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School and Social Integration of Adolescents Residing in Athens

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ΠΑΝΔΠΙ΢ΣΗΜΙΟ ΠΑΣΡΧΝ ΠΑΙΓΑΓΧΓΙΚΟ ΣΜΗΜΑ ΓΗΜΟΣΙΚΗ΢ ΔΚΠΑΙΓΔΤ΢Η΢ ΜΔΣΑΠΣΤΥΙΑΚΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ: Γηα Βίνπ Δθπαίδεπζε: Πνιηηηθέο, Δπηκόξθσζε Καη Σερλνινγίεο Πιεξνθνξίαο Δπηθνηλσληώλ ΓΙΠΛΧΜΑΣΙΚΗ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ: School and Social Integration of Adolescents residing in Athens ΜΔΣΑΠΣΤΥΙΑΚΗ ΦΟΙΣΗΣΡΙΑ: Monika Barbara Rerak Δπηβιέπσλ θαζεγεηήο: Σταμέλος Γεώργιος Δμεηαζηηθή Δπηηξνπή: I.A. ΢πηλζνπξάθε Ι. Κακαξηαλόο ΠΑΣΡΑ, 2010 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was made possible by the support and assistance of a number of people whom I would like to personally thank. Without all of them I would definitely not have finished this project. First of all, I want to express gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. George Stamelos, whose assistance, patience and understanding were very important to me during the entire two years of Master Studies, and especially while I was working on the following thesis. I am grateful to Dr. Stamelos for taking time out from his busy schedule to help me whenever needed. I would like also to thank the other members of my committee, Dr. Julia-Athena Spinthourakis and Dr. Ιoanni Kamarianos, for the assistance they provided at all levels of the research project. A very special thanks goes out to the staff of the Group of Polish schools at Polish Embassy in Athens: headmaster – Mrs. Marzanna Geisler, assistant headmaster – Mrs. Beata Panagiotopoulou and secretary Grażyna Barska as well as headmasters of various Greek high schools in Athens for their help and understanding, as well as for all information they provided me with. Finally, I would also like to thank my family for the support, encouragement and often editing assistance they provided me through my entire studies. 2 ABSTRACT The concept of social integration has gained prominence in the social and policy debates all over the Europe. Children of immigrants, constituting a significant percentage of modern population of European Union, go through some demanding changes in their processes of social and school integration. As the number of immigrants in Greece is growing, it is of high importance to identify, examine, and understand problems that young immigrants living in this country might have. Our research investigates social and school integration of adolescents‟ from Polish immigration families residing in Athens, Greece. By this project we wish to build and advance beyond the current research and contribute to existing knowledge in the field of social integration. The study is based on a qualitative research method relying on semi-structured, in–depth interviews with 12 young respondents from Greek and Polish high schools in Athens. The results indicate that the level of social integration of adolescent Poles is various and depends on the school that young people attend extracurricular activities they participate in, social networks within Greek population, parents‟ socioeconomic status and Greek language competency. In case of respondents from the Group of Polish schools at Polish Embassy in Athens observed level of integration was lower, than in the group of pupils from Greek schools. KEY WORDS: social integration, school integration, adolescence, immigrants, social capital, bridging and bonding social capital, the Group of Polish schools at the Polish Embassy in Athens. 