Institute for Policy Research Northwestern University
Year in Review 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Mission 2
Message from the Director 3
Highlights from 2007 4
New Faculty Fellows 2007 8
Research Programs 2007
Child, Adolescent, and Family Studies 9 Poverty, Race, and Inequality 16 Law and Justice Studies 22 Politics, Institutions, and Public Policy 25 Philanthropy and Nonprofit Organizations 33 Urban Policy and Community Development 36 Social Disparities and Health 38 Quantitative Methods for Policy Research 47
Faculty Activities 2007
Faculty Recognition 53 Faculty Books 57 IPR Working Papers 61 Published Articles and Chapters 62 Colloquia and Events 74
IPR Community of Scholars 2007–08
Faculty Fellows 78 Faculty Associates 79 Administration and Research Staff 80 Executive Committee Postdoctoral Fellows Research Assistants 81 Graduate Research Assistants Summer Undergraduate Research Assistants
Funding Organizations and Projects 2007 82
Events, Publications, and Resources 84
Mission
The mission of the Institute for Policy Research (IPR) is to stimulate and support excellent social science research on significant public policy issues and to disseminate the findings widely—to students, scholars, policymakers, and the public at large.
IPR faculty are IPR faculty are committed and well- series. IPR also organizes special events, committed and well- positioned to apply their interdisciplinary including conferences, policy briefings, positioned to apply research capabilities to many significant lectures, and workshops. policy issues that relate to the economic their interdisciplinary and social well-being of the United States. 8 Research Programs research capabilities These include implementing welfare Research at the Institute takes place to many significant reform in a way that strengthens families within the following eight research areas: and promotes positive child development; policy issues that reforming our educational system; • Child, Adolescent, and Family Studies relate to the economic understanding the causes of increasing • Poverty, Race, and Inequality income disparity between classes and and social well-being • Law and Justice Studies races and developing policies to offset of the United States. those differences; involving communities • Politics, Institutions, and Public Policy in innovative responses to combat • Philanthropy and Nonprofit crime; understanding the impact of the Organizations nation’s racial and ethnic diversity; and • Urban Policy and Community examining issues of social Development disparities and health at the population level. • Social Disparities and Health • Quantitative Methods for Policy Research 8 Fellows and Funding The Institute’s 34 faculty 8 Student Training fellows and 54 faculty IPR faculty serve as major advisers associates represent 21 for doctoral candidates as well as for departments in seven of the undergraduates. Hundreds of graduate University’s schools. They students have been supported through the collaborate with research
J. Reblando Institute’s program for graduate research associates, visiting scholars, assistants. graduate students, and undergraduates on research projects and participate in Undergraduate students participate in colloquia, conferences, and workshops. IPR’s Summer Undergraduate Research Support for these activities comes from Assistants Program and gain experience the University, grants from local and in how to conceptualize and conduct national foundations, government policy-relevant social science research. agencies, corporations, and gifts. Following a weeklong program in statistical computing, they participate 8 Dissemination in a range of projects, such as setting The Institute disseminates its faculty up databases, conducting fieldwork on research through a newsletter, a Web racial and social inequities, and creating site, www.northwestern.edu/ipr, working protocols for obtaining medical records. papers, and a noontime colloquium
Message from the Director
In 2008–09, the Institute for Policy Research will celebrate its 40th anniversary. We’ve come far since our founding as the Center for Urban Affairs in 1968–69. We have expanded our research in response to serious societal concerns and policy issues such as welfare reform, crime, poverty, inequality, social and health disparities, and gaps in educational achievement, and we have pushed the envelope in the use of cutting-edge methodological tools to address these issues.
Over the past year, IPR faculty tackled many policy-relevant questions. Can children with behavioral problems do just as well in school as their peers? Economist Greg Duncan and his colleagues find that they can—if they have the prerequisite math Photos K. Kossoff/L. L. Fay Lomax Cook and reading skills. Do race and ethnicity play a role in how much sleep children get? Developmental psychobiologist Emma Adam and colleagues show that African American children sleep less on average than other children, putting them at risk We have expanded for obesity and other problems later in life. Can two-year colleges improve degree completion for high-risk students? Social policy professor James Rosenbaum and his our research in colleagues find higher degree completion in colleges that provide frequent advising, peer response to serious support, and job placement. societal concerns and IPR faculty have also led the way in the development and application of scientific policy issues such methods for policy-relevant social science research. Our Cells to Society Center as welfare reform, spearheads a summer workshop on the emerging use of biomarkers to link biological processes to broader social, cultural, and economic environments. Our Q-Center crime, poverty ... operates workshops to help those in educational research circles understand, design, and we have pushed and conduct better quasi- and randomized experiments. the envelope in the For IPR’s 2007 Distinguished Public Policy Lecture, we brought together faculty, use of cutting-edge students, and a wide group of invited guests to hear two of the architects of the 1996 methodological tools Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, Ron Haskins and David Ellwood, to address these who reflected on the decade following the implementation of the far-reaching welfare reform act. The event highlighted not only our own faculty’s long-standing research issues. on welfare reform but also what is best about IPR: a critical approach to assessing what does—and does not—work in policies and programs.
Furthering our goal of linking policy and interdisciplinary research, IPR also held several policy briefings to connect policymakers, academics, and the public: implementing an anti-poverty program for the working poor, defining state budget challenges, and outlining the presidential candidates’ healthcare plans. These briefings carry to a broad audience our evidence-based perspectives to crafting policy solutions for pressing social issues.
As we approach our 40th anniversary, we remain committed to our tradition of fostering and promoting excellent social science research. Thanks to our research capacity, methodological strength, and vision, we will continue to address the important policy concerns of our times in the years to come.
