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Technical Report Methylene Blue Vital Staining

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Technical Report Methylene Blue Vital Staining Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo 48(6):347-349, November-December, 2006 TECHNICAL REPORT METHYLENE BLUE VITAL STAINING FOR Trypanosoma cruzi TRYPOMASTIGOTES AND EPIMASTIGOTES Cláudio S. FERREIRA, Rita C. BEZERRA & Ariadne A. PINHEIRO SUMMARY The morphological identification of Trypanosoma cruzi is currently considered to have a high specificity, but its sensitivity, which depends on the volume of the sample examined, is rather low. Trypanosome developmental stages suspended in blood, reduviid feces, and culture media are routinely searched for by means of fresh film examination (about 2 µL). High speed centrifugation of blood samples separates the buffy coat, where most trypomastigotes concentrate. As the parasites are transparent and colorless, their detection is mostly dependent on their motility. The fluorescent vital stain acridine orange has been used to enhance image contrast, as exemplified by the QBC (Quantitative Buffy Coat) technique. Staining blood, buffy coat, reduviid feces, and culture media samples with methylene blue (also a vital dye) is a means of producing sharp, well contrasted images of motile or non-motile T. cruzi developmental stages, only standard laboratory microscopes being required. Slides previously coated with a thin layer of methylene blue are used to stain fresh blood films. Photomicrographs exemplify the results of methylene blue staining applied to living and fixed parasites. KEYWORDS: Chagas disease; Morphological identification of Trypanosoma cruzi; Fresh blood films; Buffy coat; Methylene blue vital staining. The morphological identification of the etiological agent of Chagas On account of such characteristics as cost effectiveness and high disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, in fresh preparations of peripheral blood specificity, wet blood films are still used, without major modifications, (about 2 µL) collected with anticoagulant has been for a long time in routine clinical and epidemiological investigation. Other factors standard technique. Such films are examined under a microscope fitted remaining constant, the sensitivity of techniques involving the direct with ×10 and ×40 dry objectives. As the objects of our investigation examination of blood films depends on the volume of the sample. As are transparent, colorless motile protozoa, their detection is to a great the volume of blood which can be examined between slide and cover extent dependent on their motility, which causes the red blood slip is very restricted, positive results are not expected when corpuscles to move6, most frequently the first indication of their parasitemias are low. Indirect parasitological techniques, such as presence. A time lag between collection and examination of blood xenodiagnosis and hemoculture2 can significantly increase the chances samples is one of the factors that can, by affecting the motility of of correctly diagnosing the infection in parasite carriers, but are trypomastigotes, be the cause of false-negative diagnoses. Image- cumbersome and repeated microscopic examinations along enhancing means have been recommended for routine use, viz: considerable lengths of time are necessary to confirm negativity. reduction of the numerical aperture of the condenser diaphragm; dark field; phase-contrast microscopy6, and staining. The use of dark field High speed centrifugation mechanically separates blood cellular and phase-contrast techniques requires microscopes with expensive constituents in layers. The lowest layer is that of packed red blood components. The reduction of the numerical aperture of the condenser corpuscles; immediately above it, a narrow region, buff in hue (the diaphragm is not effective enough when the parasites are not motile. buffy coat), concentrates the leucocytes and platelets3,5. After Romanowsky-stained films usually produce sharp and easily recognized centrifugation, T. cruzi trypomastigotes should be searched for in a images of blood parasites. This applies especially to thin films. region which includes the buffy coat and the uppermost layer of red However, they require much time and expertise; their use is restricted blood corpuscles. to selected cases. Laboratório de Investigação Médica-Parasitologia (LIM 46) do Hospital das Clínicas, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Laboratório de Parasitologia do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 05403-000 S. Paulo, SP, Brasil. Fone: 55 11 3061 7042. FERREIRA, C.S.; BEZERRA, R.C. & PINHEIRO, A.A. - Methylene blue vital staining for Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and epimastigotes. