ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

Editorial Staff, xxi Adapted Physical Education, 41 Albers-Shonberg¨ Disease American Foundation for the Contributors, xxiii Adaptive Behavior, 42 (Osteopetrosis, Marble Bone Blind, 123 Preface to the Fourth Edition, Adaptive Behavior Assessment Disease), 98 American Guidance Service, 124 xlv System—Second Edition, 44 Albinism, 99 American Institute—The Adaptive Behavior Scale (See Albright’s Hereditary Training School at Vineland, A Vineland Adaptive Behavior Osteodystrophy 125 AAAS, American Association Scales—Second Edition), 45 (Pseudohypoparathyroidism), American Journal of Mental for the Advancement of Adaptive Devices (See Assistive 99 Retardation, 125 Science, 1 Devices), 45 Alcohol and Drug Abuse American Journal of American Association of Adaptive Technologies and Patterns, 100 Occupational Therapy, 125 Intellectual and Programs, Websites Related Alexander Graham Bell American Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1 to, 45 Association for the Deaf, 102 Orthopsychiatry, 126 AAIDD (American Association on Adderall, 49 Alexia, 102 American Journal of Psychiatry, Addison’s Disease, 49 126 Intellectual Developmental Algozzine, Bob (1946– ), 103 Additive-Free Diets, 50 American Occupational Therapy Disabilities) Classification Allergic Diseases, 104 Adjustment of Individuals With Foundation, 126 Systems, 2 Alley, Gordon R. (1934–1999), Disabilities, 51 American Orthopsychiatric Ability Training, Early Efforts 107 Adler, Alfred (1870–1937), 53 Association, 126 in, 4 Alopecia Areata, 107 Administration of Special Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency, American Physical Therapy Abnormalities, Education, 54 108 Association, 127 Neurophysiological, 7 Adoptees, 56 Alphabetic Method, 109 American Printing House for the ABPP (See American Board of Adrenal Hyperplasia, Alphabetic Principle/Phonics, Blind, 128 Professional Psychology), 10 Congenital, 58 109 American Psychiatric Abroms, Kippy I. (1942–1987), 10 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Alport Syndrome, 110 Association, 128 Absence Seizures, 10 (ACTH) Deficiency, 59 Alstrom¨ Syndrome, 111 American Psychological Absenteeism/Attendance of Adrenoleukodystrophy, 60 Alternating Hemiplegia of Association, 128 Children with Disabilities, 11 Adult Asperger Assessment, 62 Childhood, 113 American Psychologist, 129 Abstraction, Capacity for, 13 Adult Programs for Individuals Alternating Treatments Design American Sign Language, 130 Abstract Thinking, Impairment With Disabilities, 62 (See Single Case Research American Society for Deaf in, 13 Advanced Placement Designs), 114 Children, 132 Abused Children, Psychotherapy Program, 63 Alternative Assessments (See American Speech-Language- With, 15 Advance Organizers, 64 Assessments, Alternative), Hearing Association, 132 Academic Assessment, 16 Adventitious Disabilities, 65 114 Americans With Disabilities Act, Academic Language, 19 Advocacy for Children With Alternative Formats of 133 Academic Skills, 20 Disabilities, 65 Information, 114 Ames Louise Bates (1908–1996), Academic Therapy, 21 Advocacy Groups, Citizen, 66 Alternative Settings, Positive 139 Academic Therapy Advocacy Organizations, 67 Behavior Supports, 114 Amnesia, 139 Publications, 21 Affective Disorders, 68 Amaroutic Familial Idiocy (See Amniocentesis, 141 Acalculia, 21 Affective Education, 71 Tay-Sachs Syndrome), 118 Amphetamine Psychosis, 142 Acceleration of Gifted Afibrinogenemia, Congenital, 73 Amblyopia, 118 AMSLAN (See American Sign Children, 23 Africa: East and Southern American Academy for Cerebral Language), 142 Access Board, 24 Special Education, 74 Palsy and Developmental Amyoplasia Congenital Accessibility, 24 Africa, Special Education, 81 Medicine, 118 Disruptive Sequence Accessibility of Websites Africa, Sub-Saharan, Special American Annals of the Deaf, 119 (Arthrogryposis Multiplex (See Web Accessibility), 29 Education in, 83 American Art Therapy Congenital), 143 Accessibility Resources in Agammaglobulinemias,COPYRIGHTED 85 Association,MATERIAL 119 Anastasi, Anne (1908–2001), 143 Standard Computer Age-Appropriate Curriculum, 85 American Association for Anastasiow, Nicholas J. Systems, 29 AgeatOnset,87 Marriage and Family (1924– ), 144 Accommodation, 31 Agenesis of the Corpus Therapy (AAMFT), 120 Anderson, Meta L. (1878–1942), Accommodations Versus Callosum, 87 American Association for the 144 Academic Adjustment, 31 Age of Majority, 88 Severely Handicapped Anemia, Aplastic, 145 Acetylcholine, 32 Aggression, 90 (See TASH), 120 Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan, 146 Achenbach Child Behavior Agoraphobia, 91 American Association of Colleges Anemia, Fanconi, 147 Checklist, 33 Agraphia, 92 for Teacher Education, 120 Anemia, Hereditary Achievement Need, 34 Aicardi Syndrome (Callosal American Board of Professional Nonspherocytic Hemolytic, Achievement Tests, 35 Dysgenesis), 93 Neuropsychology, 121 147 Achondroplasia, 36 Aides to Psycholinguistic American Board of Professional Anemia, Hereditary Spherocytic Acne Vulgaris, 36 Teaching, 93 Psychology, 121 Hemolytic, 148 Acrocallosal Syndrome, 37 AIDS (See Pediatric Acquired American Cancer Society (ACS), Anencephaly, 149 Acrodysostosis, 38 Immune Deficiency 121 Angelman Syndrome, 150 Acromegaly, 39 Syndrome), 95 American Council on Rural Angioedema (Hereditary), 150 Acromesomelic Dysplasia AIDS Dysmorphic Syndrome, 95 Education (ACRES), 122 Animals for Individuals With (Acromesomelic Dwarfism), Akineton, 96 American Counseling Disabilities, 151 40 Al-Anon, 96 Association (ACA), 123 Aniridia Cerebellar Ataxia Acromicric Dysplasia, 40 Alateen, 97 American Educational Research Mental Deficiency, 152 Acting Out, 41 Albania, Special Education, 97 Association, 123 Annals of Dyslexia, 152

v vi ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

Annual Directory of Educational Assessment of Basic Language Autism: The International Behavior Analysis, Applied (See Facilities for the Learning and Learning Skills—Revised Journal of Research and Applied Behavior Analysis), Disabled (See Biennial (ABLLS-R), 222 Practice (Journal), 280 325 Directory of Educational Assessment, Curriculum-Based Autocorrelation, 280 Behavior Analyst, Board Facilities for the Learning (See Curriculum-Based Autocorrelation Effects in Certified, 326 Disabled), 153 Assessment), 223 Single-Case Research, 282 Behavior Analyst, Board Annual Goals, 153 Assessments, Alternate, 223 Automaticity, 283 Certified Associate, 326 Annual Report to Congress on Assessment, Transition, 225 Automutism (See Elective Behavior Analyst Certification the Implementation of the Assimilation, 226 Mutism), 284 Board, Inc., 327 Individuals With Disabilities Assistive Technology Act, 227 Autonomic Reactivity, 284 Behavior Assessment System for Education Act, Twenty-Ninth Assistive Technology Devices, Aversive Control, 285 Children-2, 328 Executive Summary of the, 227 Aversive Stimulus, 285 Behavior Charting, 329 154 Assistive Technology for Hearing Aveyron, Wild Boy of (See Wild Behavior, Destructive (See Anomalies, Physical (See Impairments, 228 Boy of Aveyron), 286 Destructive Behaviors), 329 Physical Anomalies), 155 Assistive Technology in Higher Ayllon, Teodoro (1929– ), 286 Behavior Disorders, 329 Anorexia Nervosa, 156 Education, 229 Ayres, A. Jean (1920–1988), 287 Behavior Intervention Plans, 331 Anosmia, 159 Assistive Technology, Transition Behaviorism, 333 Planning, 231 Behavior Modeling, 335 Anoxia, 159 B Association for Childhood Behavior Modification, 335 Antecedent, 160 Babinski Reflex, 289 Education International, 232 Behavior Problem Checklist, Antecedent Teaching, 161 Baby Doe, 290 Association for Children and Revised, 336 Anthroposophic Movement, 162 Baer, Donald M. (1931–2002), Adults with Learning Behavior Rating Inventory of Anticonvulsants, 163 291 Disabilities (See Learning Executive Function, 337 Antihistamines, 165 Baller-Gerold Syndrome Disabilities Association), 233 Behavior Therapy, 338 Antisocial Behavior, 166 (Craniosynostosis-Radial Association for Persons with Belgium, Special Education in, Antisocial Personality, 169 Aplasia Syndrome), 292 Severe Handicaps (See 341 Antisocial Personality Balo Disease, 293 TASH), 233 Bell, Alexander Graham Disorder, 169 Bandura, Albert (1925– ), 293 Association for Positive Behavior (1847–1922), 342 Antley-Bixler Syndrome, 171 Bannatyne, Alexander D. Support (APBS), 233 Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital, Anxiety, 171 (1925– ), 294 Association for Special Education 343 Anxiety Disorders, 175 Barbiturate Abuse, 295 APECED Syndrome, 181 (See Center for Applied Bell’s Palsy, 344 Technology), 235 Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, 296 Bell, Terrel H. (1921–1996), 344 Apert Syndrome, 182 Bardon, Jack I. (1925–1993), 297 Apgar Rating Scale, 184 Association for the Advancement Benadryl, 345 of Behavior Therapy, 235 Barraga, Natalie C. (1915– ), Bender, Lauretta (1897–1987), Aphasia, 184 297 Aphasia, Broca’s, 185 Association for the Gifted, 345 The, 236 Barrier-Free Education, 298 Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Aphasia, Developmental (See Barriers, Architectural (See Childhood Aphasia, See also Association of Black Test, Second Edition, 346 Psychologists, 236 Architectural Barriers), 299 Benign Essential Tremor, 347 Language Disorders), 186 Associative Learning, 236 Barsch, Ray H. (1917–2003), 299 Bennett, Virginia C. Aphasia, Jargon, 186 Asthma, 237 Basal Readers, 300 (1916–1998), 348 Aphasia, Transcortical, 187 Astigmatism, 238 BASC (See Behavior Assessment Benzedrine, 348 Aphasia, Wernicke (Sensory Astrocytomas, 239 System for Children–2), 301 Bereiter, Carl (1930– ), 349 Aphasia), 188 Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Baseline Data, 301 Beta III, 349 Apnea, Infantile, 190 Reflex, 240 Base Rate, 302 Bettelheim, Bruno (1903–1990), Applied Behavior Analysis, 190 Ataque de Nervios, 241 Basic Skills Training, 302 350 Applied Psycholinguistics, 192 Atarax, 242 Bateman, Barbara (1933– ), Bialer, Irving (1919–2000), 350 Applied Verbal Behavior, 192 Ataxia, 242 303 Bibliotherapy, 351 Apraxia, Developmental, 193 Ataxia, Friedreich, 243 Batten Disease, 303 Bielscholwsky Syndrome Apraxia, Ocular Motor Cogan Ataxia, Hereditary, 244 Battered Child Syndrome, 304 (See Juvenile Type, 194 Ataxia, Marie’s, 245 Baumeister, Alfred A. Cerebromacular Apraxia (See Developmental Ataxia-Telangiectasia (1934–2011), 306 Degeneration), 352 Apraxia), 195 (Louis-Bar-Syndrome), 246 Bayley Scales of Infant and Biennial Directory of Aptitude Testing, 195 Athetosis, 247 Toddler Development, Third Educational Facilities for the Aptitude-Treatment Interaction, Atrioventricular Septal Defect, Edition, 306 Learning Disabled, 352 197 248 Bechterev (Bekhtiarev), Vladimir Bijou, Sidney W. (1908–2009), Arachnoid Cysts, 200 Attachment Disorder, 249 M. (1857–1927), 308 352 Arc, The, 201 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Becker, Wesley C. (1928–2000), Biliary Cirrhosis, Primary, 352 Architectural Barriers, 201 Disorder, 251 308 Bilingual Assessment and Architecture and Individuals Attention Span, 257 Beckwith-Wiedemann Special Education, 353 With Disabilities, 202 Attribution Retraining, 258 Syndrome, 309 Bilingual Special Education, 355 Archives of Clinical Attributions, 259 Beers, Clifford W. (1876–1943), Bilingual Speech Language Neuropsychology, 204 Atypical Child Syndrome, 259 310 Pathology, 357 Argentina, Special Education Audiogram, 261 Beery-Buktenica Developmental Bilingual Verbal Ability Tests, Services for Young Children Audiology, 261 Test of Visual-Motor 358 In, 204 Audiometry, 262 Integration, Sixth Edition, Binet, Alfred (1857–1911), 359 Arithmetic Remediation, 205 Auditory Abnormalities, 263 310 Biochemical Irregularities, 359 Armitage, Thomas Rhodes Auditory Discrimination, 264 Behavior, 311 Biofeedback, 361 (1824–1890), 207 Auditory Perception, 264 Behavioral and Emotional Biogenic Models, 362 Armstrong v. Kline (1979), 207 Auditory Processing, 265 Rating Scale, Second Edition, Biological Basis of Emotional Army Group Examinations, 208 Auditory–Visual Integration, 265 BERS-2, 312 Disorders, 363 Arteriovenous Malformations, Augmentative and Alternative Behavioral Assessment, 313 Biological Basis of Learning and 210 Communication, 267 Behavioral Consultation, 315 Memory, 364 Arthritis, Juvenile, 211 Australia, Special Education In, Behavioral Consultation, Bipolar Affective Disorder, 365 Articulation Disorders, 212 268 Conjoint, 317 Birch, Herbert G. (1918–1973), Arts Integrated With Autism, 272 Behavioral Deficit, 319 367 Mathematics, 214 Autism Behavior Checklist, 275 Behavioral Disorders, Journal of, Birch, Jack W. (1915–1998), 367 Art Therapy, 215 Autism Diagnostic 320 Birth Injuries, 368 Asperger, Hans (February 18, Interview—Revised, 276 Behavioral Momentum, 320 Birth Order, 370 1906–October 21, 1980), Autism Diagnostic Observation Behavioral Objectives, 322 Birth Trauma, 373 215 System, 277 Behavioral Observation, 324 Blatt, Burton (1927–1985), 374 Asperger Syndrome, 216 Autism Society of America, 278 Behavioral Support (See Blind Infants, 374 Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Autism Speaks, 279 Support, Behavioral), 325 Blindisms, 375 Scale, 220 Autism Spectrum Rating Scales Behavior Analysis (See Applied Blind Learning Aptitude Test, Asphyxia, 221 (ASRS), 279 Behavior Analysis), 325 376 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES vii

