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Spawning Behavior of Mountain Whitefish and Co-Occurrence Of This article was downloaded by: [Montana State Library] On: 25 May 2012, At: 07:41 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Transactions of the American Fisheries Society Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utaf20 Spawning Behavior of Mountain Whitefish and Co- occurrence of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Blackfoot River Basin, Montana Ron Pierce a , Mike Davidson a & Craig Podner a a Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 3201 Spurgin Road, Missoula, Montana, 59817, USA Available online: 24 May 2012 To cite this article: Ron Pierce, Mike Davidson & Craig Podner (2012): Spawning Behavior of Mountain Whitefish and Co- occurrence of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Blackfoot River Basin, Montana, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 141:3, 720-730 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.675900 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. 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Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141:720–730, 2012 C American Fisheries Society 2012 ISSN: 0002-8487 print / 1548-8659 online DOI: 10.1080/00028487.2012.675900 ARTICLE Spawning Behavior of Mountain Whitefish and Co-occurrence of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Blackfoot River Basin, Montana Ron Pierce,* Mike Davidson, and Craig Podner Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 3201 Spurgin Road, Missoula, Montana 59817, USA Abstract To assess the exposure of Blackfoot River mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni to the exotic parasite Myxobo- lus cerebralis, the cause of salmonid whirling disease, we investigated the spawning behavior of 49 adult mountain whitefish and their overlap with M. cerebralis within the Blackfoot River basin, Montana. A majority of the mountain whitefish radio-tagged in the Blackfoot River migrated upstream (range, 0.1–79.0 km) to spawning sites located pri- marily in the main stem of the Blackfoot River. Spawning ranged from 31 October in the lower river to 9 November in the upper river and occurred across a range of substrate and channel types. Despite later spawning in the upper river, eggs hatched earlier under the warming influence of groundwater inflows. Here, a majority of wild mountain whitefish fry (65%) tested positive for M. cerebralis infection during the immediate posthatch period of mid-April. Conversely, mountain whitefish fry from the lower river, downstream of the groundwater influence, showed no detectable infection. June exposure trials using surrogate rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in nine tributaries supporting mountain whitefish showed M. cerebralis infection rates ranging from 0% to 100% as well as a pattern of high triactinomyxon (TAM) exposure throughout the main-stem Blackfoot River. For mountain whitefish, the co-occurrence with M. cere- bralis varied spatially across the basin and temporally within the main-stem Blackfoot River at the most vulnerable early life stages. This variability appears to buffer age-0 mountain whitefish from infectious conditions across large areas of the basin. However, continuous TAM release from groundwater-influenced environments coinciding with mountain whitefish hatch and early rearing may impose pathogenic conditions on mountain whitefish in the upper Blackfoot River. Mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni, an endemic as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS Downloaded by [Montana State Library] at 07:41 25 May 2012 salmonid in the Pacific Northwest, occupy a range of environ- 2010). ments, including medium to large rivers as well as lake and Whirling disease, a parasitic infection caused by the myx- reservoir environments. In the Blackfoot River basin of western osporean M. cerebralis, is known to infect six genera of Montana, mountain whitefish occupy streams and rivers and salmonids, including the genus Prosopium, which includes interconnected natural lakes at the low elevations of the basin, mountain whitefish. Myxobolus cerebralis has a complex, two- a distribution that broadly overlaps with that of the parasite host life cycle involving the aquatic oligochaete worm Tubifex Myxobolus cerebralis. Despite the ubiquitous and often abun- tubifex and a salmonid host. Salmonid susceptibility to the dant presence of mountain whitefish in the large river systems, pathogen varies by species (Hedrick et al. 1999; MacConnell the life histories, population status, and potential effects of and Vincent 2002; Vincent 2002), fish age and size (Ryce M. cerebralis on mountain whitefish populations are rarely et al. 2005), and parasite dose at time of exposure (Vincent 2002; studied and poorly understood. Even so, mountain whitefish Schisler 2010). Mountain whitefish are considered less suscep- are ecologically important as forage for upper trophic predators tible to severe infection than other susceptible salmonids (Mac- such as native bull trout Salvelinus confluentus, a species listed Connell and Vincent 2002). However, age-0 mountain whitefish *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received May 2, 2011; accepted November 27, 2011 720 WHITEFISH SPAWNING AND CO-OCCURRENCE OF MYXOBOLUS CEREBRALIS 721 are highly susceptible to injury-related mortality when exposed sites, and hatching periods for mountain whitefish in the Black- to M. cerebralis at a very young age (MacConnell and Vincent foot River, (2) test for M. cerebralis infection at the early life 2002; Schisler 2010). stages across distinct spawning and early rearing areas of the Following the detection of M. cerebralis in the Blackfoot Blackfoot River, and (3) examine the spatial overlap of M. cere- River basin in 1995, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP) bralis across mountain whitefish habitat within the basin. Our began monitoring the extent of the range of M. cerebralis us- broader purpose was to gain a better understanding of moun- ing sentinel exposures of age-0 hatchery rainbow trout On- tain whitefish life history as well as the risks of M. cerebralis corhynchus mykiss as surrogates for infection in wild salmonids. exposure in order to better manage mountain whitefish within Between 1998 and 2009, exposures of rainbow trout at 32 fixed parasite-positive rivers of western Montana. monitoring sites identified the range expansion of M. cerebralis among certain low-elevation streams of the Blackfoot River STUDY AREA valley (Pierce et al. 2009), including the upper Blackfoot River, The Blackfoot River, a free-flowing fifth-order tributary where summer exposures have consistently demonstrated a high (Strahler 1957) of the upper Columbia River, lies in west-central severity of infection since 2005 (FWP, unpublished data). Con- Montana and flows west 212 km from the Continental Divide current with the expansion of M. cerebralis, reports of possible to its confluence with the Clark Fork River at Bonner, Montana disease-related mountain whitefish declines across the Ameri- (Figure 1). The River drains a 5,998-km2 watershed through can West have been mounting (Burkhardt 2002; Vincent 2009; 3,038 km of perennial streams and generates a mean annual dis- Schisler 2010), laboratory research has demonstrated high M. charge of 44.8 m3/s (U.S. Geological Survey, unpublished data). cerebralis–induced mortality of age-0 mountain whitefish (Mac- The physical geography of the watershed is regionally variable, Connell et al. 2000; Schisler 2010), and field-based research has with subalpine forests dominating the high mountains, montane suggested similar high age-0 mortality in the wild (Hubert et al. woodlands at the mid elevations, and semiarid glacial (pothole 2002a; Schisler 2010). and outwash) topography on the valley floor. The primary trib- Because M. cerebralis poses the greatest threat to salmonids utaries of the Blackfoot River include the Clearwater River, during the early life stages (MacConnell and Vincent 2002; North Fork, and Nevada Creek. Public lands and large tracts Ryce et al. 2005), the timing and location of spawning and early of industrial forestlands generally comprise the mountainous rearing sites and the co-occurrence of M. cerebralis essentially areas, while private lands comprise most of the foothills and determine susceptibility to whirling disease (Bartholomew and bottomlands where traditional uses of the land include mining, Wilson 2002; Koel et al. 2006). Fish are most vulnerable if timber harvest, cattle ranching, and recreation. they hatch during the peak release of M. cerebralis triactino- Within the Blackfoot River basin, the distribution of moun- myxons (TAMs), which typically occurs during the months of tain whitefish includes the main-stem Blackfoot and Clearwater June through September (Thompson and Nehring 2000; Gilbert
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