DOCSLIB.ORG

Major Pests of Callaloo Dionne Clarke-Harris1, Shelby Fleischer2 and Andrea Fender1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Major Pests of Callaloo Dionne Clarke-Harris1, Shelby Fleischer2 and Andrea Fender1 Identification Guide Major Pests of Callaloo Dionne Clarke-Harris1, Shelby Fleischer2 and Andrea Fender1 Hawaiian Beet Armyworm Contents (Spoladea recurvalis) .......... 10 Coleoptera Introduction ................. 1 Banded Cucumber Beetle Lepidoptera (Diabrotica balteata) ........... 12 Fall Armyworm Flea Beetle (Disonyca laevigata) .... 12 (Spodoptera frugiperda) .......... 2 Homoptera Southern Armyworm Leafhopper (Empoasca spp.) ...... 13 (Spodoptera eridania) ........... 4 Acarina Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) .6 Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus spp.) .14 Southern Beet Armyworm References ................. 15 (Herpetogramma bipunctalis) ...... 8 Acsknowledgements .......... 16 Introduction Callaloo, Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae) is an annual herb grown in Jamaica as a leaf vegetable. Other common names used in the Caribbean region are Bhaji, Calalu, Pigweed, Spinach and White Caterpillar. The plant grows from 10 centimeters to about one meter in height under natural conditions and will grow at middle or low elevations. Traditionally, callaloo Callaloo leaves are severely damaged by has been cultivated in Jamaica on small foliage feeding insects. The photo above holdings and backyard gardens for local shows sieve holes and window-pane feeding markets as a main source of iron in the patterns of some pest species. Jamaican diet. been and still is heavily relied upon, but Over the last 10 years callaloo has poses health hazards, insecticide become an important export crop. resistance and environmental contami- Unfortunately, the leaves of this plant are nation. This guide was developed to plagued by numerous pest species which identify the major insect pests of callaloo adversely affect yield and marketability and to help create an Integrated Pest of the crop and have required extensive Management (IPM) approach that chemical controls. Chemical control has minimizes reliance on chemical controls. 1. CARDI, Jamaica 2. IPM CRSP, The Pennsylvania State University, USA 2 Major Pests of Callaloo Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) Family: Noctuidae (Owlet Moths and Underwings) Wing span of this species is 31- Young larvae are light coloured, 34mm. The forewings are mottled sparsely covered with black setae greyish-yellow with black, white and and the head capsule is prominent reddish-brown markings, while the and dark coloured with an inverted hindwings are white with dark veins “Y”. Later larval instars have and a fringe of dark hairs. blackish lateral stripes and a greyish Hindwings of adults are lightly or yellowish dorsal stripe which is iridescent purple in fresh specimens. twice as wide as lateral stripes with Adults hide in plants during the day four black dots on each segment and are attracted to light at night. within the dorsal stripe. They feed Fresh eggs are green and laid in on the upper leaf surface causing masses (50-300 eggs) of more than windowing, or leaf tearing. Larvae one layer and covered in moth migrate to the soil where they scales, while older eggs are dark pupate in a tunnel shaped pupal brown close to time of hatching. chamber near the soil surface. Eggs may be laid on upper or lower Pupae are 13mm long, dark and leaf surfaces of plants, fences and shiny with two minute spines. buildings. Spodoptera frugiperda larva Major Pests of Callaloo 3 Adult Spodoptera frugiperda Typical Spodoptera frugiperda egg mass covered with moth scales. Pupa of Spodoptera frugiperda with characteristic spines at the distal end. 4 Major Pests of Callaloo Southern Armyworm Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) Family: Noctuidae (Owlet Moths and Underwings) S. eridania moths have a wingspan (common to most S. eridania). The of about 32mm. Forewings are intensity of the subspiracular stripe greyish-brown and hindwings are fades from the point adjacent to this white. Eggs are green and laid in spot up towards the head (character- masses of about 200, with each egg istic of S. eridania). In some indi- being 0.45mm long, 0.35mm wide viduals this stripe may be pale