Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

Acastidae, 305 Asteroids, 178–179 Acastidae Delo, 304–305 Asterozoans, 177–179 acritarchs, 365 Asteroids, 178–179 cluster analysis, 387 Ophiuroids, 178 Acrocephalitidae, 325 palaeobiogeography of Ordovician echinoderms, 177–179 actinocerids, 433, 437, 440 Somasteroids, 177–178 adaptive radiation of vertebrates in Ordovician, 451–452 Astropolichnus hispanicus (Crimes, Legg, Marcos and Arboleya), 45 biogeography of Ordovician vertebrates, 451–452 Atdabanian Stage, palaeogeographical distribution, 61 climatic context of Ordovician vertebrates, 452 Aulacopleurida, 311 palaeobiogeography of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates, 451–452 Aulacopleurida Adrain, 312–317 Aeronian cluster and ordination tests, 209 Family Aulacopleuridae Angelin, 312–313 Aeronian-Telychian, 209–210 Family Bathyuridae Walcott, 313–314 Afghanistan palaeogeographical units, 279 Family Brachymetopidae Prantl & Prˇibyl, 314 Afghanodesmatids Ordovician distributions, 224 Family Dimeropygidae Hupe, 314 agnathans, 449, 455 Family Holotrachelidae Warburg, 314–315 Alai terrane Family Hystricuridae Hupe, 315 fossils, 279 Family Rorringtoniidae Owens in Owens & Hamann, 315–316 trilobite, 283–284 Family Scharysiidae Osmo´lska, 316 Alaskan areas, 213–214 Family Telephinidae Marek, 316–317 Alsataspididae, 320 synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, 312–317 Alsataspididae Turner, 319–320 Aulacopleuridae Altai-Sayan area, palaeogeographical units, 276 global taxonomic richness, 313 Ambonychids, Ordovician distributions, 225 Aulacopleuridae Angelin, 312–313 Anatolepis, 451 Australia Annamia, palaeogeographical reconstructions, 8–9 bryozoan faunas, 147 Anomalodesmatans, 223 genera, 203 Antarctica, palaeogeographical units, 281 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 215 Anti-Atlas Mountains trilobites, 285 mid-Ordovician faunas, 226 Antipleuridae, 231 palaeogeographical units, 281 Archaeocyatha, 59–64 supercontinent breakup, 281 bioconstruction distribution, 61 Avalonia, 277 biostratigraphy, 59 blastozoans, 181 Cambrian biostratigraphy and biogeography, 59–64 cephalopods, 433 cluster analysis, 62 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 10 database and website, 63–64 Silurian, 232–234 global palaeogeographical distribution, 61 Trilobites, Cambrian Epoch 3, 286 palaeoecology, 60–62 West Gondwana, 282 palaeogeography, 62–63 axonophorans, 424 radiocyathan genera, 62 systematic studies history, 59 Baltica, 268, 351 archaeocyaths v. trilobites, 60 biogeographical analysis of trilobites, 287 archipelagos, 26 bryozoan, 146 Arctic Alaska-Chukotka Microcontinent, 7 cephalopods, 433–435 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 9 echinoderm assemblage, 191 Arenig Stage bivalves, 223 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 214–215 Argentina Heteroconchs Lyrodesma poststriatum, 229 eocrinoids, 180 Ordovician, 369 Famatina System, 277 Ordovician echinoderm assemblages, 174 Argentinean Precordillera, 216 Ordovician echinoderms, 186 Arhouriella, 222 palaeogeographical province, 186 Armorican Terrane Assemblage, 12 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 8 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 9–10 palaeogeographical units, 274 Arthropod genera, 38 Silurian, 232–234 Asaphidae, 317 Baltica-Siberia Subrealm, 452 Asaphida Salter, 317–321 Baltoscandia, 337 Family Alsataspididae Turner, 319–320 Ordovician facies zones, 338 Family Ceratopygidae Linnarsson, 318 basslerocerids, 435 Family Dionididae Gurich, 320 Bathmoceras, 432 Family Nileidae Angelin, 319 Bathycheilidae, 309 Family Raphiophoridae Angelin, 320 Bathycheilidae Prˇibyl, 309 Family Trinucleidae Hawle & Corda, 320–321 bathypelagic species, 362 Superfamily Asaphoidea Burmeister, 317–318 Bathyuridae, 313 Superfamily Cyclopygoidea Raymond, 318–319 Bathyuridae Walcott, 313–314 Superfamily Trinucleoidea Hawle & Corda, 319–321 Batostoma, 148 synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, Bavarillidae, 310 317–321 Bavarillidae Sdzuy, 309 Asaphoidea Burmeister, 317–318 bellerophontoid gastropods, 200 Ashgill units within Continental Margin Area bellerophontoid Peelerophon, 200 coral genera, 102 Benbolt Formation, 180 478 INDEX benthic faunas, 16 Llandovery, 150–151, 150 benthic species Lludlovian, 152 stratigraphical distribution, 357 Ludlow, 152–154 testing Silurian palaeogeography, 362–363 Ordovician, 145–146 benthic trilobites, 46 Prˇ´ıdolı´, 153, 154 Beothuka terranova, 411 Sandbian, 146, 147 Beyrichia admixta, 358 Silurian, 149–150 bilaterians, 40 Tremadocian, 146 binodicopes, 356 Wenlock, 151–152, 151 biodiversity Ordovician, 127–142 Builth Inlier, 85 biofacies, 376 Burgess Shale, 40 biogeographers, 26–27 deposits, 35–40 biogeographical patterns faunas, 81 Early Palaeozoic Rostroconchia, 243–260 Ordovician ostracods, 337–351 Calcareans, 91 biogeographical provinces, 25 Calymenidae, 310 biogeographical regions, 26 Calymenidae Swinnerton, 309–310 ranks, 31 Calymenina Swinnerton, 309–310 biogeography Cambrian bryozoans, Early Palaeozoic, 145–154 and archaeocyathan distribution, 61 Early Late Ordovician, 350 Archaeocyatha role, 59–64 early to mid Palaeozoic marine phytoplankton, 365–389 biostratigraphy and biogeography, 59–64 Ordovician, 127–142 Bivalvia, 221–222 Ordovician and Silurian, 199–217 Botomian, 64 Ordovician and Silurian GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and Burgess Shale-type faunas, 81 mimospirids], 199–217 data cluster analysis, 371 Ordovician and Silurian Stromatoporoidea, 67–78 echinoderms, 160, 161 Ordovician distribution, 67–73 global chronostratigraphical series and stages, 159 Ordovician linguliform and craniiform brachiopods, lichakephalids, 301 117–124 Major Early Palaeozoic events, 14–16 Silurian distribution, 73–77 non-stromatoporoid Porifera, 81–93, 86–91 Bioherms, 109 palaeobiogeographical units, 282 biosedimentology reefs, 62 palaeogeographical positions, 37 biostratigraphy of Archaeocyatha, 59 palaeogeographical reconstruction, 275 biostromes, 107 Paleodictyon occurrences, 49–50 biozones of trilobites and archaeocyaths, 60 phytoplankton, 366–367 biserial diversification, 423 radiation, 39 bivalves, 221–236 sponge palaeobiogeography, 83–84 Arenig Stage, 223 sponge distributions, 84 Cambrian, 221–222 tectonostratigraphic units, 280 Lower Palaeozoic palaeobiogeography, 221–236 terranes or microcontinents, biogeographical concepts, 282 Ordovician, 222–230 Cambrian clades Ordovician diversification, 222 analyses, 36 Silurian, 230–235 clade dynamics at genus level, 37–39 blastozoans clade dynamics at species level, 36–37 Avalonian Province, 181 database, 35 Furongian, 162 geographical ranges of genera, 37–38 Ordovician echinoderms palaeobiogeography, 179–184 geographical ranges of species, 37 Sandbian-Katian interval, 181 groups studied, 36 Boda event, 72 regions occupied v. temporal boundaries, 39 Bohemia palaeogeographical units, 278 spatio-temporal bias, 36 Bolivia eocrinoids, 180 temporal persistence of genera, 38–39 Botomian Stage temporal persistence of species, 37 Cambrian genera, 64 Cambrian echinoderms, 157–167 global palaeogeographical distribution, 61 Cincta, 162–163 brachiopod diversification, 130 Ctenocystoidea, 163 