MATING DISRUPTION in IPM Pheromones and Beyond by Vittorio Veronelli

MATING DISRUPTION IN IPM pheromones and beyond by Vittorio Veronelli

ABIM 2009 Lucerne 19-20 October IPM in agriculture

IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and ultimately chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks Basis for IPM

PEST Knowledge Forecast Tolerance Prevention Scouting Thresholds Actions plans PHEROMONES MATING DISRUPTION

Lepidoptera sexual pheromones are the communication method used by each of these species to mate and reproduce. Disruption of this communication prevents their reproduction thus reducing the amount of fertile eggs laid and the related population of damaging larvae. MD is the basement of Lepidoptera pest control in today’s fruits and vegetable crops in IPM and Organic productions. SOUTH TYROL - APPLE CASE Cydia pomonella (Codling moth CDM) number of harvest % orchards average YEAR scouted damage % below 1% additional orchards by CDM damage spray 1994 421 0.5 86.7 1.5 1995 631 0.8 80.0 0.5 1996 91 0.5 92.3 0.6 1997 66 0.4 89.4 0.3 1998 156 0.9 76.9 0.5 1999 279 0.6 81.7 1.6 2000 187 0.3 92.0 0.7 2001 154 0.3 94.8 0.4 2002 184 0.7 85.8 0.6 2003 223 1.1 77.6 0.9 2004 252 0.8 85.0 0.6 2005 224 0.5 87.0 0.3 2006 155 0.4 85.0 0.3 2007 255 0.4 n.d. n.d. 2008 256 0.18 n.d. n.d. Source SBOW South Tyrol Advisory Service SOUTH TYROL - APPLE CASE Cydia pomonella (Codling moth CDM)

PERCENTAGE OF CDM DAMAGED APPLES IN MERAN MD ORCHARDS 1994-2008

1,2 1,13

1 0,85 0,8 0,81 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,45 0,4 0,42 0,42 0,4 0,3 0,3

0,18 0,2

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source SBOW South Tyrol Advisory Service SOUTH TYROL - APPLE CASE Cydia pomonella

AVERAGE RESIDUE LEVELS OF CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES IN POSITIVE SAMPLES* EC - MRL 0,5 * 2008 ANALYSIS ON 419 RANDOM SAMPLES

0,4 68% (283) NEGATIVE - FREE FROM RESIDUE

32% (136) POSITIVE BY LOW RESIDUES

ppm 0,3 well below both the EC-MRL and the RETAIL LOW-MRL (30% OF EC) with or an average of 0,02 ppm, 4% of EC-MRL 0,2 RETAIL - LOW MRL mg/kg mg/kg 0,1 0,08 0,07 0,04 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,04 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0 0 0 0 0 chlorpyrifos diazinon (STOP IN 2007) phosalone (STOP IN 2008)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source South Tyrol Apple Consortium SOUTH TYROL - APPLE CASE

SOME INDICATION FROM APPLE IPM GUIDELINES BY GROWERS ASSOCIATION AND ADVISORY SERVICE

Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) according to IOBC definition is the economical production of high quality fruit obtained applying production methods economically safer, minimizing all unwanted side effects and the use of synthetic chemical products to increase environmental and human health safety. … • Check and identify accurately both damaging and beneficial insect and organisms • Increase tolerance thresholds by accurate risks evaluation • Exclude products dangerous to beneficials, use only selective products • Reduce the use of chemical plant protection products … Field control and scouting every orchard must be checked at least 3 times per year for presence of diseases and damaging insects and at least one time for beneficial insects. For each hectare of orchard the grower must spend at least 12 hours per year in scouting and control. Notes of these controls must be recorded in the farm field book. … Professional training and updating Persons in charge for orchards must join each year at least 2 hours of IPM lectures per hectare of orchard surface. When orchards exceeds 10 ha in surface they must join specific courses for 20 hours per year. Notes of these lectures must be recorded in the farm field book.

Source AGRIOS and SBOW South Tyrol TRENTINO - GRAPE CASE Lobesia botrana & Eupoecilia ambiguella MD APPLICATION AND HARVEST DAMAGE IN MEZZOCORONA VINEYARDS

8 MD APPLICATION SURFACE Eupoecilia 2400 Lobesia 2000

6 1600

1200

MD surface (ha) 800 4 400

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2 % of bounches with larvae

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source MEZZACORONA WINERY and S. MICHELE INSTITUTE TRENTINO - GRAPE CASE Lobesia botrana & Eupoecilia ambiguella

16 KG OF INSECTICIDES APPLIED PER SEASON 1975-2008 15 15 14 ON MEZZOCORONA VINEYARDS 12,6 12,2 12 11,6

10 10 10

8 8 8

Kg/ha/season 7 7 6,2 6 AREAWIDE MD 6 5,8 5,65,8 5 4,6 4,64,6 4,6 4,3 4 4 2,6

2 1,2 0,6 0,60,6 0,6 0,40,3 0,2 0,20,1 0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source MEZZACORONA WINERY TRENTINO - GRAPE CASE Lobesia botrana & Eupoecilia ambiguella

RESIDUES ON GRAPES AND IN WINE

0,08 0,07 RESIDUES ON GRAPES RESIDUES IN WINE 0.3 0,06 0,05 0.25 0,04

0.2 0,03 ppmo mg/Kg 0,02 0.15 0,01 0

ppm o mg/Kg 0.1

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.05

199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008 Source MEZZACORONA WINERY MD WORLDWIDE (2008)

> 750.000 ha MD BEYOND PHEROMONES

Lepidoptera sexual pheromones are the communication method used by each of these species to mate and reproduce. Homoptera leafhoppers and planthoppers instead use sounds as communication method for the same mating purpose. Researchers already identified the species specific language of Scaphoideus titanus the FD vector for which tons of insecticides were sprayed on vines in these few years. MD BEYOND PHEROMONES

Scaphoideus titanus communicate by means of sound vibrational signals that provide information of identity and position.

The mating always requires to be preceded by a complex courtship ritual, consisting of a sound vibrational duet between male and female.

The key to prevent their mating is the interruption of the sound vibrational sexual communication by transmitting suitable disrupting signals. MD BEYOND PHEROMONES

MALE CALLING SONG

COURTSHIP SONG / MATING DUET

S1 S2 S3 S4

Reproductive strategy of the Nearctic leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) V. Mazzoni, J. Presern, A. Lucchi & M. Virant-Doberlet – Bullettin of Entomological Research 2009 MD BEYOND PHEROMONES

RIVALRY DISTURBANCE NOISE

Disruption of reproductive behaviour of Scaphoideus titanus by playback of vibrational signals V. Mazzoni, A. Lucchi, A. Cokl, J. Presern, & M. Virant-Doberlet – Entomologia Esperimentalis et Applicata 2009 Thank you for your attention !

Acknowledgments

Dr. Andrea Lucchi Pisa University Dr. Valerio Mazzoni Pisa University Dr. Walther Waldner SBOW South Tyrol Mr. Mauro Varner Mezzacorona Winery Dr. Luisa Mattedi S. Michele Institute Dr. Enzo Mescalchin S. Michele Institute Dr. Claudio Ioriatti S. Michele Institute Dr. Fabio Molinari Piacenza University Dr. Kinya Ogawa, Mr. Koichi Ogura, Dr. Takehiko Fukumoto and all the pheromone team at ShinEtsu Chemical Co. Ltd.