or and dome-shaped. The clusters are absent, however the dorsal triangle covered with moth scales from the on the first abdominal segment is adult female’s abdomen. The head always relatively large compared to capsule of the larva is a uniform other dorsal triangles. The maxi- brown colour. There is a lateral spot mum length of the final instar larva in the first abdominal segment just is 34mm. Pupation occurs in a pupal above the subspiracular stripe chamber in the soil. Major Pests of Callaloo 5 Late instar of Spodoptera eridania.The intensity of the subspiracular line fades from the first abdominal segments toward the head. Adult Spodoptera eridania 6 Major Pests of Callaloo Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) Family: Noctuidae (Owlet Moths and Underwings) The body length of adult S. exigua the adult female’s abdomen. Larvae ranges from 10-14mm with a wing are light green with conspicuous span of 25-30mm. The forewings lateral stripes. They feed on lower are greyish-brown with a small, leaf surfaces, leaving the upper round, rust coloured spot above a surface intact, though sometimes the smaller kidney-shaped spot. The leaves are punctured. The full grown hindwings are white with dark brown larva is 30mm with pupation occur- veins and margins. Eggs are laid in ring in the soil. Pupae are 10-14mm masses on the lower leaf surface long, brown and shiny. and covered with white scales from Major Pests of Callaloo 7 Full grown larva of Spodoptera exigua. Adult Spodoptera exigua. 8 Major Pests of Callaloo Southern Beet Armyworm Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabr.) Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) Family: Pyralidae (Pyralid, Grass and Wax Moths) The wings are metallic golden-brown surface when viewed under X20 with black spots, two on the fore- magnification. Neonate larvae are wing and one on the hindwing. Dark yellow and gradually darken to a brown markings on both wings form translucent dull green as the larvae three continuous wavy lines which grow. The head is either dark brown are roughly parallel to the wing or black and mottled. The cervical margins. The wing span is about shield has a kidney shaped spot on 20mm. Eggs are translucent and either side. The body appears nearly colourless, oval shaped sacs spotted due to the pigmentation (0.6 x 0.5)mm, laid on the underside around the base of setae. Fully of leaves in clusters of about ten grown larvae are 20-23mm long. eggs. The side attached to the leaf is Larvae feed on leaves and web flattened. Empty egg sacs are leaves together with a silken thread iridescent and appear as shiny flecks to form a protective covering where to the naked eye. Irregular polygonal they pupate. Pupae are dark brown reticulations can be seen on the and about 10mm long. Larva of Herpetogramma bipunctalis. Prepupal stage turns yellowish cream, and spots are prominent. Major Pests of Callaloo 9 Late instar of Herpetogramma bipunctalis webs leaf around itself. Adult Herpetogramma bipunctalis Left: Cluster of translucent Herpetogramma bipunctalis eggs laid on underside of leaf. Right: Empty egg sacs 10 Major Pests of Callaloo Hawaiian Beet Armyworm Spoladea recurvalis (F.) Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) Family: Pyralidae (Pyralid, Grass and Wax Moths) The adult is a dark brown moth with There are two longitudinal white two white translucent bands on the wavy lines sandwiching the green forewings and one on the hindwings; band formed by the gut. The head these bands form a continuous arch capsule is light coloured. In the pattern when the wings are spread. prepupal stage the larva changes The wing span is about 20mm. The colour from green to yellow to brown eggs are scale-like, shiny translucent to bright pink. The larva webs the yellow sacs, 0.6 x 0.5mm. The leaf around itself using silken larvae are a translucent green with threads and pupates there. Pupae the gut visible through the integu- are 8-10mm long and straw ment as a pulsating dark green band. coloured. Middle instar larva of Spoladea recurvalis Major Pests of Callaloo 11 Adult Spoladea recurvalis Egg cluster of Spoladea recurvalis attached to the underside of leaf. 12 Major Pests of Callaloo Banded Cucumber Beetle Diabrotica balteata LeC. Order: Coleoptera (Beetles) Family: Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetle) The