phylogeography during Ordovician, 136–142 diversity, 159–164, 166 brachiopods, 117–124 Edrioasteroidea, 159–161 biogeography of Ordovician, 117–124 Eocrinoids, 161–162 craniiform, 121–122 Helicoplacoidea, 159 Laurentia, 134 palaeobiogeographical patterns, 165–167 linguliform, 117–121 palaeobiogeography, 157–167, 159–164 Brachymetopidae, 314 palaeogeographical distribution, 159–164 Brachymetopidae Prantl & Prˇibyl, 314 palaeogeographical distribution of Cambrian echinoderms, Brevilamnulella, 135 159–164 Britain Heteroconchs Lyrodesma poststriatum, 229–230 palaeogeographical units and chronostratigraphical nomenclature, Bruno–Silesia palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12–13 158–159 bryozoan, 145–154 record of disarticulated echinoderm ossicles, 164–165 Baltic Province, 146 Rhombifera, 162 Dapingian, 146 Soluta, 163 Dariwillian, 147 Stylophora, 163–164 Darriwilian, 146 Cambrian Epoch and geo-dispersal analysis, 285 Early Palaeozoic biogeography, 145–154 Cambrian Epoch 2 Floian, 146 Furongian trilobite genera, 288 Hirnantian, 149, 149 trilobite, 285–286 Katian, 146–149, 148 trilobite biogeography, 284 INDEX 479

Cambrian Epoch 3 Ordovician palaeogeographical regions, 432–438 Avalonian trilobites, 286 palaeogeography and diversity, 429–444 Furongian trilobite genera, 288 Siberia and Far Russian East, 437 PAE [Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity] analysis, 289 South China platform, 437–438 Cambrian Explosion, 1 Tarim, 438 Cambrian faunas, 166 Western Gondwana and Precordillera, 438 Cambrian Ordovician cephalopod palaeogeography and diversity, Ceratopygidae, 318 429–444 Ceratopygidae Linnarsson, 318 changing endemicity and beta-diversity, 438–439 Chazyan, 68 changing palaeogeographical pattern, 439–440 Cheiruridae, 308 diversity trends interpretation, 441–443 Cheiruridae Hawle & Corda, 306 general pattern, 438–441 Cheirurina Harrington & Leanza, 306–309 Late Ordovician, 443 Chinese tectonostratigraphic units, 283 Mid Ordovician, 442–443 chitinozoans zooplankton maps, 400–401 palaeogeographical regions, 432–438 Chlorophyta, 37 regional diversity trends, 440 Cincinnatian, 99 widespread genera, 440–441 biogeographical divisions of Laurentia, 99 Cambrian Series 2 Continental Margin Area, 102 formations and species, 167 coral genera, 97–112, 99, 102 Cambrian Series 3, 160 Cinctans Eocrinoid faunas, 162 Cambrian echinoderms, 162–163 Cambrian Series 5 evolution, 163 formations and species, 167 clades. See also Cambrian clades Cambrian Stage 5 genus level diversity, 39 radiate echinoderms, 165 genus level spatio-temporal occurrence data, 39 Cambrian strata species level diversity, 38 Moroccan Atlas, 278 species level spatio-temporal occurrence data, 38 Tarim, 281 Clarkeia Fauna, 7 Cambrian trace fossils Clarkoceras Astropolichnus hispanicus (Crimes, Legg, Marcos and occurrences, 440 Arboleya), 45 Climactichnites Logan, 45–46 Cambrian Paleodictyon occurrences, 49–50 climograph, 27 Climactichnites Logan, 45–46 Clitambonitoidea, 138 Cruziana d’Orbigny, 46 cluster analysis, 120 Dactyloidites Hall, 46–47 acritarch assemblage, 387 Didymaulichnus miettensis Young, 47 Aeronian-Telychian, 209–210 Oldhamia Forbes, 47–49 archaeocyathan and radiocyathan genera, 62 Paleodictyon meneghini,49–50 biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian GMM [Gastropods, pre-trilobitic Rusophycus Hall, 50–52 monoplacophoran and mimospirids], 203–213 Syringomorpha nilssoni (Torell), 52–53 Cambrian data, 371 Cambrian trilobite, 273–290 Dapingian-Darriwilian, 204–205 biogeographical links during Cambrian Epoch 2, 285–286 Darriwilian-Sandbian, 205–207 biogeographical links during Cambrian Epoch 3, 286–287 Floian time slice, 132 biogeography and timing of Cambrian radiation, 284–285 Floian-Dapingian, 204 Furongian biogeographical links, 287–289 Gorstian-Ludfordian, 212–213 palaeobiogeography assessed using PAE [Parsimony Analysis of Hirnantian-Rhuddanian, 208–209 Endemicity], 273–290 Hirnantian time slice, 140 Campanario Formation, 52 Homerian-Gorstian, 211–212 Canya, 222 Katian-Hirnantian, 208 carbonates, 109 Ludfordian-Prˇ´ıdolı´, 213 mudmound facies pre-Hirnantian Ashgill, 135 and ordination tests, 203–213 Carboniferous terranes, 11 Ordovician ostracod faunas, 350 Cardiolidae, 231 Rhuddanian-Aeronian, 209 Catamarcaia, 223 Sandbian-Katian, 207–208 Catillicephalidae, 325 Sandbian time slice, 136 Catillicephalidae Raymond, 326 Sheinwoodian-Homerian, 211 Cellon Profile, 345 Telychian-Sheinwoodian, 210 Celtic group of brachiopod faunas, 132 Tremadocian-Floian, 203–204 Celtic province, 132 Tremadocian time slice, 130 Central American terranes Coelenterata, 59 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Conocardiida, 244 palaeogeographical units, 277 Conocardiida Neumayr, 243 Central Asia conocardiid rostroconchs geographical distribution, 244 cephalopods, 435 conodonts, 449 palaeogeographical units, 279 continental blocks and terranes, 281 cephalic fields, 453 continental crust, 28 cephalochordate, 450 continental disparity, 130 cephalopods continental drift theory, 28 Avalonia, Perunica, 433 Continental Margin Area, 103, 109–111 Baltica, 433–435 characteristic corals, 110 Central Asia and organic belts, 435 coral biogeography in Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of Eastern Gondwana and Sibumasu, 435 Laurentia, 109–111 global endemicity, 438 corals, 110 Laurentia, 435–436 duration and location, 109 limestone biofacies, 231 palaeogeography in tectonics, 29 North China platform, 436–437 Coolibah Formation, 385 480 INDEX coral genera Deunffia biogeographical divisions in Laurentia, 98 biofacies, 377–378 biogeography in Late Ordovician of Laurentia, 97–112 distribution, 377 Cincinnatian, 97–112, 99 Devonian, 365 Continental Margin Area, 102, 109–111, 110 graptolite biogeography, 423 Edgewood Province, 101, 107–109, 108 phytoplankton biogeography, 384 Late Ordovician, 98 Diaphanometopidae, 307 Red River-Stone Mountain Province, 99–104, 100, 103 Diaphanometopidae Jaanusson in Moore, 305–306 Richmond Province, 101, 105–107, 105 Didymaulichnus miettensis Young, 47 Cordilleran terranes, 8 Didymaulichnus tirasensis, 47 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 10 Dimeropygidae, 314 Corynexochida Kobayashi, 299–301 Dimeropygidae Hupe, 314 Family Illaenidae Hawle & Corda, 299 Dionididae, 320 Family Leiostegiidae Bradley, 300–301 Dionididae Gurich, 320 Family Missisquoiidae Hupe, 301 diplograptid, 423 Family Panderiidae Bruton, 299 discosorids, 440 Family Styginidae Vogdes, 299–300 disjunct distribution, 31 synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, 299–301 dispersed spore fossil record, 461 Coryphidium bohemicum, 367 distributional dynamics Cambrian clades, 35–40 Cosmopolitan acritarchs, 383 diversification of vertebrates in Silurian, 452–455 cosmopolitism, 31 diversity curve, 128 cothurnocystid cornutes, 164 Dokimocephalidae, 323 craniides, 121 Dokimocephalidae Kobayashi, 324 geographical distribution of Early Ordovician, 120 Domasia Craniiform brachiopods, 121–122 biofacies, 377–378 biogeography, 117–124 distribution, 377 Early to Mid-Ordovician, 121 Late Ordovician, 121–122 Early Cambrian Ordovician linguliform, 121–122 archaeocyathan migration paths, 63 craton (cratonic shield), 28 