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Euro 2000 and Public Order Policing: Sports Mega-Event Impacts on the Policing of Public Order

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Euro 2000 and Public Order Policing: Sports Mega-Event Impacts on the Policing of Public Order Euro 2000 and public order policing: Sports mega-event impacts on the policing of public order Anne Meilien Kootstra s1551477 Thesis A.L. van Leeuwen G.M. van Buuren January 11, 2017 Word count: 13.289 Crisis and Security Management Leiden University Acknowledgment The thesis that is in front of you has required a lot of persistence. I would like to thank both my current supervisor, Anouk van Leeuwen as well as my previous supervisor, Richard ‘t Hart, for their extreme and utter patience, advice and confidence. They kept checking in with me and showed great interest and involvement in my development. Furthermore, I would like to thank my entire family. They have been a great help and inspiration and they kept believing in me, even when I sometimes did not believe in myself. I would also like to thank my interviewees. They were willing to spend some of their time and were very enthusiastic in telling me their stories. Last but not least, I am very grateful for the help of my good friend Eva, who pushed me to continue writing and commented on my thesis whenever needed. 2 Table of content ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.1. SECURITY LEGACIES 7 2.2. PLANNED AND UNPLANNED LEGACIES 8 2.3 PUBLIC ORDER POLICING 9 2.4 EURO 2000 AND THE PUBLIC ORDER POLICING OF COMMERCIAL FOOTBALL IN THE NETHERLANDS 10 2.5 AIM OF THIS RESEARCH AND RESEARCH QUESTION 13 3. RESEARCH METHODS 14 3.1 RESEARCH STRATEGY 14 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 14 3.3 RESEARCH CONTEXT: CASE SELECTION 15 3.4 INSTRUMENTS 15 3.4.1 DESKTOP RESEARCH 16 3.4.2 SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS 17 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS 18 4. ANALYSIS 19 4.1 LEGAL CHANGES 19 4.1.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DETAINMENT 19 4.1.2 EXTENSION OF PENAL PROCEEDINGS POSSIBILITIES 21 4.1.3 EXTENSION OF THE PENALIZATION OF PUBLIC VIOLENCE 21 4.2 PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION 22 4.3 FOCUS ON INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 22 4.4 POLICE BEHAVIORAL PROFILE 23 4.5 INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION 24 4.5.1 LEGISLATION IN INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION – BENELUX-TREATY 24 4.5.2 INTERNATIONAL POLICE RELATIONS 26 4.6 PEER REVIEW EVALUATION 27 5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 28 5.1 RESULT CONCLUSIONS 28 5.2 REFLECTION 30 5.3 LIMITATIONS 31 5.4 FUTURE RESEARCH AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 31 REFERENCES 33 APPENDIXES 37 APPENDIX 1. OVERVIEW OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 37 APPENDIX 2 / APPENDIX 8. INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS 38 APPENDIX 9. OVERVIEW OF BEST PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS EURO 2000 39 3 1. Introduction Sports mega-events such as the Olympic Games, the World Cup by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA) European Championship are large public events. Security plans are formulated in order to organize them safely. Attacks on events like these such as the terrorist attacks of 1972 during the Olympic Games in Munich or the 1996 Centennial Park bombing during the Olympics in Atlanta are well known. Both peaceful demonstrations as well as riots and violent outbursts are also common during such large scale events. Riots in Marseille and Nice during the UEFA European Championships of 2016 are a recent example. Reason enough for organizational committees and public security providers to invoke security plans and measures during sports mega-events to prevent or at least minimize incidents like these. Existing research on sports mega-events has shown that these security measures taken for the event can result in ‘legacies’. These so-called security legacies are “(…) the range of security-related strategies and impacts which continue to have significance beyond the life of the sport event” (Giulianotti & Klauser, 2010: 54). Legacies in sports mega-events are also found in other areas such as infrastructure (e.g. new sports venues used for other purposes after the event) and sports (e.g. new initiatives to get people to take on a sport) (Chappelet & Junod, 2006; Cornelissen, Bob & Swart, 2011; Cashman, 2006). Preuss (2007) developed a framework in which he assigned several aspects to legacies. One of these aspects is the differentiation between planned and unplanned legacies. Others also mention the planning possibility of legacies (Cornelissen, Bob & Swart, 2011; Boyle & Haggerty, 2009). Research has shown that legacies can largely be planned as opposed to originating spontaneously. Planned legacies are for example tourism attractions and the extension of a city’s security camera network, while unplanned legacy structures are attacks or large scale rioting that damage a city’s image and force both public and private (security) organizers and governments to think about changing or intensifying their security policy, also for after