3 ΠΔΡΙΛΗΦΗ Η έλλνηα ηεο θνηλσληθήο έληαμεο έρεη θεξδίζεη εμέρνπζα ζέζε ζηηο θνηλσληθέο θαη πνιηηηθέο αληηπαξαζέζεηο ζε όιε ηελ Δπξώπε. Σα παηδηά ησλ κεηαλαζηώλ, πνπ απνηεινύλ έλα ζεκαληηθό πνζνζηό ηνπ ζύγρξνλνπ πιεζπζκνύ ηεο Δπξσπατθήο Έλσζεο, πθίζηαληαη ζε νξηζκέλεο απαηηεηηθέο αιιαγέο θαηά ηελ θνηλσληθή θαη ζρνιηθή ηνπο έληαμε. Καζώο ν αξηζκόο ησλ κεηαλαζηώλ ζηελ Διιάδα απμάλεηαη, είλαη πςειήο ζεκαζίαο ν εληνπηζκόο, ε εμέηαζε, θαη ε θαηαλόεζε ησλ πξνβιεκάησλ πνπ αληηκεησπίδνπλ νη λένη κεηαλάζηεο πνπ δνπλ ζηε ρώξα απηή. Η έξεπλά καο δηεξεπλά ηελ θνηλσληθή θαη ζρνιηθή έληαμε ησλ εθήβσλ πνπ πξνέξρνληαη από πνισληθέο νηθνγέλεηεο κεηαλαζηώλ, νη νπνίεο θαηνηθνύλ ζηελ πξσηεύνπζα ηεο Διιάδαο, Αζήλα. ΢ηελ παξνύζα κειέηε πξνζπαζνύκε λα νηθνδνκήζνπκε θαη λα πξνσζήζνπκε ηελ έξεπλα θαη λα ζπκβάινπκε ζηελ ππάξρνπζα γλώζε, ζηνλ ηνκέα ηεο θνηλσληθήο έληαμεο. Η κειέηε βαζίδεηαη ζε κηα πνηνηηθή κέζνδν έξεπλαο ε νπνία ζηεξίδεηαη ζε εκη-δνκεκέλεο, ιεπηνκεξείο ζπλεληεύμεηο 12 λέσλ εξσηεζέλησλ από ειιεληθά θαη πνισληθά γπκλάζηα ζηελ Αζήλα. Σα απνηειέζκαηα δείρλνπλ όηη ν βαζκόο ηεο θνηλσληθήο έληαμεο ησλ εθήβσλ Πνισλώλ δηαθέξεη από άηνκν ζε άηνκν θαη εμαξηάηαη από: ην ζρνιείν, ην νπνίν νη λένη ζπκκεηέρνπλ, ηηο εμσζρνιηθέο δξαζηεξηόηεηεο ζηηο νπνίεο ζπκκεηέρνπλ, ηα θνηλσληθά δίθηπα ζηνλ ειιεληθό πιεζπζκό, ηελ θνηλσληθo-νηθνλνκηθή θαηάζηαζε ησλ γνλέσλ ηνπο θαη ηελ επρέξεηα ηνπο ζηελ ρξήζε ηεο ειιεληθήο γιώζζαο. ΢ηελ πεξίπησζε ησλ εξσηεζέλησλ από ην ζπγθξόηεκα ησλ πνισληθώλ ζρνιείσλ ζηελ πνισληθή πξεζβεία ζηελ Αζήλα, παξαηεξήζεθε όηη ην επίπεδν ηεο έληαμεο ηνπο ήηαλ ρακειόηεξν, ζπγθξηηηθά κε ηελ νκάδα ησλ καζεηώλ πνπ πξνέξρνληαλ από ειιεληθά ζρνιεία. ΛΔΞΔΙ΢ ΚΛΔΙΓΙΑ: κοινωνική ένηαξη, ένηαξη ζηο ζσολείο, εθηβεία, μεηανάζηερ, κοινωνικό κεθάλαιο, γεθςπώνονηαρ κοινωνικό κεθάλαιο και ζςνδέονηαρ κοινωνικό κεθάλαιο, ηο ζςγκπόηημα ηων πολωνικών ζσολείων ζηην πολωνική ππεζβεία ζηην Αθήνα. 4 TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………...………. 3 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………..………. 7 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……………………….….…….…... 12 1.1 INTEGRATION ………………………………………………………..…... 12 1.1.1 Social integration: definitions………………………………………...….. 13 1.1.2 Literature review on social integration…………………………………... 16 1.1.3 The concept of school integration ……………………………………..… 28 1.2 PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL CAPITAL…………………...…... 35 2. ADOLESCENCE AS TRANSITIONAL STAGE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................ 43 3. POLISH MIGRATIONS........................................................................... 54 3.1 Brief history of Polish emigration……………………………………….…. 55 3.2 Polish immigration in Greece………………………………………….…….62 3.3 Setting the context: schools in Athens attended by Polish immigrant children ……………………………………………………………………...70 METHODOLOGY…………...………………….………………….………..78 1. Objectives of the study...................................................................................... 78 2. Research question.............................................................................................. 79 3. Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………… 80 4. Sample............................................................................................................... 80 5 5. Method.............................................................................................................. 81 6. Technique.......................................................................................................... 82 7. Procedure……………………………………………………………………... 85 8. Limitations of the study and avenues for future research...………………….. 86 9. Analysis …………………………………………………………………...…. 88 RESULTS………………………………..………………………………….… 90 1. Findings ............................................................................................................ 90 2. Discussion....................................................................................................... 109 3. Implications .................................................................................................... 125 4. Conclusions..................................................................................................... 