Blindness, 377 Caldwell, Bettye M. (1924– ), Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Cleft Lip/Palate, 569 Blindness, Legal, 378 423 Syndrome, 495 Cleland, Charles C. (1924– ), Blissymbols, 379 California Verbal Learning Test, Certification/Licensure Issues, 571 Bloom, Benjamin S. (1913–1999), Children’s Version, 424 495 Clerc, Laurent (1785–1869), 571 380 California Verbal Learning Test, Chalfant, James C. (1932– ), Clinical Evaluation of Language Blue Diaper Syndrome, 380 Second Edition, 424 497 Fundamentals, Fourth Bobath Method, 381 Campbell, Sir Francis Joseph Chall, Jeanne S. (1921–1999), Edition, 571 Boder Test of Reading–Spelling (1832–1914), 425 497 Clinical Interview, 573 Patterns, 382 Camp, Bonnie W. (1931– ), 426 Changing Criterion Design Clinical Psychology, 575 Body Image, 383 Camphill Community (See Single Case Research Clinical Teaching, 576 Body Type, 384 Movement, 427 Design), 498 Closed Circuit Television, 576 Boehm Test of Basic Concepts, Camping for Children With Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Cloze Technique, 577 Third Edition, 385 Disabilities, 427 498 Clubfoot, 578 Bone Anchored Hearing Canada, Special Education in, CHC Cross-Battery Approach, Cluttering, 578 Device–BAHA, 385 428 The, 499 Coaching/Facilitating, Positive Bonet, Juan P. (1579–1629), 386 Cancer, Childhood, 431 Chemically Dependent Youths, Behavior Support, 580 Borderline Personality Disorder, Candidiasis, 432 510 Coats’ Disease, 585 386 Cantrell, Robert P. (1938– ), Chemotherapy, 512 Cocaine Abuse, 585 Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann 433 Chess, Stella (1914–2007), 514 Cockayne Syndrome, 587 Syndrome, 387 Carcinoid Syndrome, 434 Child Abuse, 514 Code of Fair Testing Practices in Bower, Eli M. (1917–1991), 388 Carcinoma, Renal Cell, 435 Child Development, 516 Education, 587 Bracken Basic Concept Scale: Cardiac Disorders, 435 Child Find, 517 Coffin-Lowry Syndrome, 590 Expressive, 388 Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome, Child Guidance Clinic, 518 Cogentin, 591 Braidwood, Thomas (1715–1806), 437 Childhood Aphasia, 519 Cognitive Assessment System, 389 Career Education for Students Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 591 Braille, 390 Receiving Special Education Second Edition, 522 Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 592 Braille, Louis (1809–1852), 390 Services, 439 Childhood Autism Spectrum Test Cognitive Development, 594 Brain Damage/Injury, 391 Caribbean, Special Education in, (CAST), 523 Cognitive Impairment and Metal Brain Disorders (Degenerative 440 Childhood Disintegrative Pollutants, 599 Motor Dysfunction), 395 Carnine, Douglas W. (1947– ), Disorder, 524 Cognitive Mapping Software, 600 Brain Fag, 396 441 Childhood Neurosis (See Cognitive Retraining, 601 Brain Growth Periodization, 397 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Psychoneurotic Disorders), Cognitive Strategies, 602 Brain Injury Association of Deficiency, Type I, 442 525 Cognitive Styles, 605 America, 398 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Childhood Psychosis, 525 Cohen Syndrome, 606 Brain Organization (See Deficiency, Type II, 443 Childhood Schizophrenia, 527 Colitis, 607 Neurological Organization), Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 443 Child Maltreatment and Colitis, Collagenous, 608 399 Carpenter Syndrome Disabilities, 531 Colitis, Ulcerative, 609 Brain Stem Audiometry, 399 (Acrocephalopolysyndactyly, Child Psychiatry, 533 Collaboration (See Inclusion), Brain Tumors, 400 Type II), 444 Child Psychology, 533 610 Brazelton, T. Berry (1918– ), Carrow Elicited Language Children of a Lesser God, 536 Collaborative Perinatal Project, 402 Inventory, 446 Children’s Defense Fund, 536 610 Bridgman, Laura Dewey Cartwright, G. Phillip (1937– ), Children’s Manifest Anxiety College Programs for Disabled (1829–1899), 402 446 Scale, 537 College Students, 610 Brigance Diagnostic Inventories, Cascade Model of Special Children’s Rights Colorado Tick Fever, 612 403 Education Services, 447 Internationally, 537 Color Blindness, 612 Brittle Bone Disease Case History, 449 Child Service Demonstration Communication Aids, Electronic (Osteogenesis Imperfecta), Castleman Disease, 449 Centers, 540 Communication Boards, 613 404 Catalog of Federal Domestic Child Variance Project, 542 Communication Disorders, 614 Broca, Pierre Paul (1824–1880), Assistance, 451 Child With a Disability, Communication Specialist, 616 405 Cataracts, 452 Definition of, 543 Community-Based Instruction, Broca’s Aphasia, 405 Catecholamines, 452 China, Special Education in, 545 616 Bronfenbrenner, Uri Categorical Education, 453 Chlamydia Trachomatis, Community Residential Cat Eye Syndrome, 454 Adolescent Onset, 547 Programs, 617 (1917–2005), 406 Cat Scan, 455 Chlamydia Trachomatis Compazine, 618 Brown, Ann L. (1943–1999), 407 Cat-Scratch Disease, 456 Infections, 549 Compensatory Education, 618 Brown, Lou (1939– ), 407 The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory Chlorpromazine, 550 Competency Testing for Teachers Brown, Robert T. (1940– ), 408 of Cognitive Abilities, 457 Cholinesterase, 550 (See Highly Qualified Brown Versus Board of Cattell, James McKeen Chomsky, Noam (1928– ), 551 Teachers), 619 Education, 408 (1860–1944), 470 Chorea, 552 Competing Behavior Path Brucellosis, 409 Cawley’s Project Math, 470 Chorionic Villus Sampling, 552 Analysis, 619 Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Center for Applied Special Choroideremia, 553 Comprehensive Assessment of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2), Technology, 471 Chromosome 9, Trisomy 9p Spoken Language, 621 411 Centers for Independent Living, (Multiple Variants), 554 Comprehensive Receptive and Bruner, Jerome (1915– ), 412 472 Chromosome 18p Syndrome, 555 Expressive Vocabulary Test, Bruxism and the Student With Centile Scores (See Percentile Chromosome 18q Syndrome, 555 Second Edition, 622 Disabilities, 412 Scores), 475 Chromosomes, Human Comprehensive Test of Buckley Amendment (See Family Central Auditory Dysfunction, Anomalies, and Cytogenetic Nonverbal Intelligence, Educational Rights and 475 Abnormalities, 557 Second Edition, 623 Privacy Act), 414 Central Auditory Processing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 561 Comprehensive Test of Bulimia Nervosa, 414 Disorder, 477 Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Phonological Processing, 623 Bullous Pemphigoid, 417 Central Core Disease, 478 562 Comprehensive Trail Making Bureau of Education for the Central Hypoventilation Chronic Illness in Children, 563 Test, 625 Handicapped, 418 Syndrome (Congenital), 479 Chronic Inflammatory Compulsory Attendance (and Bureau of Indian Education, 418 Central Nervous System, 480 Demyelinating Students With Disabilities), Burks’ Behavior Rating Scales, Central Processing Dysfunctions Polyneuropathy, 564 626 Second Edition (BBRS-2), 418 in Children, 481 Citizen Advocacy Groups (See Computerized Axial Tomography Buros Mental Measurements Central Tendency, 483 Advocacy Groups, Citizen), (See CAT Scan), 626 Yearbook, 419 Cerebellar Disorders, 483 565 Computers and Education, an Buros, Oscar K. (1905–1978), 419 Cerebral Dominance, 485 Civil Rights of Individuals With International Journal, 626 Burt, Sir Cyril (1883–1971), 420 Cerebral Function, Disabilities, 565 Computers in Human Behavior, Lateralization of, 487 Class-Action Lawsuits, 566 627 C Cerebral Infarction, 489 Classrooms, Positive Behavior Computer Use With Students Cafe´ au Lait Spots, 421 Cerebral Lesion, Chronic, 490 Supports, 566 With Disabilities, 627 Calculators, 422 Cerebral Palsy, 491 Clausen, Johs (1913– ), 569 Concept Formation, 628 viii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

Concept of Activity (See Theory Council for Exceptional Children, Crystallized versus Fluid Decroly, Ovide (1871–1932), 770 of Activity; Vygotsky, Lev S.), Division for Early Childhood, Intelligence (See Cattell- Deinstitutionalization, 770 629 673 Horn-Carroll Theory of Delacato, Carl H. (1923– ), 771 Concrete Operations, 630 Council for Exceptional Children, Cognitive Abilities), 705 Delayed Language (See Conditioned Reinforcer, 630 Division for Learning Cued Speech, 705 Language Delays), 772 Conditioning, 631 Disabilities, 674 Cuisenaire Rods, 706 De Leon, Pedro (See Ponce De Conduct Disorder, 634 Council for Exceptional Children, Cultural Attitudes Toward Leon, Pedro De), 772 Conductive Hearing Loss, 635 Division for Physical, Health, Special Education, 707 De L’Epee,´ Abbe´ Charles Michel Confidentiality of Information and Multiple Disabilities, 674 Cultural Bias In Testing, 711 (1712–1789), 772 (See Buckley Amendment; Council for Exceptional Children, Culturally/Linguistically Diverse Delinquency, Disabilities and, Individuals With Disabilities Division for Research, 674 Gifted Students, 713 772 Education Improvement Act Council for Exceptional Children, Culturally/Linguistically Diverse Delis-Kaplan Executive Function of 2004 [IDEIA]), 636 Division of International Students and Learning System, 774 Congenital Disorders, 637 Special Education and Disabilities, 716 De Lorenzo, Maria E.G.E. Congenital Word Blindness, 639 Services, 675 Culturally/Linguistically Diverse (1927– ), 775 Conjunctivitis, Ligneous, 640 Council for Exceptional Children, Students in Special Delusions, 775 Conners 3rd Edition, 641 Division on Autism and Education, Families of, 717 Dementia, 777 Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Developmental Disabilities Culturally/Linguistically Diverse Dementias of Childhood, 777 642 (DADD), 675 Students, Representation of, Dendrites, 779 Conscience, Lack of in Council for Exceptional Children, 721 Denmark, Special Education in Individuals With Disabilities, Division on Career Cultural Perspectives on the Folkeskole in, 779 643 Development and Transition, Behavioral Disorders, 723 Deno, Evelyn N. (1911–2005), Consent Decree, 644 676 Cultural Sensitivity During 783 Consent, Informed, 644 Council for Exceptional Children, Transition Planning, 726 Dentistry and the Exceptional Consequences, 646 Division on Visual Culture-Fair Test, 728 Child, 783 Consortium for Citizens With Impairments, 676 Culture Free Self-Esteem Denys-Drash Syndrome, 785 Disabilities, 647 Council for Exceptional Children, Inventories, Third Edition, Depakene, 786 Constitutional Law (in Special Pioneers Division, 676 728 Dependent Variable, 787 Education), 648 Council for Exceptional Children, Curriculum, 729 Depression, Childhood and Consultation, 649 Teacher Education Division, Curriculum, Age-Appropriate, Adolescent, 788 Consultation, Inclusion and 677 730 Deprivation (See (See Inclusion), 651 Council for Exceptional Children, Curriculum-Based Assessment, Postinstitutionalized Child), Consultation, Mental Health, Technology and Media 731 793 651 Division, 677 Curriculum-Based Deprivation, Bioneural Results Contingency Contracting, 653 Council for Learning Disabilities, Measurement, 732 of, 793 Continuous Reinforcement, 654 677 Curriculum for Students With Deprivation, Early Auditory, 794 Continuum of Special Education Council of Administrators of Mild Disabilities in Special Deprivation, Early Visual, 795 Services (See Inclusion), 655 Special Education, 678 Education, 733 Dermatitis, Atopic, 796 Continuum of Support (See Counseling Individuals With Curriculum for Students With Dermatitis, Contact, 797 Positive Behavioral Support, Disabilities, 678 Severe Disabilities, 733 Dermatomyositis, 798 School-wide), 655 Crack, Prenatal Exposure, Curriculum in Early Childhood De Sanctis-Cacchione Syndrome, Contract Procurement, 655 679 Intervention, 734 799 Control Groups, 656 Cratty, Bryant J. (1929– ), Cushing’s Syndrome, 735 Desensitization, 800 Controversial and 680 Custodial Care of Individuals Des Lauriers, Austin M. Non-Conventional Autism Creative Problem Solving, 680 With Disabilities, History of, (1917–1983), 801 Treatments, 656 Creative Problem Solving 736 Des Lauriers–Carlson Convergent and Divergent Institute, 682 Customized Employment, 738 Hypothesis, 801 Thinking, 658 Creative Studies Program, 683 Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Despert, Juliette L. (1892–1982), Convulsive Disorders Creativity, 683 Congenita, 739 802 (See Seizure Disorders), 659 Creativity, Amusement Park Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome, 740 Destructive Behaviors, 802 Cooperative Grouping, Theory (APT Model) of, 685 Cyclothymia, 740 Detroit Tests of Learning Mathematics, 659 Creativity, Consensual Cylert, 741 Aptitude, Fourth Edition, 803 Cooperative Teaching Assessment of, 687 Cystic Fibrosis, 742 Developmental Aphasia (See Inclusion), 660 Creativity, Fairness and, 688 (See Childhood Aphasia; Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 743 Coprolalia, 660 Creativity, Theories of, 689 Language Disorders), 804 Cystic Hygroma, 743 Copropraxia (See Coprolalia), 661 Creativity Tests, 691 Developmental Apraxia, 804 Cytomegalovirus, 744 Core School, 661 Cretinism, 692 Developmental Assessment of Cytomegalovirus, Congenital, Corneal Dystrophy, 661 Cri du Chat Syndrome (Cat Cry Young Children, 805 745 Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, Syndrome), 693 Developmental Delay, 805 663 Crime and Individuals With Developmental Disabilities, 807 Correctional Education, 663 Disabilities, 694 D Developmental Disabilities Correctional Special Education, Crisis Intervention, 695 Daily Living Skills, 747 Assistance Act and Bill of 664 Crisis Teacher, 697 Dance Therapy, 749 Rights, 809 Cortical Visual Impairment, 665 Crissey, Marie Skodak Dandy-Walker Syndrome, 750 Developmental Disabilities Legal Cor Triatrium, 667 (1910–2000), 697 Darier Disease, 750 Resource Center (See Costa Rica, Special Education in, Criterion-Referenced Testing, Data-Based Decision Making, Protection and Advocacy 667 698 Positive Behavior Support, System—Developmentally Costello Syndrome, 670 Crohn’s Disease, 699 751 Disabled), 810 Council for Exceptional Children, Cronbach, Lee J. (1916–2001), Day-Care Centers, 755 Developmental Dyslexia, History 671 700 Deaf-Blind, 756 of, 810 Council for Exceptional Children, Cross-Cultural Adaptability Deaf Culture, 757 Developmental Mathematics at Council for Children With Inventory, 701 Deaf Education, 758 the College Level, 813 Behavioral Disorders, 671 Cross-Cultural Special Deaf Education, History of, 762 Developmental Milestones, 814 Council for Exceptional Children, Education (See Deaf, Interpreters for Developmental Norms, 819 Council for Educational Culturally/Linguistically (See Interpreters for the Developmental Optometry, 820 Diagnostic Services, 672 Diverse Students and Deaf), 765 Developmental Psychology, 821 Council for Exceptional Children, Learning Disabilities), 702 Deafness, Causes and Types of, Developmental Test of Visual Division for Communicative Cross-Modality Training, 702 765 Perception, Second Edition, Disabilities and Deafness, Crouzon Syndrome, 702 Deaf President Now, 768 822 672 Crouzon Syndrome (Craniofacial Dean-Woodcock Developmental Therapy, 822 Council for Exceptional Children, Dysostosis), 703 Neuropsychological Battery, Devereux Behavior Rating Division for Culturally and Cruickshank, William M. 768 Scale-School Form, 823 Linguistically Diverse (1915–1992), 704 Deborah P. Versus Turlington, Devereux Scales of Mental Exceptional Learners, 673 Cryptophasia, 704 769 Disorders, 824 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES ix

