DOCSLIB.ORG

Karst Groundwater Use in the Carpathian-Balkan Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Karst Groundwater Use in the Carpathian-Balkan Region Sustainable development and regulation of karst aquifers Dr Zoran Stevanovic, Prof. University of Belgrade, Serbia FMG, Department of Hydrogeology zstev_2000@yahoo.co.uk “Linking waste water management to ICZM and IWRM with emphasis on karstic coastal areas" Split, Croatia, 19-22 March 2012. Topics Importance of karst aquifers and their utilization in SEE Groundwater balance and resources assessment in karst Storativity as the main factor in regulation of karst aquifers Sustainable use and regulation of karst waters 1. Importance of karst aquifers and their utilization in SEE Karst phenomena and their distribution Margat et al. Alpine orogenesis geostructures The geology of the region is complex. For most of the Mesozoic period, the Thetis Ocean covered this area, whereas during Tertiary its central part was exposed to the Alpine orogenesis when the majority of today’s mountains were uplifted and folded. The homeland of “classical karst”. Mesozoic carbonates are spread out in the central part of the region arch and its terminal parts: In the western and southern adjacent areas – Apennines, Alpides, Dinardes, Pindes and Hellenides as well as Carpathian – Balkan region. Along with alluvial groundwater and surface water from the reservoirs, the water from the karstic springs is the main source of water supply in the region. Tapping large springs is the traditional method of water supply in the region but the main concern is their unstable discharge regime. SEE Europe • In the Alpine orogenic belt the karstified carbonate rocks are either dominant, as in the Dinarides, or widely distributed, as in the Carpathian-Balkans, Hellenides or Pindes. • Concerning karstic groundwater resources, this region is by far the richest in all of Europe. • Some areas, such as southern Montenegro where the average specific yield is over 40 l/s/km2, are characterized by a very intensive water balance. • In several countries in the region water supply from karstic aquifers prevails. Karst in Turkey Courtesy of G.Gunay There are several large cities in SEE with populations of over a half of million that depend on karst aquifers and their discharge regimes. Among them are the five capitals Vienna, Tirana, Skopje, Sarajevo, and Podgorica, whereas some other big cities such as Banska Bystrica, Niš, Craiova, Constanza, Thessaloniki use either only karstic waters or, in case of insufficient discharge, combine them with water from other sources. Main advantage and disadvantage of tapping karst aquifers (+) The exploration of karst groundwater is more costly and less predictable in terms of final outcomes, but the extraction is regularly much cheaper and environmentally friendly than surface water use. (-) Due to the unstable regime of the karstic sources, the main problem for most of the waterworks is to ensure water supply during recession periods. Tapping karstic springs - Traditional way of water supply since Roman time An ancient art in the area. We all learn from Roman time experiences 11 long aqueducts delivered more than 13 m3/s of water to Rome from distances ranging from 16-91 km. Several water supply systems from that time are completely reconstructed but still use the same springs and pipeline routes. Vienna water supply Water supply system is more than 130 years old. It consists of two major gravity pipelines 150 and 180 km long, and one reserve system of Ranney wells (shaft with horizontal drains) in alluvium. First Viennese mountain spring pipeline is tapping water from Schneeberg, Rax and Schneealpe mountains and second pipeline from Hochschwab Mt. The total catchment is around 600 km2. The long concrete tunnels and channels provides daily 400.000 m3 or 4,6 m3/s in average, for some 1,5 million of inhabitants. Total length of public pipelines: 3,263 km Total number of house mains: 100,832 Maximum daily consumption (June 12, 2003): 531,970 m3 Kaiserbrunn spring (Rax Mt, Vienna), the masterpiece of design and intake quality from the 19th Ct Sarajevo and Podgorica water supply Vrelo Bosne springs. The discharge of this group of springs that drain rich Triassic aquifer of the Igman Mt. is in the range of 1.4 – 24 m3/s Skadar basin is one of European’s largest GW reservoirs Mareza source: Q = 2 - 10 m3/s; Ascending springs at the contact of limestones and fluvial - glacial sediments At 25 m a.s.l. Only chlorination applied Tirana water supply Albanian