adult beetle is 6mm long with a Adult Diabrotica reddish-brown head, dark eyes and balteata long antennae. The body is greenish with yellow bands. Eggs are laid in the top 10cm of soil near the base of the host plant. These beetles gnaw holes in the leaves. Larvae are whitish and wireworm-like and feed on roots. Pupation takes place in soil. Flea Beetle Disonyca laevigata (Jacoby) Order: Coleoptera (Beetles) Family: Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetle) These beetles are 7-8mm long. Their gnaw holes in the leaves. Eggs are elytra are striped with alternating dark ellipsoidal with one end more pointed brown and yellow bands. The head, than the other and are scattered in soil thorax, abdomen and legs are red- near the base of host plants. Larvae orange in colour. The femur of the are wireworm-like with a whitish- hind legs are enlarged because these brown head. They feed on roots and beetles are strong jumpers. They pupate in soil. Left: Adult Disonyca laevigata Right: Adult Disonyca laevigata (color variation) on damaged leaf Major Pests of Callaloo 13 Leafhopper Empoasca spp. Order: Homoptera (Aphids, Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Scale insects and Allies) Family: Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers) Adult leafhoppers are about 3mm piercing plant tissue with slender long, slender bodied and shiny green needle-like mouthparts and remov- in colour. Eggs are oviposited in ing plant juices. Linear yellow stems or leaf ribs. Nymphs are etchings on the leaf surface result bright green and feed on the under- from feeding, and a very heavy side of the leaf where they run infestation affects the health, vigor about.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DNA Barcodes Reveal Deeply Neglected Diversity and Numerous Invasions of Micromoths in Madagascar
    Genome DNA barcodes reveal deeply neglected diversity and numerous invasions of micromoths in Madagascar Journal: Genome Manuscript ID gen-2018-0065.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 17-Jul-2018 Author: Complete List of Authors: Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), Sire, Lucas; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte Rasmussen,Draft Bruno; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte Rougerie, Rodolphe; Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Wieser, Christian; Landesmuseum für Kärnten Ahamadi, Allaoui; University of Antananarivo, Department Entomology Minet, Joël; Institut de Systematique Evolution Biodiversite deWaard, Jeremy; Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Decaëns, Thibaud; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS–Université de Montpellier–Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE), , CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS Lees, David; Natural History Museum London Keyword: Africa, invasive alien species, Lepidoptera, Malaise trap, plant pests Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special 7th International Barcode of Life Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/genome-pubs Page 1 of 57 Genome 1 DNA barcodes reveal deeply neglected diversity and numerous invasions of micromoths in 2 Madagascar 3 4 5 Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde1,2, Lucas Sire2, Bruno Rasmussen2, Rodolphe Rougerie3, 6 Christian Wieser4, Allaoui Ahamadi Allaoui 5, Joël Minet3, Jeremy R. deWaard6, Thibaud 7 Decaëns7, David C. Lees8 8 9 1 INRA, UR633, Zoologie Forestière, F- 45075 Orléans, France. 10 2 Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS Université de Tours, UFR 11 Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Chefs® of the Caribbean©
    GREAT CHEFS® OF THE © CARIBBEAN Episode Appetizer Entrée Dessert Number Episode 1 Honduran Scallop Ceviche Veal Roulade with Sage Sauce Pithiviers On DVD Douglas Rodriguez Stéphane Bois Pierre Castagne Aquarela Le Patio Le Perroquet “Carib” #1 El San Juan Hotel Village St. Jean St. Maarten Puerto Rico St.