128 REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 132 ANNEX.............................................................................................................. 155 6 INTRODUCTION Contemporary migrations are becoming a more common process for people who want to improve their material living conditions and to provide better economic security for themselves and their families. During the first half of the 20th century over 100 million people migrated, voluntarily or forcibly, from one country to another (Aronowitz, 1984). In the 1980‟s worldwide the refugee total was close to 16 million people (De Sherbinin & Weeg, 1980), and it was estimated that there were more migrants on earth then, both proportionally and in aggregate, than at any time in history, until now. Nowadays, the numbers of migrants has grown even more. The total number of international migrants has increased over the last 10 years from an estimated 150 million in 2000 (IOM, 2000) to 214 million people today (IOM, 2010). In other words, one out of every 33 persons in the world today is a migrant. All the migrants would constitute the fifth most populous country in the world (UN, 2009). Geopolitical events have influenced the cultural and ethnic composition of many societies forcing development of new values and skills which have in turn affected the way in which children are socialized and learn new skills (Spinthourakis & Katsillis, 2004: 11). The presence is also shaped by the processes of globalization. The process of social, political and economic globalization, whose spread we are now witnessing, is related to the mobility of the population all over the world in every possible direction. People leave their countries for economic, political, demographic, cultural and social reasons, such as wars, political and religious discrimination, and unemployment. They seek a better life; desire to ensure a better future for their children. This trend is especially evident in the case of the Poles. Poland is a country with a rich emigration tradition: migration processes were always closely
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    Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie Szczecińskie Studia Archiwalno-Historyczne Tom III Szczecin 2019 Rada Naukowa dr Marek Ďurčanský (Praga), dr hab. Paweł Gut (Szczecin), Ella Kok-Majewska (Tiel), dr hab. Wojciech Krawczuk (Kraków), dr Stefan Lehr (Oldenburg), dr Falko Neininger (Poczdam), dr Martin Schoebel (Greifswald), dr Stefan Sienell (Wiedeń), dr hab. Tomasz Sikorski (Szczecin), prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Stryjkowski (Poznań), dr hab. Maciej Szukała (Szczecin), prof. dr hab. Robert Traba (Berlin) Redakcja dr hab. Krzysztof Kowalczyk (redaktor naczelny), Iga Bańkowska (zastępca redaktora naczelnego), dr Janina Kosman (sekretarz redakcji), Joanna Glatz, Andrzej Jabłoński, Michał Knitter, Łukasz Kozłowski, dr Radosław Pawlik (redaktor językowy), Bartosz Sitarz, Krzysztof Szyszka Recenzenci dr hab. Marlena Jabłońska dr hab. Agnieszka Gut Redakcja techniczna Andrzej Jabłoński Korekta Iga Bańkowska, Janina Kosman Projekt okładki Joanna Wilanowska-Ośka Rocznik dofinansowany ze środków Naczelnego Dyrektora Archiwów Państwowych © Copyright by Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Szczecin 2019 Wydanie I. Nakład 150 egz. ISSN 2544-3739 Adres Redakcji: Szczecińskie Studia Archiwalno-Historyczne Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie ul. św. Wojciecha 13 70–410 Szczecin e-mail: [email protected] Spis treści Od Wydawcy ............................................................................................................ 5 Studia i materiały Kacper Pencarski, Z problemów gospodarczych majątku Rosocha koło Polanowa w XIX i XX w. (do 1945 r.) .......................................................