Deviation IQ, 826 Dyscalculia, 888 Education of Children With Ethics, International, and Dexedrine, 826 Dyscopia (See Developmental Blindness/Visual Disabilities, Special Education, 992 DHAT, 827 Apraxia), 889 931 Etiology, 993 Diabetes, 827 Dysfluency (See Stuttering), 889 Education Week, 932 Eugenics, 1002 Diagnosis in Special Education, Dysgraphesthesia, 889 EEG Abnormalities, 932 Eustis, Dorothy Harrison 828 Dysgraphia, 890 EEOC (See Equal Employment (1886–1946), 1003 Diagnostic Achievement Battery, Dyskinesia, 891 Opportunity Commission), Evaluating the Core Curriculum Second Edition, 830 Dyslexia (See Developmental 934 in a Response to Intervention Diagnostic and Statistical Dyslexia, History of; Reading Effectiveness of Special Approach, 1004 Manual of Mental Disorders, Disorders, 893 Education, 934 Evaluation (See Curriculum- 831 Dyslogic Syndrome, 893 Egbert, Robert L. (1923–2001), Based Assessment; Diagnostic Assessments of Dysmetria, 894 943 Evidence-Based Practice; Reading With Trial Teaching Dysmorphic Features, 895 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, 944 Response to Intervention), Strategies, 832 Dysnomia, 895 Eisenson, Jon (1907–2001), 945 1006 Diagnostic Prescriptive Dyspedagogia, 896 Elaborated Versus Restricted Event Recording, 1006 Teaching, 832 Dysphagia, 897 Verbal Codes, 945 Evidence-Based Practice, 1007 Diagnostic Teaching, 833 Dysphasia (See Language Elavil, 946 Evidence-Based Programs, 1008 Dialysis and Special Education, Disorders), 898 Elective Mutism, 947 Evidence-Based Secondary 835 Dysphonia, 898 Electroencephalograph, 949 Transition Practices, 1010 Diana Versus State Board of Dyspraxia (See Developmental Electroencephalography (EEG) Exceptional Children, 1012 Education, 835 Apraxia), 900 Biofeedback, 949 Exhibitionism, 1012 Diazepam, 836 Dysthymia, 900 Electronic Travel Aids, 950 Expectancy Age, 1014 Dichotic Listening, 837 Dystonia, 901 Elementary and Secondary Expectations, Positive Behavior Dictionary of Occupational Education Act (ESEA), 951 Support, 1015 Titles, 838 Elementary Mathematics Expressive Language Disorders E Differential Ability Content Specialists, 951 (See Language Disorders), Ear and Hearing, 903 Scales–Second Edition, 838 The Elephant Man, 953 1017 Early Childhood, Culturally and Diffusion Tensor Imaging, 839 Ellis, Norman R. (1924– ), 954 Expressive Vocabulary Test, Linguistically Diverse Issues DiGeorge Syndrome, 840 Elwyn Institutes, 954 Second Edition, 1017 In, 903 Dilantin, 841 Embedded Figures Test, 955 Extended School Year for Early Childhood Intervention, Diplegia, 842 Emotional Disorders, 955 Children With Disabilities, Positive Behavior Support, Diplopia, 842 Emotional Lability, 959 1018 905 Direct Instruction, 843 Emphysema, Congenital Lobar, Extinction, 1019 Disability, 846 Early Experience and Critical 960 Eye-Hand Coordination, 1019 Disability Etiquette, 847 Periods, 907 Empirically Supported Eysenck, Hans J. (1916–1997), Disadvantaged Child, 851 Early Infantile Autism Treatment, 961 1021 Disasters and Disabilities, 852 (See Autism), 912 Employment Options, 962 Discipline, 854 Early Screening Profiles, 912 Encephalitis, Mycoplasma F Discourse, 855 Eating Disorders, 913 Pneumoniae, 963 Fabry Disease, 1023 Discrepancy Analysis (See Echolalia, 914 Encephalitis, Postherpetic, 965 Facilitated Communication, 1023 Learning Disabilities, Severe Echopraxia, 915 Encephalitis, Postinfectious Factor Analysis, 1025 Discrepancy Analysis in), 857 Ecological Assessment, 916 Measles, 965 Failure to Thrive, 1026 Discrepancy From Grade, 857 Ecological Education for Encopresis, 967 Fairbank Disease, 1027 Discriminant Analysis, 858 Children With Disabilities, Endocardial Fibroelastosis, 968 False Positive and False Discrimination Learning, 858 917 Endocrine Disorders, 969 Negative, 1028 Disproportionality, 859 Ecstasy Abuse, 919 Endorphins, 970 Familial Mediterranean Fever, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Ectodermal Dysplasia, 920 Engelmann Disease, 970 1029 862 Ectrodactaly Ectodermal Distal Arthrogryposis Syndrome, England, Special Education in, Familial Retardation, 1030 Dysplasia (EEC Syndrome), 971 Familiar Dysautonomia, 1031 863 921 DISTAR, 864 Englemann, Siegfried E. Families for Early Autism Edgerton, Robert B. (1931– ), (1931– ), 973 Treatment, 1032 Distractibility, 864 921 Division With Models, Best English as a Second Language Families of Culturally/ Educability, 922 (ESL) and Special Education Linguistically Diverse Practices for Teaching, 866 Educable Intellectually Divorce and Special Education, (See Second Language Students in Special Developmentally Delayed Learners in Special Education (See Culturally/ 867 (See Intellectually Dix, Dorothea L. (1802–1887), Education), 973 Linguistically Diverse Developmentally Delayed), 871 Engrams, 973 Students in Special 923 Doctoral Training in Special Enrichment, 974 Education, Families of), 1033 Educateur, 923 Education, 872 Enrichment Triad Model, 975 Families, Positive Behavior Educational and Psychological Dog Guides, 873 Enuresis, 976 Support, 1033 Measurement, 923 Dolch Word List, 873 Eosinophilic Fasciitis, 978 Family Counseling, 1034 Educational Diagnostician, 924 Doll, Edgar A. (1889–1968), 874 Epicanthic Fold, 979 Family Educational Rights and Doman, Glenn (1919– ), 874 Educational High School Epidemiology, 979 Privacy Act, 1035 Dopamine, 875 Reform, 924 Epilepsy (See Seizure Disorders), Family Involvement, Transition, Double-Blind Design, 875 Educationally Disadvantaged, 980 1036 Down, J. (John) Langdon 927 Epilepsy Foundation of America, Family Policy Compliance Office, (1828–1896), 876 Educational Resources 980 1037 Down Syndrome, 876 Information Center, 928 Epinephrine, 980 Family Response to a Child With The Draw-A-Person Intellectual Educational Testing Service, 929 Equal Educational Opportunity, Disabilities, 1038 Ability Test for Children, Education and Treatment of 981 Family Service America, 1039 Adolescents, and Adults, 878 Children, 930 Equal Employment Opportunity Family Therapy, 1040 Draw-A-Person Test, 878 Education for All Handicapped Commission, 981 Farrell, Elizabeth E. Dropout, 879 Children Act of 1975 Equal Protection, 982 (1870–1932), 1041 Drug Abuse, 880 (PL 94-142) (See Individuals Equine Therapy, 983 Fears (See Phobias and Fears), Drugs (See specific drugs), 882 with Disabilities Education Errorless Learning, 984 1041 Due Process, 882 Improvement Act of 2004 ERTL Index, 986 Febrile Convulsions, 1041 Duhring Disease, 883 (IDEIA); Categorical Erythrokeratodermia With Federal Register, 1042 Dunlap, Glen, 884 Education; Cerebral Palsy; Ataxia, 987 Feeble-Minded, 1042 Dunn, Lloyd M. (1917– ), 885 Education for the Terminally Esquirol, Jean E. (1722–1840), Feeding Disorder of Early Duodenal Atresia and Duodenal Ill; Other Health Impaired; 988 Childhood, 1043 Stenosis, 886 Spina Bifida), 930 Estonia, Special Education in, Feeding Disorders of Infancy, Duration Recording, 887 Education for the Terminally Ill, 988 1044 Dwarfism, 888 930 Ethics, 990 Feingold Diet, 1045 x ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