Fay Lomax Cook, Director Professor of Human Development and Social Policy
www.northwestern.edu/ipr Highlights from 2007
8 Welfare Reform: 10 Years Later support of the Joyce Foundation. Therese To mark the 10th anniversary of the McGuire, ConAgra Foods Research implementation of the welfare reform Professor in Strategic Management, bill signed by President Bill Clinton in organized the series, which included: 1996, IPR invited Ron Haskins of the Brookings Institution and David Ellwood New Hope for the Working Poor of Harvard University’s Kennedy School A March 16 policy briefing discussed to speak at its 2007 Distinguished Public “New Hope: A Policy Model for the Policy Lecture on “Ten Years After Working Poor and Their Children.” In Welfare Reform: Who Was Right, What 1994, Milwaukee community activists Have We Learned, and Where Do We and city business leaders launched the Need to Go Next?” Haskins and Ellwood experimental anti-poverty program in worked on opposite sides of the aisle which participants worked a minimum during the often inimical negotiations. of 30 hours per week in exchange for Yet the two experts had more views in benefits—such as subsidized healthcare common than might be expected. Both and childcare and earnings supplements— saw welfare reform as an overall success, that would bring their incomes above the with the welfare rolls plummeting by more poverty line (see p. 17). than half between 1996 and 2006. Greg Duncan, Edwina S. Tarry Professor Haskins pointed to two of Education and Social Policy, and New specific achievements: Hope director Julie Kerksick pointed an explosion of work by to how the poverty rate for participating never-married mothers, families fell 16 percent, with continued more than 60 percent of benefits even after the program ended. whom worked in 2000 The program was especially effective to 2005 compared with for adults who faced just one setback 45 percent in 1995, and to employment, such as no work a drop in overall rates of experience. Additional benefits included child poverty, which fell improvements in children’s academic J. Ziv J. from 46 percent in 1993 achievement and better classroom From left: Fay Lomax Cook, Ron Haskins, to just 30 percent in 2001. behavior—especially for boys. and David Ellwood Ellwood insisted that implementing One of the panelists, Chicago business- more welfare rules and restrictions would man and philanthropist King Harris, be “a dead end.” Instead, he suggested noted that while some of the program’s focusing on industry-specific training, aspects, such as the minimum work more supports for putting men and requirement of 30 hours, might be success- childless adults to work, and incentives ful on a larger scale, he found that other to increase the number of two-parent pieces would still be very expensive on a households—where studies show everyone national level, like childcare subsidies. does better—as pieces of a new national strategy to create real upward mobility. State Budget Crises The goal, he suggested, should be to end At a June 6 policy briefing, three experts poverty—not just welfare. addressed the potential for more state budgetary crises as states juggle the 8 Policy Briefings financial needs of elementary and IPR hosted three more policy briefings secondary education, Medicaid, and in 2007 with the continued financial state pension liabilities (see p. 36).
Highlights from 2007
David Merriman, an economist at the for the Council of Economic Advisers University of Illinois at Chicago, noted from 2005 to 2007 under President that “formidable budgetary challenges George W. Bush. loom” as the federal government continues to pressure states to pick up Sherry Glied, a former senior economist more Medicaid costs, which already eat up for the Council of Economic Advisers the largest piece of state budgets. under presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, stressed the overall To accommodate these costs and still similarities between the mixed-cover- fund quality education, states will have to age plans of the Democratic candidates, target resources for the lowest-performing with the primary concern being how districts through foundation aid programs, close they can come to universal cover-
according to Therese McGuire, ConAgra age. All of the candidates plan to roll Ziv J. Foods Research Professor in Strategic back the Bush tax cuts to pay for their From left: Sherry Glied, Therese Management. plans, but they still must address how McGuire, and Katherine Baicker to enforce a mandate to have insur- Economist J. Fred Giertz of the ance, said Glied, a professor at Columbia’s University of Illinois at Urbana- Mailman School of Public Health. Champaign explained how even Illinois, whose poor funding of the state pension Despite all of their healthcare talk, system has been particularly “egregious,” candidates on both sides have avoided can avoid a catastrophe if politicians start long-standing issues of cost containment, addressing the problem now. entitlement, and the role of technology, according to David Dranove, Walter J. In closing remarks, R. Eden Martin, McNerney Professor of Health Industry president of the Civic Committee of Management. He called on the candidates the Commercial Club of Chicago, to support the implementation of recommended cutting expenses, reforming electronic medical records to lower costs, problematic programs, and increasing improve quality, and expand access. taxes to pay for obligations already incurred, yet he noted that it’s often easier 8 Quasi-Experimentation Workshops for legislators to put the problem off for Social psychologist Thomas D. Cook those who will follow in office. and his colleague William Shadish of the University of California, Merced, Presidential Candidates’ Healthcare Plans held their second series of quasi- The December 10 briefing featured three experimentation workshops over of the nation’s top healthcare scholars, summer 2007. The three workshops, who analyzed the healthcare plans of funded by the Spencer Foundation,
the 2008 Democratic and Republican welcomed 90 educational researchers Ziv J. presidential frontrunners. from universities, school districts, and From left: William Shadish and research firms (see p. 51). Thomas Cook Katherine Baicker, a professor at Harvard University’s School of Public Health, Each weeklong curriculum covered theory singled out John McCain as having the and practice for regression discontinuity most detailed healthcare proposals among designs and interrupted time series, among the Republican candidates. His plan other topics. Pointing to many examples would offer a self-financing, flat-tax credit, from education, the two methodologists as well as pay-for-performance and longer- highlighted the advantages of using such term insurance, said Baicker, who worked practices but also noted the circumstances
www.northwestern.edu/ipr Highlights from 2007
under which they would not work. Cook and Competitive Practice. Druckman is is Joan and Sarepta Harrison Chair in chair of IPR’s Politics, Institutions, and Ethics and Justice and co-director of Public Policy Program. IPR’s Center for Improving Quantitative Methods for Policy Research (Q-Center). 8 Conference on the History of Taxation Scholars in sociology, history, economics, 8 C2S Summer Biomarker Institute law, and political science from around the Cells to Society (C2S): The Center on country converged to discuss the role of Social Disparities and Health held its taxes from a sociohistorical perspective at second Summer Biomarker Institute, a conference co-organized by sociologist welcoming 33 scholars, including Monica Prasad. “The Thunder of participants from Nigeria, China, History: Taxation in Comparative and and the United Kingdom. Headed Historical Perspective” took place from by three IPR faculty fellows— March 4 to 5 at Northwestern University, developmental psychobiologist with IPR as a co-sponsor. Presentations Emma Adam and anthropologists covered such topics as the historical Thomas McDade and Christopher origins of the tax code and the social Kuzawa—the three-day workshop, consequences of taxation, historical held from June 18 to 20, outlined lessons, and fiscal sociology. Sociologist how social scientists can effectively Charles Tilly of Columbia University
J. Moore J. include field-friendly biological gave the keynote address. Presentations Thomas McDade with C2S Summer measures in their studies. The included political scientist Andrea Biomarker Institute participants program covered several practical Campbell of the Massachusetts Institute topics, such as how to collect and of Technology discussing American views analyze saliva biomarkers and dried of taxation and historian Robin Einhorn blood spots. It also included a discussion of the University of California, Berkeley, by Dorothy Roberts, Kirkland & Ellis uncovering historical differences in Professor of Law, of ethical considerations taxation between the North and South in applying biological measures to (see p. 28). community-based research (see p. 46). 8 Q-Center Colloquia Feature 8 Chicago Area Political and Social Methodological Experts Behavior Workshop The Q-Center, IPR’s Center for To foster connections between social Improving Methods for Quantitative scientists with common interests in Policy Research, continued its colloquia political and social behavior, series with a fresh round of experts to political scientist James discuss methodological innovations across Druckman organized a workshop a wide variety of research disciplines. At at Northwestern, co-sponsored by a November 13 colloquium, Graham IPR, on May 11. More than 40 social Kalton, chairman of the board of directors scientists and graduate students from and senior vice president of Westat, around the Midwest came together offered insight into the methods and
P. Reese P. to discuss diverse topics, from challenges of compensating for missing From left: Benjamin Page, examining the black-white race gap survey data when using design-based Mark Peffley, and Northwestern in death penalty support by Mark modes of inference. On December political scientist Reuel Rogers Peffley of the University of Kentucky 11, sociologist Douglas Heckathorn to linking political rhetoric and of Cornell University talked about ideology by Northwestern’s Daniel extensions of respondent-driven sampling Diermeier, IBM Professor of Regulation (see p. 52).