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 10, 13, 14 Cretaceous-style greenhouse, 403 palaeogeographical reconstruction, 63 crinoids phytoplankton, 366–367 morphology, 184 Early Devonian, 6 Ordovician echinoderms palaeobiogeography, 184–185 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 20, 21 Tremadoc Series, 184 phytoplankton, 379–380 Croizat, Leon, 26 Early Early Devonian rostroconchia, 251–253 crustal fragments, 6 Early Late Ordovician ostracod, 350 Cruziana d’Orbigny, 46 Early Mid Ordovician cryptospores, 465 palaeocontinent reconstruction map, 418 cryptostome bryozoan, 145 Early Ordovician Ctenocystoidea, Cambrian echinoderms, 163 craniides and Pseudocrania geographical distribution, 120 Ctenocystoids Laurentia, 163 Llangynog Inlier, 225–226 Cuyania trilobite, 283 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 16 Cybelinae, 307 Montagne Noire, 225 Cyclocystoidea Echinozoans, 187 Montagne Noire and South Wales, 225 Cyclopygidae, 318 Early Palaeozoic Cyclopygoidea Raymond, 318–319 biogeography and palaeogeography, 1–2 Cyrtodontids Ordovician distributions, 224–225 biogeography of bryozoans, 145–154 Czech Republic eocrinoids, 180 Conocardiida, 252 Icehouse climate, 399–404 Dactyloidites new global palaeogeographical reconstructions, 5–23 distribution, 47 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 14–22 miettensis distribution, 49 polychaetes diversification, 266–267 Dalmanitidae, 305 Rostroconchia, 243–260 Dalmanitidae Vogdes, 305 vertebrates palaeobiogeography, 450–456 Dapingian Age, 418 Early Palaeozoic vertebrates palaeobiogeography, 450–456 bryozoans, 146 adaptive radiation of vertebrates in Ordovician, 451–452 cluster analysis, 134 diversification of vertebrates in Silurian, 452–455 cluster and ordination tests, 204–205 palaeobiological remarks and implications for biostratigraphy, 455 time slices, 130–133, 133 possible vertebrates of Cambrian, 450–451 Dapingian Stage edrioasteroids, 187 Early Sandbian Darriwilian chitinozoan localities, 401 bryozoan faunas, 147 Graptolite localities, 401 bryozoans, 146 Early Silurian cephalopod genera clustering, 434 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 19 cluster analysis, 134 Rostroconchia, 249 cluster and ordination tests, 204, 205–207 Early to Mid Ordovician, 367–368 number of occurrences, 432 acritarch provincialism, 373–374 Ordovician distribution, 68–69 craniiform brachiopods, 121 Ordovician graptolite biogeography, 419 provinces, 374 time slices, 130–133, 133, 134 Early to Mid Palaeozoic Volchovia mobilis, 185 marine phytoplankton biogeography, 365–389 Darwin, Charles, 26 Silurian, 376–378 Demosponges diversity and palaeobiogeography, 89–90 Eastern Avalonia, 214 dendrogram, 348 Eastern Gondwana cephalopods, 435 descriptive biogeography, 30 Eastern Kazakhstanian terranes, trilobite, 284 INDEX 481

Eastern Mediterranean region, 278 stylophorans, 189 East Gondwana palaeogeographical units, 278–281 time slices, 129–130, 131 echinoderm. See also Cambrian echinoderms fold belt, 67 alpha diversity, 166 Foliomena fauna, 133 Baltica, West Gondwana and Laurentia, 191 Fordilla, 221 Cambrian, 160, 161 Fortunian, 54 Cambrian Stage 5, 165 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 10 diversity and Cambrian fluctuations, 166 France eocrinoids, 180 first occurrences, 165 Frasnian acritarchs, 383 nature of substrates, 174 Frasnian microfloras, 378 ossicles, 164–165 Fritzaspis Assemblage, 50 palaeobiogeographical patterns, 165–166 Furongian plates, 164, 165 blastozoan assemblages, 162 Echinoidea, 185–186 edrioasteroids, 161 Echinozoans, 185–187 eocrinoids and stylophorans, 167 Cyclocystoidea, 187 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 15 Echinoidea, 185–186 oldest scolecodonts, 267 Holothuroidea, 186–187 PAE [Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity] Analysis, 289 Ophiocistioidea, 187 solutans, 163 palaeobiogeography of Ordovician echinoderms, 185–187 stylophorans, 164 Edgewood Province, 107–109, 108 trilobite assemblages, 287 characteristic corals, 107–108 trilobite genera, 288 coral biogeography in Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of Laurentia, 107–109 Gamachian, 107 coral genera, 101 gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids (GMM), 199–217 diversity, 108–109 Alaskan areas, 213–214 duration and location, 107 Argentinean Precordillera, 216 origination, 108 Australia, 215 termination, 109 Baltica and Podolia, 214–215 edrioasteroids, 160 cluster and ordination tests, 203–213 Cambrian echinoderms, 159–161 Eastern Avalonia, 214 Dapingian Stage, 187 gastropod communities, 200–201 Furongian, 161 Kazakhstan, 216 Ordovician echinoderms palaeobiogeography, 187–189 Laurentian areas, 213 EiE. See Ubiquity hypothesis (EiE) North China, 216 Ellesmerocerida, 442 Ordovician diversification, 222 Encrinuridae, 308 Perunica, Morocco and Ibero-Armorica, 215 Encrinuridae Angelin, 307–308 Scotland, 214 endemicity, 30, 31 Siberia, 216 Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography, 273–290 Tarim, 215–216 clades Laurentia, 166 Geological Time Scale of Gradstein, 470 pandemic and cosmopolitan distribution, 30–31 Gerronodictyon,74 endocerids, 435 ghost lineages, 91–92 Eocrinoids global Cambrian trilobite, 273–290 Argentina, 180 global distributional dynamics, 35–40 Bolivia, 180 global palaeogeographical distribution, 61 Cambrian echinoderms, 161–162 global palaeogeographical reconstructions for Early Palaeozoic, Cambrian Series 3, 162 5–23 Czech Republic, 180 Glyptarcoids Ordovician distributions, 224 France, 180 gnathostomes, 453 Furongian, 167 Gondwana, 2 Morocco, 180 Cambrian Epoch 3, 286 Spain, 180 cluster, 205, 207 epipelagic species, 362 continental blocks and terranes, 281 eukaryotic taxa, 35 ostracods biogeographical patterns, 345 Eulomidae, 323 palaeobiogeographical patterns, 165 Eulomidae Kobayashi, 323–324 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 6–7 eunicidan polychaetes, 266 phylogenetically diverse, 141 Euramerican, 378 poleward drift, 287 Europe ostracod faunas, 356 Silurian, 230–232 extant polychaetes geographical distribution, 270 Gorstian cluster and ordination tests, 211–212, 212–213 gracilis interval ostracod genera, 340–343 Famanitina Arc, 19 ostracod genera, 344 Famatina System Argentina, 277 ostracods biogeographical patterns, 348 Famennian acritarchs, 383 graptolite, 355 Farewell Terrane, 7, 205 palaeoecology model, 416 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 10 zone, 345 Far Russian East cephalopods, 437 zooplankton maps, 399–400 Fengshan Formation, 441 graptolite palaeobiogeography, 355, 415–425 Floian, 118 biogeographical patterns in graptolite evolution examples, 424 bryozoans, 146 biogeography revisited, 417 cluster analysis, 132 Devonian graptolite biogeography, 423 cluster and ordination tests, 204 historical biogeography, 423–424 number of occurrences, 432 Ordovician biogeography, 417–420 Ordovician graptolite biogeography, 417–418 palaeobiogeographical models historical development, piloceratids, 435 415–417 482 INDEX graptolite palaeobiogeography (Continued) Iran palaeogeographical units, 278–279 palaeoecological historical development, 415–417 Ischyrinioida, 246 Silurian biogeography, 420–423 island arcs, 10 Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), 