-Barthélemy Episode 2 Curried Nuggets of Lobster Swordfish with Soy-Ginger Banana Napoleon with On DVD Norma Shirley Beurre Blanc Chocolate Sabayon Norma at the Wharfside Scott Williams Patrick Lassaque “Carib” #1 Montego Bay, Jamaica Necker Island Resort The Ritz-Carlton Cancun Necker Island, BVI Mexico Episode 3 Seared Yellowfin Tuna and Caribbean Stuffed Lobster Pineapple Surprise On DVD Tuna Tartare on Greens Ottmar Weber Rolston Hector “Carib” #1 Wilted in Sage Cream Ottmar’s at The Grand Pavilion The St. James’s Club Michael Madsen Hotel Antigua Great House Grand Cayman Villa Madeleine St. Croix Episode 4 Black Bean Cake and Lamb Chop with Mofongo and Turtle Bay’s Chocolate On DVD Butterflied Shrimp with Chili Cilantro Pesto Banana Tart Beurre Blanc Jeremie Cruz Andrew Comey “Carib” #2 Janice Barber El Conquistador Resort Caneel Bay Resort The White House Inn Puerto Rico St. John USVI St. Kitts Episode 5 Foie Gras au Poireaux with Swordfish Piccata Chocolate-layered Lime On DVD Truffle Vinaigrette David Kendrick Parfait with Raspberry Coulis Pierre Castagne Kendrick’s Josef Teuschler “Carib” #2 Le Perroquet St. Croix Four Seasons Resort St. Martaan Nevis Episode 6 Garlic-crusted Crayfish Tails Baked Fillet of Sea Bass with Chocolate
    [Show full text]
  • RECORDS of the HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY for 1995 Part 2: Notes1
    RECORDS OF THE HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1995 Part 2: Notes1 This is the second of two parts to the Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1995 and contains the notes on Hawaiian species of plants and animals including new state and island records, range extensions, and other information. Larger, more compre- hensive treatments and papers describing new taxa are treated in the first part of this Records [Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 45]. New Hawaiian Pest Plant Records for 1995 PATRICK CONANT (Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch, 1428 S King St, Honolulu, HI 96814) Fabaceae Ulex europaeus L. New island record On 6 October 1995, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife employee C. Joao submitted an unusual plant he found while work- ing in the Molokai Forest Reserve. The plant was identified as U. europaeus and con- firmed by a Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) nox-A survey of the site on 9 October revealed an infestation of ca. 19 m2 at about 457 m elevation in the Kamiloa Distr., ca. 6.2 km above Kamehameha Highway. Distribution in Wagner et al. (1990, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i, p. 716) listed as Maui and Hawaii. Material examined: MOLOKAI: Molokai Forest Reserve, 4 Dec 1995, Guy Nagai s.n. (BISH). Melastomataceae Miconia calvescens DC. New island record, range extensions On 11 October, a student submitted a leaf specimen from the Wailua Houselots area on Kauai to PPC technician A. Bell, who had the specimen confirmed by David Lorence of the National Tropical Botanical Garden as being M.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.APPRECIATING CALLALOO SOUP: St. Martin As an Expression
    Revista Brasileira do Caribe ISSN: 1518-6784 [email protected] Universidade Federal do Maranhão Brasil Guadeloupe, Francio; Wolthuis, Erwin APPRECIATING CALLALOO SOUP: St. Martin as an expression of the compositeness of Life beyond the guiding fictions of racism, sexism, and class discrimination Revista Brasileira do Caribe, vol. 17, núm. 32, enero-junio, 2016, pp. 227-247 Universidade Federal do Maranhão Sao Luís, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=159148014010 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative APPRECIATING CALLALOO SOUP: St. Martin as an expression of the compositeness of Life beyond the guiding fi ctions of racism, sexism, and class discrimination Francio Guadeloupe President of the University of St. Martin, St. Marteen, St. Martin Erwin Wolthuis Head of the Hospitality and Business Divisions, University of St. Martin St. Marteen, St. Martin RESUMO A sopa Callaloo é, simultaneamente, uma comida caribenha e, nacional “outra”. Diferente a sua preparação em outros povos e lugares, Callaloo pode ser compreendida como um convite para apreciar os diferentes mundos interconectados de nossa coletiva experiência do colonialismo ocidental e da resistência que este provocou. Isto pode ser entendido como uma composição natural do mundo e da dinâmica de vida que a triada da discriminação racista, sexista e de classe ocultou e ainda reforça essa situação. Adotando a sopa Callaloo como uma metáfora guia, os autores focalizam novas vias para esmiuçar práticas do ser e outras opressões do povo de Saint Martin.