Highlights from 2007
8 Undergraduates Organize Panel undergraduate researchers have made on Universal Healthcare valuable research contributions and The student-run Undergraduate Lecture gained important research skills that they Series on Race, Poverty, and Inequality, carried with them to the working world or co-sponsored by IPR, featured a panel on graduate studies. November 14, “Healthcare Disparities and Solutions.” Three IPR faculty discussed 8 Faculty Research in the Media the issues around creating a universal In 2007, many media outlets ran stories healthcare plan in the United States. about IPR faculty research. Economist Greg Duncan received national media Political scientist Benjamin Page, attention for a school readiness study that Gordon S. Fulcher Professor of Deci- he led, including a November 13 New sion Making, presented evidence that a York Times front-page article (see p. 9). In majority of Americans—Republicans and October, Smithsonian magazine featured Democrats—favor a “single government psychologist Jennifer Richeson as one of plan,” since most of the public’s worries “America’s 37 Young Innovators” for her about “big government” and taxes become cutting-edge research on racial biases and more abstract when weighed against real discrimination (see p. 44). The Harvard
benefits of social programs. Business Review profiled psychologistAlice Reese P. Eagly’s book Through the Labyrinth: The From left: Katie Halpern and Esther Management and strategy assistant profes- Truth About How Women Become Leaders Lin, IPR summer undergraduate sor Leemore Dafny pointed out that a in September (see p. 30). Statistician research assistants successful U.S. plan would require federal Bruce Spencer’s work on the accuracy action, regulation of insurance companies of jury verdicts was picked up by many to ensure fair pricing, and a mandate— outlets, including the Wall Street Journal even so, covering the uninsured would online on July 16 (see p. 50). Political constitute a great expense. scientist Wesley G. Skogan was quoted in the Economist in a June 7 article on According to Burton Weisbrod, an econo- “New Model Police.” Developmental mist, without economies of scale, a lot of psychobiologist Emma Adam’s work on healthcare capital is directed toward very cortisol and loneliness was featured in few people. It might be unrealistic, there- several popular U.S. magazines, such as fore, to offer some expensive treatments to Self and Harper’s, in spring 2007. Adam, every American on a universal plan. He is Duncan, and IPR graduate research John Evans Professor of Economics. assistant Emily Snell’s paper on how a lack of sleep can lead to obesity in 8 Summer Undergraduate children received national coverage in Research Assistants Program February, with television stations around Each summer for the past 10 years, IPR the country picking up the story (see has offered undergraduates a unique p. 40). Economist Charles F. Manski’s opportunity to gain hands-on research research on social security expectations experience through a 10-week research was cited in a November 26 article on program. Last summer IPR paired 22 washingtonpost.com. Education and Northwestern students with IPR faculty social policy professors James Spillane researchers to work on projects ranging and James Rosenbaum both had pieces in from studies of health and longevity Education Week. Sociologist Mary Pattillo to political Web sites. Developmental had two Chicago Tribune articles and radio psychobiologist Emma Adam, who interviews relating to her book Black on directs the program, noted that her past the Block (see p. 17). www.northwestern.edu/ipr new faculty fellows
8 New Faculty Fellows 2007 Alberto Palloni Jeremy Freese Board of Trustees Professor of Sociology; Professor in Sociology; PhD, Sociology, Indiana PhD, Sociology, University, 2000 Representing the University of Washington, 1977 fields of sociology,
P. Reese P. P. Reese P. political science, and A specialist in Freese, a former Robert economics, these four population health and ethnic disparities, Wood Johnson Scholar in Health Policy Palloni investigates the relationship at Harvard University, conducts research faculty fellows will between early health status and social on the connections between biological, enhance the Institute’s stratification and inequality. In places psychological, and social processes and interdisciplinary such as Latin America and Africa, he how they are altered by large-scale social has examined aging and mortality. He or technological change, including the research. is also recognized for his development role of evolutionary psychological and of mathematical and statistical models, behavioral genetics. In addition, he especially in describing the consequences explores policy solutions that emphasize of HIV/AIDS on family structure in individual informed choice and how sub-Saharan Africa. A member of the such plans might lead to differences in American Academy of Arts and Sciences, how much people benefit from them. a National Institutes of Health Merit Freese also studies ways of improving Scholar, and a past president of the data collection and methodology in the Population Association of America, social sciences and has written on how to Palloni has consulted for the World Bank interpret and use Stata software. and United Nations, among others.
Victoria DeFrancesco Sergio Urzúa Soto Assistant Professor Assistant Professor of of Economics; PhD, Political Science; Economics, University of PhD, Political Science, Chicago, 2007
Duke University, 2007 T. Burch T.