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 48(6): 347- 349, 2006. The Centrifugal Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)1,5, a highly elaborate technique evolved from that of WOO8, was devised to permit the direct observation of fluorochrome-stained parasites concentrated in the buffy coat. Blood samples are collected in capillary tubes previously coated with anticoagulant and the fluorochrome acridine orange7. The buffy coat within the tube is directly examined. For this purpose, the tube is put on a carrier designed to reduce, by using immersion oil, the image distortion produced by the curvature of its surface. The examination is made through an epi-fluorescence microscope (λ = 490 nm) fitted with a ×60 long working distance immersion objective. This technique was intended at first for the diagnosis of Plasmodium spp. only. In Brazil, AMATO NETO et al. evaluated in 19961 the practical use of QBC for the parasitological diagnosis of T. cruzi with good results as to sensitivity and practicality. A kit with all the equipment necessary to carry out the examination, including specifically designed disposable capillary tubes, a 12,000 rpm centrifuge, epifluorescence microscope and halogen ultraviolet radiation source was supplied ready for use. Obviously, this equipment was rather costly and not adequate for institutions lacking ample means. As the main drawback to the use of QBC was its cost, alternatives were suggested for the use of fluorochrome-stained preparations with standard equipment5. QBC kits have not been any more available in Brazil. Fig. 1 - Trypanosoma cruzi fixed with methanol (buffy coat film) and stained with methylene blue. ×100 objective. As a matter of fact, the problem of sensitivity of the techniques for the direct demonstration of T. cruzi trypomastigotes in blood samples can be reduced to: first, concentrating the parasites, and second, enhancing their images so as to identify them without effort. The examination of fresh buffy coat smears placed between a slide and a cover slip is current practice in many laboratories. Dark field or phase contrast microscopy and fluorescent vital staining with acridine orange are widely accepted image-enhancing techniques, but even their simplified versions require the acquisition of expensive equipment. A quite simple process for staining trypanosomes in fresh or fixed blood preparations, reduviid feces or culture media is proposed. It can be used with an ordinary laboratory microscope equipped with standard objectives and eyepieces. Methylene blue is an alternative to fluorochromes. It is a vital stain4 which has been used for a very long time and is readily available. A thin coat of methylene blue is produced by evaporating a drop of an aqueous solution of this stain (1 to 10,000 or 1 to 100,000) over an area around the center of the slide. Trypanosomes suspended in films of fresh blood, buffy coat, reduviid feces or culture media, rapidly acquire a blue color and become clearly visible under the microscope, their motility being preserved. As an alternative to Romanowsky staining, films previously fixed with methanol can also be rapidly stained with methylene blue. The buffy coat can be obtained by centrifugation in ordinary microhematocrit capillary tubes (length = 75.00 mm; internal diameter, 1.25 mm) at 12,000 rpm in a hematocrit centrifuge. The total volume of these capillary tubes is about half that used in QBC. To obtain comparable results, two tubes should be centrifuged. T. cruzi evolutionary stages from reduviid feces or hemoculture media can be also promptly stained by using the same process. Fig. 2 - Trypanosoma cruzi living, motile (reduviid feces) stained with methylene blue. ×40 The important change introduced in the preparation of fresh blood objective. 348 FERREIRA, C.S.; BEZERRA, R.C. & PINHEIRO, A.A. - Methylene blue vital staining for Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and epimastigotes. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 48(6): 347- 349, 2006. films for the diagnosis of Chagas disease was the use of methylene reduviídeos ou de meios de cultura permite obter imagens nítidas e blue instead of a fluorochrome as a vital stain to cause living or dead contrastadas de formas evolutivas de T. cruzi com ou sem motilidade. trypanosomes to be easily detected in wet films. Methylene blue-stained Microscópios de uso geral em laboratórios permitem o exame dos films do not require expensive equipment; an ordinary laboratory parasitas corados. Uma camada bem delgada de azul de metileno microscope is adequate to permit the prompt identification of the colocada sobre a parte central da lâmina limpa (por meio da evaporação parasites. The eye strain caused by the observation of poorly contrasted de solução diluída do corante) é usada para corar as preparações a images is avoided. Laboratory personnel in charge of the examination fresco. O aspecto dos parasitas corados em materiais frescos ou of fresh blood films will not require any extra training to prepare
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