1, 112, 129, 133, 136, Isocolidae, 327 138, 139, 267 Isocolidae Angelin, 328 Grewingkia, 105 Isorophid edrioasteroids, 187 Grewingkia canadensis, 106 Italy palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12–13 Ityophoridae, 327 Hadoprion cervicornis, 270 Ityophoridae Warburg, 328 Hamra Formation, 153 Harpetidae, 324 Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, 62 Harpididae, 326 Junggar Terrane palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Harpididae Whittington, 326–327 hazeliids, 83 Kara Helicoplacoidea Cambrian echinoderms, 159 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Heminectere,82 palaeogeographical units, 276–277 Heteroconchs Lyrodesma poststriatum, 229–230 Silurian, 232–234 Baltica, 229 Karatau–Naryn trilobite, 284 Britain, 229–230 Katian Kazakhstania, 229 bryozoan faunas, 148 Ordovician, 229–230 cluster and ordination tests, 208 Siberia, 229 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 18 Heterostracans, 453 Ordovician, 374–375 Hexactinellids, 88–89 Ordovician distribution, 70–72 hilate spores, 464 Ordovician graptolite biogeography, 419–420 Himalayan margin palaeogeographical units, 280 palaeocontinent reconstruction map, 420 Himalayan peri-Gondwanan terranes, 11 Radiolarian assemblage, 411 Hirnantian, 345, 375 scolecodonts, 268 bryozoan faunas, 149 stylophorans, 191 bryozoans, 149 Kazakh cluster analysis, 140 diversities, 134 cluster and ordination tests, 208–209 strophomenides, 140 glaciation, 20 terranes palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Ordovician distribution, 73 Kazakhstan, 205, 229 Ordovician graptolite biogeography, 420 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 216 ostracod genera, 344 island arcs and microplates, 279–280 stage distribution of blastozoans, 183 ostracods biogeographical patterns, 345 time slab ostracods biogeographical patterns, 348–349 palaeogeographical units, 279–280 time slices, 136, 140 Silurian, 235 zooplankton provinces definitions, 402 variety of genera, 205 Hirnantian interval, 338 Klamath terrane, 139 echinoderm groups, 191 Kolyma, 276 ostracod genera, 346–347 Kolymar terrane palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Holothuroidea Echinozoans, 186–187 Holotrachelidae, 315 Labechia, 70 Holotrachelidae Warburg, 314–315 Labechiella, 70 Homalonotidae, 311 labechiids, 68 Homalonotidae Chapman, 310 Lady Burn Starfish Bed, 174 Homerian cluster and ordination tests, 211–212 land plants palaeophytogeography, 461–473 Huanghe type, 436 Late Cambrian Hungaiidae, 326 acritarch localities, 369 Hungaiidae Raymond, 327–328 global reconstruction, 21 Hupeolenus Zone, 50 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 15 hypercalcified, 67 Late Devonian hypercalcified taxa, 93 palaeogeography, 383 Hystricuridae, 315 phytoplankton, 382–384 Hystricuridae Hupe, 315 Late Early–early Middle Ordovician rostroconchia, 248 Late Ludlow-early Prˇ´ıdolı´, 359–360 Iapetus Ocean islands Late Ordovician palaeogeographical reconstructions, 10 cephalopod palaeogeography and diversity, 443 Ibero-Armorica climate, 402–404 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 215 craniiform brachiopods, 121–122 ichnospecies, 46 faunas, 227, 228 Illaenidae, 300 linguliform brachiopods taxa, 120–121 Illaenidae Hawle & Corda, 299 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 18 Illionia, 233 North America, 228 Indian craton palaeogeographical units, 280 Ordovician, 227, 374–376 Indochina palaeocontinent reconstruction map, 420 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 8–9 rostroconchia, 248–249 Injetocerida, 437 South America, 227–228 in situ spores, 463 stromatoporoid genera, 70, 71 International Code of Area Nomenclature, 32 stromatoporoids, 69 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 27 zooplankton maps, 399–404 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 28 zooplankton provinces, 401–402 International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy Late Silurian, 20 (ISCS), 273 acritarch palaeogeographical reconstruction, 379 INDEX 483

Late Wenlock-early Ludlow, 358–359 Early Cambrian, Fortunian, 10 Laurentia Early Devonian, Emsian, 21 biogeographical divisions corals, 98 Early Devonian, Pragian, 20 brachiopod faunas, 134 Early Ordovician, Tremadocian, 16 Ctenocystoids, 163 Early Silurian, Llandovery, Rhuddanian, 19 echinoderm assemblage, 191 Early Silurian, Llandovery, Telychian, 19 endemic clades, 166 Late Cambrian, Furongian, 15 Ordovician crinoids, 185 Late Ordovician, Katian, 18 ostracods biogeographical patterns, 344–345 Late Ordovician, Sandbian, 18 palaeobiogeographical patterns, 165 Late Silurian, Ludlow, Ludfordian, 20 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 7–8 Middle Cambrian, 14 palaeogeographical units, 274–275 Middle Ordovician, 17 paracrinoid, 181 Middle Ordovician, Floian, 16 paulinitids, 268 Ludfordian, 20 percentage of shared taxa, 436 cluster and ordination tests, 212–213 plectorthoids, 139 Ludlow, 20 rhynchonellide fauna, 136 bryozoans, 152–154 Silurian, 232–234 Silurian distribution, 74–77 Subrealm, 452 stromatoporoid genera geographical distribution, 76 Laurussia, 8 Ludlow Epoch, 83 Leclerc, Georges-Louis, 26 non-stromatoporoid sponges, 89 Leiostegiidae, 301 Ludlow-Prˇ´ıdolı´ Leiostegiidae Bradley, 300–301 graptolites, 421 Lichakephalidae, 302 sponge families, 92 Lichakephalidae Tripp, 302–303 Ludlow Series, 378 Lichidae, 304 Lyell, Charles, 26 Lichidae Hawle & Corda, 303–304 Lichida Moore, 301–304 Mahalospongiidae, 90 Family Lichakephalidae Tripp, 302–303 Major Early Palaeozoic events, 14–22 Family Lichidae Hawle & Corda, 303–304 Cambrian, 14–16 synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, 301–304 Ordovician, 16–20 limestone biofacies, cephalopods, 231 Silurian, 22 linguliform, 122 Malongulli Formation, 411 linguliform brachiopods, 117–121 Malopolska, 347 biogeography of Ordovician, 117–121, 117–124 marine phytoplankton, 365–389 cluster analysis, 120 Mediterranean Province, 368–369 geographical distribution, 118, 119 megafossil record, 461 Late Ordovician (Sandbian to Hirnantian), 120–121 Megagrapton,50 Mid-Ordovician (Dapingian–Darriwilian), 119–120 Megalomoidea, 233 Linnaeus, Carolus, 26 Mesaktoceras occurrences, 440 lithistid, 93 mesopelagic species, 362 lithospheric plates, 29 metric multidimensional scaling (MDS), 471 littoral zone tropical bivalves, 233 plot, 472 liverwort basal, 463 Mexican terranes palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Llandeilo, 345 microcontinents, 28 Llandovery, 472 microplates, 28 bryozoan faunas, 150 palaeogeography in tectonics, 28–29 bryozoans, 150–151 Mid and late Cambrian phytoplankton, 366–367 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 19 Mid Devonian Rostroconchia, 249 palaeogeography, 381 Silurian distribution, 73–74 phytoplankton, 380–382 stromatoporoid genera geographical distribution, 74 Middle Cambrian, 14 testing late Wenlock-Prˇ´ıdolı´ palaeogeography, Middle Eastern terranes palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 360–361 Mid Ordovician Llandovery Epoch, 83, 87 Australia, 226 non-stromatoporoid sponges, 88 faunas, 226–227, 226 sponge families, 90 linguliform brachiopods taxa, 119–120 Llangynog Inlier, 225–226 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 16, 17 Lludlovian bryozoan faunas, 152 Ordovician cephalopod palaeogeography and diversity, 442–443 Lophiostroma,76 Radiolarian, 409–410 Lower and Middle Ordovician radiolarian, 409 Spain, 226 Lower Katian stromatoporoid genera, 68 cluster analysis, 137 Wales, 226–227 time slices, 134–135, 137 West Yunnan, 227 Lower Ordovician radiolarian, 407–408 Mid Silurian distribution, 409 distribution Megalomoidea, 233 Lower Palaeozoic distribution Praecardiidina, 232 Ordovician, 222–230 Silurian, 376–378 outcrops, 8 mimospirids. See Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids palaeobiogeography of Bivalvia, 221–236 (GMM) palaeogeographical reconstructions, 6–8 Missisquoiidae, 302 Silurian, 230–235 Missisquoiidae Hupe, 301 terrane boundaries, 6, 7, 9 mixed-layer organisms, 351 Lower Palaeozoic terrane moderate endemicity model, 389 Cambrian–Ordovician boundary, 15 Moldanubia palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12–13 Early Cambrian, 13, 14 Mollusca. See Rostroconchia 484 INDEX