Feldhusen, John F. (1926–2009), Functional Domains, 1101 Gifted International, 1142 Growth Delay, Constitutional, 1047 Functional Equivalence, 1101 Giftedness, Cultural and 1176 Femoral Hypoplasia–Unusual Functional Instruction, 1103 Linguistic Diversity (See Growth Hormone Deficiency, Facies Syndrome, 1047 Functional MRI, 1104 Culturally/Linguistically 1177 Fenichel, Carl (1905–1975), 1048 Functional Skills Trainings, Diverse Gifted Students), Guadalupe v. Tempe Elementary Feral Children, 1048 1104 1142 School (See Diana v. State Fernald, Grace Maxwell Functional Vision, 1105 Gifted Rating Scales, 1142 Board of Education), 1178 (1879–1950), 1049 Functional Vocabulary, 1106 Gilliam Asperger’s Disorder Guggenbuhl,¨ Johann J. Fernald Method, 1050 Future Problem Solving Scale, 1143 (1816–1863), 1178 Fernald, Walter E. (1859–1924), Program, 1107 Gilliam Autism Rating Guide to the Assessment of Test 1050 Scale—Second Edition, 1144 Session Behavior, 1179 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 1051 G Gillingham-Stillman: Alphabetic Guilford, J. P. (1897–1987), 1180 Fetal Aminopterin/Methotrexate Gait Disturbances, 1109 Approach, 1145 Guillain-Barre´ Syndrome, 1180 Syndrome, 1055 Galactosemia, 1110 Glaucoma (See Visually Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome, 1056 Gallagher, James J. (1926– ), Impaired), 1146 H Fetal Rubella Syndrome, 1057 1111 Glial Cells, 1146 Habilitation of Individuals With Fetal Trimethadione Syndrome, Glioblastoma, 1147 Gallaudet, Edward M. Disabilities, 1183 1057 Glycogen Storage Disease (1837–1917), 1112 Habituation, 1183 Fetal Valproate Syndrome, 1058 (Von Gierke Disease), 1147 Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins Halderman Versus Pennhurst Fetal Varicella Syndrome, 1059 Glycogen Storage Disease (1787–1851), 1112 State School and Hospital Fetal Warfarin Syndrome, 1059 Type II (Pompe Disease), Gallaudet College, 1112 (1977), 1184 Fewell, Rebecca R. (1936– ), 1149 Galton, Francis (1822–1911), Haldol, 1185 1060 Glycogen Storage Disease 1113 Hallahan, Daniel P. (1944– ), Fiber-Type Disproportion, Type III (Forbes Disease), Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, 1113 1186 Congenital, 1061 1149 Gargoylism (See Hurler Hall, Frank H. (1843–1911), 1186 Fibrosysplasia Ossificans Glycogen Storage Disease Syndrome), 1113 Hall, G. Stanley (1844–1924), Progressiva, 1061 Type IV (Andersen Disease), Garrett, Emma (1846–1893), 1187 Field Dependence– 1150 1114 Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome, Independence, 1062 Glycogen Storage Disease Garrett, Mary Smith 1187 Filial Therapy, Special Type V (McArdle Disease), (1839–1925), 1114 Hallervorden-Spatz Disease, Education and, 1062 1151 Garrison, S. Olin (1853–1900), 1188 Fingerspelling, 1063 1114 Glycogen Storage Disease Finland, Special Education in, Type VI, 1152 Hallucinations, 1189 Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, Hallucinogen Abuse, 1190 1064 1114 Glycogen Storage Disease VII Fitzgerald Key, The, 1066 (Tarui Disease), 1153 Hallucinogens, 1191 Gaze Aversion, 1115 Halstead-Reitan Focus on Autism and Other Gearheart, Bill R. (1918–2001), Glycogen Storage Disease Developmental Disabilities Type VIII, 1153 Neuropsychological Test 1116 Battery, 1192 (Journal), 1067 General Aptitude Test Battery, Goals, Annual (See Annual Hammill, Donald (1934– ), 1194 Folling¨ Disease (See 1116 Goals), 1154 Handedness and Exceptionality, Phenylketonuria), 1067 Generalizability Theory, 1117 Goals, Use of, 1154 1194 Follow Through, 1067 Generalization, 1118 Goddard, Henry H. (1866–1957), Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease, 1196 Food Additives, 1068 Generic Special Education, 1119 1155 Handicapism, 1197 Forness, Steven R. (1939– ), Genetic and Rare Diseases Golden, Charles J. (1949– ), Handicapped Children’s Early 1069 Information Center, 1120 1155 Education Assistance Act Forrest v. Ambach, 1070 Genetic Counseling, 1120 Goldenhar Syndrome, 1156 (Public Law 90-538), 1198 Foster Homes for Children Genetic Factors in Behavior, Goldman-Fristoe Test of Handicapped, Definition of (See With Disabilities, 1071 1122 Articulation 2, 1156 Child With a Disability, Foundation for Children Genetic Mapping, 1123 Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test Learning Disabilities, 1072 Genetic Testing, 1124 of Auditory Discrimination, Definition of), 1199 Fountain Syndrome, 1073 Genetic Transmissions, 1124 1157 Handicapping Conditions, High Fourteenth Amendment Rights Genetic Variations, 1125 Gold, Marc (1931–1982), 1157 Incidence (See (See Equal Protection), 1073 Genie, 1126 Goldstein, Max A. (1870–1941), High-Incidence Disabilities), Foxx, Richard M. (1944– ), 1073 Genius, 1127 1158 1199 Fragile X Syndrome, 1074 George, William Reuben Goodenough, Florence Laura Hand Test, 1199 Fraiberg, Selma Horowitz (1866–1936), 1128 (1886–1959), 1158 Handwriting (See Dysgraphia), (1918–1981), 1077 Georgia Studies of Creative Goodpasture Disease, 1159 1200 France, Special Education in, Behavior, 1129 Gottlieb, Jay (1942– ), 1159 Happy Puppet Syndrome (See 1077 Germany, Special Education In, Gowan, John C. (1912–1986), Angelman Syndrome), 1200 Free Appropriate Public 1130 1160 Hard of Hearing, 1200 Education, 1080 Gerstmann Syndrome, 1132 Grade Equivalents, 1161 Haring, Norris G. (1923– ), Freedom From Distractibility Gesell, Arnold Lucius Grade Retention, 1163 1200 Factor, 1081 (1880–1961), 1132 Grandin, Temple (1947– ), 1164 Hartnup Disease, 1201 Freeman Sheldon Syndrome, Gesell Developmental Schedules, Grand Mal Seizures (See Seizure Harvard Educational Review, 1085 1133 Disorders), 1165 1201 French, Edward Livingston Gesell School Readiness Test, Granulomatous Disease, Hauy,¨ Valentin (1745–1822), (1916–1969), 1085 1133 Chronic, 1165 1202 French, Joseph L. (1928– ), Getman, Gerald N. (1913–1990), Graphesthesia, 1166 Havighurst, Robert J. 1085 1134 Graphic Organizers, 1166 (1900–1991), 1202 Freud, Anna (1895–1982), 1086 g Factor Theory, 1134 Gray Diagnostic Reading Hawthorne Effect, 1202 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), Gifted and Learning Disabilities, Tests—Second Edition, 1168 Hayden, Alice Hazel 1087 1135 Gray Oral Reading (1909–1994), 1203 Frey’s Syndrome, 1087 Gifted and Talented Children, Tests—Fourth Edition, 1168 Hay-Wells Syndrome of Friedreich’s Ataxia, 1087 1136 Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Ectodermal Dysplasia, 1203 Frontofacionasal Dysplasia, 1088 Gifted and Talented, Counseling Syndrome, 1169 Haywood, H. Carl (1931– ), Frostig, Marianne (1906–1985), the, 1137 Grieving Process, 1170 1204 1089 Gifted and Talented, Groht, Mildred A. (1890–1971), Head Injury (See Traumatic Frostig Remedial Program, 1089 Underachievement of the, 1171 Brain Injury), 1205 Fryns Syndrome, 1090 1139 Grosenick, Judith K. (1942– ), Head Start, 1205 Functional Analysis, 1091 Gifted Child Quarterly, 1139 1172 Health Impairments, 1207 Functional Assessment, 1092 Gifted Children, 1139 Grossman, Herbert (1934– ), Hearing Dogs, 1208 Functional Centers Hypothesis, Gifted Children and Reading, 1172 Hearing Impaired, 1209 1095 1141 Grottoes of North America, 1173 Hearing Impairment, 1209 Functional Communication Gifted Education Resource Group Homes, 1174 Heart Block, Congenital, 1210 Training, 1096 Institute, 1142 Group Therapy, 1175 Heber, Rick F. (1932–1992), 1211 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES xi

Hecht Syndrome, 1211 Humphrey, Elliott S. Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic International Center for Heelcord Operation, 1212 (1888–1981), 1266 Abilities, Third Edition, 1308 Disability Resources on the Hegge, Kirk, Kirk Approach, Hungerford, Richard H. Imagery, 1309 Internet, 1381 1212 (1903–1974), 1267 Impersistence (See International Child Neurology Heinicke, Samuel (1727–1790), Hunter, Madeline Cheek Perseveration), 1310 Association, 1381 1213 (1916–1994), 1267 Impulse Control, 1310 International Classification of Helen Keller International, 1213 Hunter Syndrome, 1268 Impulsivity-Reflectivity, 1311 Diseases, 1382 Hematuria, Benign Familial Hunter Syndrome (Mucopoly Inborn Errors of Metabolism, International Classification of (Idiopathic Hematuria), 1214 Saccharidosis II), 1269 1312 Functioning, Disability, and Hemiballismus, 1214 Huntington’s Chorea, 1270 Incidence, 1314 Health, 1382 Hemiparesis, 1215 Hunt, Joseph McVicker Incidental Learning and Visual International Dyslexia Hemiplegia, 1217 (1906–1991), 1271 Impairments, 1314 Association, 1383 Hemispherectomy, 1218 Hurler Syndrome, 1272 Inclusion, 1315 International Ethics and Special Hemispheric Functions, 1219 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Incontinentia Pigmenti Education (See Ethics, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Syndrome, 1273 (Bloch-Sulzberger International and Special 1221 Hydrocephalus, 1274 Syndrome), 1317 Education), 1384 Hemophilia A, ‘‘Classic’’ Hydrocephalus, X-Linked, 1275 Incorrigibility (See Conduct International Reading Hemophilia, 1222 Hydrolethalus Syndrome, 1276 Disorder), 1318 Association, 1384 Hemophilia B, 1224 Hyperactivity (See Attention- Independence Living Centers, International School Psychology Hemophilia C, 1225 Deficit/Hyperactivity 1318 Association, 1384 Henoch-Schonlein¨ Purpura, 1226 Disorder), 1276 Independent and Functional International Test Use in Special Hepatitis, 1226 Hypercalcemia, 1276 Living Skills, 1321 Education, 1385 Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, Hypercholesterolemia, 1277 Independent Variable, 1324 International Year of Disabled 1228 Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic, India, Special Education in, Persons, 1981, 1387 Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, 1278 1325 Internet Accessibility (See Web 1229 Hyperhidrosis, Primary, 1279 Individualization of Instruction, Accessibility), 1387 Herpes Simplex I and II, 1230 Hyperkinesis, 1279 1327 Interobserver Agreement, 1387 Hess, Robert (1920–1993), 1233 Hyperlexia, 1280 Individualized Educational Plan, Interpreters for the Deaf, 1389 Interval Recording, 1390 Heterophoria (See Strabismus, Hyperopia, 1281 1328 Interval Schedules, 1391 Effect on Learning), 1233 Hypersomnia, Primary, 1282 Individualized Transition Plan, Intervention, 1393 Hewett, Frank M. (1927– ), Hypertelorism, 1283 1330 Intervention in School and 1233 Hyperthyroidism, 1284 Individuals With Disabilities Clinic, 1395 Higher Education, Minority Hypertonia-RD, 1285 Education Act, History of, Intervention Programs, Early, Students With Disabilities, Hypnosis, 1286 1331 1396 1234 Hypoactivity, 1286 Individuals With Disabilities Hypochondroplasia, 1287 Intervention Programs for High-Functioning Autism, 1236 Education Improvement Act Children Who Are At Risk, Hypoglycemia, 1288 High-Functioning of 2004 (IDEIA), 1334 1397 Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Autism/Asperger’s in Infant Assessment, 1344 Interventions for Autism Dysplasia, 1289 Mathematics, 1237 Infantile Hypercalcemia, 1346 Spectrum Disorders, 1401 Hypophosphatasia, 1290 High-Incidence Disabilities, 1238 Infant Stimulation, 1346 Investment Theory of Creativity, Hypoplastic Left Heart High Interest–Low Vocabulary, Infants & Young Children, 1347 1402 Syndrome, 1291 1238 Informal Reading Inventory, IQ, 1403 Hypothyroidism, 1292 Highly Qualified Teachers, 1239 1348 Iran, Special Education in, 1404 Hypotonia, 1293 High Risk, 1241 Information Processing, 1348 Ireland, Republic of, Special Hypoxia, 1294 High-Risk Registry, 1242 Informed Consent (See Consent, Education in, 1406 Hysterical Personality High Schools, Positive Behavior Informed), 1350 Irwin, Robert Benjamin Supports, 1242 (See Histrionic Personality Inhalant Abuse, 1350 (1883–1951), 1410 Hirschsprung Disease, 1244 Disorder), 1295 Initial Teaching Alphabet, 1351 Isovaleric Acidemia, 1411 Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Insatiable Child Syndrome, 1352 Israel, Special Education in, 1411 Learning, 1245 I In-Service Training for Special ITA (See Initial Teaching History of Special Education, Ichthyosis, Chanarin Dorfman Education Teachers (See Alphabet), 1413 1245 Syndrome, 1297 Highly Qualified Teachers), Italy, Special Education in, 1413 Histrionic Personality Disorder, Ichthyosis, CHILD Syndrome, 1353 Itard, Jean M. G. (1775–1838), 1252 1297 Insight (In the Gifted), 1353 1414 Hobbs, Nicholas (1915–1983), Ichthyosis, Congenita, 1298 Institutes for Research on Itinerant Services, 1415 1253 Ichthyosis, Erythrokeratodermia Learning Disabilities, 1354 Itinerant Teacher, 1415 Holland, Special Education in Progressiva Symmetrica, Institutionalization, 1355 Ito’s Hypomelanosis, 1416 (See Netherlands, Special 1299 Institution Nationale Des Education in), 1253 Ichthyosis, Erythrokeratodermia Sourds-Muets, 1355 J Hollingworth, Leta A. S. Variabilis, 1299 Instructional Technology for Jactatio Capitis, 1419 (1886–1939), 1253 Ichthyosis, Erythrokeratolysis Individuals with Disabilities, Japan, Special Education In, Holt-Oram Syndrome, 1253 Hiemalis, 1300 1356 1419 Holt, Winifred (1870–1945), 1254 Ichthyosis, Harlequin Type Integrated Therapy, 1357 Jargon Aphasia, 1422 Holtzman, Wayne H. Sr. (Harlequin Fetus), 1300 Intellectual Deficiency (See Arthur R. Jensen (1923– ), 1423 (1923– ), 1254 Ichthyosis, Hystrix, Curth- Intelligence; Mental J.E.V.S. Human Services, 1423 Homebound Instruction, 1255 Macklin Type, 1301 Retardation), 1358 Job Accommodation Network, Hong Kong, Special Education Ichthyosis, Keratosis Follicularis Intelligence, 1358 1424 in, 1256 Spinulosa Decalvans, 1302 Intelligence: A Multidisciplinary Job Syndrome, 1424 Horner, Robert H. (1949– ), Ichthyosis, Lamellar Recessive Journal, 1363 Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome, 1259 (Lamellar Ichthyosis), 1302 Intelligence, Emotional, 1363 1425 Horseback Riding for Students Ichthyosis, Netherton Syndrome, Intelligence, Practical, 1366 Johnson, Doris (1932– ), 1426 with Disabilities (See Equine 1303 Intelligence Quotient, 1369 Johnson, G. Orville (1915– ), Therapy), 1260 Ichthyosis, Sjogren-Larsson Intelligence Testing, 1369 1426 Horticultural Therapy, 1260 Syndrome, 1304 Intelligence Testing, History of, Johnstone, Edward Ransom House, Betty J. (1923– ), 1261 Ichthyosis, Tay Syndrome, 1304 1370 (1870–1946), 1427 House-Tree-Person, 1261 Ichthyosis Vulgaris, 1305 Intelligence, Triarchic Theory of, Johnston Informal Reading Howe, Samuel Gridley Ichthyosis, X-Linked, 1306 1374 Inventory, 1428 (1801–1876), 1262 Idiot, 1306 Intelligent Testing, 1375 Joint Technical Standards for Human Genome Project, 1263 Idiot Savant (See Savant Interactive Language Educational and Humanism and Special Syndrome), 1307 Development, 1378 Psychological Tests (See Education, 1264 IEP (See Individualized Interdisciplinary Teams, 1378 Standards for Educational Human Resource Development, Educational Plan), 1307 Intermittent Reinforcement, and Psychological Testing), 1265 IGA Nephropathy, 1307 1380 1428 xii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