    [Show full text]
  • Flea NEWS 56 Department of Entomology Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 50, June, 1995; No
    flea NEWS 56 Department of Entomology Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 50, June, 1995; No. 51, December, 1995; No. 52, June, 1996, No. 53, December, Table of Contents 1996; No. 54, June, 1997, 55, January, 1998 and this number. Literature..............................662 Mailing List Changes .............668 ❊❄❊❄❊❄❊ Miscellanea...........................660 MISCELLANEA Flea News (Online) has now been FLEA NEWS is a biannual newsletter assigned the following International devoted to matters involving insects Standard Serial Number: ISSN 1089- belonging to the order Siphonaptera (fleas) 7631 and related subjects. It is compiled and distributed free of charge by Robert E. Lewis ❖❏❖❏❖❏❖ <[email protected]> in cooperation with the Department of Entomology at Iowa State Dr. Glen Chilton of the Department University, Ames, IA, and a grant in aid of Biology, St. Mary's College, Calg- from Wellmark International. ary, Alberta, T2S 2N5, Canada, rec- Flea News is mainly bibliographic in nature. Many of the sources are abstracting ently called my attention to the Birds journals and title pages and not all citations of North America accounts published have been checked for completeness or jointly by the American Ornithol- accuracy. Additional information will be ogists' Union and the Academy of provided upon written or e-mail request. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. To Further, recipients are urged to contribute date 320 accounts have been publish- items of interest to the professon for ed and the following titles include inclusion herein. information on fleas: This newsletter is now available in 7. Northern Mockingbird electronic format. The preferred method of 11. Tree Swallow accessing the electronic version is through the 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Insect Contaminants in Processed Leafy Vegetables: a Best Practice Guide
    Managing insect contaminants in processed leafy vegetables: A best practice guide Introduction Insects are potential contaminants of processed leafy vegetables. Pest and beneficial species, in both the juvenile and adult stages of their life cycles can become unwanted contaminants if they make their way from the field into the final packaged product and to the end consumer. This best practice guide summarises the key findings of a project conducted by Applied Horticultural Research and Harvest Fresh Cuts. The focus of this project was to find ways to control contaminants and assess their impact in processed leafy vegetable products. To determine which insect groups were of most relevance, and how to reduce insect contamination of packaged produce, the project started at the customer level and Figure 1. Soldier beetle worked back through the supply chain, examining where information was lacking, and where commercial in the field. Large scale commercial washing and improvements could be made. processing lines have the capacity to remove the majority of insect contaminants. Which insects get the most complaints? Wanted – Dead or alive Reviews into historical commercial data from customer complaints about manufactured leafy vegetable mixes In the factory found that moths and soldier beetles were the most reported insect contaminant. Insects referred to as moths The project investigated whether the moths in customer in the data included Diamondback Moth (Plutella sp.), complaints were reported as being dead or alive. Most Heliothis (Helicoverpa sp.), Cabbage White Butterfly moth complaints were from consumers reporting the (Pieris rapae) and Beet Webworm (Spoladea mimetica.) presence of live moths, even though factory product Other insect groups were represented in the data at lower inspection reports showed that both live and dead moths levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 104, NUMBER 7 THE FEEDING APPARATUS OF BITING AND SUCKING INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS BY R. E. SNODGRASS Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Agricultural Research Administration U. S. Department of Agriculture (Publication 3773) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION OCTOBER 24, 1944 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 104, NUMBER 7 THE FEEDING APPARATUS OF BITING AND SUCKING INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS BY R. E. SNODGRASS Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Agricultural Research Administration U. S. Department of Agriculture P£R\ (Publication 3773) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION OCTOBER 24, 1944 BALTIMORE, MO., U. S. A. THE FEEDING APPARATUS OF BITING AND SUCKING INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS By R. E. SNODGRASS Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture CONTENTS Page Introduction 2 I. The cockroach. Order Orthoptera 3 The head and the organs of ingestion 4 General structure of the head and mouth parts 4 The labrum 7 The mandibles 8 The maxillae 10 The labium 13 The hypopharynx 14 The preoral food cavity 17 The mechanism of ingestion 18 The alimentary canal 19 II. The biting lice and booklice. Orders Mallophaga and Corrodentia. 21 III. The elephant louse 30 IV. The sucking lice. Order Anoplura 31 V. The flies. Order Diptera 36 Mosquitoes. Family Culicidae 37 Sand flies. Family Psychodidae 50 Biting midges. Family Heleidae 54 Black flies. Family Simuliidae 56 Net-winged midges. Family Blepharoceratidae 61 Horse flies. Family Tabanidae 61 Snipe flies. Family Rhagionidae 64 Robber flies. Family Asilidae 66 Special features of the Cyclorrhapha 68 Eye gnats.