M. Martin DeFrancesco Soto’s Urzúa researches the work focuses on campaigns and elections role of uncertainty and cognitive and from the viewpoint of how cognition noncognitive abilities as determinants and affect shape the processing of of schooling decisions, labor-market political information within a dynamic outcomes, and social behavior. His political environment of changing econometric research focuses on racial and ethnic demographics. Her estimating selection models with research examines the influence of social unobserved heterogeneity. Recently, he group identity on political behavior, in and economists James Heckman, the particular on campaigns; black-Latino 2000 Nobel Laureate in Economics, and intergroup relations; comparative race Jora Stixrud of the University of Chicago studies; and attitudes toward immigration. found evidence that noncognitive skills In other projects, she studied campaign have as much influence on outcomes for media effects and how Latino growth is schooling, wages, and employment as changing race relations in the New South. cognitive ability. new faculty fellows Child, Adolescent, and family studies
This interdisciplinary program, led by Dorothy Roberts, Kirkland & Ellis Professor of Law, combines the interests of IPR faculty studying the ways in which social programs, policies, and contexts affect the lives of families and children from birth to young adulthood. Drawn from the fields of human development and social policy, psychology, sociology, economics, and law, many faculty share Tcommon interests with scholars in IPR’s Poverty, Race, and Inequality program (see pp. 16–21)—particularly in studying the impact of public policies on America’s poor. Research in this area covers:
P. Reese P. • schools, learning, and educational policies Dorothy Roberts, • neighborhood effects on low-income youth Chair • programs to support low-income workers and their families • the effects of welfare reform on children, adolescents, and their parents • racial disproportionality in child welfare systems This program • the economics of adoption combines the interests of IPR 8 Overview of Activities faculty studying School Readiness socially adjusted peers—provided that the ways in which In the study “School Readiness and they come to school with the prerequisite social programs, Later Achievement,” economist Greg academic skills. The study, originally Duncan and his colleagues uncovered a published by Developmental Psychology in policies, and finding that runs contrary to conventional November 2007, was picked up by the contexts affect the wisdom about school achievement: national press, appearing on the front lives of families Children entering kindergarten with page of the New York Times. elementary math and reading skills are the and children from most likely to do well in school later, even Duncan and his colleagues are also birth to young if they have various social and emotional studying how to replicate this finding adulthood. problems. Using six longitudinal studies, by using third, seventh, and tenth the authors measured school readiness grades as baselines and then following skills and behaviors of more than 35,000 the children’s long-term outcomes preschoolers in the United States, as measured by on-time high school Canada, and England. They began when a graduation, the years of schooling they child entered school (at around age 5) and complete, and job earnings after the age measured for later academic achievement of 25. Building on their earlier work, (between ages 7 and 14). Controlling for the researchers will relate measures of IQ, family income, gender, temperament, academic and socioemotional skills to type of previous educational experience, these later outcomes, controlling for and whether children came from single- or family composition at preschool and the two-parent families, the researchers found child’s individual characteristics to the that the mastery of early math concepts extent possible. This research is being when entering school was the strongest supported by the Spencer Foundation and predictor of future academic success. the Foundation for Child Development.
Duncan, who was the study’s lead author, Pre-K Programs found that ill-behaved boys and girls from Social psychologist Thomas D. Cook and either rich or poor families learn just as IPR graduate research assistant Vivian much as their better behaved or more Wong are examining the quality of www.northwestern.edu/ipr Child, Adolescent, and family studies
preschool programs. The number of state- children’s achievement, and thus, there run preschool programs has doubled since is no scientifically valid basis for rolling 1980, with more than a million children federal monies into state block grants and enrolled in programs in 38 states. Wong away from the federally funded Head Start and Cook used data from the National program. Wong presented the results of Institute for Early Education Research their study at a June 18 policy briefing in In further research, (NIEER) to examine the effectiveness Washington, D.C., hosted by NIEER and Cook and Wong of programs in five states: Michigan, the Pew Charitable Trusts. Approximately hope to unlock New Jersey, Oklahoma, South Carolina, 60 Senate and House staff members, and West Virginia. They found positive policymakers, and advocates attended. the reasons why effects on children’s print awareness, early some state pre-K mathematics, and receptive vocabulary Teacher Quality programs generate skills. But the results vary by state and Michelle Reininger’s previous career as outcome and thus cannot be generalized a high school chemistry teacher sparked larger cognitive across all state pre-K programs. In further her interest in teacher quality. Reininger, impacts than research, they hope to unlock the reasons who is assistant professor of human why some state programs generate larger others. development, social policy, and learning cognitive impacts than others. sciences, is working with Chicago Public Schools (CPS) on a longitudinal study Using NIEER data, some have argued that of pre-service teachers (those who are state programs have larger achievement training to be teachers). As the nation’s effects on preschoolers than Head Start third largest urban school district, CPS does, based on a comparison of Westat’s struggles each year to fill its classrooms first-year Head Start results. But Cook with high-quality teachers, especially and Wong cautioned in hard-to-staff subjects such as math, that these evaluations science, and bilingual education. are not similar. While the Head Start study CPS has a very successful student teacher uses a nationally program that recruits as many as 1,500 representative sample, student teachers each year, but it faces NIEER looked at a tremendous challenge in devising a only five of the most dynamic selection process to identify well-established those student teachers who will not state preschool just survive but also thrive in the urban programs—with four environment of Chicago’s public schools. having higher quality This is why Reininger is launching a two- A. Campbell A. standards than the year project, thanks to funding from the Michelle Reininger, here with two of her national average. Joyce Foundation, to help develop and student researchers, studies teacher preparation. There were other evaluate a comprehensive district-level differences as well, process that will allow CPS to identify such as that the Head and target promising student teachers. Start children were poorer and the Head She noted that by retaining high-quality Start control group had more children individuals after their student teaching, who were in alternative preschools, thus CPS hopes to close the achievement gap. creating a higher threshold for Head Start to reach to be declared effective. Reininger is also involved in the They found no solid evidence for the Teacher Pathways Project, a multiyear claim that state pre-K programs are better study of teacher preparation programs than Head Start programs at raising and pathways into teaching in New