  • Published In: Journal of Modern Greek Studies 33 (2015) 105–126 © 2015 by the Johns Hopkins University Press

    Published In: Journal of Modern Greek Studies 33 (2015) 105–126 © 2015 by the Johns Hopkins University Press

    Published in: Journal of Modern Greek Studies 33 (2015) 105–126 © 2015 by The Johns Hopkins University Press [p. 105] Who Gets Translated and Why? Anthologies of Twentieth-Century Greek Poetry in Poland Joanna Kruczkowska Abstract The translation of Modern Greek poetry in Poland began on a regular basis at the end of the 1960s and falls into two broad categories: anthologies and the poetry of Cavafy. Cavafy’s work in Polish rendition must be seen as a separate domain: as in other countries, he has overshadowed the achievements of other Modern Greek poets. There is, however, a significant body of work by other poets available to the reader of Polish in anthologies compiled by prolific and influential translators, whose different backgrounds and motivations generate the question of who has been translated and why. This article demonstrates that the selection of poems and modes of translation are largely driven by extraliterary factors such as sociopolitical conditions, the readership, the publishing market, etc. The resultant Polish texts therefore provide a characteristic example of “rewriting” as defined by André Lefevere. Asked about Modern Greek poetry, the average Polish reader would probably recall the name of C. P. Cavafy and his “Waiting for the Barbarians.” Some would also associate him with the celebrated Polish poet, Zbigniew Herbert, whose work is akin to Cavafy’s, especially in terms of poetics, and with Cavafy’s most devoted translator, Zygmunt Kubiak. Those who have read Cavafy would also 1 remember the debate that swept through the literary and daily press in the 1990s around these translations, concerning mainly the linguistic register of Kubiak’s rendition, as well as the more recent one revolving around new versions by Antoni Libera (Kawafis 2011) and Ireneusz Kania (Kawafis 2013).
  • Politics of Forgetting: New Zealand-Greek Wartime Relationship

    Politics of Forgetting: New Zealand-Greek Wartime Relationship

    Politics of Forgetting: New Zealand-Greek Wartime Relationship Martyn Brown Bachelor of Arts Graduate Diploma Library Science Graduate Diploma Information Technology Post-Graduate Diploma Business Research Master of Arts (Research) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2014 School of History Philosophy Religion and Classics Abstract In extant New Zealand literature and national public commemoration, the New Zealand experience of wartime Greece largely focuses on the Battle of Crete in May 1941 and, to a lesser extent, on the failed earlier mainland campaign. At a politico-military level, the ill-fated Greek venture and the loss of Crete hold centre stage in the discourse. In terms of commemoration, the Battle of Crete dominates as an iconic episode in the national history of New Zealand. As far as the Greeks are concerned, New Zealand elevates and embraces Greek civilians to the point where they overshadow the Greek military. The New Zealand drive to place the Battle of Crete as supporting its national self-imagining has been achieved, but what has been forgotten in the process? The wartime connection between the Pacific nation and Greece lasted for the remainder of the international conflict and was highly complex and sometimes violent. In occupied Greece and Crete, as well as in the Middle East, North Africa and Italy, New Zealand forces had to interact with a divided Greek nation that had been experiencing ongoing political turmoil and intermittent civil conflict. Individual New Zealanders found themselves acting as liaison officers with competing partisan groups. Greek military units with a history of mutiny and political intrigue were affiliated with the main New Zealand fighting force, the Second New Zealand Division.