capital Tirana gets its water in part from the source that drains karstic aquifer at a nearby Mali me Gropa highly karstified plateau (Upper Triassic - Lower Jurassic in age). The karst springs Selita (Q = 0.24 – 0.86 m3/s) and Shemria (Q = 0.45 – 1.50 m3/s) are in Selita use since Mid of XX Ct., while Spring the third spring Buvilla issues from the Upper Cretaceous dolomite formation of Dajti Mountain massif (and flow into downstream constructed reservoir). Groundwater is low mineralized and of good quality. Natural conditions and unpopulated catchments are in favor of Courtesy of R.Eftimi sanitary protection. Skopje water supply The capital Skopje gets most of its drinking water from karstic aquifer. Rasce spring is situated on the Vardar River bank upstream of the town. The spring appears from the Zeden massif consists of the marbles, but the tracing tests and isotopic analyses confirmed that only 30% of the water comes from those rocks. The majority of Rasce water is from porous aquifer that exists in the upper-positioned Polosko polje and from the percolated Vardar water lost in the upstream river sections. The discharge regime is relatively stable; the mean flow is 2.5 m3/s. Dumanli spring / Turkey The enormous Dumanlı spring in the Mediterranean region of Turkey already submerged by the year 1982 by about 120 m head produced by the Oymapınar Reservoir. The spring contributes one third to the annual discharge of the Manavgat River, that will be dammed at Oymapınar. The mean discharge of the spring is estimated at about 50 m3/s; Courtesy of G.Gunay Bulgarian karstic aquifers In Paleozoic marbles; in Triassic carbonate complex; In Upper Miocene limestones. Ex. Iskrets spring: 35 km from Sofia, Q=0.1-15 m3/s. Extreme max 56 m3/s 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 Discharge,l/s 4000 2000 0 1963-1997 year Romanian karstic aquifers 1.Carpathian Orogen karst type, 2. the North Dobrogea karst type, 3. the Platform karst type and the 4. Carpathians post-tectonic cover karst type (by Oraseanu) Despite non-extensive outcrops of the karst in comparison with the large territory (some 4%), the karstic aquifers are richest in water and most prospective Water supply of Constanza, Craiova… The largest springs: Izvarna (Q Min / Max = 1.0 / 2.5 m3/s, tapped for 115 km far Craiova); Cerna (F = 85km2; Q Min / Max = 0.5 / 10 m3/s) Courtesy of A.Iurkiewicz Serbian karstic aquifers Dinaric and Carpathian’s karst sources provide about 35% of the drinking water to the population in western and eastern part of the country. The largest springs: Mlava (Q Min / Max = 0.3 / 14 m3/s); Perucac (Q Min / Max = 1.3 / 6.2 m3/s) Karstic sources and water shortage problems along the coast Adriatic and Ionian coastal tourist areas strongly depend on groundwater from the karst. There, besides the problem of water shortage during the recession period (summer-autumn), water pollution or salty water intrusion often means that local water and economy sectors cannot be expanded and properly developed. Very important springs supplying Croatian coast such as Jadro (Split), Ombla (Dubrovnik), islands and smaller tourist resorts. Timavo, with an average discharge rate of 30 m3/s, has been tapped to supply water to Trieste. Rizana near Koper is the main source for supplying water to the Slovene 3 3 coastal zone. Its average discharge is 4.3 m /s (Qmin= 0.03 m /s). The Zvir group of springs were tapped at the end of the 19th century to supply water to Rijeka, the largest Croatian port. The discharge varies between 0.6 and 3.0 m3/s (Biondic and Goatti 1984). Jadro Spring is the main source for the water supply of Split. The average minimum discharges of Jadro during the recession period are 3– 5 m3/s, while maximum discharges are often over 50 m3/s (Bonacci 1987). Ombla Spring is the largest permanent karstic spring in the South Adriatic. It supplies the city of Dubrovnik. Qmin = 2.3 m3/s Montenegro coastal springs Q min:max 1:100.000 ?! Thessaloniki combine system of water supply The springs Aravissos are drain the karst aquifer of Paiko Mountain (some 50 km West from the city). During the period 1994 – 2007 annual amount of water distributed to the city varied from 27 x 106 m3 – 55 x 106 m3. Due to increased demands (240.000 m3/day) groundwater abstraction from the porous aquifer system of the Thessaloniki - Axios basin is intensified, while since 2003 the water of Aliakmon river also partly supply the city (Spachos et al. 2006) 2. Groundwater balance and resources assessment in karst Balancing GW is not an easy