10 Child, Adolescent, and family studies
York City. This study of teachers and instruments for identifying and measuring teacher preparation programs examines leadership for mathematics in middle characteristics of teacher education and schools. This study has developed and pathways into teaching and identifies validated a social network instrument attributes that have an impact on student for identifying formal and informal outcomes in the city’s public schools. leadership in schools. Further, Spillane and his colleagues have designed and Distributed Leadership in Schools validated logs for studying leadership Education policy professor James Spillane, and management practice, including the Spencer T. and Ann W. Olin Professor Experience Sampling Method log, End of in Learning and Organizational Change, Day log, and Leadership Daily Practice is lead investigator of the Distributed log. Leadership Project, a longitudinal study of urban school leadership. Building on Improving Schools via Performance theories of distributed cognition, the Incentives for Principals central goal of the project is to make Management and strategy professor the “black box” of the practice of school Michael Mazzeo is looking at leadership more transparent by analyzing how incentives might improve the how leaders think and act to improve performance of public schools via mathematics, science, and literacy principals that run instruction in their schools. them. He and Julie Berry Cullen of While the push to raise the quality of the University of research-based evidence has amplified California, San Diego, over the past decade, such a push will only are using a unique be effective if evidence-based practices data set, compiling are incorporated into the day-to-day records from all Texas practices of schools and school districts. public schools from Spillane’s most recent book, Distributed 1989 to 2006. The Leadership in Practice (Teachers College data set combines Press, 2007), was written expressly with “monitoring”
this objective in mind. Designed for information— Reese P. educational policymakers, practitioners, detailed campus- James Spillane makes a presentation on distributed and researchers, the book uses case studies level scores from leadership in schools. based on extensive research to illustrate state-administered how taking a distributed perspective can standardized tests—and “incentives” help them understand and connect more information—the complete employment directly to leadership practice. It also and wage histories of all school principals explores how a distributed perspective during this period. Preliminary findings is different from other frameworks for suggest that labor-market opportunities thinking about leadership. Spillane co- and career concerns potentially provide edited the book with John Diamond of effective incentives for public school Harvard University. administrators to increase efforts to improve academic performance. Spillane is principal investigator of Distributed Leadership for Middle Assessing Spatial Learning School Mathematics Education, a As part of the recently established four-year quantitative and qualitative Spatial Intelligence and Learning study designed to develop and validate Center (SILC), Larry V. Hedges and his
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 11 Child, Adolescent, and family studies
colleagues are working to achieve a better changed their procedures to enable understanding of spatial relationships, students to be prepared for these new which serve as the foundation for a wide goals. The researchers are examining range of reasoning and communication students’ college plans and the kind of skills. Yet few methods exist for assessing information and action plans they are young children’s spatial skills. Hedges, receiving from guidance counselors. They While it would be Board of Trustees Professor in Statistics are considering which students have desirable to have all and Social Policy, is leading the SILC what kinds of information and plans and students meet the project to develop a spatial assessment from where the information comes. They battery, a standardized instrument for are also looking at which informational standards for college- assessing spatial cognition. He and his sources can reduce socioeconomic and placement tests, it’s colleagues are working to adapt tasks from ethnic gaps in college information, plans, not clear that the labor research settings for large-scale, real-world attendance, and the institution attended. use to provide sensitive and differentiated They are surveying the students at the market demands that. knowledge about skill profiles. Improving beginning and at the end of their senior the level of spatial functioning in the year, in addition to interviewing their population could lead to significant guidance counselors. By identifying poor improvements in workforce effectiveness sources of information and problematic and, eventually, issues of social equity. plans, they hope to identify and remedy some of the problems that can lead to College Access and Success ineffective college planning and decisions. In the United States, 95 percent of all high school seniors plan on attending Further, while the goal of college for all is college, yet half of students who plan admirable, Rosenbaum’s research shows to get a college degree fail to do so, and it is not practical or even desirable. In this number drops to under 20 percent a June 2007 essay for Education Week, for African American students. This is Rosenbaum wrote, “While it would be the unintended desirable to have all students meet the result of an standards for college-placement tests, it’s implicit policy not clear that the labor market demands that education that.” Only the top 40 percent of jobs and social policy require mastery of college-level subjects; professor James the remaining 60 percent of jobs do not Rosenbaum has require college degrees—just skills that called “college for could be easily taught in high school. all.” With funding from the Spencer From his research of high schools and Foundation, two-year colleges, Rosenbaum advocates Rosenbaum and ongoing job-placement activities at his team are in the schools and colleges, as well as individual
P. Reese P. midst of a study of faculty-employer contacts, to assist James Rosenbaum and Jennifer Stephan discuss 1,800 high school students. These contacts provide whether community colleges improve seniors in 12 high dependable signals to employers about graduation rates for some students. schools. students’ capabilities, and dependable incentives for students to work hard Rosenbaum’s earlier research suggested in school and college. These effects that high schools have radically changed are powerful and have the potential to the educational goals they pose for motivate students who have never done students, but they have not always well in school before.
