflict, Duncan Andrew Campbell seeks to demonstrate that this bifurcation has distorted the reality of an English populace that, on the whole, remained skeptical of both sides. This argument is best presented in the first chapter, the strength of the book. Surveying the London press in the opening phase of the war, Campbell finds little affection for either side. In large part, this was an extension of pre-war diplomatic disputes and cultural tensions, which, Campbell rightly points out, have often been overlooked by historians who generally have concentrated exclusively on the war years. Differences arising from American expansionism, the right of search on the high seas, and monitoring of the illegal international slave trade, to name but a few, gave Englishmen ample reason to be distrustful of both sides. Furthermore, the initial policies of both the North and the South did little to curry favor in England. The Morrill Tariff, vacillation on emancipation and the aggressive diplomatic tone of Northern statesmen alienated Englishmen from the Union’s cause. Conversely, the South’s diplomatic strategy of withholding cotton from Europe and, as Campbell particularly emphasizes, Confederate leaders’ outspoken defense of slavery, overshadowed their foreign policy advantages of free-trade and self-determination. As one English observer put it in 1861, “We cannot be very zealous for the North; for we do not like her ambition; we are irritated by her insolence; we are aggrieved by her tariffs; but we still have much feeling of kinship and HDT WHAT? INDEX

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

esteem. We cannot be at all zealous for the South; for though she is friendly and free-trading, she is fanatically slave, and Slavery is the object of our rooted detestation” (p. 48). Historians, Campbell points out, have often confused opposition to one side with support for the other, leading to a flawed understanding of British sympathies. A useful set of appendices delineates how more Members of Parliament and Lords publicly endorsed neutrality (or were skeptical of both sides) than consistently advocated the cause of either the North or the South. Similarly, Campbell draws attention to the methodological problems in gauging popular attitudes from the press and public meetings, which uncritical historians have often accepted as barometers of English public opinion. These are all important points that should lead historians to reflect upon conventional wisdom. The book, however, is not without its faults. Campbell couches his argument in opposition to the “traditional” interpretation of British sympathies during the war—the already discredited view that class affiliation and political ideology rigidly determined British views on the conflict. The working class and political radicals, according to this interpretation, uniformly supported the Union, whilst the aristocracy and business interests, seeking to stifle democratisation in Britain, backed the Confederacy. This view, articulated by contemporaries such as John Bright and reasserted by E. D. Adams in his 1925 classic GREAT BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR has come under attack from historians in the last fifty years.6 Those scholars who do pick up on some of the themes of the traditional view—namely R.J.M. Blackett—do so with such greater nuance and qualification that they cannot be classified as advocates of the “traditional” interpretation as espoused by Bright and Adams. It is unnecessary, in other words, for Campbell to devote so much of his time and space to dismantling an interpretation that, with the possible exception of Philip Foner’s slim 1981 work, has not found much scholarly traction in the last half century.7 Furthermore, the style and tone in which Campbell engages in historiographical discussions is one which this reviewer found unnecessarily and counterproductively aggressive, particularly as many such discussions regarded only minor points of emphasis. Campbell’s focus on demolishing an already-demolished interpretation is perhaps the product of not engaging with recent scholarship. Indeed, Charles Hubbard’s 1998 synthesis on Confederate diplomacy, Alfred Grant’s 2000 book on the British press and, most crucially, R. J. M. Blackett’s 2001 DIVIDED H EARTS: BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, are all absent from Campbell’s historiographical discussions (as well as bibliography).8 These works no doubt came out late in the day for a book published in 6. E. D. Adams, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1925); and John Bright, SPEECHES OF JOHN BRIGHT, M.P., ON THE AMERICAN QUESTION (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1865). 7. Philip Foner, BRITISH LABOR AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981). 