Transformasi Ekonomi Dan Pembandaran Di Koridor Kemaman-Dungun, Terengganu: Keterlibatan Isi Rumah Melayu

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Transformasi Ekonomi Dan Pembandaran Di Koridor Kemaman-Dungun, Terengganu: Keterlibatan Isi Rumah Melayu Transformasi Ekonomi dan PembandaranSari 23 (2005) di Koridor 15 - 36 Kemaman-Dungun 15 Transformasi Ekonomi dan Pembandaran di Koridor Kemaman-Dungun, Terengganu: Keterlibatan Isi Rumah Melayu KATIMAN ROSTAM ABSTRAK Proses transformasi desa melalui pembandaran dan perindustrian sedang berlaku di Malaysia dengan kadar yang pesat. Selain proses pembangunan sedang tertumpu di sekitar Lembah Kelang, terdapat juga tanda-tanda yang menunjukkan kawasan di luar bandar yang mengalami perubahan. Antaranya ialah Koridor Kemaman-Dungun, Terengganu. Koridor ini terletak di pesisiran pantai di antara Chukai, Kemaman di selatan dan bandar Dungun di utara dengan tumpuan perubahan yang khusus di Paka dan Kerteh, dua bandar kecil yang didiami orang Melayu. Oleh sebab kedudukannya yang agak jauh dari pusat pertumbuhan dan kekurangan sumber alam, kawasan ini telah tersisih daripada arus pembangunan perdana. Hanya selepas penemuan petroleum dan gas di luar pantainya pada tahun 1976, penduduk dan ekonomi kawasan tersebut mengalami transformasi yang pesat melalui pelbagai program perindustrian dan pembandaran. Kata kunci: Koridor pembangunan, Kemaman, Dungun, pembandaran desa ABSTRACT The process of rural transformation through urbanization and industrialization is taking place at an increasingly fast rate. Outside of the Klang Valley, signs are abundant that rural areas are undergoing profound changes. The Kemaman- Dungun Corridor in Terengganu, situated in the coastal area between Chukai, Kemantan in the south and Dungun in the north, is an example. Most of the changes are concentrated around Paka and Kertih, two small towns populated by Malays. These are located far from centers of growth, and since they were lacking in natural resources, they had remained for a long time unaffected by the waves of development that engulfed other areas. It was only with the discovery of off-shore petroleum and gas in 1976 that the people and the region underwent various comprehensive industrialization and urbanization programs. Key words: Corridor of development, Kemaman, Dungun, rural development 16 Sari 23 PENGENALAN Kawasan pesisiran pantai Kemaman-Dungun boleh dianggap sebagai koridor pembangunan orang Melayu, lantaran majoriti penduduknya adalah orang Melayu. Sebelum penemuan petroleum dan gas asli, penduduk di koridor ini tinggal di petempatan tradisional. Kebanyakan mereka menjalankan aktiviti ekonomi seperti bertani, menangkap ikan dan berniaga secara kecil-kecilan. Penemuan petroleum dan gas asli di luar pantainya hampir tiga dekad yang lalu telah memberi kelebihan ekonomi kepada negeri tersebut. Berikutan royalti petroleum mula diterima pada 1978, ekonomi Terengganu telah distruktur semula. Penstrukturan ekonomi ini dilakukan bagi membolehkan Terengganu menjadi sebuah negeri maju menjelang 2020 (Terengganu 1999a, 1999b; 2002). Berdasarkan kelebihan sumber alam, pelbagai program pembangunan telah dilaksanakan agensi kerajaan negeri dan pusat. Perubahan ekonomi yang pesat ini telah meninggalkan impak yang positif ke atas