    [Show full text]
  • Trophic Interactions Involving Herpetogramma Phaeopteralis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Passiflora Incarnata (Passifloraceae)
    136 Florida Entomologist 91(1) March 2008 TROPHIC INTERACTIONS INVOLVING HERPETOGRAMMA PHAEOPTERALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) AND PASSIFLORA INCARNATA (PASSIFLORACEAE) ANDREI SOURAKOV McGuire Center for Lepidoptera Research, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 E-mail: asourakov@flmnh.ufl.edu During several nights in Aug, 2007, I observed nidae), feeds on EFN of Neoraimondia arequipen- tropical sod webworm moths, Herpetogramma sis cactus (Vila & Eastwood 2006). Hesperopsis phaeopteralis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) graciliae (MacNeill) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) swarming in large numbers around flowering pur- commutes back and forth between its host plant ple passion vines, Passiflora incarnata L. (Passi- and mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa (Fabaceae), floraceae) in suburban north central Florida. utilizing the EFN of the latter plant (Wesenborn Tropical sod webworms use a variety of Poaceae 1997). Pink bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossyp- species as larval host plants and probably were iella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are at- emerging from sod grass. Upon closer observation tracted to cotton flower volatiles that serve as with flash photography, I found that moths fed on chemical cues for the moths to find the EFN (Wie- the extrafloral nectaries (EFN) located on the senborn & Baker 1990). A variety of African lipte- bracteoles of the plants (Fig. 1). In this note, I am nine lycaenid butterflies (Lycaenidae) feed on reporting this observation with the understand- EFN of bamboos and vines (Callaghan 1992). ing that (like many observations in tropical biol- The importance of feeding on EFN was shown ogy) it might be based on a sporadic rather than in increased fertility in soybean looper, Pseudo- on a reoccurring interaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooking up the 'Calaloo' Nation: Gender, Race and National Cuisine in the Imagining of Trinidad and Tobago
    Cooking up the 'Calaloo' Nation: Gender, Race and National Cuisine in the Imagining of Trinidad and Tobago by Surya Naidu B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1993 B.Ed., The University of Toronto, 1995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming To the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BPJTrSH COLUMBIA August 1998 ©Surya Naidu, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) 11 Abstract This thesis discusses the formation of a national cuisine in post-colonial Trinidad and Tobago. Tracing national identity through cultural and political manipulations of food by elites and ordinary citizens, I have attempted to build a context for understanding the nature of nation- building, as well as the specific impact of race relations on conceptions of 'nation'. I conclude that the 'nation' is imagined by elites in accordance with international standards of nationhood, while its everyday construction is derived from a less formal pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Report on the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site
    Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site Management Plan 2017 Annual Report Introduction to Management of the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site The Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site (HO) Management Plan (MP) was approved by the Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) on December 1, 2010. Condition #2 states: “Beginning in November 2012 the University will submit to DLNR an annual report summarizing any construction activities occurring at HO; Habitat Conservation Plans; Monitoring Plans for Invertebrates, Flora, and Fauna; Programmatic Agreements on Cultural Resources; Invasive Species Control Plans and other related plans, The Report should be brief but thorough. This report should also be presented to the Board of Land and Natural Resources for the first year, and every five years thereafter.” Therefore, this report summarizes activities that occurred under the MP from December 1, 2016 to November 30, 2017. The land use described in this report, on activities under the HO MP, qualifies as an identified use in the General Subzone and is consistent with the objectives of the General Subzone of the land. The objectives of the General Subzone (HAR 13-5-14) are to designate open space where specific conservation uses may not be defined, but where urban uses would be premature. The land use is consistent with astronomical research facilities for advanced studies of astronomy and atmospheric sciences. HO is located within a General Subzone of the State of Hawai’i Conservation District that has been set aside for observatory site purposes only. Identified applicable land uses in the General Subzone, include R-3 Astronomy Facilities and (D-1) Astronomy facilities under an approved management plan (HAR 13-5-25).
