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Dfid Nrsp Project R7668 (Report 2) Impact And

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Dfid Nrsp Project R7668 (Report 2) Impact And DFID NRSP PROJECT R7668 (REPORT 2) IMPACT AND AMELIORATION OF SEDIMENT AND AGRO-CHEMICAL POLLUTION IN CARIBBEAN COASTAL WATERS Review of Soil Management and Farming Practices, Including the Use of Agro-Chemicals In The Caribbean, With Particular Reference To St Lucia And Jamaica APRIL 2003 This activity of the project Impact and amelioration of sediment and agro-chemical pollution in Caribbean Coastal Waters was funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (NRSP LWI R7668). The conclusions and recommendations given in this report are those considered appropriate at the time of preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the Project. The findings of this report do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of DFID, MRAG Ltd, UWI or any other institution with which it may be associated. Author: Leslie Anthony Simpson Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute University Campus, P.O. Box 113 Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica Telephone: 876-927-1231; 927-1222; 927-1661-9 Ext 2472 Fax: 876-927-2099 Email: [email protected] [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................i ACRONYMS..............................................................................................................ii 1 Background ..................................................................................................3 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................4 3 Characterisation and quantification of farming units ................................5 3.1 Farming units in Jamaica........................................................................5 3.2 Farming Units in the Selected watersheds..............................................7 3.1.1 Rio Cobre Watershed .............................................................................7 3.1.2 Wag Water River Watershed ................................................................11 4 Identification of target crops for further study.........................................16 5 Outline of existing knowledge of farming practices and soil conservation techniques ...........................................................................17 5.1 Land area and topography .............................................................................17 5.2 Soil Series ............................................................................................18 5.3 Climate and Rainfall..............................................................................18 5.4 Agricultural systems .......................................................................................19 6 Hillside farming system .............................................................................20 6.1 Soil Loss ........................................................................................................20 6.2 The effect of soil erosion.......................................................................21 6.3 Soil conservation technologies..............................................................21 7 A review of soil conservation projects in Jamaica ..................................23 7.1 The history of soil conservation in Jamaica...........................................23 7.2 The role of human activities in soil erosion ...........................................25 8 Appraisal of existing national legislation, national/international policy measures and potential future impacts ....................................................26 8.1 Export Trade policy...............................................................................26 8.2 Important National Legislation ..............................................................28 8.2.1The Custom Duties (Dumping and Subsidies) Act ....................................28 8.2.2 The Safeguard Act ............................................................................29 9 Agreements in the Caribbean Related to International Agricultural Trade .....................................................................................................................30 9.1 The CARICOM Single Market - Caribbean Free Trade Agreement.......30 9.2 CARICOM-Colombia Agreement on Trade, Economic and Technical Co- operation ..............................................................................................30 9.3 CARICOM/Venezuela Agreement on Trade, Economic and Technical Cooperation..........................................................................................31 9.4 The CARICOM/Dominican Republic Trade Agreement.........................31 9.5 The CARICOM/Cuba Agreement..........................................................32 9.6 The CARIBBEAN/CANADA (CARIBCAN) Agreement. .........................33 9.7 THE CARIBBEAN BASIN INITIATIVE (CBI) .........................................33 9.8 The Cotonou Agreement:......................................................................34 9.9 World Trade Organisation.....................................................................35 10 Important International and Regional Trade Issues in Agriculture .........37 11 Farm survey in Jamaica.............................................................................39 11.1 Methodology.........................................................................................39 11.2 Description of watersheds ............................................................................39 11.2.1The Rio Cobre watershed.......................................................................39 11.2.2 Wag Water River watershed..................................................................40 11.3 Jamaica Survey Results...............................................................................42 11.3.1 Farm Profile...........................................................................................42 11.3.2 Land Tenure ..........................................................................................43 11.3.4 Soil, rainfall and irrigation on farm..........................................................44 11.3.5 Soil erosion on farm...............................................................................45 11.3.6 Use of agro-chemicals...........................................................................46 11.3.7 Sanitation and safety .............................................................................47 11.3.8 Effects of farming practices and agro-chemicals on the environment.....49 11.3.9 Comparison of farming practices on large and small farms....................49 11.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................50 12 Farm survey in St Lucia .............................................................................52 12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................52 12.2 Description of watersheds surveyed.............................................................52 12.2.1 Rousseau ..............................................................................................52 12.2.2 Pointe and Praslin. ................................................................................53 12.2.3 Soufriere................................................................................................54 12.3 Methodology.................................................................................................54 12.4 St Lucia Survey Results ...............................................................................55 12.4.1 Farm Profile...........................................................................................55 12.4.2 Farmers’ Profile .....................................................................................56 12.4.3 Soil water management on farm ............................................................57 12.4.4 Soil erosion on farm...............................................................................60 12.4.5 Agro-chemical use.................................................................................62 12.4.6 Sanitation and safety .............................................................................63 12.4.7 Effects of farming practices and agro-chemicals on the environment.....65 12.4.8 Comparison of farming practices on large and small farms....................66 12.5 Conclusions..................................................................................................67 13.0 Important findings and recommendations from the two surveys...............68 13.1 Findings .......................................................................................................68 13.2 Recommendations .......................................................................................69 14.0 References......................................................................................................70 15.0 Persons consulted .....................................................................................72 16.0 Annex 1: List Of Projects Undertaken In Watershed Management .........73 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Total permanent crops by size of holdings.................................................9 Table 3. 2: Permanent crops by size of holdings in St Catherine................................9 Table 3.3: Differences in cropping pattern for
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