Mongolian terranes palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 blastozoans, 183 monograptid, 424 blastozoans morphology, 179, 182 Monomorphichnus, 52 cephalopod morphologies, 430 monoplacophorans. See Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids cephalopod palaeogeography and diversity, 429–444 (GMM) cephalopods diversity trends, 436 Montagne Noire, 225 diploporans palaeobiogeographical distribution, 180 early Ordovician faunas, 225 dispersed spore diversity curve, 465 faunas, 225 distributions, 224–225 Moroccan Atlas Cambrian strata, 278 diversification of gastropods and bivalves, 222 Morocco duration of Early to Mid Ordovician Provinces, 374 eocrinoids, 180 early Ordovician faunas, 225–226 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 215 Early to Mid Ordovician, 367–368 myodocopes, 356 Early to Mid Ordovician acritarch provincialism, 373–374 faunal composition, 225 nappe structures, 22 gastropod biocommunities, 201 nearshore cluster, 351 Heteroconchs Lyrodesma poststriatum, 229–230 Nemagraptus gracilis, 419 Hirnantian, 375–376 Neoproterozoic basement, 10 holothurian species, 186 Neoproterozoic-Cambrian succession, 280 land plants palaeophytogeography, 461–473 Neoveryhachium carminae Late Ordovician, 374–376 biofacies Silurian, 376–377 Late Ordovician faunas, 227 distribution, 377 linguliform and craniiform brachiopods biogeography, 117–124 Nereites, 50 Lower Palaeozoic palaeobiogeography of Bivalvia, 222–230 New Zealand palaeogeographical units, 281 Major Early Palaeozoic events, 16–20 Nileidae, 319 mass extinction, 97 Nileidae Angelin, 319 Mediterranean Province to Perigondwana Province, 368–369 non-stromatoporoid Porifera, 81–93 mid-Ordovician faunas, 226–227 non-stromatoporoid sponges NMDS diagram, 210 distribution for Llandovery Epoch, 88 non-stromatoporoid Porifera, 81–93, 86–91 distribution for Ludlow and Prˇ´ıdolı´ epochs, 89 Nuculoids, 228–229 distribution for Wenlock Epoch, 89 palaeogeographical regions of cephalopods, 432–438 Prˇ´ıdolı´ epochs, 89 polychaete diversity and biogeography, 265–271 Wenlock Epoch, 89 polychaetes global genus-level diversity, 268 North America Radiolarian palaeogeographical distribution, 407–412 Late Ordovician faunas, 228 rhombiferans palaeobiogeographical distribution, 181 terranes palaeogeographical units, 277–278 rostroconch species, 254–260 testing Silurian palaeogeography, 356 Sandbian and Katian, 374–375 North China scolecodont-bearing polychaete genera, 266 cephalopods, 436–437 South China, Perigondwana, or Baltica, 369–370 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 216 sponge palaeobiogeography Porifera, 84–86 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11–12 sponges distribution, 85 palaeogeographical units, 280–281 trilobite, 297–329 Nuculoids Ordovician, 228–229 trilobite distribution and diversity, 297–329 trilobite families stratigraphical ranges, 298 oceans biogeographical regions and climate regions, 27 vertebrates adaptive radiation, 451–452 Odontopleurida, 301 zooplankton, 399–401 Odontopleuridae, 304 zooplankton maps and climate of the Early Palaeozoic Icehouse, Odontopleuridae Burmeister, 304 399–404 Odontopleurida Whittington in Moore, 304 Ordovician asterozoans synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, 304 morphology, 177 Odontopleurida Whittington in Moore palaeobiogeographical distribution, 178 Family Odontopleuridae Burmeister, 304 Ordovician biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography Oldhamia, 47 biogeographical provinces, 128–129 distribution, 49 brachiopod biodiversity and phylogeography during Ordovician, Forbes, 47–49 136–142 Old Red Sandstone Continent, 454 rhynchonelliform brachiopods, 127–142 Olenida Adrain, 321–324 time slices, 129–136 Family Dokimocephalidae Kobayashi, 324 Ordovician crinoids Family Eulomidae Kobayashi, 323–324 Laurentia, 185 Family Olenidae Burmeister, 321–322 morphology, 184 Family Remopleurididae Hawle & Corda, 322–323 palaeobiogeographical distribution, 184 Family Sarkiidae Hupe, 324 Ordovician distribution, 67–73, 224–225 synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, 321–324 Afghanodesmatids, 224 Olenidae, 322 Ambonychids, 225 Olenidae Burmeister, 321–322 biogeography of the Ordovician and Silurian Stromatoporoidea, 67–73 Omolon Terrane palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Cyrtodontids, 224–225 oncocerids, 440 Darriwilian, 68–69 Ophiocistioidea Echinozoans, 187 Glyptarcoids, 224 Ophiuroids Asterozoans, 178 Hirnantian, 73 ordination tests, 203–213 Redoniids, 224 Ordovician, 222–230, 367–376 Sandbian, 69–70 Baltic Province, 369 Ordovician echinoderms biogeography of early to mid Palaeozoic phytoplankton, 367–376 Baltica, 174, 186 biogeography of GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and disparity patterns, 174 mimospirids], 199–217 evolution, 176 bivalve distribution, 223 global and regional biodiversity patterns, 174 INDEX 485

palaeobiogeographical analysis, 176 proposal for consistent use, 31–32 record, 177 ranks, 31–32 Ordovician echinoderms palaeobiogeography, 173–192 standardization, 32 Asterozoans, 177–179 palaeobiogeographical patterns, 165–167 Blastozoans, 179–184 alpha diversity in space and time, 166–167 Crinoids, 184–185 biogeographical relationships of echinoderm assemblages, database, 175 165–166 Echinozoans, 185–187 Cambrian echinoderm diversity and palaeobiogeography, Edrioasteroids, 187–189 165–167 palaeobiogeographical maps, 177 first appearances in Laurentia and Gondwana, 165 quality of dataset and possible biases, 175–177 palaeobiogeography, 25–28, 30–31 Stylophorans, 189–192 biogeographical entities: biomeres and regions, 27 Ordovician echinozoans biogeographical units, 31 palaeobiogeographical distribution, 186 biogeography defined, 25–26 Ordovician edrioasteroids Cambrian trilobite assessed using parsimony analysis of endemicity, morphology, 188 273–290 palaeobiogeographical distribution, 188 defined, 30 Ordovician eocrinoids Early Palaeozoic vertebrates, 450–456 palaeobiogeographical distribution, 182 ecological entities: communities and ecosystems, 27–28 Ordovician facies zones endemic, pandemic and cosmopolitan distribution, 30–31 Baltoscandia, 338 first biogeographers and