12 Child, Adolescent, and family studies
In seeking an answer to how types what had happened but differed somewhat of colleges affect degree completion, in their interpretation of what should Rosenbaum and IPR graduate research come next (see p. 4). assistant and doctoral student Lisbeth Gobel are looking at the student- Welfare, Children, and Families: institution fit to draw out theinstitutional A Three-City Study characteristics that matter most for Developmental psychologist P. Lindsay postsecondary degree attainment. Chase-Lansdale is co-director of Welfare, They are using data from the National Children, and Families: A Three-City Education Longitudinal Study and Study, a multidisciplinary study of Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 2,400 low-income children and families System to examine differences between in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio students’ levels of achievement and their currently in its 13th year. The study’s varying goals in the colleges they attend. major finding as previously reported in the journal Science has been that in the short Rosenbaum and IPR graduate research run and when economic times are good, assistant and doctoral student Jennifer welfare reform policy neither significantly Stephan find that while current higher helps nor hurts children education policies have generally and adolescents in low- increased the system’s “permeability” income families whose through open admissions, low cost, mothers leave welfare proximal locations, and flexible and go to work. Indeed, schedules, students still struggle with teenagers whose mothers “transparency” in the system and found jobs or increased with navigating a pathway to degree their work hours showed completion. They suggest system-wide decreases in psychological reforms that would involve new policies distress. for high school counseling, community college admissions, and financial aid With support from that would generate more information the National Institute
for students about preparation, choices, of Child Health and J. Ziv J. and outcomes and reduce the system’s Human Development From left: Ron Haskins and burdensome complexity. (NICHD), the researchers David Ellwood discuss welfare reform. are analyzing a third A Decade of Welfare Reform wave of data collected from home-based Temporary Assistance for Needy Families interviews. At the time the interviews (TANF) was signed into law in 1996 and were conducted, half of the children implemented in 1997. More than 10 years from the first wave of the study were in later, the effects of this massive change in elementary school (aged 6 to 10), and U.S. social policy are still being analyzed. the other half were adolescents (aged 16 For its 2007 Distinguished Public Policy to 20) who were making the transition Lecture, IPR invited two of TANF’s to young adulthood and either were original architects, Brookings scholar enrolled in, had graduated from, or had Ron Haskins and David Ellwood, dean of dropped out of high school. Additionally, Harvard’s Kennedy School, to give their Chase-Lansdale and her colleagues have views on what took place over the past data from the Three-City Teacher Survey decade and what welfare should look (TCTS), a Web-based survey of the like in the future. Though from opposite teachers of children and adolescents in sides of the aisle, the two largely agreed on the Three-City Study. The teachers have
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 13 Child, Adolescent, and family studies
provided independent assessments of the children, suggesting that a $1,000 increase youths’ academic and social functioning in annual income for low-income families and their schooling experiences. Chase- that is sustained for two to five years Lansdale and colleagues are currently boosts child achievement. analyzing the three waves of data, which will result in one of the few reports on Chase-Lansdale and New Welfare Bureaucrats the long-term implications of welfare Celeste Watkins-Hayes, assistant colleagues are currently reform for children, adolescents, and professor of sociology and African analyzing the three young adults. There will be a workshop American studies, is finalizing her in July 2008, held at the Inter-University waves of data, which book manuscript “The New Welfare Consortium for Political and Social Bureaucrats: Entanglements of Race, will result in one of Science Research (ICPSR) at the Class, and Policy Reform,” slated for the few reports on the University of Michigan, where the study data are housed. The workshop is geared long-term implications to researchers with an interest in using of welfare reform for the study data. It will discuss the study’s design and sampling frame, content, and children, adolescents, the research questions and issues involved and young adults. in using the study data.
Funding to Northwestern University for the Three-City Study has come from the NICHD, Annie E. Casey Foundation, Joyce Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Lloyd A. Fry Foundation, Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation, Searle Fund for P. Reese P. Policy Research, and Woods Fund. For Celeste Watkins-Hayes studies the changing TCTS, the Annie E. Casey Foundation nature of the U.S. welfare bureaucracy. and Searle Fund for Policy Research supplemented NICHD funding. publication by the University of Chicago Press in 2009. In it, she explores how the Next Generation Study professional and social identities of street- In the Next Generation Study, a random- level bureaucrats shape how low-income assignment evaluation of 10 welfare-to- families receive welfare services. work programs supported by NICHD, Against the backdrop of increasing economist Greg Duncan, Edwina S. Tarry income inequality, work requirements Professor of Education and Social Policy, for impoverished mothers, and a and fellow researchers at the Manpower restructured social safety net, this study Demonstration Research Corporation provides an in-depth look at the inner and the University of Texas at Austin are workings of a poverty relief agency. As studying the policy impacts on children welfare offices attempt to shift their and youth, as well as addressing more organizational model from one of writing fundamental issues such as the role of checks and monitoring fraud to an income and childcare on child and youth increasingly professionalized institution, development. Recent findings include caseworkers and others advance their noteworthy effects of family income own interpretations of how to transform on school achievement for preschool their clients, the office, and their work.
14 Child, Adolescent, and family studies
For these situated bureaucrats, the politics in African American neighborhoods. of professional roles and racial, class, and Her study, “The Racial Geography of community interests give rise to distinct Child Welfare: Toward a New Research interpretations of what “helping the poor” Paradigm,” will be published in a looks like. special issue of Child Welfare on racial disproportionality. Welfare Reform in Illinois In the Illinois Families Study (IFS), Economics of Adoption human development and social policy Americans adopt more children both professor Dan A. Lewis and colleagues domestically and internationally than any studied former welfare recipients and the other nationality in the world, with 2.5 larger implications for welfare reform from percent—or 2 million—of all American 1999 to 2004. Lewis is currently working children being adopted. With funding on a book manuscript, tentatively titled from the National Science Foundation, “Welfare Reform and the Limits of labor economist Éva Nagypál and Inclusion,” that will summarize the study’s her colleagues will conduct the first major findings. He includes evidence of a econometric analysis of the “adoption great deal of “churning,” or movement in market.” They will create a new data and out of different sectors of occupations set from the National Survey of Family and industries, low wages, and precarious Growth and the Survey of Income and situations for those who cannot find Program Participation to trace historical work. The study received funding from adoption trends in the United States. the Department of Education, NICHD, Administration for Children and Families, Their aim is to show how different Chicago Community Trust, Joyce elements, such as adoption-law reform, Foundation, MacArthur Foundation, and marriage-market dynamics, and labor- Polk Bros. Foundation. market policy changes, affect decision making about constituting families in the Wang Kou Child Welfare System United States. Eventually, they hope to Dorothy Roberts, Kirkland & Ellis show how different policy interventions Professor of Law, completed research influence decisions about adoption on the community-level effects of the and fertility. Nagypál is working with disproportionate number of African Chiaki Moriguchi, assistant professor American children in child welfare of economics at Northwestern; Luojia systems. From her in-depth interviews Hu, a senior economist at the Chicago of black women in Woodlawn, a mostly Federal Reserve Bank; and Raquel Bernal, black Chicago neighborhood with assistant professor of economics at the high rates of foster-care placement, Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Roberts concludes that the residents of Columbia. such neighborhoods must increasingly rely on child protection agencies for needed financial assistance due to the growing dearth of social programs in these neighborhoods. Roberts explores the implications of these findings for a new research paradigm to address racial disproportionality and to understand the impact and role of child welfare agencies
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 15 Poverty, Race, and Inequality
To what extent does where one lives affect life outcomes? In the program on Race, Poverty, and Inequality, directed by James Rosenbaum, IPR researchers continue a line of influential research on the links between poverty, housing, and outcomes. In addition, they address other pressing topics of concern that often overlap with IPR’s Child, Adolescent, and Family Studies program T(see pp. 9–15). Researchers in this area are focusing on: • public housing and residential mobility programs
J. Reblando • poverty and welfare reform James Rosenbaum, • racial inequality and discrimination Chair • labor markets, peer effects, and impacts on longevity • the HIV/AIDS epidemic
IPR researchers 8 Overview of Activities continue a line of influential research Neighborhood Effects on Low-Income Youth Each family was randomly assigned to one Do families that move out of high poverty of three groups: a low-poverty voucher on the links neighborhoods to more affluent areas give group, a traditional Section 8 voucher between poverty, their children a better shot at academic group, or a control group. MTO mandated housing, and success? Three prominent foundations, destination neighborhoods with poverty Bill and Melinda Gates, John D. and rates of 10 percent or less. outcomes. Catherine T. MacArthur, and Smith Richardson, have awarded grants for Nonexperimental studies have generally a major new study on neighborhood indicated “better neighborhoods, better effects led by economist Greg Duncan, outcomes” for comparable groups of Edwina S. Tarry Professor of Education children. Yet starting with the 2002 and Social Policy. The project has also data, Duncan and his co-investigators received funding from the Institute of have found that the only effect that Education Sciences and the Department seems to carry over to female adults is of Housing and Urban Development an improvement in mental health. On (HUD). The grant is part of the average, young men who moved because MacArthur Foundation’s recent $25 of MTO seemed to do worse in terms of million investment in housing research. risky and criminal behavior.