task ! Invisible, even had been declared as “misterious” resource! “…so secret, occult and concealed that an attempt to administer any set of legal rules in respect to it, would be involved in uncertainity” Supreme Court of Ohio (1861) (courtesy of T. Cincaid) Litospheric groundwater ~ 23 x 106 km3 Half of them are fresh water, the rest mineralized or hydrothermal dissolutions In active water cycle ~ 4 x 106 km3 27 Balancing GW quantity (reserves) Methodologies are variable, depend on aquifer Aquifers classification based on porosity: 1. Porous (Integranular) 2. Karst (Dissolution) 3. Fissured (Fractured) 4. Complex Aquifers classification based on HD condition: 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Factors Affecting the Distribution of Two Synechococcus Ecotypes in the Coastal Adriatic Sea
    ISSN: 0001-5113 ACTA ADRIAT., ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER AADRAY 59(1): 51 - 60, 2018 Factors affecting the distribution of two Synechococcus ecotypes in the coastal Adriatic Sea Danijela ŠANTIĆ1, Mladen ŠOLIĆ1, Ivana MARIN1, Ana VRDOLJAK1*, Grozdan KUŠPILIĆ1 and Živana NINČEVIĆ GLADAN1 1Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, P.O. Box 500, 21000 Split, Croatia * Corresponding author: e-mail: ana.vrdoljak@izor.hr Distribution and abundance of two Synechococcus ecotypes, phycocyanin-rich cells (PC-SYN) and phycoerythrin-rich cells (PE-SYN) were studied in the surface layer of the central Adriatic Sea during the 2015-2016 period. The studied area included several estuarine areas, and coastal to open sea trophic gradients, covering a wide range of seawater temperatures (11.82 - 20.75oC), salinity (4.47 - 38.84) and nutrient concentration. The abundance of PC-SYN ranged from 0 to 79.79 x 103 cell mL-1 and that of PE-SYN from 5.01 x 103 to 76.74 x 103 cell mL-1. Both ecotypes coexisted in the studied waters with PC-SYN cells dominating during spring and PE-SYN during winter and autumn. PC-SYN showed a significant positive relationship with temperature and strong positive responses to nitrogen nutrients, whereas PE-SYN positively responded to phosphate availability. The relative ratio of phosphorus availability and total inorganic nitrogen nutrients (N/P ratio) affects the spatial distribution of the two Synechococcus ecotypes. Key words: phycocyanin-rich cells, phycoerythrin-rich cells, nitrogen, phosphorus, trophic status INTRODUCTION from turbid coastal waters to the most transpar- ent waters of the open ocean (OLSON et al., 1990; The marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus WOOD et al., 1998; HAVERKAMP et al., 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Spawning Behaviour and the Softmouth Trout Dilemma
    Arch. Pol. Fish. (2014) 22: 159-165 DOI 10.2478/aopf-2014-0016 RESEARCH ARTICLE Spawning behaviour and the softmouth trout dilemma Manu Esteve, Deborah Ann McLennan, John Andrew Zablocki, Gašper Pustovrh, Ignacio Doadrio Received – 05 November 2013/Accepted – 26 February 2014. Published online: 30 June 2014; ©Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland Citation: Esteve M., McLennan D.A., Zablocki J.A., Pustovrh G., Doadrio I. 2014 – Spawning behaviour and the softmouth trout dilemma – Arch. Pol. Fish. 22: 159-165. Abstract. Morphological, ecological and molecular data sets nest digging behaviour-widespread in all the salmonines, do not completely agree on the phylogenetic placement of the including softmouths, they seem to be mal-adaptive. softmouth trout, Salmo (Salmothymus) obtusirostris (Heckel). Molecules posit that softmouths are closely related to brown Keywords: phylogeny, spawning behavior, underwater trout, Salmo trutta L. while some morphological, ecological video and life history traits place them in the most basal position of the Salmoninae subfamily between grayling (Thymallus) and lenok (Brachymystax). Here we add an additional source of data, behavioural characters based on the first reported Introduction observations of softmouth spawning. During spawning softmouth females present three important behaviours not The softmouth trout, also known as the Adriatic found in the other Salmo members: they continually abandon trout, Salmo (Salmothymus) obtusirostris (Heckel), is their nests, rarely staying on them for periods over nine a cold freshwater salmonid found naturally in only minutes; they expel different batches of eggs at the same nest five river drainages of the Adriatic Sea: the Vrljika, at intervals of several minutes; and they do not cover their eggs immediately after spawning.
