Research on the Artificial Light Sources - Focused on squid – WGFTFB Bangkok

Heui Chun An National Research & Development Institute, Korea [email protected] Contents

 History of Lights

 Fisheries using Artificial Light

 Research of Fishing Light in Squid Jigging Traditional light fishing Torch and near Galilee, Israel

Fire Fishing Near Galilee(Ca. 7TH C A D) (Tonnes Bekker- Nielsen, 2005)

(Luke 5:2-6, We’ve worked hard all night…they caught such a large number of fish that their nets began to break.) Shipwreck from the 7th Century, off the west coast of Galilee, Israel ) St. Peter’s Fish Fire used in fisheries

Fishing for carp by gillnet and torches in Korea (Korean Fisheries Times, 2012) Light fishing with torch and scoop net (Umali and Dura, 1962)

American used to fish for herring from small rowing-boats, using Fishing Boats on the nagaegawa near Gödo. torches to attract the fish (Ben-Yami, 1988) (Keisai Eisen, 1835) Gas and Kerosene light

Common pressure gas lamps - upper-Lamp boat, -bottom- Lamp raft Around 22,000 fishermen live at the Tanzanian shore of Lake Victoria and earn their livelihood catching a small fish called Dagaa. In order to attract the Dagaa

Hawaiian spear fisherman carrying a kerosene pressure torch (After Nun, M., Ancient Jewish , 1964, in Hebrew) A gas fishing lamp with its tank Fisherman looking for baby tuna with a (Ben-Yami, 1988) kerosene lamp Fisheries using artificial light- Attracting

Lift net

Squid Jigging Indonesia Bagan / Lift nets (Stationary )

Hairtail Incandescent lamp 500W LED lamp 10W, Total 6~20kW Squid jigging with fishing light Fisheries using artificial light – Inducing

Stick-Held Dip Net for Saury Anchovy Scoop Net (Matsushita, 2012) Anchovy Scoop net

Incandescent Lamp: 1kW Anchovy scoop net with fishing light Fishing operation using fishing light

Fishing Light ▼

Gill netting with light. (Ben-Yami, 1988) Set Net ▼

▲ Beach-seining with light attraction. (Ben Yami, 1988) Fishing Light ◄ Lead Net

Fish attraction lamp system on set net. (Sasaki, 1950) Fisheries using artificial light – Herding Fisheries using artificial light – Attracting + Herding

(Matsushita, 2012) Strobe light deterrent efficacy (Johnson et al., 2005) .

Light on ▼

▲ Light off

Strobe Light and Hydroacoustic Transducer Frame Configuration at Grand Coulee Dam, US. System were set at the entrance to the powerplant forebay.

Number of Fish Detected per Hour by Five Downlooking Splitbeam Transducers in 2002, 2003, and 2004 During the Day and Night When the Strobe Lights Were Off and On for 24 Hours at Grand Coulee Dam (Johnson et al., 2005)

Characteristics of Fishing Light History of artificial light used in fisheries

Year 1900 ’10 ’20 ’30 ’40 ’50 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10

(torch)

1 ~ 10ea 25 ~ 35ea Metal Halide 30 ~ 50ea (oil lamp) (acetylene) (50w~1kw) (2kw) (2kw)

(lncandescent lamp) 1929 1 ~ 2ea (electric lamp) (1, 50 ~ 150w) (halogen lamp)

(Metal Halide Lamp) Automatic jigging machine

(LED)

※ Power and number of lamp in 10 ~ 20 tonnage jigging vessel. ( Inada & Ogura, 1988)

Characteristics of lamp

Incandescent Fluorescent lamp lamp

(Inada, 2008) Comparisons of fishing light

Incandescent lamp Metal halide lamp LED lamp

Stick-held dip Jigging, Angling ・ Stick-held dip net, Jigging, Fisheries Anchovy Scoop net purse seine Angling ・purse seine Underwater △ ○ ○ penetration

Re-start ○ △ ○

Color temp. 2,600～3,000K 4,000～4,500K 6,000~12,000K Blue, Cyon

Duration 500～1,500hr 3,000～5,000hr 30,000~50,000hr

Luminance 10～20lm/W 100~150lm/W 50~70lm/W Efficiency (BT type) (Slim type) 100～ 85~105lm/W 125lm/W (Inada et al., 2010) Electric fishing lights

Metal Halide Lamp (1.5~3 kW) LED Lamp on Squid Jigging Vessel

LED Lamp – www.wisepower.co.kr

Electric underwater fishing lamp using a regular incandescent bulb. Yami (1976) Research related to artificial light

Field Contents

Fish behavior  Vision of target species  Swimming behavior,  Abundance of plankton and low level prey  Light stick-catch  Bycatch reduction Light  Underwater transmittance of light and fish penetration behavior  Spectrum-Growth of phytoplankton, quality, special components  Light stimulus and reaction of target species (Matsushita, 2012) Research on squid jigging fishery Attraction response of squid to the fishing light

(Fishing Light)

(Luminance) (Intensity of Radiation)

(High Illuminance (High Illuminance (Attract to the Area) Area) light direction)

Squid

(Avoiding response) (Shadow Area)

(Shikata, 2010) Irradiance, Squid Distribution under Fishing Light

The sonar image overlapped with distribution of fishing light underwater irradiance at 510nm wavelength. ※ The upper limit of the squid distribution was in good agreement with the contour of at a wavelength of 510nm.

