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Universidad Ute UNIVERSIDAD UTE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INGENIERÍA E INDUSTRIAS CARRERA INGENIERÍA AMBIENTAL Y MANEJO DE RIESGOS NATURALES BIODIVERSIDAD DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS BENTÓNICOS, COMO BIOINDICADORES DE CALIDAD DEL AGUA EN EL RÍO SARDINAS, PARROQUIA DE PACTO, CANTÓN QUITO, PROVINCIA DE PICHINCHA TRABAJO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERA AMBIENTAL Y MANEJO DE RIESGOS NATURALES VERÓNICA SILVANA MACHADO ZÚÑIGA DIRECTORA: MSc. MARÍA ALEXANDRA ENDARA GONZÁLEZ Quito, septiembre, 2018 © Universidad UTE. 2018 Reservados todos los derechos de reproducción FORMULARIO DE REGISTRO BIBLIOGRÁFICO PROYECTO DE TITULACIÓN DATOS DE CONTACTO CÉDULA DE IDENTIDAD: 1717707234 APELLIDOS Y NOMBRES: Machado Zúñiga Verónica Silvana DIRECCIÓN: Luis Tufiño Nº 59 – 91 y Río Timbara EMAIL: [email protected] TELÉFONO FIJO: 02- 2297 - 582 TELÉFONO MOVIL: 09- 9600- 0749 DATOS DE LA OBRA BIODIVERSIDAD DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS BENTÓNICOS, COMO BIOINDICADORES DE CALIDAD DEL TITULO: AGUA EN EL RÍO SARDINAS, PARROQUIA DE PACTO, CANTÓN QUITO, PROVINCIA DE PICHINCHA AUTOR O AUTORES: Verónica Machado FECHA DE ENTREGA DEL 04/09/2018 PROYECTO DE TITULACIÓN: DIRECTOR DEL PROYECTO DE MSc. María Alexandra Endara González TITULACIÓN: PROGRAMA PREGRADO X POSGRADO Ingeniería Ambiental y Manejo de Riesgos TITULO POR EL QUE OPTA: Naturales En este proyecto técnico se realizó un análisis integral de la calidad del agua del Río Sardinas, ubicado en la parroquia rural Pacto del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, en dos épocas climáticas: lluviosa (abril) y seca (julio). Para su análisis se establecieron a lo largo del río 5 puntos de muestreo, seleccionados por su representatividad. Para la recolección de especímenes se emplearon técnicas in situ, mediante el método cualitativo llevando a cabo la RESUMEN: Mínimo 250 palabras técnica manual y la de red de patada, y el método cuantitativo empleando la técnica de red tipo Surber, después se analizó e identificó el nivel taxonómico según su orden y familia en el laboratorio de la UTE. Se empleó a las comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentónicos como indicadores biológicos, se aplicaron índices como el BMWP/Col, el EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera y Trichoptera), los parámetros de abundancia y riqueza de comunidades, en complemento con la medición de 7 parámetros físico – químicos: Temperatura del agua (°C), conductividad (uS/cm2), turbidez NTU, O2 Disuelto (mg/L), pH, que fueron tomados en conjunto con los macroinvertebrados de manera in situ, mientras que el DQO (mgO2/L) y DBO5 (mgO2/L), fueron obtenidos en el laboratorio de la UTE y en el laboratorio de la OSP de la Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), para determinar la calidad del cuerpo de agua. Los resultados arrojaron similitudes en las dos épocas climáticas, revelando que la calidad del agua del río es aceptable (agua ligeramente contaminada) y su estado ecológico posee un impacto moderado, todo esto ocasionado por distintas actividades antropogénicas en el área como el turismo comunitario, desechos domésticos y el uso de río como cruce de vía secundaria para vehículos motorizados. Índices biológicos, BMWP/Col, Índice EPT, PALABRAS CLAVES: parámetros de abundancia y riqueza de comunidades, parámetros físico - químicos. In this technical project, an integral analysis was conducted on water quality of the River Sardinas, located in the rural parish, Pacto; in the Metropolitan District of Quito. This was performed in two climatic seasons: Rainy (April) and dry (July). For this analysis 5 sampling points where established along the river that were selected on their representativeness. For the collection of specimens, in situ techniques were applied, throughout the qualitative method carrying out the manual technique and the kick-sampling technique, and the quantitative method using the net type Surber technique, after that the taxonomic level was analyzed and identified ABSTRACT: according to its order and family in the laboratory of UTE. Using benthic macroinvertebrate communities as biological indicators, indexes were applied such as the BMWP / Col, the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera), the parameters of abundance and richness of communities, in addition to the measurement of 7 physical-chemical parameters: Temperature of water (°C), conductivity (uS / cm2), turbidity NTU, dissolved O2 (mg / L), pH, were taken in conjunction with macroinvertebrates in situ, while COD (mgO2 / L) and DBO5 (mgO2 / L), were obtained in UTE´s laboratory and in the laboratory of OSP of Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), to determine the quality of the body