    [Show full text]
  • Article N° 09 Conf. CM², Split, Croatie, 2017
    Conférence Méditerranéenne Côtière et Maritime EDITION 4, SPLIT, CROATIA (2017) Coastal and Maritime Mediterranean Conference Disponible en ligne – http://www.paralia.fr – Available online Adriatic karstic estuaries, their characteristics and evolution Mladen JURAČIĆ 1 1. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. mjuracic@geol.pmf.hr Abstract: The coastal area of the eastern Adriatic is characterized with a prevalence of carbonate rocks and well-developed karst. Present freshwater input into the Adriatic is quite large, mostly through coastal and submarine springs. However, there are also a number of rivers debouching in the Adriatic from the eastern coast. Most of them have canyon like fluviokarstic valleys that were carved dominantly during Pleistocene and were drowned during post-LGM sea-level rise forming estuaries. These estuaries are filled to a different extent during Holocene highstand (last 7.500 years). The intraestuarine delta progradation is rather different in those estuaries depending on the quantity of the river- borne material. Human impact on progradation rate in some of the estuaries has been shown. Keywords: Estuaries, Sedimentation, Intraestuarine delta, Progradation, Allogenic river, Anthopo- genic influence. https://dx.doi.org/10.5150/cmcm.2017.009 45 Mediterranean rocky coasts: Features, processes, evolution and problems 1. Introduction Eastern Adriatic coastal area is formed predominantly in Mesozoic carbonate rocks with well-developed karst (PIKELJ & JURAČIĆ, 2013). Due to prevalent humid climatic conditions and karst maturation present freshwater input into the Adriatic is large, mostly through coastal and submarine springs (vruljas). However, there are also a number of rivers debouching into the Adriatic.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply System of Diocletian's Palace in Split - Croatia
    Water supply system of Diocletian's palace ın Split - Croatia K. Marasović1, S. Perojević2 and J. Margeta 3 1University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering Architecture and Geodesy 21000 Split, Matice Hrvatske 15, Croatia; katja.marasovic2@gmail.com; phone : +385 21 360082; fax: +385 21 360082 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Mediterranean centre for built heritage 21000 Split, Bosanska 4, Croatia; snjezana.perojevic@gmail.com; phone : +385 21 360082; fax: +385 21 360082 3University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering Architecture and Geodesy 21000 Split, Matice Hrvatske 15, Croatia; margeta@gradst.hr; phone : +385 21 399073; fax: +385 21 465117 Abstract Roman water supply buildings are a good example for exploring the needs and development of infrastructure necessary for sustainable living in urban areas. Studying and reconstructing historical systems contributes not only to the preservation of historical buildings and development of tourism but also to the culture of living and development of hydrotechnical profession. This paper presents the water supply system of Diocletian's Palace in Split. It describes the 9.5 km long Roman aqueduct, built at the turn of 3rd century AD. It was thoroughly reconstructed in the late 19th century and is still used for water supply of the city of Split. The fact that the structure was built 17 centuries ago and is still technologically acceptable for water supply, speaks of the high level of engineering knowledge of Roman builders. In the presentation of this structure this paper not only departs from its historical features, but also strives to present its technological features and the possible construction technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Olm, Proteus Anguinus
    Olm, Proteus anguinus Compiler: Jelić, D. Contributors: Jelić, D.; Jalžić, B.; Kletečki, E.; Koller, K.; Jalžić, V.; Kovač-Konrad, P. Suggested citation: Jelić, D. (2014): A survival blueprint for the olm, Proteus anguinus. Croatian Institute for Biodiversity, Croatian Herpetological Society, Zagreb, Croatia. 1. STATUS REVIEW 1.1 Taxonomy: Chordata > Amphibia > Caudata > Proteidae > Proteus > anguinus Most populations are assigned to the subterranean subspecies Proteus anguinus anguinus. Unlike the nominate form, the genetically similar subspecies P.a. parkelj from Bela Krajina in Slovenia is pigmented and might represent a distinct species, although a recent genetic study suggests that the two subspecies are poorly differentiated at the molecular level and may not even warrant subspecies status (Goricki and Trontelj 2006). Isolated populations from Istria peninsula in Croatia are genetically and morphologically differentiated as separate unnamed taxon (Goricki and Trontelj 2006). Croatian: Čovječja ribica English: Olm, Proteus, Cave salamander French: Protee Slovenian: Čovješka ribica, močeril German: Grottenolm 1.2 Distribution and population status: 1.2.1 Global distribution: Country Population Distribution Population trend Notes estimate (plus references) (plus references) Croatia 68 localities (Jelić 3 separate Decline has been et al. 2012) subpopulations: observed through Istria, Gorski devastation of kotar and several cave Dalmatia systems in all regions (Jelić et al. 2012) Italy 29 localities (Sket Just the A decline has been 1997) easternmost observed in the region around population of Trieste, Gradisce Goriza (Italy) (Gasc and Monfalcone et al. 1997). Slovenia 158 localities 4 populations A decline has been (Sket 1997) distributed from observed in the Vipava river in the population in west (border with Postojna (Slovenia) Italy) to Kupa (Gasc et al.