palaeobiogeographers, 26–27 Ordovician faunas nomenclatural rules and problems, 28 palaeobiogeography, 268–269 Ordovician and Silurian polychaete diversity and biogeography, polychaete diversity and biogeography, 268–269 267–269 Ordovician genera Ordovician echinoderms, 173–192 distribution, 205 Ordovician faunas, 268–269 Ordovician generic brachiopod diversity and phylogeographical provincialism, 31 distribution, 141 Siberian faunas, 269 Ordovician graptolite biogeography, 417–420 terminology, 30 Dapingian, 418–419 palaeobiogeography of Bivalvia, 221–236 Darriwilian, 419 palaeoecology, 60–62 Floian, 417–418 palaeogeographical distribution Hirnantian, 420 Botomian Stage, 61 Katian, 419–420 Cambrian echinoderms, 159–164 Tremadocian, 417 Ordovician radiolarian occurrences, 407–412 Ordovician ostracods pattern of Rostroconchia, 246–253 biogeographical patterns, 337–351 Silurian benthic ostracod species, 359 biogeography, 350 palaeogeographical positions Cambrian localities, 37 cluster analysis, 350 palaeogeographical reconstructions correspondence analysis, 350 Annamia (Indochina), 8–9 Ordovician stylophorans and Archaeocyatha migration paths, 63 morphology, 189 Arctic Alaska–Chukotka, 9 palaeobiogeographical distribution, 190 Armorican Terrane Assemblage, 9–10 Orthida Klamath terrane, 139 Avalonia, 10 Ossa-Morena trilobite, 283 Baltica, 8 Ostracoda, 337 Bruno–Silesia, 12–13 ostracoderms, 454 Cordilleran terranes, 10 ostracod genera Early Palaeozoic and their generation, 5–23 gracilis interval, 340–343 Farewell Terrane, 10 Hirnantian, 344 Gondwana, 6–7 Hirnantian interval, 346–347 Iapetus Ocean islands, 10 ostracods biogeographical patterns, 337–351 Italy, 12–13 biogeography, 349–351 Junggar Terrane, 11 data analysis, 347–348 Kara, 11 database, 347 Kazakh and Tien Shan terranes, 11 Gondwana, 345 Kolymar–Omolon Terrane, 11 gracilis time slab, 348 Laurentia, 7–8 Hirnantian time slab, 348–349 major continental blocks in Lower Palaeozoic, 6–8 Kazakhstan, 345 Major Early Palaeozoic events, 14–22 Laurentia, 344–345 Mexican and Central American terranes, 11 Ordovician, 337–351 Middle Eastern and Himalayan peri-Gondwanan terranes, 11 palaeogeography, 345–347 Moldanubia, 12–13 Peri-Gondwana, 345 Mongolian terranes, 11 selection of time slabs, 338 North China (Sinokorea), 11–12 Siberia and adjacent areas, 345 other terranes, 8–13 source data, 338–345 Palaeoaltitudes of localities, 348 taxonomic remarks on source data, 345 Pearya, 12 ostracod species Peri-Gondwanan terranes now to the south, 12 palaeogeographical distribution, 361 Perunica (Bohemia), 12 stratigraphical distribution, 357 Pontides and Taurides, 12 Otta terrane, 205 Precordillera, 12 Ouachita Suture, 11 Rheno–Hercynian Terrane, 12–13 overlap zone, 123 Saxothuringia, 12–13 Siberia, 8 palaeobiogeographers, 26–27 Sibumasu (Shan–Thai), 13 palaeobiogeographical nomenclature South China, 13 486 INDEX palaeogeographical reconstructions (Continued) Perigondwana, 277 Svalbard and adjacent terrane areas, 13 Ordovician, 368–369, 369–370 Tarim, 13 ostracods biogeographical patterns, 345 Tien Shan terrane, 11 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12 palaeogeographical regions, 432–438 terranes, 7 palaeogeographical units, 274–281 Perunica Afghanistan, 279 cephalopods, 433 Altai-Sayan area, 276 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 215 Australia–New Zealand–Antarctica, 281 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12 Baltica, 274 Phacopidae, 306 Central American terranes, 277 Phacopidae Hawle & Corda, 305 Central Asia, 279 Phacopida Salter, 304–310 Eastern Mediterranean region, 278 Family Acastidae Delo, 304–305 East Gondwana, 278–281 Family Bathycheilidae Prˇibyl, 309 Indian craton and Himalayan margin, 280 Family Bavarillidae Sdzuu, 309 Iran, 278–279 Family Calymenidae Swinnerton, 309–310 Kara terrane, 276–277 Family Cheiruridae Hawle & Corda, 306 Kazakhstanian island arcs and microplates, 279–280 Family Dalmanitidae Vogdes, 305 Laurentia, 274–275 Family Diaphanometopidae Jaanusson in Moore, 305–306 North American terranes, 277–278 Family Encrinuridae Angelim, 307–308 Saxo-Thuringia and Bohemia, 278 Family Homalonotidae Chapman, 310 Siberia, 275–277 Family Phacopidae Hawle & Corda, 305 Siberian Platform, 276 Family Pharostomatidae Hupe, 310–311 South America, 277 Family Pliomeridae Raymond, 308–309 South China and Tarim, 280–281 Family Prosopiscidae Fortey & Shergold, 306 Western Mediterranean terranes, 278 Family Pterygometopidae Reed, 305 West Gondwana, 277–278 Suborder Calymenina Swinnerton, 309–310 palaeogeography Suborder Cheirurina Harrington & Leanza, 306–309 Archaeocyatha in Cambrian biostratigraphy and biogeography, Suborder Phacopina Salter, 304–306 62–63 synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, 304–310 ostracods biogeographical patterns, 345–347 Phacopina Salter, 304–306 palaeogeography in tectonics, 28–30 Pharostomatidae, 311 basic terminology, 28–30 Pharostomatidae Hupe, 310–311 continent – microcontinent – craton, 29 phosphatic microremains, 450 impact of plate tectonic theory on palaeobiogeography, 28 phylogeography of Ordovician, 127–142 plates and microplates, 28–29 phytoplankton, 365–389 terrane – terrane assemblage, 29–30 biogeography of early to mid Palaeozoic, 365–389 palaeophytogeography Cambrian phytoplankton, 366–367 dispersed spores, 466–467 changes in biogeographical ranges through time, 387–388 early land plant fossil record, 461–463 continental margin distributions, 387 early land plant palaeophytogeography, 466–467, 469–473 cosmopolitanism, endemism and community breakdown, 388 general principles, 467–469 distal v. proximal (oceanic v. cratonic) distribution patterns, 385–386 interpretation of new database/analyses, 473 Early Cambrian phytoplankton, 366–367 megafossils, 466 Early Devonian, 379–380 nature of early land plant adaptive radiation, 464–466 Late Devonian, 382–384 Ordovician–Silurian land plants, 461–473 latitude v. other controls, 384–385 origin and early diversification of land plants, 463–464 Mid and late Cambrian phytoplankton, 366–367 palaeoplates, 29 Mid Devonian, 380–382 Palaeozoic marine phytoplankton biogeography, 365–389 Ordovician, 367–376 Palaeozoic palaeogeographical and palaeobiogeographical nomenclature, Silurian, 376–378 25–32 synopsis of Devonian phytoplankton biogeography, 384 basic terminology in palaeo(bio)geography, 30–31 plates tectonic theory, 28 basic terminology of (palaeo)geography in tectonics, 28–30 palaeobiogeography, 28 origins and outline of (palaeo)biogeography, 25–28 palaeogeography, 28–29 palaeobiogeographical nomenclature standardization, 32 plectorthoids Laurentia, 139 proposal for consistent use of palaeobiogeographical nomenclature, Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM), 399 31–32 Pliomeridae, 309 Palaeozoic terrane boundaries, 8 Pliomeridae Raymond, 308–309 Paleodictyon, 51 Plumatalinia, 71, 73 Paleodictyon meneghini,49–50 podocope, 362 panbiogeography, 27 Podolia, 214–215 pandemic distribution, 31 Pojetaia, 221 pandemism, 31 polychaete annelid worms, 265 Panderiidae, 300 polychaete diversity and biogeography Panderiidae Bruton, 299 Early Palaeozoic polychaetes and their diversification, 266–267 paracrinoid Laurentian Province, 181 Ordovician, 265–271 Paredriophus elongatus, 187 Ordovician and Silurian, 265–271 Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), 2 Ordovician faunas, 268–269 Cambrian Epoch 3, 289 palaeobiogeographical units and distribution patterns, 269–270 global Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography assessed, palaeobiogeography, 267–269 273–290 Siberian faunas, 269 parsimony-based analysis, 423 Pontides palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12 paulinitids Laurentia, 268 Porifera, 59, 81–93 Pearya palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12 Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian, 81–93 pelagic ostracod species distribution, 361 Cambrian sponge palaeobiogeography, 83–84 peri-continental terranes, 6 ghost lineages, 91–92 INDEX 487