(Arakawa et al., 1998) Role of shaded area under squid jigging boat formed by shipboard fishing light in the processes of gathering and capturing japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus

Vertical distribution of underwater light intensity measured in the 488 nm band in the port-starboard direction of R/V Hakusna- Maru. Numbers in the figure are electric output value of light intensity sensor(AL8W-CMP, ALEC Electronics CO., Ltd.). A: All shipboard MH lamps were lit. b,c: ALL shipboard MH lamps and underwater LED lamp were lit.

(Arakawa et al., 2012) Role of shaded area under squid jigging boat formed by shipboard fishing light in the processes of gathering and capturing japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus

No lighting → Lighting Lighting → No lighting

Changes in catch per unit effort (CPUE) with lighting and no lighting of underwater LED and MH lamps. Underwater lamps were set at 50m depth. CPUE is expressed as the number of squid caught per machine-hour. Each bar indicates mean CPUE. Changes in echogram of squid after turning on/off underwater LED Asterisk indicates significant difference between groups (ρ and MH lamps. Shipboard MH lamps were continuously lit. Jigging <0.01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). machines were stopped during the acoustic observation.

(Arakawa et al., 2012) Electric power of fishing light in squid jigging vessel, Korea

Vessel size Electric power of FL Year Remarks (GT) (kW) 1975 ~ 10 2 ~ 28.5 1991 ~ 10 18 ~ 88.5 1998 ~ 10 ~ 100 Regulation 2010 ~ 10 ~ 81 Regulation 2010 ~ 90 81 ~ 141 Regulation ※ vessel length of 10 GT : 14m

※ Floodlights of Sang-Am World Cup Main Stadium: 536 kW Boat size, electric power and the catch of squid jigging boat

350 A (N=29) 300

B (N=23)

C (N=21) 250 D (N=13) 200

150

100 Light power output output (kW) power Light 50

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Ton (GT) (Choi, 2002) Catch (box/machine/day) 10 15 20 10 15 20 10 15 20 0 5 0 5 0 5

0

y = 4.1Ln(x) 4.1Ln(x) =y Light Light Power Output (kW) B+C 50 A D R

2

=0.72 100 y = 7.96Ln(x) 7.96Ln(x) =y

- y = 4.9Ln(x) 4.9Ln(x) =y

150 17.9 R 2 =0.62 R

2 200 = 0.63 =

-

27.71 250 -

12.5

300

10 15 20 10 15 20 10 15 20

0 5 0 5 0 5

0

y =y y =y B+C D A - - 0.12x 0.12x R

5 17.85 2

=0.31 R

y =y 2 2 2 =0.64 +3.83x +3.83x +3.43x +3.43x

-

Ton (GT) 10 0.12x

R - - 2 19.47 2 =0.61 +3.14x +3.14x

15

- 7.82 20

Light Power Output (kW) 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 Maximum 0 0

5

catch Ton (Gt.) 10

efficiency

15

: 100

11 ~ ~ 20 15 200

(Choi, 2002) (Choi, CPUE (box/machine/day)

kW GT,

Application of LED lamp?... . MHL ? - Fuel consumption for fishing lamp takes 65% of total fuel consumption of - Severe pain to the eye and skin of fishermen by ultraviolet radiation of MHL . LED ? - high energy consumption, directivity, Sensitivity - all colours are available , long life, water transmittance characteristic . Application of LED lamp White

Silver White

Blue

Green

Turquoise

Yellow(InGaN/YAG) Phosphor

Yellow(AllnGaP)

Red

Brown

Ultraviolet(375nm)

Ultraviolet(365nm) Relative Luminous Intensity(a. u.) Intensity(a. Relative Luminous

Wavelength λ (nm)

Spectrum of LED according to the wavelength

(Nakano & Shimizu, 2010)

Response of squid to the colour LED lamp

blue green white yellow red

◀ 50W LED lamp

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 W, B, G, Y, R Wavelength (nm)

50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P blue <--- LED lamp color ---> dark red <--- LED lamp color ---> dark

50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P white <--- LED lamp color ---> blue red <--- LED lamp color ---> blue

Bae et al. 2008, Blue, White>Green>Yellow>Red An et al. 2009 Comparison of catches for hairtail angling (2010)

- Lamp : M1~4 Metal Halide Lamp, total 60kW L1 LED (180W 100ea, 18kW) + MHL (9kW), total 27 kW

Catch(2010. 9~10) 350 CPUE (2010. 9~10) 12000 300

10000 250

8000 200

6000 150 CPUE (kg) CPUE

Catch (kg) Catch 4000 100

2000 50

0 0 L1 L2 L3 L4 M1 M2 M3 M4 L1 L2 L3 L4 M1 M2 M3 M4

 LED  MH 9 kw 21 kw 81 kw 99 kw 33 kw 45 kw 81 kw 117 kw LED 9kW, MHL 0~108kW (Yamashita et al, 2012) (111-150kW) (Matsushita, 2012)

Expected energy saving of R/V vessel in Hairtail Angling, Korea

Vessel Power of research Ordinary Reduction rate (ton) vessel vessel of energy(%) 27.0kW Hairtail angling LED 18.0kW 60kW 55 (9.77) MHL 9kW Economical effect of LED fishing lamp

- Hairtail angling : Saving fuel costs $19million/y - Number of vessel :1,000 - Reduction of Green House Gas Year : 71,775 CO2 tons Summary

. Different types of fishing lamps - target, fishing methods

. Attempts to estimate optimum electric power, reducing fuel

consumption of fishing light - jigging and angling

. More study - understand behavioral and physiological

characteristics of target Thanks for your attention!

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