penduduk orang Melayu di koridor itu. Hal ini penting untuk dijadikan sebagai tapak bagi pembinaan sebuah peradaban Melayu moden di pantai timur. Tetapi, tanda-tanda awal pembangunan di kawasan itu menunjukkan bahawa keadaannya tidak cukup menggalakkan. Isu ini menarik untuk diselidiki. Sehubungan pengenalan di atas, rencana ini membincangkan proses pembandaran desa yang menyebabkan berlakunya perubahan ke atas bandar- bandar kecil orang Melayu serta respons isi rumah Melayu terhadap kegiatan ekonomi moden yang berkembang di kawasan yang berkenaan. Perbincangan itu diharap boleh membantu kita menilai aras dan corak keterlibatan orang Melayu dalam ekonomi moden setempat. Rencana ini turut menjelaskan sama ada program pembandaran dan perindustrian di kawasan itu berupaya membantu merubah status ekonomi isi rumah Melayu di situ. KORIDOR KEMAMAN-DUNGUN: PETEMPATAN ORANG MELAYU Kawasan pesisir pantai yang menganjur dari Chukai, Kemaman, di selatan ke Dungun di utara adalah koridor pembangunan yang mengalami perubahan yang pesat (Rajah 1). Koridor ini sudah lama didiami orang Melayu. Dalam pelayaran dari Singapura ke Kelantan pada 1838, Abdullah Abdul Kadir Munsyi mencatatkan keadaan petempatan orang Melayu di pantai timur yang tidak tersusun dan daif (Abdullah A. Kadir Munsyi 1964). Petempatan yang dimaksudkan itu termasuk Kuala Dungun, Chukai, Paka, Kemasik, Kerteh dan Kijal. Pada zaman penjajahan Inggeris, petempatan itu yang terletak jauh dari pantai barat tidak banyak terpengaruh oleh aktiviti ekonomi, khususnya yang dimodali pelabur Eropah. Dominasi orang Melayu di bandar-bandar kecil itu berterusan sehingga Perang Dunia Kedua (Firth 1943) dan ke hari ini (Jadual 1). Transformasi Ekonomi dan Pembandaran di Koridor Kemaman-Dungun 17 Ke Kg. Jerangau Ke Kuala Terengganu PETUNJUK Jalan raya Sempadan negeri S. Du MUKIM Sempadan daerah ng un KUALA DUNGUN Sempadan mukim MUKIM Sungai JERANGAU Anggaran sempadan MUKIM Koridor Kemaman-Dungun KUMPAL Dungun DAERAH DUNGUN MUKIM MUKIM BESUL SURA S K. Sura . P a ka Kemajuan Tanah Kertih a S. Pak K. Paka MUKIM MUKIM KUALA PAKA RASAU Paka L A U T MUKIM ULU PAKA FELDA FELDA Rasau Kertih S. Kertih C H I N A KETENGAH (RISDA) MUKIM KERTIH Kertih S E L A T A N DAERAH KEMAMAN MUKIM MUKIM KEMASIK Kemasik TEBAK MUKIM ULU CHUKAI MUKIM KIJAL Kijal Kg. Ibok S . C h u k a MUKIM i TELOK KALONG MUKIM PASIR SEMUT MUKIM BINJAI Chukai MUKIM S. Kemaman 0 5 km BUNDI MUKIM BANGGOL Ke Kuantan PAHANG RAJAH 1. Koridor Kemaman-Dungun, Terengganu Dalam Laporan Banci Penduduk 1947 telah dicatatkan Dungun (Kuala Dungun) yang mempunyai penduduk sebanyak 4,256 orang dan Chukai dengan penduduknya seramai 4,521 orang itu adalah dua buah petempatan yang terpenting bagi daerah Dungun dan Kemaman. Majoriti penduduk di kedua- dua petempatan itu adalah orang Melayu. Kebanyakan mereka menjalankan aktiviti menangkap ikan dan bertani pada zaman penjajahan Inggeris, walaupun 18 Sari 23 JADUAL 1. Penduduk petempatan utama di pesisiran pantai Kemaman-Dungun pada 1947 dan 2000 Petempatan Jumlah penduduk % penduduk Melayu % penduduk bukan Melayu 1947 2000 1947 2000 1947 2000 Chukai 6,635 16,095 68.1 97.6 31.9 2.4 Kuala Dungun 4,256 38,478 75.8 99.4 24.2 0.6 Kuala Kemaman 2,419 * 86.6 * 13.4 * Kijal 2,065 4,375 91.9 99.9 8.1 0.1 Kuala Paka 1,698 10,599 80.7 91.7 19.3 