    [Show full text]
  • The Taro Tattler If~ University of Hawaii ~~ ~
    The Taro Tattler If~ University of Hawaii ~~ ~ . V' College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources l' , For Growers, Shippers, and Processors of Chinese, Poi, Dasheen, and Pacific Island Taros from Hawaii VOL. 2, NO. 4 May 1990 In the last issue we saw letters from two L.A. buyers Waimanalo) a call in the evenings. that would like to buymore taro. Since that time (and even before then) we've heard of people starting to plant to meet BACK TRACKING those and other needs, such as our local market. WAIT! STOP! AND PUT DOWN YOUR 0'0 STICK FOR A Yes, someone is reading this newsletter! In our last MOMENT! and ask yourself, are you: Planning to Fail, issue of the Tattler we reported, somewhaterroneouslyas it because you are, Failing to Plan?! This point can not be turns out, that there were no Hawaii State laws regarding stressed often enough, you must have a buyer before you the quality of poi. Wilber Kubota of the Department of plant to reduce the risk of being stuck with a bunch of Health, Food Products Division (548-3280), says however, product - remember 300-400 farmers on different islands while the Department of Agriculture may not have any get this newsletterand they are also reacting to new market rules governing poi, their department does in Title 11, demands in much the same way you are. We also caution Chapter 29 HRS under Food and Food Products: you from (illegally)importingplantingstock from the other "11-29-6 Egi. South Pacific Islands as they may have some diseases that (a) Poi is the unadulterated product of the edible taro root we don't have here.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Flea-Borne Transmission in Yersinia Pestis
    Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 7: 197–212. Online journal at www.cimb.org The Evolution of Flea-borne Transmission in Yersinia pestis B. Joseph Hinnebusch al., 1999; Hinchcliffe et al., 2003; Chain et al., 2004). Presumably, the change from the food- and water-borne Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky transmission of the Y. pseudotuberculosis ancestor to Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy the flea-borne transmission of Y. pestis occurred during and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, this evolutionarily short period of time. The monophyletic Hamilton, MT 59840 USA relationship of these two sister-species implies that the genetic changes that underlie the ability of Y. pestis to use Abstract the flea for its transmission vector are relatively few and Transmission by fleabite is a recent evolutionary adaptation discrete. Therefore, the Y. pseudotuberculosis –Y. pestis that distinguishes Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague, species complex provides an interesting case study in from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and all other enteric the evolution of arthropod-borne transmission. Some of bacteria. The very close genetic relationship between Y. the genetic changes that led to flea-borne transmission pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis indicates that just a few have been identified using the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis discrete genetic changes were sufficient to give rise to flea- as model organism, and an evolutionary pathway can borne transmission. Y. pestis exhibits a distinct infection now be surmised. Reliance on the flea for transmission phenotype in its flea vector, and a transmissible infection also imposed new selective pressures on Y. pestis that depends on genes that are specifically required in the help explain the evolution of increased virulence in this flea, but not the mammal.
    [Show full text]