No study has ever pinned down the Duncan, Jens Ludwig of the University exact magnitude of neighborhood of Chicago, and three colleagues, effects on people’s life chances because Lawrence Katz and Ronald Kessler of of a lack of randomized design. The Harvard University and Jeffrey Kling of researchers aim to provide the first the Brookings Institution, have begun rigorous measures of the long-term causal collecting new data on 2,444 youths, now effects of neighborhoods on children and 10 to 14 years old, who were newborns parents. The congressionally mandated to 5-year-olds at the time of random study will interview families from the assignment. The investigators think that randomized mobility experiment, Moving this group might be the most susceptible to Opportunity, or MTO, implemented to environmental changes, according to by HUD. From 1994 to 1998, more than recent child development findings. They 4,600 low-income families in five major will investigate several outcomes for the U.S. cities enrolled in the MTO study. children, including education, mental and 16 Poverty, Race, and Inequality
physical health, and delinquent, risky, African American since the 1950s and or problem behavior. The researchers is currently undergoing gentrification will also interweave the MTO data by the black middle class. The book with school records, arrest histories, highlights the black and possibly biomarker data for health professionals’ crucial information. Assessing whether the large but often conflicted changes in neighborhood environments engagement with induced by MTO during early childhood white elites, other are positive and sustainable could provide black professionals, key insights on how to improve life and poor blacks in chances for disadvantaged children living NKO to maintain in some of the nation’s most distressed an environment neighborhoods. that reflects their values as well as those of less affluent
Public Housing and Neighborhood Poverty Reblando J. neighbors. The book Sociologist Lincoln Quillian is examining Mary Pattillo’s most recent book looks at the role of public housing in forming also traces the local maelstrom in which gentrification in an African American high-poverty areas in American cities. neighborhood in Chicago. Past analyses have focused on single cities NKO residents and have failed to account for where grappled with the residents would live if not in public twin pressures of housing. Quillian uses a series of simple public housing transformation and the demographic simulations that reallocate revitalization and construction of market- the residents of public housing to other rate housing. residential locations to estimate the effect of public housing projects on spatially Lifting the Working Poor Out of Poverty concentrated poverty. Overall, poverty Publication of the book Higher Ground: concentration is not strongly influenced New Hope for the Working Poor and by public housing because public housing Their Children (Russell Sage Foundation, is a small percentage of all housing. 2007) by economist Greg Duncan, However, public housing does have a Edwina S. Tarry Professor of Education moderately strong impact on creating and Social Policy, Aletha Huston of areas with exceptionally high levels of the University of Texas at Austin, and concentrated poverty. Quillian finds that Thomas Weisner of the University of larger reductions in poverty concentration California, Los Angeles, continues to would require reducing class and race raise awareness about how the nation segregation in private housing markets. can use the lessons of New Hope, an anti-poverty program in Milwaukee that used subsidized earnings and benefits to Gentrification and Chicago’s improve the lives of low-income workers
Black Middle Class and their families. Duncan was invited to Sociologist Mary Pattillo’s book Black present recommendations from the book on the Block: The Politics of Race and at many events over the year, including Class in the City (University of Chicago on March 16 at an IPR policy briefing Press, 2007) focuses on gentrification and in Chicago and on December 12 at a public housing construction in the North Brookings Institution event held at the Kenwood/Oakland (NKO) area. NKO National Press Club in Washington, D.C. is a neighborhood on Chicago’s south Duncan notes that the program, which lakefront that has been predominantly received funding from NICHD, is ready to be rolled out for a national test (see p. 4). www.northwestern.edu/ipr 17 Poverty, Race, and Inequality
has completed a review and analysis Duncan is one of the leaders of an eight- of studies of the role of social capital year follow-up of the New Hope Project, in maintaining persistent racial which randomly assigned families to gaps in poverty rates in the United a treatment group and provided wage, States. They focus on four prominent childcare, and health insurance subsidies social capital explanations relevant to to parents working at least 30 hours per poverty disparities: job search networks, week. The researchers are interviewing neighborhood collective efficacy, ethnicity all mothers and children in the program in social networks, and networks of to gauge whether children are still school friends. They find the latter three experiencing positive benefits five years to have a greater effect on racial gaps in after the end of the program. A substudy poverty but argue that social capital alone of 44 families, who have been followed can explain only a small share of racial since their third year in the program, is differences in poverty rates. providing researchers with an in-depth view of their experiences. Income and Job-Market Segregation Quillian is also studying how residential Economic Costs of Childhood Poverty income segregation factors into A report released in January 2007 finds educational inequalities between that economic costs of childhood poverty adolescents with different socioeconomic in the United States total about $500 backgrounds. He finds that young adults billion per year—or nearly 4 percent from poor families were more likely to of the nation’s gross domestic product drop out of high school and less likely (GDP). Economist Greg Duncan and to attend college if they lived in more his co-authors link a poor child’s average income-segregated metropolitan areas. future earning potential, propensity to Adults raised in more affluent families, commit crime, and quality of health, on the other hand, were neither more adding up the average costs per child to likely to graduate from high school nor P. ReeseP. arrive at an aggregate economic impact go to college in more income-segregated Lincoln Quillian gives an IPR on the U.S. economy. Childhood poverty, metropolitan areas; they did not gain colloquium on public housing they find, reduces U.S. productivity and educationally from segregation. and the spatial concentration economic output by about 1.3 percent of poverty. of GDP, increases the costs of crime by Historian Nancy MacLean is working on 1.3 percent of GDP, and boosts health a book manuscript titled “‘Freedom Is the expenditures, reducing the value of Answer’: The Strange Career of School health by 1.2 percent of GDP. Duncan Vouchers” that will trace the closing of co-authored “The Economic Costs of schools in Prince Edward County, Va., Poverty: Subsequent Effects of Children from 1959 to 1964. The closings grew out Growing Up Poor” with Harry Holzer of the state’s policy of “massive resistance” of Georgetown University and Diane advocated by Southern segregationists to Whitmore Schanzenbach and Jens Ludwig Brown v. Board of Education. This five-year of the University of Chicago. The Center struggle also generated the first push for for American Progress released the report, tuition grants and school vouchers that a version of which was published in the later became a conservative cause. Journal of Children and Poverty. Labor Markets Racial Gaps in Poverty Rates Labor economist Éva Nagypál is With Rozlyn Redd of Columbia developing a new theoretical model University, sociologist Lincoln Quillian to explain the extent, efficiency,