8.3 Kemasik 1,298 1,896 89.6 98.8 10.4 1.2 Kerteh 1,071 3,064 89.3 99.1 10.7 0.9 Sumber: Del Tufo (1947) dan Malaysia 2001. *Dalam Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2000, Kuala Kemaman adalah sebahagian daripada Chukai. ada juga yang berniaga secara kecil-kecilan di pekan-pekan berdekatan. Corak kehidupan dan sistem petempatan mereka tidak banyak berubah sehingga negara ini mencapai kemerdekaan. Selain itu, walaupun pelbagai projek pembangunan telah dilaksanakan di kawasan tersebut selepas merdeka, keadaan itu berlanjutan beberapa dekad kemudiannya. Hanya pada tahun 1980-an, petempatan di pesisiran pantai itu mengalami perubahan yang pesat berikutan petroleum di luar pantai Terengganu mula dikeluarkan secara komersil mulai 1982. Pengeluaran sumber alam baru itu telah menjadi teras pertumbuhan ekonomi kawasan itu dengan diikuti perkembangan bandar dan pembandaran yang berlaku dengan pesat. PERUBAHAN EKONOMI MELALUI PERINDUSTRIAN DAN PEMBANDARAN Strategi perdana pembangunan kawasan yang mundur pada umumnya adalah berdasarkan teori kutub pertumbuhan yang dikemukakan F. Perroux dan kemudian dikembangkan oleh R.J. Boudeville melalui ideanya tentang pusat pertumbuhan (Hermansen 1972; Hansen 1981). Di sebalik kelemahannya, idea tersebut telah diterima dengan meluas di negara-negara yang membangun (Appalraju & Safier 1976; Fu & Kamal Salih 1976). Menurut teori kutub/pusat pertumbuhan, setelah pusat-pusat yang dikenalpasti itu disuntikkan pelaburan modal sebagai pemangkin bagi pembangunan industri pembuatan yang berdaya saing, kawasan di sekitarnya akan beroleh manfaat melalui pautan ke hadapan dan ke belakang aktiviti pembuatan tadi. Akhirnya, keseluruhan wilayah akan maju justeru suntikan modal itu. Teori ini mempunyai potensi yang besar untuk Transformasi Ekonomi dan Pembandaran di Koridor Kemaman-Dungun 19 diterapkan bagi memajukan kawasan yang mundur di negara-negara yang membangun, termasuk Malaysia. Salah satu wilayah di Malaysia yang menerap idea dan strategi pusat pertumbuhan itu ialah Koridor Kemaman-Dungun. Koridor itu adalah pusat pertumbuhan baru bagi pantai timur dengan tumpuan aktivitinya di Kemaman. Ini bukan sahaja kerana kemudahan asasnya yang lebih baik, tetapi juga bekalan sumber alam yang banyak, maju dengan aktiviti pembuatan dan perkhidmatan moden. Daerah Kemaman mempunyai kemudahan perhubungan telekomunikasi yang moden, bekalan air dan elektrik, pelabuhan air dalam yang baik, iaitu Pelabuhan Petrokimia Cair di Kerteh dan Pelabuhan Kemaman serta kehampirannya dengan lapangan terbang Kuantan, selain Lapangan Terbang Kerteh. Oleh itu, kemajuan yang dicapai melalui pelbagai aktiviti ekonomi perindustrian dan perkhidmatan itu adalah cukup pesat. Oleh itu, sepanjang tempoh 1996-2000, sebanyak 79 projek perindustrian telah diluluskan oleh kerajaan Terengganu dengan melibatkan modal kira-kira RM13.2 bilion. Daripada jumlah itu, lebih 60 peratus bertumpu di koridor ini. Kebanyakan modal adalah Pelaburan Langsung Asing dalam sektor petrokimia, elektrik dan elektronik. Kesemuanya memberi kesan yang besar ke atas pembangunan kawasan itu. Hal ini juga dapat dibuktikan melalui pencapaian KDNK daerah Kemaman (RM3.916 bilion) sebanyak lebih tiga kali ganda KDNK daripada daerah Dungun
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