Jones, Reginald L. (1931–2005), Kaufman Functional Academic Laurence-Moon Syndrome, 1495 Librium, 1558 1428 Skills Test, 1452 Lead Poisoning, 1496 Licensing and Certification of Joubert Syndrome, 1429 Kaufman Short League Education and Schools, Centers, and Journal for the Education of the Neuropsychological Treatment Center, 1498 Facilities, 1559 Gifted, 1429 Assessment Procedure, 1452 Learned Helplessness, 1499 Lichen Sclerosis, 1559 Journal of Abnormal Child Kaufman Survey of Early Learner Taxonomies, 1500 Life Space Interviewing, 1560 Psychology, 1430 Academic and Language Learning Disabilities, 1501 Lightner Witmer Award, 1561 Journal of Applied Behavior Skills, 1453 Learning Disabilities and Limited English Proficiency and Analysis, 1430 Kaufman Test of Educational Culturally/Linguistically Special Education, 1561 Journal of Autism and Achievement, Second Diverse Students (See Lindamood Phoneme Sequencing Developmental Disorders Edition, 1454 Culturally/Linguistically Program, 1564 (JADD), 1431 Kawasaki Syndrome, 1455 Diverse Students and Lindsley, Ogden R. (1922–2004), Journal of Clinical Child and Kayser-Fleischer Ring, 1456 Learning Disabilities), 1505 1564 Adolescent Psychology, 1432 Kearns Sayre Syndrome, 1456 Learning Disabilities and Ling Method, 1565 Journal of Communication Keller, Helen A. (1880–1957), Juvenile Delinquency, 1505 Linguistic Deviance, 1565 Disorders, 1432 1458 Learning Disabilities Association Linguistic Readers, 1566 Journal of Consulting and Kennedy Disease, 1458 of America, 1506 Lipodystrophy, 1567 Clinical Psychology, 1432 Kenny, Sister Elizabeth Learning Disabilities Marker Lipreading/Speech Reading, Journal of Emotional and (1886–1952), 1459 Variables Project, 1506 1568 Behavioral Disorders, 1433 Keogh, Barbara H. (1925– ), Learning Disabilities, Paradigm Lissencephaly, 1569 Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1459 Shift in Determination of, Literacy, 1570 1433 Kephart, Newell C. (1911–1973), 1507 Lithane, 1570 Journal of Forensic 1460 Learning Disabilities, Problems Lithium (See Lithane), 1571 Neuropsychology, 1433 Kerlin, Isaac Newton in Definition of, 1510 Lithonate (See Lithane), 1571 Journal of Intellectual Disability (1834–1893), 1460 Learning Disabilities, Severe Lithuania, Special Education in, Research, 1433 Kernicterus, 1460 Discrepancy Analysis in, 1571 Journal of Learning Disabilities, Ketogenic Diet, 1461 1515 Lobar Emphysema, Congenital, 1434 Keymath-3 Diagnostic Learning Disability Quarterly, 1572 Journal of Positive Behavior Assessment, 1461 1522 Locura, 1573 Interventions, 1434 Keyword Method, 1463 Learning Disability Subtypes, Locus of Control, 1574 Journal of Psychoeducational Khatena, Joe (1925– ), 1464 1522 Long Chain Acyl Coa Assessment, 1434 Kicklighter, Richard H. Learning Disabled College Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Journal of School Psychology, (1931– ), 1464 Students, 1524 1575 1435 Kienbock Disease, 1465 Learning Media Assessment, Louis-Bar Syndrome, 1576 Journal of Special Education, Kinetic-Family-Drawing, 1466 1525 Lovaas, O. Ivar (1927–2010), 1435 Kinetic-School-Drawing, 1467 Learning Potential, 1526 1576 Journal of Special Education Kirk, Samuel A. (1904–1996), Learning Potential Assessment Lovitt, Thomas C. (1930– ), Technology, 1435 1467 Device, 1526 1577 Journal of Speech and Hearing Klinefelter Syndrome, 1468 Learning Strategies, 1527 Low Birth Weight/Prematurity, Disorders, 1436 Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome, Learning Styles, 1529 1578 Journal of the American 1469 Least Restrictive Environment, Lowe Syndrome, 1580 Association for the Severely Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber 1531 Lowenfeld, Berthold Handicapped (See TASH.), Syndrome, 1470 Left Brain/Right Brain, 1533 (1901–1994), 1581 1436 Knight, Henry M. (1827–1880), Left-Handedness, 1534 Low Vision, 1582 Journal of Visual Impairment 1471 Left-Handedness, Pathological, Loxitane, 1584 and Blindness, 1436 Koegel, Robert L. (1944– ), 1471 1535 LSD, 1584 Journals in Education of Koppitz, Elizabeth M. Legal Mandates for Transition, Lujan-Fryns Syndrome, 1584 Individuals with Disabilities (1919–1983), 1472 1536 Luria, Alexander R. (1902–1977), and Special Education (See Koro, 1472 Legg-Calve-Perthes´ Disease, 1585 specific journal), 1437 Krabbe Disease, 1473 1537 Luria-Nebraska Juberg-Marsidi Syndrome, 1437 Kraepelin, Emil (1856–1926), Lehtinen, Laura E. (1908–2005), Neuropsychological Battery, The Jukes and the Kallikaks, 1474 1538 1586 Leigh Syndrome, 1538 1437 Krug Asperger’s Disorder Index, Luria-Nebraska Leisure-Time Activities, 1540 Juvenile Arthritis (See Arthritis, 1474 Neuropsychological Battery: Leiter International Performance Juvenile), 1439 Kufs Disease, 1475 Children’s Revision, 1586 Scale–Revised, 1540 Juvenile Cerebromacular Kugelberg-Welander Disease, Lyme Disease, 1587 Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, 1542 Degeneration, 1439 1476 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, LEOPARD Syndrome, 1543 Juvenile Court System and Kuhlmann, Frederick 1588 Leprechaunism (Donohue Individuals With Disabilities, (1876–1941), 1477 Syndrome), 1544 1440 Kurzweil Reading Machine, 1477 Lerner, Janet Weiss (1926– ), M Juvenile Delinquency, 1440 1545 MA (See Mental Age), 1591 L Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, 1545 MacMillan, Donald L. (1940– ), K Laband Syndrome, 1479 Lesions, 1547 1591 Kaiser-Fleischer Ring, 1443 Labeling, 1480 Lethal Multiple Pterygium Macroglossia, 1592 Kaiser-Permanente Diet, 1443 Lactic Acidosis, 1482 Syndrome, 1548 Macy, Anne Sullivan Kanner, Leo (1894–1981), 1444 Lactose Intolerance, 1482 Leukemia, Acute Lymphocytic, (1866–1936), 1592 Karnes, Merle B. (1916–2005), Laminar Heterotopia, 1483 1548 Maffucci Syndrome, 1592 1444 Landau-Kleffner Syndrome, Leukemic Child, 1549 Magical Model, 1593 Karyotype, 1445 1484 Leukodystrophy, 1551 Magnesium, 1593 Kasper Hauser Syndrome, 1446 Language, Absence of, 1485 Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Kauffman, James M. (1940– ), Language Assessment, 1486 1552 1594 1446 Language Delays, 1487 Lewis, Michael (1937– ), 1553 Magnetoencephalography, 1595 Kaufman, Alan S. (1944– ), Language Disorders, 1488 Lexington School for the Deaf, Magnet Schools, 1595 1447 Language Disorders, Expressive 1554 Mahler, Margaret Schoenberger Kaufman, Nadeen L. (1945– ), (See Language Disorders), Liability of Teachers in Special (1897–1985), 1596 1448 1489 Education, 1554 Mainstreaming, 1596 Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Language Therapy, 1489 Liberman, Isabelle Yoffe Maintenance, 1597 Intelligence Test, 1449 Large Type Books, 1491 (1918–1990), 1555 Make-a-Picture Story Test, 1599 Kaufman Assessment Battery for Larry P., 1491 Libraries for the Blind and Maker, C. June (1948– ), 1599 Children, Second Edition, Latah, 1493 Individuals with Physical Maladaptive Behavior, 1600 1450 Latency Recording, 1494 Disabilities, 1557 Male Turner’s Syndrome (See Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Laterality (See Cerebral Library Services for Individual Noonan’s Syndrome), 1601 Second Edition, 1451 Dominance), 1495 With Disabilities, 1558 Malnutrition, 1601 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES xiii

Manifestation Determination, Megavitamin Therapy, 1661 Modifications, 1712 Myoclonus, 1763 1602 Meichenbaum, Donald Modified Checklist for Myopathy, Congenital, Batten Manipulatives for Students (1940– ), 1662 Autism in Toddlers Turner Type, 1764 With Learning Disabilities in Meige Syndrome, 1662 (M-CHAT), 1713 Myopathy, Desmin Storage, 1765 Mathematics, 1603 Melkersson-Rosenthal Moebius Syndrome, 1713 Myopathy, Myotubular, 1765 Mannosidosis, 1605 Syndrome, 1663 Momentary Time Sampling, Myopathy, Nemaline, 1766 Manual Communication, 1606 Mellaril, 1664 1714 Myopathy, Scapuloperoneal, Maple Syrup Urine Disease, 1607 Memory Disorders, 1665 Monilethrix, 1715 1767 Marasmus, 1608 Meningioma, 1667 Monographs of the Society for Myositis, 1768 March of Dimes, 1609 Meningitis, 1668 Research in Child Myositis, Inclusion Body, 1769 Marfan Syndrome, 1610 Meningomyelocele, 1670 Development, 1716 Myotonia Congenita, 1770 Marijuana Abuse, 1611 Menkes Syndrome (Kinky Hair Montessori, Maria (1870–1952), Myotonic Dystrophy (Steinert’s Marinesco-Sjogren¨ Syndrome, Disease), 1671 1717 Disease), 1771 1612 Mental Age, 1672 Montessori Method, 1717 Marland Report, 1613 Mental Deficiency (See Mental Moores, Donald F. (1935– ), N Marshall-Smith Syndrome, 1614 Retardation), 1672 1718 Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test, Marshall Versus Georgia, 1615 Mental Illness, 1672 Moral Reasoning, 1719 Second Edition (NNAT2), Masa Syndrome, 1618 Mental Retardation (Now Morse, William C. (1915– ), 1773 Mastery Learning and Special Known as Intellectual 1720 Nail-Patella Syndrome Education, 1619 Developmental Disabilities), Morsink, Catherine V. (1937– ), (Hereditary Osteo- Mastocytosis, 1620 1675 1721 Onychodysplasia), 1774 Masturbation, Compulsive, 1620 Mental Retardation, Severe to Mosaicism, 1722 Narcissistic Personality Maternal Serum Alpha- Profound, 1679 Moss, James W. (1926– ), 1723 Disorder, 1775 Fetoprotein Screening, 1621 Mental Status Exams, 1680 Motivation, 1723 Narcolepsy, 1776 Mathematical Misconception, Mercer, Cecil D. (1943– ), 1681 Motor-Free Visual Perception Nash, Charles E. (1875–1953), 1622 Mercer, Jane R. (See System of Test, Revised, 1725 1777 Mathematical Profile of Students Multicultural Pluralistic Motor Learning, 1725 Nash, William R. (1943– ), 1777 With Comorbid Mathematics Assessment), 1682 Motor Neuron Disease, 1726 National Advisory Committee on and Reading Difficulties, Merrf Syndrome, Myoclonus Motor Speech Disorders, 1728 Handicapped Children and 1623 Epilepsy With Ragged Red Move International, 1729 Youth, 1778 Mathematics Anxiety, 1624 Fibers, 1682 Movement Therapy, 1730 National Agenda for the Mathematics Assessment for Merrill, Maud Amanda Movigenics, 1731 Education of Children and Students With Disabilities, (1888–1985), 1683 Moyamoya Disease, 1732 Youths With Visual 1625 Merrill-Palmer Scale, 1683 Mucha Habermann Disease, Impairments, Including Mathematics Inclusion Metabolic Disorders, 1683 1732 Those With Multiple Classrooms, 1627 Metacognition, 1684 Mucopolysaccharide Disorders, Disabilities, 1779 Mathematics, Learning Metaphyseal Dysplasia, Jansen 1733 National Association for Gifted Disabilities in, 1628 Type, 1685 Mulibrey Nanism Syndrome, Children, 1779 Mathematics Learning in Virtual Metaphyseal Dysplasia, 1734 National Association for Worlds: Affordances and McKusick Type, 1686 Mullen Scales of Early Learning, Retarded Citizens (See Arc, Accessibility, 1630 Mexico, Special Education in, AGS Edition, 1995, 1735 The), 1780 Mathematics Phobia, 1632 1687 Multicultural Special Education, National Association for the Mathematics Recovery, 1634 Meyers, C. Edward (1912– ), 1736 Deaf, 1780 Mathematics, Remedial, 1634 1690 Multidisciplinary Team, 1737 National Association of School Mathias Amendment, 1635 Microcephaly, 1691 Multielement Design (See Single Nurses (NASN), 1781 The Matthew Effect and Microcephaly, Genetic, 1691 Case Research Designs), 1738 National Association of School Reading, 1636 Microtraining, 1692 Multiple Baseline Design Psychologists, 1781 Mattie T. Versus Holladay, 1637 Migrant Individuals With (See Single Case Research National Association of Social Maturational Lag (See Disabilities, 1693 Designs), 1738 Workers (NASW), 1782 Developmental Delay), 1637 Mikulicz Disease, 1695 Multiple Handicapping National Association of State MBD Syndrome, 1637 Disabilities, Test-Taking Skills Conditions, 1738 Boards of Education, 1783 McCarthy, Dorothea and, 1696 Multiple Regression, 1739 National Association of State (1906–1974), 1639 Milieu Teaching, 1697 Multiple Sclerosis, 1740 Directors of Special McCarthy Scales of Children’s Miller Assessment for Multisensory Instruction, 1741 Education, 1783 Abilities, 1639 Preschoolers, 1698 Mumps, 1742 National Autism Society of McCune-Albright Syndrome, Miller-Dieker Syndrome, 1698 Munchausen Syndrome by America, 1784 1640 Millon Clinical Multiaxial Proxy, 1743 National Center, Educational McGinnis Method, 1641 Inventory-III, 1699 Munson, Grace E. (1883–1980), Media and Materials for the Measurable Annual Goals, 1641 Mills Versus Board of Education 1744 Handicapped, 1785 Measurable Postsecondary of the District Of Columbia Muscular Dystrophy, 1744 National Center on Educational Goals, 1642 (1972), 1701 Muscular Dystrophy Association, Outcomes, 1785 Measurement, 1646 Milwaukee Project, 1701 1745 National Consortium on Meckel-Gruber Syndrome, 1647 Minimal Brain Dysfunction Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne, Deaf-Blindness, 1786 Mediation, 1647 (See MBD Syndrome), 1703 1746 National Council for Mediational Deficiency, 1648 Minimum Competency Testing, Muscular Dystrophy, Accreditation of Teacher Mediation Essay, 1649 1703 Emery-Dreifuss, 1747 Education, 1787 Medical Concerns of Children Minnesota Multiphasic Muscular Dystrophy, National Early Intervention With Disabilities, 1650 Personality Inventory Facioscapulohumeral, 1748 Longitudinal Study (NEILS), Medical History, 1653 (2nd Adolescent Versions) Muscular Dystrophy, Fukuyama, the Study Overview, Context, Medically Fragile Student, 1654 MMPI-2, 1705 1749 and Purpose, 1787 Medical Management, 1655 Minor Physical Anomalies, Muscular Dystrophy, Limb National Easter Seal Society, Medical Model, Defense of, 1656 1707 Girdle, 1750 1791 Medication (See Specific Miscue Analysis, 1708 Muscular Imbalance, 1752 National Education Association, Medication), 1657 Mixed Connective Tissue Museums and Individuals 1792 Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Disorder, 1709 With Disabilities, 1752 National Endowment for the Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Mnemonics, 1709 Music Therapy, 1753 Humanities, 1793 1657 Moban, 1710 Mutism, 1754 National Federation of the Blind, Medullary Cystic Kidney Mobile Education Units, 1710 Myalgic Encephalomyelitis 1793 Disorder, 1657 Mobility Instruction (See (Neurasthenia), 1758 National Head Injury Medullary Sponge Kidney Orientation and Mobility), Myelitis, 1760 Foundation (See Brain Injury Disorder, 1658 1711 Myelofibrosis, Idiopathic, 1761 Association), 1794 Medulloblastoma, 1659 Model Programs for Individuals Myhre Syndrome, 1762 National Information Center for Megalocornea Mental With Severe Disabilities, Myklebust, Helmer R. (1910– ), Children and Youth With Retardation Syndrome, 1660 1711 1762 Disabilities, 1794 xiv ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