    [Show full text]
  • (Annelida : Clitellata) on Freshwater Crayfish in Croatia
    Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 2006, 42 (4), 251-260 Occurrence of Branchiobdellida (Annelida : Clitellata) on freshwater crayfish in Croatia G.I.V. Klobucar√1*, I. Maguire1, S. Gottstein1, S. R. Gelder2 1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 2 Department of Science and Math, University of Maine at Presque Isle, 181 Maine Street, Maine 04769, USA There is very little information on the genus Branchiobdella and the species relationships with their freshwater crayfish hosts in Croatia. Therefore, a base-line study was needed so that future changes in available habitat brought about by urban development and the probable introduction of non-native species can be accurately assessed. This investigation used preserved freshwater crayfish collected from across Croatia between 1995 and 2005 as its source of the ectosymbionts. Crayfish species included Astacus astacus, A. leptodactylus, Austropotamobius pallipes, A. torrentium, and the allochtonous North American species, Orconectes limosus. Only native European species of branchiobdellids were found: Branchiobdella astaci, B. parasita, B. pentodonta, B. hexodonta, B. italica, and B. balcanica, and this is the first report on the occurrence of these species, apart from B. italica, in Croatia. The distribution of these branchiobdellidans is compared with climatic and river drainage systems, and literature reports of populations in other countries in the region. Keywords: Branchiobdellidans, distribution, epibionts, freshwater crayfish, Croatia. Introduction stated the name balcanica due to its seniority over Pop’s (1965) proposed orientalis. At the higher taxonomic Branchiobdellidans are ectosymbiotic clitellate anne- level we have followed the common naming convention lids living primarily on freshwater astacoidean crayfish used in Brinkhurst and Gelder (2001) that uses bran- (Brinkhurst & Gelder 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • The First Record of Gammarus Aequicauda (Martynov, 1931) (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) in the Estuary of the River Jadro (Adriatic Sea, Croatia)
    Crustaceana 85 (8) 987-991 THE FIRST RECORD OF GAMMARUS AEQUICAUDA (MARTYNOV, 1931) (AMPHIPODA, GAMMARIDEA) IN THE ESTUARY OF THE RIVER JADRO (ADRIATIC SEA, CROATIA) BY B. RAÐA1,3) and T. RAÐA2) 1) Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Split, Teslina 12/III, HR-21000 Split, Croatia 2) Speleological Society “Špiljar”, Varaždinska 54, HR-21000 Split, Croatia ABSTRACT Gammarus aequicauda (Martynov, 1931) (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) is known as an euryhaline and euryvalent species in warm temperate waters, including lagoon systems and shallow coastal waters. The estuary of the River Jadro is a part of Kaštela Bay (Adriatic Sea), and after construction works on the downstream watercourse of the river, some ecological conditions have changed. A concrete barrier that was built decreases the influence of fresh water, which resulted in an increased salinity and a raised level of dissolved organic compounds. Such conditions were favourable for macroalgae, especially Enteromorpha sp., thus overgrowing riversides and providing amphipods with food and protection against predators. There are no earlier published data confirming the presence of G. aequicauda in Kaštela Bay. This is the first record of G. aequicauda from the River Jadro estuary as well as the first record of the species for Croatian rivers in general. RÉSUMÉ Gammarus aequicauda (Martynov, 1931) (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) est connue comme une espèce euryhaline et euryvalente des eaux tempérées chaudes, qui incluent les systèmes lagunaires et les eaux côtières peu profondes. L’estuaire de la rivière Jadro forme une partie de la baie de Kaštela (mer Adriatique), et après des travaux de construction sur le cours aval de la rivière, certains paramètres écologiques ont été modifiés.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reserch on Endemic Soft-Muzzled Trout (Salmo Obtusirostris)