of water. The results showed similarities in the two climatic seasons, revealing that the water quality of the river is acceptable (slightly polluted water) and its ecological state has a moderate impact, all this caused by different anthropogenic activities in the area such as community tourism, waste, and the river being served as a crossroad for motorized vehicles. Biological indexes, BMWP / Col, EPT index, KEYWORDS parameters of abundance and richness of the community, physical and chemical framework. Se autoriza la publicación de este Proyecto de Titulación en el Repositorio Digital de la Institución. DECLARACIÓN Y AUTORIZACIÓN Yo, Machado Zúñiga Verónica Silvana, CI 1717707234 autor/a del proyecto titulado: TITULO Biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados bentónicos, como bioindicadores de calidad del agua en el Río Sardinas, parroquia de Pacto, cantón Quito, provincia de Pichincha, previo a la obtención del título de Ingeniería Ambiental y Manejo de Riesgos Naturales en la Universidad UTE. 1. Declaro tener pleno conocimiento de la obligación que tienen las Instituciones de Educación Superior, de conformidad con el Artículo 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior, de entregar a la SENESCYT en formato digital una copia del referido trabajo de graduación para que sea integrado al Sistema Nacional de información de la Educación Superior del Ecuador para su difusión pública respetando los derechos de autor. 2. Autorizo a la BIBLIOTECA de la Universidad UTE a tener una copia del referido trabajo de graduación con el propósito de generar un Repositorio que democratice la información, respetando las políticas de propiedad intelectual vigentes. Quito, 04 de Septiembre de 2018. DECLARACIÓN Yo, VERÓNICA SILVANA MACHADO ZÚÑIGA declaro que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentado para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. La UTE puede hacer uso de los derechos correspondientes a este trabajo, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normativa institucional vigente. CERTIFICACIÓN Certifico que el presente trabajo que lleva por título “Biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados bentónicos, como bioindicadores de calidad del agua en el Río Sardinas, Parroquia de Pacto, Cantón Quito, Provincia de Pichincha”, que, para aspirar al título de Ingeniera Ambiental y Manejo de Riesgos Naturales fue desarrollado por Verónica Silvana Machado Zúñiga, bajo mi dirección y supervisión, en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería; y cumple con las condiciones requeridas por el reglamento de Trabajos de Titulación artículos 18 y 25. DEDICATORIA Y AGRADECIMIENTO Para culminar con éxito mi carrera, pude entender que llegar a la meta, es entregarse por completo sin importar las horas, los problemas, o las adversidades, mirando solamente en la lontananza, con mucha esperanza y perseverancia poder llegar y poder ser. El ofrecimiento que le hice en vida a mi abuelita Olga Mirian Valle Heredia, a quien extraño pero sé que desde el cielo me bendice en cada paso que doy, a mi abnegada madre Flor Silvana Zúñiga Valle que fue mi guía, motivación e inspiración todos los días, hoy te entrego no la obtención de mi título sino mi gratitud eterna y a mi padre Patricio Lorenzo Machado Sandretti doy gracias por todo y tanto, por enseñarme el no dejarme vencer y demostrarme que con esfuerzo y perseverancia puedo conseguir lo que me proponga, de corazón gracias por los esfuerzos y sacrificios que han realizado por verme siempre bien y feliz, son mi pilar e inspiración en todo momento. Gracias a toda mi familia y amigos que sin duda han aportado para que ahora pueda lograr alcanzar satisfactoriamente una de mis metas, en base a sus consejos y enseñanzas. ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS PÁGINA RESUMEN ..................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... 2 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................... 3 2. METODOLOGÍA ..................................................................................... 8 2.1. PUNTOS DE MUESTREO ................................................................ 8 2.2. MACROINVERTEBRADOS .............................................................. 9 2.2.1. FASE DE CAMPO .......................................................................... 9 2.2.2. FASE DE LABORATORIO ........................................................... 10 2.2.2.1. Métodos de análisis para los índices biológicos ....................... 11 2.2.2.2. Método para determinar abundancia y riqueza biológica ......... 12 2.3. PARÁMETROS FÍSICO – QUÍMICOS ............................................ 12 2.3.1. FASE DE CAMPO .......................................................................
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