National Institute of Education, New York State Association for Oral Written Language Scales, Peabody Picture Vocabulary 1795 Retarded Children versus 1890 Test, Fourth Edition, 1936 National Institute of Carey (See Willowbrook Ordinal Scales of Psychological Peabody Rebus Reading Neurological Disorders and Case), 1833 Development, 1891 Program, 1937 Stroke, 1795 New Zealand, Special Education Organizational Change, 1891 Peace Corps, Special Education National Institutes of Mental In, 1833 Orientation and Mobility, 1893 in, 1937 Health, 1796 Nezelof Syndrome, 1835 Ornithine Transcarbamylase Pediatric Acquired Immune National Instructional Materials Niemann-Pick Disease, 1835 Deficiency, 1894 Deficiency Syndrome, 1938 Accessibility Standard Nigeria, Special Education in, Orphan Diseases (See National Pediatric Autoimmune (NIMAS), 1796 1837 Organization for Rare Neuropsychiatric Disorders National Joint Committee on NIMH (See National Institutes of Disorders), 1896 Associated With Learning Disabilities, 1797 Mental Health), 1838 Orthogenic School, 1896 Streptococcus Infections, National Learning Disabilities NIND (See National Institute of Orthopedic Impairment, 1896 1939 Assistance Program, 1797 Neurological Disorders and Orthopsychiatry, 1897 Pediatrician, 1940 National Library Service for the Stroke), 1838 Orthopsychiatry Movement, Pediatric Psychologist, 1941 Blind and Physically NMR (See Nuclear Magnetic 1898 Peeling Skin Syndrome, 1942 Handicapped, 1797 Resonance), 1838 Orton, Samuel T. (1879–1948), Peer-Mediated Instruction and National Longitudinal Transition No Child Left Behind Act (2001), 1899 Intervention (PMII), 1943 Study (NLTS), The, 1798 1838 Orton Dyslexia Society (See Peer Relationships, 1944 National Longitudinal Transition Nonclassroom, Positive Behavior International Dyslexia Peer Tutoring, 1945 Study-2, The, 1802 Support, 1840 Association), 1899 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease, National Merit Scholarship Noncompliant Children, 1842 Orton-Gillingham Method, 1899 1947 Corporation, 1806 Nondiscriminatory Assessment, Osborn, Alexander Faickney Pemphigoid, Benign Mucosal, National Organization for Rare 1843 (1888–1966), 1900 1948 Disorders, 1806 Nonliteral Language, 1846 Osgood, Charles E. (1916–1991), Pena-Shokeir Phenotype, 1949 National Rehabilitation Nonparametric Analysis 1900 Pennsylvania Association for Association, 1807 Considerations in Single Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 1901 Retarded Citizens v. National Society for Autistic Case Research, 1847 Osteonecrosis, 1902 Pennsylvania (1972), 1949 Nonsheltered Employment, 1847 Osteoporosis, 1903 Children, 1807 People First, 1950 Nonverbal Language, 1848 Other Health Impaired, 1903 National Society for Crippled PEPCK Deficiency, 1951 Nonverbal Learning Disability Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Children and Adults (See Percentile Scores, 1951 Syndrome, 1850 Sixth Edition, 1904 National Easter Seal Perceptual and Motor Skills, Noonan’s Syndrome (Male Otitis Media, 1904 Society), 1807 1952 Turner Syndrome), 1851 Otolaryngologist, 1906 National Society for the Perceptual Constancy, 1952 Normal Curve Equivalent, 1852 Otology, 1906 Prevention of Blindness (See Perceptual Deficit Hypothesis, Normalization, 1852 Otosclerosis, 1906 1953 Prevent Blindness America), Norm-Referenced Testing, 1853 Overachievement and Special 1807 Perceptual Development, Lag in, Norrie Disease, 1855 Education, 1907 1954 National Technical Institute for Northwestern Syntax Screening Overcorrection, 1908 Perceptual Distortions, 1955 the Deaf, 1807 Test, 1855 Perceptual-Motor Difficulties, Natural Supports, 1808 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance or 1956 Nature Versus Nurture, 1809 P Magnetic Resonance Perceptual Span, 1957 Navane, 1811 Pachydermoperiostosis, 1909 Imaging, 1856 Perceptual Training, 1958 NCTM Standards and Special Pakistan, Special Education in, Nutritional Disorders Pereire, Jacob R. (1715–1780), Education, 1811 1909 (See Eating Disorders; 1959 Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 1812 Palestinian Children in the Gaza Malnutrition; Pica), 1857 Performance-Based Standards, Negative Punishment, 1812 Strip, Special Education and, 1959 Negative Reinforcement, 1813 1910 Performance Instability, 1961 Neisworth, John T. (1937– ), O Pallister-Hall Syndrome, 1912 Obesity, 1859 Palmar Crease, 1913 Perinatal Factors in 1813 Objective Personality Tests (See PANDAS (See Pediatric Handicapping Conditions, Nemeth Code for Braille Personality Tests, Objective), Autoimmune 1962 Mathematics, 1814 1861 Neuropsychiatric Disorders Perkins Act, The, 1963 Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Observational Learning, 1861 Associated With Perkins-Binet Tests of Scale, 1814 Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, Streptococcus Infections), Intelligence for the Blind, NEPSY, Second Edition: 1864 1914 1965 A Developmental Occupational Therapy, 1865 Panic Disorder, 1914 Perkins School for the Blind, Neuropsychological Oculocerebral Syndrome with Papillitis, 1915 1965 Assessment, 1815 Hypopigmentation, 1866 Paraplegia, 1915 Permanent Product Recording, Netherlands, Special Education Office of Rare Diseases, 1867 Paraprofessionals, 1917 1966 in the, 1817 Office of Special Education and Parental Alienation Syndrome, Perseveration, 1966 Neu-Laxova Syndrome, 1819 Rehabilitative Services, 1867 1918 Personality Assessment, 1967 Neural Efficiency Analyzer, 1819 Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, Parental Counseling, 1919 Personality Inventory for Neuroacanthocytosis, 1820 1867 Parenting Skills, 1921 Children–Second Edition, Neurocutaneous Melanosis, 1821 Ollier Disease Parent Involvement, 1922 1969 Neurodevelopmental Treatment, (Osteochondromatosis Parkhurst, Helen (1887–1973), Person Centered Planning, 1970 1822 Syndrome), 1869 1924 Person-First Language, 1971 Neurofibromatosis, 1823 Olympics, Special, 1869 Parkinson’s Disease, 1924 Personnel Preparation for Neurofibromatosis, Type 2, 1823 Online Special Education, 1870 Parry Romberg Syndrome, 1926 Working with Diverse Neurolinguistic Programming, Operant Conditioning, 1871 Partially Sighted, 1926 Individuals, 1972 1825 Ophthalmologist, 1873 Partial Participation, 1927 Personnel Training in Special Neurological Impress Method, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Pasamanick, Benjamin Education (See Special 1826 1874 (1914–1996), 1929 Education, Teacher Training Neurological Organization, 1826 Optacon, 1879 PASE v. Hannon, 1930 in), 1975 Neuronal Migration Disorders, Optic Nerve Hypoplasia, 1880 Path Analysis, 1931 Peru, Special Education in, 1975 1827 Optometrist, 1881 Path-Referenced Assessment, Pervasive Developmental Neuropathy, Giant Axonal, 1828 Oral Facial Digital Syndrome, 1932 Disorder, 1976 Neuropathy, Hereditary Motor 1881 Patterning, 1934 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich and Sensory, Type I, 1829 Oral Language and Individuals PDR (See Physician’s Desk (1746–1827), 1977 Neuropathy, Hereditary Motor, With Disabilities, 1882 Reference), 1935 Pets in Special Education, 1978 and Sensory, Type II, 1830 Oral-Motor Development in Peabody Developmental Motor Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, 1979 Neuropathy, Peripheral, 1830 Infants, 1885 Scales–2, 1935 Pevzner, Maria Semenovna Neuropsychology, 1832 Oral Reading, 1886 Peabody Individual Achievement (1901–1986), 1980 Newland, T. Ernest (1903–1992), Oral Versus Manual Test–Revised/Normative Pfeiffer Syndrome, 1980 1833 Communication, 1887 Update, 1935 Phencyclidine (PCP) Abuse, 1981 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES xv

Phenobarbital, 1983 Positive Behavior Supports, Process Assessment of the Psyc SCAN, 2157 Phenothiazines, 1984 2054 Learner–Second Edition: Puberty, Precocious, 2158 Phenylketonuria, 1985 Positive Behavior Support, Diagnostic Assessment for Public Law 108-446 (See Phillips, Beeman N. (1927– ), Scaling-Up, 2056 Reading and Writing Individuals With Disabilities 1986 Positive Behavior Support, (PAL-II RW), 2117 Education Improvement Act Philosophy of Education for School-Wide, 2058 Process Training (See Ability of 2004 (IDEIA)), 2159 Individuals With Disabilities, Positive Behavior Support, Training), 2118 Public Law 95-561, 2159 1988 Sustainability and Production Deficiency, 2118 Puerto Rico, Special Education Phobias and Fears, 1988 Continuous Regeneration, PRO-ED, Incorporated, 2119 in, 2159 Phonological Awareness, 1989 2061 Professional Competencies for Punishment, 2160 Phonological Awareness Test, Positive Behavior Support, Working With Culturally and Punishment, Positive, 2161 1989 System of Care, 2064 Linguistically Diverse Purdue Perceptual-Motor Phonology, 1990 Positive Behavior Support, Students, 2119 Survey, 2161 Photo Articulation Test–Third Tertiary Tier, 2067 Professional School Psychology, Purpura, Idiopathic Edition, 1991 Positive Behavior Support, 2121 Thrombocytopenia, 2162 Physical Anomalies, 1991 Urban Settings, 2070 Professional Standards for Putamen, 2163 Physical Disabilities, 1993 Positive Practice, 2073 Special Educators, 2121 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 2163 Physical Education for Students Positive Reinforcements, 2074 Profile Variability, 2122 Pyruvate Carboxylase With Disabilities, 1994 Positron Emission Tomography, Profoundly Retarded (See Mental Deficiency, 2164 Physical Restraint Use With 2075 Retardation), 2123 Children in Schools, 1997 Postconcussion Syndrome, 2075 Progeroid Syndromes (Progeria), Q Physical Therapy, 1999 Postinstitutionalized Child 2123 Q-Sort, 2167 Physicians’ Desk Reference, 2000 Project, 2077 Program Evaluation, 2123 Quadriplegia, 2167 Physiotherapy, 2000 Postinstitutionalized Children, Program Evaluation, Elementary Quantitative Neuroimaging, Piagetian Approach to Special 2077 and Secondary School, 2125 2168 Education, 2000 Postlingual Deafness, 2079 Programmed Instruction, 2126 Quay, Herbert C. (1927– ), 2169 Piaget, Jean (1896–1980), 2008 Postschool Outcomes, 2080 Progressive Osseous Questionnaires in Special PIC (See Personality Inventory Postsecondary Education Heteroplasia, 2127 Education, 2170 for Children), 2008 Progress Monitoring, 2128 Programs, 2081 Quigley, Stephen P. (1927– ), Pica, 2008 Projective Techniques (See Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 2171 Pictorial Test of Intelligence– 2083 Personality Assessment), Second Edition, 2009 Poverty, Relationship to Special 2129 Picture Exchange Project on Classification of R Education, 2084 Racial Bias in Testing (See Communication System Power and Research in Special Exceptional Children, 2129 (PECS), The, 2010 Project Re-ED, 2130 Cultural Bias in Testing), Education, 2085 2173 Pierre-Robin Syndrome, 2011 Practical Intelligence (See Project Success, 2131 Piers-Harris Children’s Racial Discrimination in Special Intelligence, Practical), 2086 Project Talent, 2131 Self-Concept Scale–Second Prosopagnosia, 2133 Education, 2173 Prader-Willi Syndrome, 2086 Edition, 2012 Protection and Advocacy System Rapp-Hodgkin Syndrome, 2174 Pragmatics and Pragmatic Pinel, Philippe (1745–1826), for the Developmentally Rare Diseases (See National Communication Disorders, 2013 Disabled (PADD), 2133 Organization of Rare 2088 Pituitary Gland, 2013 Proteus Syndrome, 2134 Diseases), 2175 Precision Teaching, 2089 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris, 2014 Prune Belly Syndrome (See RASE (See Remedial and Special The Pre-Elementary Education Pivotal Response Treatment, National Organization for Education), 2175 Longitudinal Study, 2090 2014 Rare Disorders), 2134 Rasmussen Encephalitis, 2175 Prehm, Herbert J. (1937–1986), PKU (See Phenylketonuria), 2016 Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy, Ratio IQ, 2176 2094 Placebos, 2016 2134 Ratio Schedules, 2176 Prelingual Deafness, 2095 Placenta, 2017 Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Raven’s Matrices, 2178 Plantar Reflex, 2017 Premack Principle, 2095 2135 Ray Adaptation of the Wechsler Plasticity, 2018 Premenstrual Dysphoric Pseudoseizures, 2136 Intelligence Scale for Plato and the Gifted, 2019 Disorder, 2096 Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum, Children–Revised, 2179 Play, 2019 Prereferral Interventions, 2098 2137 Reaction Time, 2179 PLAYTEST, 2020 Preschool-Age Gifted Children, Psychoanalysis and Special Reactive Attachment Disorder, Play Therapy, 2021 2099 Education, 2138 2180 Pluralism, Cultural, 2022 Preschool Assessment (See Psychodrama, 2139 Readability Formulas, 2181 Poland, Special Education in, Specific Test or Assessment), Psychoeducational Profile–Third Reading, 2182 2023 2102 Edition (PEP-3), 2140 Reading and Eye Movements, Politics and Special Education, Preschool Screening, 2102 Psychogenic Models, 2141 2184 2025 Preschool Special Education, Psycholinguistics, 2142 Reading Comprehension, 2185 Polycystic Kidney Diseases, 2028 2104 Psychological Abstracts, 2143 Reading Disorders, 2187 Polycystic Liver Disease, 2029 President’s Committee for People Psychological Clinics, 2143 Reading in the Content Areas, Polydipsia, 2030 With Intellectual Psychological Corporation, 2144 2192 Polymyositis, 2031 Disabilities, 2108 Psychological Reports, 2144 Reading Milestones–Third Ponce de Leon (1520–1584), 2031 Prevent Blindness America, Psychology in the Schools, 2145 Edition, 2195 Popliteal Pterigium Syndrome 2108 Psychometrics (See Reading Remediation, 2195 (Facio-Genito-Popliteal Prevention, Primary, 2109 Measurement), 2145 Reality Therapy, 2200 Syndrome), 2031 Prevocational Skills, 2110 Psychomotor Seizures, 2145 Receptive-Expressive Emergent Porch Index of Communicative Primary Immunodeficiency Psychomotricity, 2146 Language Test–Second Abilities, 2032 Disorders, 2111 Psychoneurotic Disorders, 2147 Edition, 2200 Porphyria, Congenital Primary Mental Abilities Test, Psychosis, Amphetamine (See Receptive Language Disorders, Erythropoietic, 2033 2112 Amphetamine Psychosis), 2201 Porphyrias, 2033 Private Schools and Special 2149 Reciprocal Determinism, 2202 Portage Project, 2034 Education, 2113 Psychosis, Steroid, 2149 Reclaiming Children and Youth: Positive Behavior Interventions Privileged Communication, 2114 Psychosocial Adjustment, 2150 Journal of Emotional and and Supports, Legal Problem Solving and Problem Psychosomatic Disorders, 2151 Behavioral Problems, 2202 Implications, 2035 Posing for Learners With Psychosurgery, 2152 Recreation, Therapeutic, 2203 Positive Behavior Support, Special Education Needs, Psychotherapy (See Sociopathy), Recreational Reading for Overview, 2037 2115 2153 Individuals With Disabilities, Positive Behavior Support, Procedural Safeguards (See Due Psychotherapy With Individuals 2204 Primary Tier, 2038 Process), 2116 With Disabilities, 2153 Recreational Therapy, 2205 Positive Behavior Support, Process Assessment of the Psychotherapy With Individuals Recreation for Individuals With Progress Monitoring, 2041 Learner–Second Edition: With Disabilities, Parent Disabilities, 2205 Positive Behavior Support, Diagnostic Assessment for Education, 2154 Redl, Fritz (1902–1988), 2206 Quality of Life, 2045 Math (PAL-II Math), 2116 Psychotropic Drugs, 2156 Referral Process, 2207 xvi ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