modern sponges distribution patterns, 81–82 Remopleurididae, 322 non-stromatoporoid, 81–93 Remopleurididae Hawle & Corda, 322–323 Ordovician sponge palaeobiogeography, 84–86 representative palaeogeographical units, 274–281 Silurian palaeobiogeography, 92–93 Revised Paleozoic APW paths, 5 Silurian sponge diversity and palaeobiogeography, 86–91 Rhegmaphyllum, 110 taphonomic influence on perceived sponge distributions, 92 Rheic Ocean, 384 taxonomic and taphonomic problems, 82 Rheno–Hercynian Terrane palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12–13 Pradesura, 178 Rhombifera Cambrian echinoderms, 162 Praecardiidina Mid-Silurian distribution, 232 Rhuddanian praecardiidinid bivalves, 231 cluster and ordination tests, 208–209 Pragian Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 20 Rhynchonellida, 133 Precambrian cores, 20 fauna, 136 Precordillera Rhytiprion magnus, 270 cephalopods, 438 Ribeirioida, 243, 244, 246 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12 Richmondian, 99 pre-Hirnantian Ashgill, 135 Richmondian Stage, 105 pre-trilobitic Rusophycus Hall, 50–52 Richmond Province, 105–107 priapulid-like producer, 47 characteristic corals, 105 Prˇ´ıdolı´,77 coral biogeography in Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of Laurentia, bryozoan faunas, 153 105–107 bryozoans, 154 coral genera, 101 Prˇ´ıdolı´ Epoch, 83 diversity, 106 non-stromatoporoid sponges, 89 duration and location, 105 Prˇ´ıdolı´ MDS, 473 origination, 106 Prˇ´ıdolı´ stromatoporoid genera, 77 termination, 107 Proetidae, 312 Rorringtoniidae, 316 Proetidae Salter, 311–312 Rorringtoniidae Owens in Owens & Hamann, 315–316 Proetida Fortey & Owens, 311–312 Rostroconchia, 2, 243–260 Family Proetidae Salter, 311–312 biogeographical distribution patterns in Early Palaeozoic, 243–260 Family Tropidocoryphidae Prˇibyl, 312 biological factors, 245 synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity, 311–312 distribution, 247, 248, 249, 250 prokaryotic taxa, 35 distribution map, 247, 250, 251 Propora, 110 Early Early Devonian (Lochkovian–early Pragian), 251–253 Prosopiscidae, 307 Early Early Ordovician (Tremadocian), 247–248 Prosopiscidae Fortey & Shergold, 306 Early Silurian (Llandovery), 249 Protaster, 178 Late Early–early Late Silurian (Wenlock–Ludlow), 249–251 protocycloceratids, 435 Late Early–early Middle Ordovician (Floian–Dapingian), 248 Protolenus Zone, 49 Late Ordovician (Sandbian–Hirnantian; Caradoc, Ashgill), 248–249 Protomonaxonids, 90 Later stages (late Early Devonian–Middle Devonian), 253 Protospongia, 82, 88 palaeogeographical analysis, 245 provincialism, 77 Palaeogeographical distribution pattern, 246–253 Pseudocrania, 120 preservation, 244 Pteraspis, 455 taxonomic and systematic basis, 246 Pterygometopidae, 306 Rugosa, 97, 98 Pterygometopidae Reed, 305 Rusophycus Hall, 51 testing for palaeogeographical patterns in distribution, 50–52 Queenston Delta, 107 Sacabambaspis artist’s reconstruction, 451 radiocyathan genera cluster analysis, 62 Saloceras occurrences, 440 Radiolarian, 407–412 Sandbian, 17 distribution of assemblages, 407–411 biotope, 401 Lower Ordovician assemblages, 407–408 bryozoan faunas, 147 Middle Ordovician assemblages, 409–410 bryozoans, 146 palaeoenvironmental influence on faunal composition, 411–412 climate belts, 403 palaeogeographical distribution of Ordovician, 407–412 cluster analysis, 136 patterns, significance and limitations, 407–412 cluster and ordination tests, 205–207 quality of current data, 411–412 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 18 stratigraphical accuracy, 411 Ordovician, 374–375 taphonomic biases, 412 Ordovician distribution, 69–70 taphonomic matters, 412 palaeoceanographical boundaries, 402 Upper Ordovician assemblages, 410–411 stylophoran assemblages, 190 Raphiophoridae, 321 time slice, 133–134, 135 Raphiophoridae Angelin, 320 zooplankton provinces definitions, 401–402 Raymondinidae, 328 Sandbian-early Katian cephalopod clustering, 434 Raymondinidae Clark, 329 Sandbian-Katian Redoniids Ordovician distributions, 224 blastozoans, 181 Red River-Stony Mountain Province, 99–104 cluster and ordination tests, 207–208 characteristic corals, 102 number of occurrences, 432 coral biogeography in Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of Laurentia, Sandbian Stage, 69 99–104 Sarkiidae, 324 coral genera, 100 Sarkiidae Hupe, 324 diversity, 102–104 Saxothuringia duration and location, 99–100 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12–13 origination, 102 palaeogeographical units, 278 termination, 104 Scharysiidae, 316 reefs biosedimentology and lithology, 62 Scharysiidae Osmo´lska, 316 488 INDEX

Sclater, Philip Lutley, 26 Pelagic species, 362–363 scolecodont-bearing polychaete genera testing late Wenlock-Prˇ´ıdolı´, 356–360, 360–362 Ordovician, 266 using ‘European’ ostracod faunas, 355–363 Silurian, 267 Silurian sponge diversity and palaeobiogeography, 86–91 scolecodonts Calcareans, 91 South China, 268 Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian non-stromatoporoid Porifera, Tarim, 268 86–91 Scotland, 214 Demosponges, 89–90 Scutelluidae, 300 Hexactinellids, 88–89 sea urchins. See Echinoids Porifera, 86–91 Selety terrane trilobite, 284 Protomonaxonids, 90 Sheinwoodian-Homerian, 211 Sino-Korean block, 281 Shumardiidae, 328 Skiagia-bearing assemblage distribution, 367 Shumardiidae Lake, 329 Slavidae, 231 Shundy Formation of Kazakhstan, 409 Soluta Cambrian echinoderms, 163 Siberia Somasteroids Asterozoans, 177–178 cephalopods, 437 South America faunas palaeobiogeography, 269 Late Ordovician faunas, 227–228 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 216 palaeogeographical units, 277 Heteroconchs Lyrodesma poststriatum, 229 South China ostracods biogeographical patterns, 345 cephalopods, 437–438 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 8 Ordovician, 369–370 palaeogeographical units, 275–277 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 13 records each geographical area, 211 palaeogeographical units, 280–281 Siberian Caucasus Basin, 235 Palaeoplate, 137 Siberian Platform palaeogeographical units, 276 scolecodonts, 268 Sibumasu South Wales Early Ordovician faunas, 225 cephalopods, 435 Spain palaeogeographical reconstructions, 13 eocrinoids, 180 Silurian, 199–217, 230–235, 376–378 mid-Ordovician faunas, 226 biogeography of early to mid Palaeozoic, 376–378 species pump, 129, 139 biogeography of GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and Sphinctozoan demosponges, 