    The reserch on endemic soft-muzzled trout (Salmo obtusirostris) Dr.sc. Tea Tomljanović Universitiy of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology the softmouth trout is endemic to the Adriatic river system of the western Balkans first described from the Rivers Zrmanja, Jadro and Vrljika as Salar obtusirostris (Heckel, 1851) the Balkan Peninsula has never been seriously affected by the Pleistocene glaciations and the climate impact on the living world survival was consequently low or null for this reason, it served as one of major refuges for diverse flora and fauna of central and northern Europe during the ice age this region still exhibits an extraordinary level of biodiversity constituted by both, incipient residents and fugitive newcomers the Adriatic river system, comprising the south-eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, is extremely reach in fish fauna that includes genera with numerous important unresolved taxonomic problems, many endemic subspecies and species with little information on distribution and conservation one of the most enigmatic fish species inhabiting the Adriatic river system seems to be the softmouth trout or soft-muzzled trout (Salmo (Salmothymus) obtusirostris Heckel, 1851) it is endemic only to few rivers of Balkan middle and southern part due to its extraordinary appearance, which makes it much different from other Salmo members, the softmouth trout was placed in a separate genus Salmothymus morphological differences characteristic for different
    [Show full text]
  • Montenegro Experience with Dubrovnik, Split and Mostar
    Head office Slovenia Dunajska cesta 109, Ljubljana T: +386 1 232 11 71 E: adriatic@liberty-int.com LIBERTY ADRIATIC Croatia offices Zagreb : Ilica 92/1; T: +385 91 761 08 85 www.liberty-adriatic.com Dubrovnik : Na Rivi 30a; T: +385 98 188 21 32 www.impact-tourism.net E: adriatic-croatia@liberty-int.com Serbia office Terazije 45, Belgrade T: +381 11 334 13 48 E: adriatic-serbia@liberty-int.com MONTENEGRO EXPERIENCE WITH DUBROVNIK, SPLIT AND MOSTAR 8 days / 7 nights Discovering Montenegro, Dubrovnik, Split and Mostar TOUR HIGHLIGHTS • Enjoy Budva, the metropolis of Montenegrin tourism • Explore the national park of Lovcen • Relax at Skadar Lake • Discover the picturesque city of Kotor • Feel the rhythm of the winding alleys of walled Old town of Croatian Dubrovnik, the pearl of the Adriatic • Experience Split with its remarkable Diocletian palace and • Visit Bosnian Mostar, a city victim of recent ethnical clash GENERAL INFORMATION CROATIA Travelling through Croatia, Dalmatia or Dubrovnik Region offers immense and rich experiences to every visitor. From the coastal to the continental parts, Croatia’s rich cultural heritage, combined with its magnificent natural beauties, make it the perfect place to spend your vacation at. The capital of Croatia is Zagreb, a charming medieval city of exceptional beauty known for its spirit and architecture, with a population of approximately 1 million. The uniqueness of Croatia lies in its diversity. Situated between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea, Croatia provides visitors with the opportunity to ski in the winter and swim during the summer months, all within driving distance.