the event (Preuss, 2007: 210). Boyle and Haggerty (2009) argue that planning for legacies can lead to the modernization of equipment such closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras or the justification and funding of increased security infrastructure (e.g. increased police or military deployment) through sports mega-events (Boyle & Haggerty, 2009: 267). Cornelissen, Bob and Swart argue similarly to Boyle and Haggerty, stating that in recent years event legacies have emerged as part of pre-event planning in order to use the event to implement (existing) governmental plans (Cornelissen, Bob & Swart, 2011: 307-308). In the organization of sports mega- events legacy planning is also a tendency as one can see from the fact that legacy proposals should already be included during the bid procedure. 4 Mega-event legacies were noticed first by organizational committees from the early 1990s onwards. In recent years, legacy proposals have become an essential component of bid procedures for the Olympics (Factsheet Olympic Legacies, website Olympic games, n.d.). The International Olympic Committee states that “As every host city is different and has different priorities, the IOC encourages each one to define its own objectives, long-term strategy and vision from the beginning of the bid process and to look at how the Games can be a catalyst for development” (Factsheet Olympic Legacies, website Olympic games, n.d.). Other large scale event organizers are also encouraging legacy planning through their event more and more, such as the FIFA and UEFA. Sustainability programs and anti-racism campaigns are an example of this push for the use of the event for developmental purposes. The existing body of literature on security legacies is not big. Existing research largely focuses on the more short-term impact of mega-events on security (up to five years after the event) and in most cases focuses on the more material security legacies (e.g. expansion of the network of city surveillance cameras, attainment of more intelligence equipment or the number of officials deployed) rather than on the impact of an event on the internal functioning and development within security providers. Furthermore, research in the security realm is largely anti-terrorism related while public order legacies are mostly ignored. This is interesting, as the maintenance of the public order is vital to the peaceful and festive nature of hosting events. Public order can be defined as the normal, time and location specific, state of affairs in publicly accessible places. This normal state of affairs is characterized by the freedom to use these places safely in compliance with their allocation (Adang, 2007: 803). In situations were groups of people come together, the public order might be at risk. Events, and especially sports mega-events that bring together thousands of people, are therefore of interest as public order policing operations. One of such events in which the public order policing operation was thoroughly evaluated, is Euro 2000, the UEFA European Soccer Championship of 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium in 2000. Adang and Cuvelier (2001) conducted the evaluation of Euro 2000 public order policing operation in preparation, during, and immediately after Euro 2000 and identified a series of good and bad practices in the process. However, it is unclear whether these good and bad practices were implemented in other public order policing operations in the long run. In order to contribute to the research on mega-event security legacies, a long-term impact study was conducted focusing on the UEFA European Soccer Championship of 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium (Euro 2000). The study will elaborate on the impacts that Euro 2000 has had on public order policing in the Netherlands and will try and answer the research question of to what extent Euro 2000 public order policing measures are impacting on public order policing in the Netherlands today. In order to answer the research question, the various public order policing measures that were taken for Euro 2000 were analyzed and related to data on public order policing today. The data on the 5 current situation and on how impacts of Euro 2000 are still visible today was retrieved from legislative and policy documents as well as through interviews with seven police officers who worked Euro 2000. This study is both academically as well as socially relevant. Academically, it contributes to the body of research on (security) legacies as well as that on public order management. It tries to fill a gap in this realm of research regarding the lack of long-term effect studies on (security) legacies. Furthermore, it contributes to the body of research on public order policing, especially regarding evaluation procedures of public order policing and how results from these evaluations are implemented for further use. Regarding societal relevance, this study will show how important it is to carefully plan the security plans for such large-scale events. It is important for event organizers and public security providers to realize how such an event can have its impact and what they want the impact to be.
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