90 mimospirids], 199–217 spinose siphontretides, 122 bryozoans, 149–150 sponge families Deunffia-Domasia biofacies, 377–378 distribution, 82 Devonian gastropod communities, 201 distribution for Llandovery Epoch, 90 dispersed spore diversity curve, 465 distribution for Ludlow-Prˇ´ıdolı´ epochs, 92 dispersed spores, 471 distribution for Wenlock Epoch, 91 distribution of dispersed spores, 469–470 distribution patterns, 81–82 diversification of vertebrates, 452–455 diversity and palaeobiogeography, 86–91 gastropod biocommunities, 201 species and genera Silurian Period, 87 Gondwana, 230–232 spore graptolite biogeography, 420–423 assemblages, 464 Kazakhstan, 235 morphological disparity curve, 465 land plants palaeophytogeography, 461–473 Stairway Sandstone, 227 Laurentia, Avalonia, Baltica and Kara, 232–234 Stenaster, 178 Lower Palaeozoic palaeobiogeography of Bivalvia, 230–235 stenohaline organisms, 60 Major Early Palaeozoic events, 22 Streptelasma divaricans, 106 Mid Silurian (late Llandovery-Wenlock), 376–378 strike-slip faulting, 8 Neoveryhachium carminae biofacies, 376–377 stromatoporoids NMDS diagram, 212 distribution of early Late Ordovician, 69, 70 non-stromatoporoid Porifera, 81–93, 86–91 distribution of late Mid-Ordovician, 68 non-stromatoporoid sponges, 88 distribution of mid-late Late Ordovician, 70, 71 ostracods, 355 recorded occurrences, 73, 75 palaeobiogeography Porifera, 92–93 strophomenide palaeocontinental reconstructions, 467 clades explosion, 138 pelagic ostracod species, 361 Kazakh terranes, 140 polychaete diversity and biogeography, 265–271 Styginidae, 301 relative endemicity, 204 Styginidae Vogdes, 299–300 rostroconch species, 254–260 stylophora scolecodont-bearing polychaete genera, 267 Cambrian echinoderms, 163–164 Siberia, 234–235 Floian, 189 sponge families, 87 fossil record, 190 vertebrates biogeography, 454–455 Furongian, 164, 167 Silurian benthic ostracod species Katian, 191 palaeogeographical distribution, 359 Ordovician echinoderms palaeobiogeography, 189–192 stratigraphical distribution, 357 Sandbian, 190 Silurian distribution, 73–77 Sunnaginia imbricata Zone, 49 Llandovery, 73–74 Svalbard and adjacent terrane areas, 13 Ludlow, 74–77 Symmetroprion, 270 Prˇ´ıdolı´,77 Syringomorpha nilssoni Wenlock, 74 palaeogeographical patterns, 52–53 Silurian palaeogeography stratigraphical distribution, 53 Benthic species, 362–363 comparators of recent benthic and pelagic ostracods, 362–363 Tabulata, 97 lifestyles and biogeographical regions of Silurian ostracods, 355 Taconic Orogeny, 18 INDEX 489

Taihungshaniidae, 319 Order Asaphida Salter, 317–321 Taimyr Peninsula, 11 Order Aulacopleurida Adrain, 312–317 taphonomic bias, 46 Order Corynexochida Kobayashi, 299–301 Tarim, 205 Order Harpida Whittington, 324–325 Cambrian strata, 281 Order Lichida Moore, 301–304 cephalopods, 438 Order Odontopleurida Whittington in Moore, 304 GMM [Gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids], 215–216 Order Olenida Adrain, 321–324 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 13 Order Phacopida Salter, 304–310 palaeogeographical units, 280–281 Order Proetida Fortey & Owens, 311–312 scolecodonts, 268 Order uncertain, 325–329 Tarphycerida, 432 Ordovician, 297–329 tarphycerids, 436 Ossa-Morena, 283 Taugantelyski Formation, 153 summed diversity, sampling and endemism, 297–299 Taurides trimerellides, 121 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 12 trimerellide taxa geographical distribution, 121 tectonics terminology, 28 Trinucleidae, 321 tectonostratigraphic terrane, 30 Trinucleidae Hawle & Corda, 319–321 Telephinidae, 317 Trocholites, 433, 438 Telephinidae Marek, 316–317 Tropidocoryphidae, 312 Telychian, 19 Tropidocoryphidae Prˇibyl, 312 Telychian-Sheinwoodian, 210 Tuarangia, 221 terrane, 28 Tuva, 276 palaeogeography in tectonics, 29–30 Terreneuvian Series, 366 ubiquity hypothesis (EiE), 389 Tien Shan terrane, 11 unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), 388 palaeogeographical reconstructions, 11 Upper Katian time slabs, 338 cluster analysis, 139 time slices, 129–136 time slices, 135–136, 138 biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography of Ordovician, Upper Ordovician assemblages, 410–411 129–136 Upper Palaeozoic outcrops, 8 Dapingian–Darriwilian, 130–133 Floian, 129–130 vertebrates in Silurian Hirnantian, 136 biogeography of Silurian vertebrates, 454–455 Lower Katian, 134–135 climatic context, 455 Sandbian, 133–134 diversification, 452–455 Tremadocian, 129 fossil record, 452–454 Upper Katian, 135–136 palaeobiogeography of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates, Tommotian Stage, 59 452–455 global palaeogeographical distribution, 61 vertebrates palaeobiogeography, 450–456 torynelasmatids, 119 Volchovia mobilis, 185 trace fossils. See Cambrian trace fossils von Humboldt, Alexander, 26 transgressive-regressive cycles, 111 Tremadocian, 337, 436 Wales mid-Ordovician faunas, 226–227 bryozoans, 146 Wegener, Alfred, 26 Lower Palaeozoic terrane, 16 Wenlock Ordovician bivalves, 223 bryozoan faunas, 151 Ordovician graptolite biogeography, 417 bryozoans, 151–152 Tremadocian Age, 118 Silurian distribution, 74 Tremadocian cephalopods, 439 Wenlock Epoch, 83, 89 Tremadocian-Floian, 203–204 non-stromatoporoid sponges, 89 Tremadocian Stage, 137 sponge families, 91 Tremadocian stylophorans, 189 Wenlock-Ludlow/Prˇ´ıdolı´ Tremadocian time slice, 130 testing palaeogeography, 361–362 cluster analysis, 130 Wenlock-Prˇ´ıdolı´ Tremadoc Series crinoids, 184 Late Ludlow-early Prˇ´ıdolı´, 359–360 trilete spores, 464 Late Wenlock-early Ludlow, 358–359 trilobite, 16. See also Cambrian trilobite Llandovery, 360–361 Alai terrane, 283–284 palaeogeography, myodocope ostracods, 360–362 archaeocyaths, 60 palaeogeography, palaeocopes and podocopes, 356–360 Avalonia, 282–283 testing Silurian palaeogeography using ‘European’ ostracod faunas, based biogeographical information support terrane distinctions, 360–362 281–284 Wenlock-Ludlow/Prˇ´ıdolı´, 361–362 Cuyania, 283 Wenlock stromatoporoid genera geographical distribution, 75 distribution and diversity, 297–329 Western Mediterranean terranes, 278 Family Acrocephalitidae Hupe, 325–326 West Gondwana Family Catillicephalidae Raymond, 326 Avalon, 282 Family Harpididae Whittington, 326–327 cephalopods, 438 Family Hungaiidae Raymond, 327–328 echinoderm assemblage, 191 Family Isocolidae Angelin, 328 palaeogeographical units, 277–278 Family Ityophoridae Warburg, 328 West Yunnan mid-Ordovician faunas, 227 family-level histories, 299–329 Wildenow, Karl, 26 Family Raymondinidae Clark, 329 Wutinoceras occurrences, 440 Family Shumardiidae Lake, 329 Furongian, 287 xiphograptid, 424 global Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography, 281–284 Kazakhstanian island arcs and microplates, 284 York terrane, 207 490 INDEX zooplankton maps Late Ordovician, 399–404 BugPlates palaeogeographical reconstruction, 401 Late Ordovician climate, 402–404 chitinozoans, 400–401 Late Ordovician zooplankton provinces, 401–402 and climate of the Early Palaeozoic Icehouse, 399–404 Ordovician zooplankton, 399–401 graptolites, 399–400 Sandbian palaeoceanographical boundaries, 402 Hirnantian zooplankton provinces definitions, 402 Sandbian zooplankton provinces definitions, 401–402