Reflex, 2209 Reynolds Intellectual Scales of Independent Self-Determination Practices, Regional Media Centers for the Assessment Scales, 2269 Behavior–Revised, 2309 2357 Deaf, 2209 Reynolds, Maynard C. (1922– ), Scales of Ordinal Dominance Self-Help Training, 2362 Regional Resource Centers, 2210 2270 (See Ordinal Scales of Self-Injurious Behavior, 2364 Regression (Statistical), 2210 Rh Factor Incompatibility, 2271 Psychological Development), Self-Management, 2365 Regular Class Placement Rhythmic Movement Disorder, 2310 Self-Monitoring, 2366 (See Inclusion), 2211 2271 Scandinavia, Special Education Self-Reinforcement, 2368 Rehabilitation, 2211 Rickets, Hypophosphatemic, in, 2310 Self-Selection of Reinforcement, Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 2212 2272 Scapegoating, 2312 2369 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency, Scatter Plot Assessment, 2312 Self-Stimulation, 2369 Section 504, 2212 2273 Schaefer, Earl S. (1926– ), 2315 Semmel, Melvyn I. (1931– ), Rehabilitation Literature, 2213 Rieger Syndrome, 2274 Schiefelbusch, Richard L. 2370 Reifenstein Syndrome, 2213 Right-Handedness, 2275 (1918– ), 2315 Senf, Gerald (1942– ), 2371 Reinforcement, Differential, 2214 Right Hemisphere Syndrome Schilder Disease Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Reinforcement, Negative (See (Linguistic, Extralinguistic, (Adrenoleukodystrophy), 2372 Negative Reinforcement), and Nonlinguistic), 2276 2316 Sensory Extinction, 2373 2215 Right to Education, 2277 Schizencephaly, 2316 Sensory Integration Reinforcement, Positive (See Right to Treatment, 2278 Schizophrenia (See Childhood Inventory–Revised, 2373 Positive Reinforcement), Riley-Day Syndrome, 2279 Schizophrenia), 2317 Sensory Integrative Therapy, 2215 Rimland, Bernard (1928–2006), Schmidt Syndrome, 2317 2374 Reisman, Fredricka Kauffman 2279 School Attendance of Children Separation Anxiety Disorder, (1930– ), 2215 Risk Management in Special With Disabilities, 2317 2375 Reitan-Indiana Education, 2280 School Effectiveness, 2318 Septo-Optic Dysplasia, 2376 Neuropsychological Test Ritalin, 2280 School Failure, 2320 Sequenced Inventory of Battery for Children, 2216 Roberts Apperception Test for School Phobia, 2321 Communication Related Services, 2216 Children, 2281 School Psychology, 2324 Development, Revised, 2376 Reliability, 2217 Robinow Syndrome, 2282 School Psychology Digest Sequential and Simultaneous Reliability in Direct Observation Robinson, Halbert B. (See School Psychology Cognitive Processing, 2377 Assessment, 2220 (1925–1981) and Robinson, Review), 2326 Sequential Assessment of Remedial and Special Education, Nancy M. (1930– ), 2283 School Psychology Review, 2326 Mathematics Inventories: 2221 Robotics, 2283 School Records (See FERPA Standardized Inventory, Remedial Instruction, 2221 Robotics in Special Education, [Family Educational Rights 2379 Remedial Reading, 2222 2284 and Privacy Act]), 2326 Seriously Emotionally Disturbed, Remediation, Deficit-Centered Rochester Method, 2285 School Refusal, 2326 2379 Models of, 2224 Roeper Review, 2285 School Stress, 2328 Service Delivery Models, 2381 Remediation, Strength Models of Roger, Harriet B. (1834–1919), School Violence, 2329 Setting Event, 2385 Sex Differences in Learning (See Remediation, Deficit- 2286 Schopler, Eric (1927–2007), 2330 Schwachman Syndrome Abilities, 2386 Centered Models of), 2229 Roos, Philip (1930– ), 2286 (Schwachman-Diamond Sex Education of Individuals Renzulli, Joseph S. (1936– ), Rorschach, 2287 Syndrome), 2331 With Disabilities, 2387 2229 Rorschach Inkblot Test, 2287 Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, Sex Information and Education Repeated Reading, 2229 Ross Information Processing 2332 Council of the United States, Research in Autism Spectrum Assessment, 2288 Scleroderma, 2333 2390 Disorders, 2230 Roswell-Chall Diagnostic Scoliosis, 2334 Sex Ratios in Special Education, Research in Special Education, Reading Test of Word Scope and Sequence, 2335 2390 2230 Analysis, 2289 Scotland, Special Education in, Sexual Allegations in Divorce Residential Facilities, 2236 Rothmund-Thompson Syndrome, 2335 (SAID) Syndrome, 2392 Resistant Behavior, 2289 Rousseau, Jean J. (1712–1778), Scott Craniodigital Syndrome Sexual Disturbances in Children Management of, 2238 With Mental Retardation, With Disabilities, 2392 Resource Room, 2242 2290 Roussy-Levy Syndrome, 2291 2336 Shaken Baby Syndrome, 2394 Resource Teacher, 2243 Scouting and Individuals With Sheltered Workshops, 2395 Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Rubella, 2291 Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome Disabilities, 2337 Shenjing Shuairuo, 2396 Adult, 2244 Seckel Syndrome, 2337 Short-Chain Acyl Coa (See National Organization Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Secondary Special Education, Dehydrogenase (SCAD), for Rare Disorders), 2293 Infant, 2245 2338 2396 Rumination Disorder, 2293 Respite Care, 2246 Second Language Learners in Siblings of Individuals With Rural Special Education, 2294 Response Generalization, 2247 Special Education, 2339 Disabilities, 2397 Rush, Benjamin (1745–1813), Response to Intervention, 2249 Section 504 of the 1973 Sicard, Abbe´ Roche Ambroise 2295 Restraint (See Physical Rehabilitation Act (See Cucurron (1742–1822), 2398 Russell-Silver Syndrome, 2296 Restraint), 2251 Rehabilitation Act of 1973), Sickle-Cell Disease, 2398 Russia, Special Education in, Restrictive Dermopathy, 2251 2341 Sidis, William James 2296 Retardation (See Cultural- Seeing Eye Dogs (See Animals (1898–1944), 2399 Rutter, Michael (1933– ), 2300 Familial Retardation; Mental for Individuals With Sidis Fallacy (See Sidis, William Retardation), 2251 Disabilities; Dog Guides for James), 2400 Retention in Grade, 2251 S the Blind), 2341 Sight-Saving Classes, 2400 Reticular Activating System, Sabatino, David A. (1938– ), Seguin, Edouard (1812–1880), Sign Language, 2400 2252 2301 2341 Simultaneous Cognitive Retinitis Pigmentosa, 2252 Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome, Seitelberger Disease (Infantile Processing (See Sequential Retinoblastoma, 2253 2301 Neuroaxonal Dystrophy), and Simultaneous Cognitive Retinopathy of Prematurity, Safety Issues in Special 2342 Processing), 2401 2254 Education, 2302 Seizure Disorders, 2343 Single-Subject Research Design, Retrolental Fibroplasia, 2255 Salvia, John (1941– ), 2303 Seizures, Absence, 2345 2401 Rett Syndrome, 2256 Sapir, Selma Gustin (1916– ), Seizures, Atonic, 2346 Singleton-Merton Syndrome, Reversals in Reading and 2304 Seizures, Generalized 2405 Writing, 2260 Sarason, Seymour B. Tonic-Clonic, 2347 Six-Hour Retarded Child, 2405 Reverse Mainstreaming, 2261 (1919–2010), 2304 Seizures, Myoclonic, 2348 Skeels, Harold M. (1901–1970), Revised Children’s Manifest Sattler, Jerome M. (1931– ), Seizures, Partial, 2349 2407 Anxiety Scale (See Children’s 2305 Selective Mutism, 2351 Skill Training, 2407 Manifest Anxiety Scale), Savant Syndrome, 2305 Self-Care Skills (See Self-Help Skinner, Burrhus Frederick 2262 Save the Children Fund and Training), 2353 (1904–1990), 2408 Revisualization, 2262 Children With Disabilities, Self-Concept, 2353 Skinner’s Functional Learning Reye Syndrome, 2263 2307 Self-Contained Class, 2354 Model, 2409 Reynolds, Cecil R. (1952– ), Scale for Assessing Emotional Self-Control Curriculum, 2355 Slate and Stylus, 2409 2264 Disturbance, 2308 Self-Determination, 2355 Sleep Apnea, 2410 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES xvii