8. Charles Hubbard, THE BURDEN OF CONFEDERATE DIPLOMACY (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998); Alfred Grant, THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR AND THE BRITISH PRESS (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2000); and R. J. M. Blackett, DIVIDED HEARTS: BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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2003, but their absence detracts from the book—particularly given its historiographical focus. This is not just a matter of bolstering footnotes. Campbell’s discussion of the British partisans of the Union and Confederacy, in particular, suffers from the absence of engagement with recent scholarship—namely Blackett’s DIVIDED HEARTS. Campbell minimizes the extent of English public engagement in the war, relying largely on London newspaper accounts and dated secondary literature to make the point that pro-Confederate organizations such as the Southern Independence Association were “paltry” and “unimpressive,” whilst supporters of the North abandoned their efforts in “no-go” areas such as Sheffield and Lancashire after mid-1863 (pp. 184, 218, 224). The recent work of Blackett suggests otherwise. Drawing from over 125 local newspapers, Blackett has chronicled, in great detail, the activities of partisans of the North and South in Britain, providing rich detail to support his view that “no other agitation in the period ... engaged public interest so extensively as did the debate over the war in America” (p. 168). Furthermore, Blackett sociologically examines membership lists of pro-Union and pro-Confederate organizations and finds that certain trends are discernible. Dissenters, radicals and trade union leaders disproportionately supported the North, whilst the Confederacy found its strongest support amongst the aristocracy, ministers of the Church of England and the merchant community of Liverpool. Blackett is careful to note, however, that all classes of Britons were to some extent divided on the American issue and calls attention to the several exceptions to these trends, thus avoiding the pitfall of rigid class and ideological determinism that marks the traditional view. Nonetheless, this is, in short, a revised and nuanced variation of the traditional view—one that is based on extensive research and analysis. If Campbell seeks to challenge an interpretation, he needs to begin here. That being said, Campbell’s overall argument that public opinion remained largely suspicious of both sides and that historians need to be careful about how they categorize the partisans of the two sides is still of value. As his close reading of the London press suggests, longstanding controversies and the specific policies of the Union and the Confederacy gave ample reasons for English observers to be alienated from both sides. It appears that this thesis might work best at the level of elite policy-makers. Rarely ones to be swayed by passions, Russell, Palmerston and other leading British statesmen viewed the Civil War in a detached and pragmatic manner. Though they recognized the virtues of the causes of both sides and the international opportunities presented by the conflict, they were more compelled to stay at arm’s length from both the Union and Confederacy and to maintain a policy of neutrality. Russell’s flirtings with intervention in the autumn of 1862 should be viewed as an attempt to mitigate the adverse consequences of the conflict in Britain, not as outright support for the HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Confederacy. Furthermore, Campbell’s discussions of Parliament’s overall skepticism of both sides—with the exception, of course, of a handful of Brights and Roebucks— further accounts for the free hand given to the Palmerston cabinet in the formation of British policy. The more popular the attitudes explored, in other words, the more important the attitudes of a few elites become to understanding British policy during the American Civil War. Copyright (c) 2005 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at [email protected] net.msu.edu. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1862

The Reverend George Waddington became Warden of Cambridge University. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1867

The Reverend Professor Joseph Bosworth gave £10,000 to Cambridge University to establish a professorship of Anglo-Saxon. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1870

In memory of the brothers George Waddington and Horatio Waddington (deceased as of 1867), their sisters funded at Cambridge University a Waddington Classical Scholarship. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1916

May 17, day: Agnes Carol Zens was born.

England introduced Daylight Savings Time.

Bertrand Russell had authored a leaflet for the No Conscription Fellowship and six men had been condemned to varying terms of imprisonment at hard labor for distributing it. On this day Professor Russell placed a notice in the London Times asserting that he had been the author of this leaflet and “that, if anyone is to be prosecuted, I am the person primarily responsible.” In consequence the professor would be dismissed from his lectureship at Trinity College of Cambridge University and then denied a British passport to travel to the US in order to earn a living by lecturing at Harvard University.

MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING, HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Cambridge University HDT WHAT? INDEX

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2014. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: June 4, 2014 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.