    [Show full text]
  • Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene Genotypization for Species Identification in a Fish Farm on the River Neretva Margeta, P., Bogut, I
    Lactate dehydrogenase gene genotypization for species identification in a fish farm on the river Neretva Margeta, P., Bogut, I., Ivanković, M., Margeta, V. Poljoprivreda/Agriculture ISSN: 1848-8080 (Online) ISSN: 1330-7142 (Print) http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.21.1.sup.12 Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Agricultural Institute Osijek ISSN 1330-7142 UDK: 639.3(497.6) DOI: 10.18047/poljo.21.1.sup.12 LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE GENE GENOTYPIZATION FOR SPECIES IDENTIFICATION IN A FISH FARM ON THE RIVER NERETVA Margeta, P.(1), Bogut, I.(1), Ivanković, M.(2), Margeta, V. (1) Original scientific paper SUMMARY There are severale Salmonid species, found in the river Neretva basin, among which S. trutta and S. obtusirostris. Also, natural hybrids such as S. obtusirostris x S. trutta have been observed. In one fish farm on the river Neretva, S. trutta and S. obtusirostris were decided to breed separately. Parental fishes were separated phenotypicaly on the basis of the morphological signs. PCR-RFLP analysis of the exon 3 to exon 4 part of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) C1* gene with restriction endonuclease RsaI was employed to identify the presence of other species repre- sentatives or intercrosses in two groups of juvenille fishes. Using this method, we were able to identify two S. trutta representatives in the S. obtusirostris group. Key-words: Lactate dehydrogenase gene, PCR-RFLP, S. trutta, S. obtusirostris INTRODUCTION has also been practised in the river Neretva and stocking activities have never been well documented. There are severale Salmonid species, found in the river Neretva basin, among which S.
    [Show full text]
  • Split Incentive Program
    DMC SPLIT, A MODERN CITY WITH ANCIENT SOUL Incentive program in Split BE CHARMED BY SPLIT What began 1,700 years ago as the opulent walled summer residence of the Roman Emperor Diocletian, has become one of the most celebrated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. A lively city with its splendid waterfront promenade, modern hotels and a unique combination of activities in the bursting city, hilly hinterland and on the nearby islands - Split is your perfect event location. Day 1 Morning Afternoon Meet and greet at the airport Sunset catamaran ride along the Adriatic The city Gourmet walk through Split with tasting stops coast Lunch Dinner During the culinary tour of Split Welcome dinner with view of the Adriatic sea Day 2 Morning Lunch and afternoon “Fico” mini old-timer tour in the hinterland of Cooking class in an authentic Dalmatian The hinterland Split with stops at: village - Jadro river, supplying Split and surroundings with drinking water - Magnificent Klis fortress, where some of Croatia’s most legendary struggles were fought and Game of Thrones series filmed - Stella Croatica, producing authentic hand- Dinner made Croatian delicacies Gala dinner at an art gallery, a seaside villa or opt for a Roman inspired event in the Cellars of Diocletian's Palace Day 3 Morning Afternoon Speedboat ride to Hvar island, stopping for Afternoon iPad rally through Hvar old town The islands swimming and snorkelling in secluded bays Return to mainland Lunch Dinner Lunch on Pakleni island Dinner in a beach club Morning Afternoon Day 4 A la carte activities
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Salmo of the Western Balkans, Based Upon Multiple Nuclear Loci Gašper Pustovrh, Aleš Snoj and Simona Sušnik Bajec*
    Pustovrh et al. Genetics Selection Evolution 2014, 46:7 Genetics http://www.gsejournal.org/content/46/1/7 Selection Evolution RESEARCH Open Access Molecular phylogeny of Salmo of the western Balkans, based upon multiple nuclear loci Gašper Pustovrh, Aleš Snoj and Simona Sušnik Bajec* A correction to this article has been published: Genetics Selection Evolution 2014, 46:21 Abstract Background: Classification of species within the genus Salmo is still a matter of discussion due to their high level of diversity and to the low power of resolution of mitochondrial (mt)DNA-based phylogeny analyses that have been traditionally used in evolutionary studies of the genus. We apply a new marker system based on nuclear (n)DNA loci to present a novel view of the phylogeny of Salmo representatives and we compare it with the mtDNA-based phylogeny. Methods: Twenty-two nDNA loci were sequenced for 76 individuals of the brown trout complex: Salmo trutta (Danubian, Atlantic, Adriatic, Mediterranean and Duero mtDNA lineages), Salmo marmoratus (marble trout), Salmo obtusirostris (softmouth trout), and Salmo ohridanus (Ohrid belvica or belushka). Sequences were phylogenetically analyzed using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. The divergencetimeofthemajorclades was estimated using the program BEAST. Results: The existence of five genetic units i.e. S. salar, S. ohridanus, S. obtusirostris, S. marmoratus and the S. trutta complex, including its major phylogenetic lineages was confirmed. Contrary to previous observations, S. obtusirostris was foundtobesistertotheS. trutta complex and the S. marmoratus clade rather than to the S. ohridanus clade. Reticulate evolution of S. obtusirostris was confirmed and a time for its pre-glacial origin suggested.
    [Show full text]