Sleep Terror, 2411 Special Education, History of Standards for Educational and Syntactic Deficiencies (See Sleepwalking, 2412 (See History of Special Psychological Testing Childhood Aphasia; Slingerland Screening Tests, Education), 2453 (See Code of Fair Testing Expressive Language 2413 Special Education, Humanistic Practices in Education), Disorders; Language Slosson Intelligence Test (See Humanistic Special 2478 Disorders), 2530 Revised–Third Edition for Education), 2453 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Syphilis, Congenital, 2530 Children and Adults, 2413 Special Education, Philosophers’ Scale, Fifth Edition, 2478 Syringobulbia, 2531 Slow Learners, 2414 Opinions About (See Stanford Diagnostic System of Multicultural Sly Syndrome, 2415 Philosophy of Education for Mathematics Test, Fourth Pluralistic Assessment, Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome, Individuals With Edition (SDMT4), 2479 2532 2415 Disabilities), 2453 Stanford Diagnostic Reading Systems-Level Change, Smith-Magenis Syndrome, 2416 Special Education, Professional Test, Fourth Edition, 2480 School-Wide Positive Smith-Optiz Syndrome, 2417 Standards for (See Stanley, Julian C. (1918–2005), Behavior Support, 2535 Snellen Chart, 2417 Professional Standards for 2480 Systems of Classification, Social Behavior of Individuals Special Educators), 2453 Steinart’s Disease (Myotonic 2536 With Disabilities, 2418 Special Education, Racial Dystrophy), 2481 Stereotypism, 2482 Social Communication Discrimination in (See Racial T Stern, William (1871–1938), Questionnaire, 2419 Discrimination in Special Tachistoscope, 2539 2483 Social Competence (See Adaptive Education), 2453 Taijin Kyofusho, 2539 Steroid Abuse, 2483 Behavior), 2420 Special Education, Supervision Taiwan, Special Education in, Stickler (Hereditary Social Darwinism, 2420 in (See Supervision in Special 2540 Arthro-Ophthalmopathy), Social Integration of Children Education), 2453 Talking Books, 2541 2485 with Disabilities in Schools Special Education, Teacher Tangier Disease, 2541 Stigmatization (See Labeling), (See Inclusion; Training in, 2453 Tardive Dyskinesia, 2542 2485 Mainstreaming), 2421 Special Education, TASH, 2543 Stimulant Abuse, 2485 Social Isolation, 2421 Telecommunication Systems Task Analysis, 2544 Stimulant Drugs, 2486 Social Learning Theory, 2423 in (See Telecommunication TAT (See Thematic Apperception Stimulus Control, 2488 Social Maladjustment, 2424 Systems in Special Test), 2545 Stimulus Deprivation, 2489 Social Maturity (See Adaptive Education), 2455 Taxonomies, 2545 Stimulus Generalization, 2490 Behavior), 2425 Special Education Instructional Tay-Sachs Disease, 2546 Social Phobia, 2426 Materials, 2455 Stimulus Satiation, 2491 Strabismus,EffectonLearning TEACCH, 2547 Social Security, 2427 Special Education Program, Teacher Burnout, 2548 Social Skills Instruction, 2428 2456 of, 2492 Strauss, Alfred A. (1897–1957), Teacher Centers, 2550 Social Skills Interventions for Special Education and Teacher Education and Special High School Students With Rehabilitative Services, 2493 Strauss Syndrome, 2493 Education, 2550 Autism and Intellectual Office of, 2456 Teacher Effectiveness, 2551 Disabilities, 2430 SpecialNet, 2457 Strength Models of Remediation (See Remediation, Teacher Expectancies, 2554 Social Skills Rating System, 2433 Special Services in the Schools, Deficit-Centered Models of), Teaching and Consultation, Social Validation, 2434 2458 2494 2555 Social Work, 2435 Specific Learning Disabilities Strephosymbolia, 2494 Teaching Exceptional Children, Sociodrama, 2436 (See Learning Disabilities), Stress and Individuals With 2556 Socioeconomic Impact of 2458 Disabilities, 2494 Teaching: Inclusion and Disabilities, 2436 SPECT (Single Photon Emission Strong Interest Inventory, Co-Teaching, 2557 Socioeconomic Status, 2438 Computed Tomography), 2495 Teaching Strategies, 2559 Sociogram, 2438 2458 Structure of Intellect, 2496 Techniques: A Journal for Sociometric Techniques With Speech, 2459 Student Styles Questionnaire, Remedial Education and Individuals With Disabilities, Speech, Absence of, 2460 2496 Counseling, 2560 2439 Speech and Language Study of Mathematically Technology for Individuals Soft (Neurological) Signs, 2440 Disabilities (See Precocious Youth, 2498 With Disabilities, 2561 SOMPA (See System of Communication Disorders; Sturge-Weber Syndrome, 2498 TECSE (See Topics in Early Multicultural Pluralistic Language Disorders), 2462 Stuttering, 2499 Childhood Special Assessment), 2441 Speech-Language Pathologist, St. Vitus Dance, 2500 Education), 2563 Sonicguide, 2441 2462 Subacute Sclerosing Tegretol, 2563 Sotos Syndrome (Cerebral Speech-Language Services, 2462 Panencephalitis, 2502 Telecommunication Devices for Gigantism), 2442 Speech Synthesizers, 2463 Substance Abuse, 2503 the Deaf, 2564 South Africa, Special Education Speech Therapy, 2463 Substantia Nigra, 2505 Telecommunications Systems in in, 2442 Spelling Disabilities, 2464 Subtest Scatter, 2505 Special Education, 2564 South America (See Argentina, Spelling: Foundation of Reading Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Temperament, 2564 Special Education in; Mexico, and the Greatest Ornament 2506 Teratogen, 2570 Special Education in; Peru, of Writing, 2465 Sugai, George M. (1951– ), Terman, Lewis M. (1877–1956), Special Education in), 2444 Sperry, Roger W. (1913–1994), 2508 2570 Soviet Education, 2444 2467 Suicidal Ideation, 2509 Terman’s Studies of the Gifted, Spache Diagnostic Reading Spielmeyer-Vogt Disease, 2468 Suicide, 2510 2571 Scales (See Diagnostic Spina Bifida, 2469 Sullivan, Ann (See Macy, Ann Test Anxiety, 2572 Reading Scale), 2444 Spinal Cord Injury, 2470 Sullivan), 2511 Test Equating, 2572 Span of Apprehension (See Spinocerebellar Degeneration Sullivan Programmed Reading, Test for Auditory Comprehension Perceptual Span), 2444 (See Friedreich’s Ataxia), 2511 of Language, Third Edition, Spasticity, 2444 2471 Summary of Performance, 2512 2573 Spearman, C. E. (1863–1945), Spitz, Herman (1925– ), 2471 Summer School for Individuals Test of Adolescent and Adult 2445 Spitz, Rene Arpad (1887–1974), With Disabilities, 2514 Language, Fourth Edition, Spearman’s Hypothesis, 2446 2472 Supervision in Special 2574 Special Class, 2446 Splinter Skill (See Savant Education, 2515 Test of Early Mathematical Special Education, Effectiveness Syndrome), 2472 Supported Employment, 2516 Ability, Third Edition, 2575 of (See Effectiveness of Split-Brain Research, 2473 Supported Living, 2516 Test of Early Reading Ability, Special Education), 2447 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, Surrogate Parents, 2517 Third Edition, 2576 Special Education Elementary 2473 Survival Skills, 2518 Test of Early Written Language, Longitudinal Study (SEELS), Sports for Individuals With Susto, 2519 Second Edition, 2577 2447 Disabilities, 2475 Sweden, Special Education in, Test of Language Development— Special Education, Federal Stability of Baseline Data in 2520 Intermediate, Fourth Impact on, 2450 Single Case Research, Switzerland, Special Education Edition, 2578 Special Education, Generic (See 2476 in, 2523 Test of Language Development— Generic Special Education), Staff Development, 2476 Sydenham’s Chorea, 2529 Primary, Fourth Edition, 2453 Standard Deviation, 2478 Synapses, 2530 2578 xviii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES

Test of Memory and Learning, Trace Minerals, 2620 Urticaria Pigmentosa, Wandering Spleen (Congenital), 2579 Training for Employment in 2687 2742 Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Traditional Settings, 2620 Usher Syndrome, 2688 Watson, John B. (1878–1958), Fourth Edition, 2580 Training in the Home, 2621 2743 Test of Orthographic Training Schools, 2622 V Web Accessibility, 2743 Competence (TOC), 2581 Tranquilizers, 2623 VAKT, 2691 Wechsler, David (1896–1981), Test of Phonological Awareness, Transdisciplinary Model, 2624 Valett Developmental Survey of 2745 Second Edition: PLUS Transfer of Training, 2624 Basic Learning Abilities, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of (TOPA-2+), 2582 Transformational Generative 2692 Intelligence, 2745 Test of Reading Comprehension, Grammar, 2625 Validity, Test, 2693 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Fourth Edition (TORC-4), Transition, 2626 Valium, 2695 Scale–Fourth Edition, 2746 2583 Transition Assessment, 2627 Valproic Acid, 2696 Wechsler Individual Test of Silent Contextual Transition Planning Values Clarification, 2696 Achievement Test–Third Reading Fluency (TOSCRF), (Relationship to the IEP and Van Dijk, Jan (1937– ), 2697 Edition, 2747 2584 the Process), 2629 Van Riper, Charles (1905–1991), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Test of Silent Word Reading Transportation of Students With 2698 Children–Fourth Edition, Fluency, 2585 Disabilities, 2632 Varicella Syndrome, Congenital, 2749 Test of Variables of Attention, Trauma, Psychological, 2633 2699 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for 2586 Traumatic Brain Injury, 2634 Varicella Zoster, 2700 Children–Fourth Edition Test of Word Finding, Second Traumatic Brain Injury and Vasculitis, 2700 Integrated, 2750 Edition, 2587 School Reentry, 2636 Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Traumatic Brain Injury and (Shprintzen Syndrome), 2701 Edition, 2751 2588 Special Education Services, Velopharyngeal Inadequacy, Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Test of Written Language, 2641 2707 Ability, 2753 Fourth Edition, 2589 Traumatic Brain Injury in Venezuela, Special Education In, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Tests in Print, 2590 Children, 2652 2707 Scales of Intelligence–Third Test-Taking Behavior, 2590 Traumatic Brain Injury, Mild, Ventricular Septal Defects, 2709 Edition, 2754 Test-Teach-Test Paradigm, 2654 Verbal Behavior Milestones Weismann Netter Stuhl 2591 Travel Aids, Electronic (See Assessment and Placement Syndrome, 2756 Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome, Electronic Travel Aids), Program VB–MAPP, 2710 Welsh Figure Preference Test, 2593 2656 Verbal Deficiency, 2711 2756 Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency Travel Aids for Individuals With Verbalisms, 2712 Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease, (BH4), 2593 Disabilities, 2656 Verbal Scale IQ, 2712 2757 Text-to-Speech, 2594 Treacher-Collins Syndrome Verbo-Tonal Method, 2713 Werner, Heinz (1890–1964), Thalassemia Major, 2595 (See National Organization of Versabraille, 2714 2758 Thalidomide, 2596 Rare Disorders), 2657 Videofluoroscopy, 2714 Werner Syndrome, 2759 Their World, 2597 Treatment Acceptability, 2657 Videotaping in Special Wernicke’s Aphasia, 2760 Thematic Apperception Test, Trends in Rehabilitation and Education, 2714 Western Europe, Special 2597 Disability, 2657 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Education In, 2760 Theory of Activity, 2597 Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Scales, Second Edition, 2716 Whelan, Richard J. (1931– ), Therapeutic Community, 2599 (See Intelligence, Triarchic Vineland Social-Emotional Early 2764 Therapeutic Recreation (See Theory of), 2664 Childhood Scales, 2717 Whole-Word Teaching, 2765 Recreation, Therapeutic), Trichorhinophalangeal Vineland Training School, 2718 Whooping Cough (Pertussis), 2600 Syndrome, 2664 Vision Training, 2718 2766 Think Aloud, 2600 Trichotillomania, 2664 Visual Acuity, 2720 Wide Range Achievement Thinking Centers (See Creative Trisomy 13: 13+ Syndrome Visual Analysis, 2721 Test–Fourth Edition, Studies Program), 2600 (Patau Syndrome), 2665 Visual Efficiency, 2721 2767 Visual Impairment, 2722 Thorazine, 2600 Trisomy 18, 2665 Wide Range Assessment of Visual-Motor and Visual- Thorndike, Edward L. Trisomy 21, 2666 Memory and Learning, Perceptual Problems, 2725 (1847–1949), 2601 Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent, Second Edition, 2768 Visual-Motor Integration, 2726 Thought Disorders, 2601 2667 Wide Range Assessment of Visual Perception and Three-Tier Model, 2603 Tuberculosis, 2668 Visual Motor Abilities, 2768 Tics, 2604 Discrimination, 2727 Wieacker Syndrome, 2769 Tuberous Sclerosis, 2669 Time on Task, 2605 Visual Training (See Vision Wiedemann Rautenstrauch Turkey, Special Education in, Time-Out, 2606 Training.), 2728 Syndrome, 2769 2670 Time Sampling, 2607 Visuomotor Complex, 2728 Wilbur, Hervey Backus Turnbull, Ann P. (1937– ), Tofranil, 2608 Vitamin E Deficiency, 2729 (1820–1883), 2770 2671 Token Economy, 2609 Vocabulary Development, 2730 Wild Boy of Aveyron, 2771 Turnbull, H. Rutherford Tongue, Geographic, 2611 Vocational Education, 2731 Wildervanck Syndrome, 2771 (1937– ), 2672 Tonic Neck Reflex, Asymmetrical Vocational Evaluation, 2732 Williams Syndrome, 2772 Turner Syndrome, 2673 (See Asymmetrical Tonic Vocational Rehabilitation Act of Will, Madeleine C. (1945– ), Tutoring, 2674 Neck Reflex), 2611 1973 (See Rehabilitation Act 2774 Twins, 2675 Topics in Early Childhood of 1973), 2734 Willowbrook Case, 2774 Special Education, 2611 Vocational Rehabilitation Wilms Tumor, 2775 Topics in Language Disorders, U Counseling, 2734 Wilson Disease, 2776 2612 Ulcers, 2677 Vocational Village, 2735 Winchester Syndrome, 2777 TORCH Complex, 2612 Ulcers and Children With Voice Disorders (Dysphonia), Witmer, Lightner (1867–1956), Torrance Center for Creative Disabilities, 2678 2735 2778 Studies, 2613 Ultimate Instruction for the Volta Review, The, 2736 Wolfensberger, Wolf P. J. Torrance, Ellis Paul Severe and Profoundly Voluntary Agencies, 2736 (1934–2011), 2779 (1914–2003), 2614 Retarded, 2678 Von Recklinghausen, Friedrich Wolf-Hirschhorne Syndrome, Torrance Tests of Creative United Cerebral Palsy, 2679 (1833–1910), 2736 2779 Thinking, 2614 United Kingdom, Special Von Willerbrands Disease, Wolfram Syndrome, 2780 Torsional Dystonia, 2616 Education in the (See 2737 Wood, Frank (1929– ), 2781 Total Communication, 2616 England, Special Education Vygotsky, Lev S. (1896–1934), Wood, M. Margaret (1931– ), Tourette Syndrome, 2617 in), 2680 2737 2782 Tourette Syndrome Association, United States Department of Woodcock Diagnostic Reading 2618 Education, 2680 W Battery, 2782 Toxic Shock Syndrome, 2618 United States Department of Waardenburg Syndrome, 2739 Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Toxocariasis (Visceral Larva Education’s Longitudinal WAGR Syndrome, 2740 Achievement, 2784 Migrans), 2619 Studies Program, 2681 Walker Warburg Syndrome, Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Toxoplasmosis, 2619 Universal Design, 2684 2740 Cognitive Abilities, 2785 Toy Lending Libraries, Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Wallin, John Edward (J. E.) Woodcock Language Proficiency 2620 Test, 2686 Wallace (1876–1969), 2741 Battery–Revised, 2787 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ENTRIES xix

Woodcock-Munoz˜ Foundation, Writing Assessment, 2802 X-Rays and Disabilities, Z 2788 Writing Disorders, 2804 2816 Zar, 2825 Woodcock Reading Mastery Writing Remediation, 2806 X-Ray Scanning Zeaman, David (1921–1984), Tests–Revised, 2789 Wyatt v. Stickney, 2808 Techniques, 2816 2826 Woods Schools, 2790 Wyburn-Mason Syndrome, 2809 XXX Syndrome, 2817 Zeaman-House Research, Word Blindness, 2790 XXXX Syndrome, 2818 2826 Words in Color, 2792 X XYY Syndrome, 2818 Zellweger Syndrome, 2827 Workfare, 2792 Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Zero Inference, 2828 Y World Federation of the Deaf, 2811 Zero-Reject, 2829 2793 X-Linked Dominant Inheritance, Yale, Caroline A. (1848–1933), Zigler, Edward (1930– ), World Health Organization, 2794 2812 2821 2829 World Rehabilitation Fund, 2794 X-Linked Hydrocephalus Yaws, 2821 Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, Wraparound, Positive Behavior Syndrome, 2812 Year-Round Schools, 2822 2830 Support, 2795 X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Young Children’s Achievement WRAT-4 (See Wide Range Syndrome (Duncan Test (YCAT), 2822 Zone of Proximal Development, Achievement Test–Fourth Disease, Purtilo Ysseldyke, James Edward 2830 Edition), 2801 Syndrome), 2813 (1944– ), 2823 Z Scores, in Determination of Writing as Expressive Language, X-Linked Recessive Yunis-Varon Syndrome, Discrepancies, 2831 2801 Inheritance, 2815 2824 Zygosity, 2832