18 Poverty, Race, and Inequality
and cyclical behavior of job-to-job then interweave the analysis of these transitions. She matches the most models with econometric information important features of these transitions, from natural experiments to assess how including their size and how much they varying policies and financial institutions vary across groups of workers and across affect incomes, occupations, risk sharing, the business cycle. She then studies the and other variables. In bringing these two efficiency properties of the proposed strands together, the researchers show Urzúa and Guzman’s model and policy implications of how individuals respond to different preliminary results theories of frictional labor markets that financial arrangements, providing a indicate that both incorporate this empirically grounded natural framework for the analysis and model of job-to-job transitions. The design of different public policies. family background study thus provides new insights not only and individual abilities about worker turnover but also about Nature and Nurture in Explaining Inequality play an important role the optimality of the observed level of Economist Sergio Urzúa and Julio unemployment. Guzman of the University of Chicago are in explaining income developing a structural model of income inequality. Nagypál is also looking at how people inequality that considers how parents’ who quit jobs affect job creation in human capital and an individual’s abilities companies. A firm’s recruitment effort directly and indirectly affect schooling can signify either its desire to expand or decisions and labor-market outcomes. its need to replace workers who have quit Using data from Chile, they analyze how valuable positions. The costs of these two an individual’s inherited characteristics recruitment activities differ if workers who (circumstances) and endogenous quit leave behind firm-specific physical decisions (opportunities) might explain and organizational capital. With Jason income inequality. Preliminary results Faberman of the Federal Reserve Bank indicate that both family background of Philadelphia, Nagypál is refining a and individual abilities play an important model that distinguishes between the two role in explaining income inequality. motivations for recruitment. The model Additionally, inadequate levels of naturally creates a distinction between education appear as an important force worker and job flows and allows the in explaining the country’s high levels of authors to tie the total cost of recruiting inequality. to the level of search on the job. They contrast their model with company-level Impact of Early Life on Later Life Outcomes panel microdata on quits, separations, To trace the effects of early life
vacancies, and hires from the Job circumstances on later life outcomes P. Reese P. Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. in the United States, economist Joseph Éva Nagypál conducts research Ferrie and his colleagues Karen Rolf of on unemployment and Linking Financial Intermediation and Policies the University of Nebraska at Omaha labor-market outcomes. Economist Sergio Urzúa and Robert and Werner Troesken of the University of Townsend of the Massachusetts Institute Pittsburgh have assembled a remarkable of Technology are analyzing the impact of data set linking information from four financial intermediation on occupational separate sources for more than 18,000 choices and income. They are studying males from birth (starting in 1900) to a variety of structural-choice models to death. The combined records include see if financial intermediation has an detailed household and neighborhood impact on productivity by easing credit information often missing from large constraints in occupational choice and/ longitudinal, epidemiological data sets. or an improved allocation of risk. They The researchers hope to provide more
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 19 Poverty, Race, and Inequality
accurate projections of the longevity Celeste Watkins-Hayes is exploring how and late-life health of older Americans social, political, cultural, and economic and better cost-benefit calculations for contexts affect infected black women public health initiatives. Some examples and how this understanding can be used of early life effects they have uncovered to create better policies and programs to include season of birth: Those born in support them. the second (April to June) and third (July to September) quarters of the year have In an ethnographic study of African shorter life spans, which might have to do American women infected with HIV/ with their mothers having limited access AIDS in Chicago, Watkins-Hayes to fresh food during pregnancy. They also explores how these women—who find that the mother’s age at conception now have greater life expectancies has a large effect on longevity with the thanks to highly active antiretroviral optimal maternal age situated around therapies—come to terms with their 32 years old. They illness and manage their health. In an show specific cohort article, she and her co-authors find that effects—for example, the women cope in various ways that those born in the first range from productively managing the year of the 1918–19 disease to outright denial and engaging influenza pandemic in risky behavior. They find that “framing lived on average two institutions,” such as drug and alcohol years less than those rehabilitation centers, churches, HIV born in 1915. They also residential centers, and social programs, reveal a person’s body in addition to medical institutions, are mass index at age 25 critical in shaping women’s beliefs and exerts a powerful effect behaviors. These social institutions, on longevity even after which are “first responders” as well as
P. Reese P. accounting for other “last resorts,” help the women to shift Dorothy Roberts is co-editing a book on aspects of the early life their attitudes and actions from strategies how gender and power affect HIV/AIDS environment. In the that suggest they are “dying from” HIV risk and prevention in the Caribbean. future, Ferrie hopes to to those consistent with “living with” the include data on women, infection. The study is funded through classify deaths by the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies’ cause, add in more local neighborhood Collaborative HIV-Prevention Research information, and incorporate in Minority Communities Program at the macroeconomic data. University of California, San Francisco.
HIV/AIDS Dorothy Roberts, Kirkland & Ellis The highly public experiences of Ryan Professor of Law, continues her work White, Arthur Ashe, and Magic Johnson on gender, sexuality, and implications in the 1980s and 1990s drove home the for HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean. She point that HIV/AIDS is a collective co-edited the forthcoming volume problem that “could happen to anyone.” “Sex, Power, and Taboo: HIV and Yet the “it-could-happen-to-anyone” Gender in the Caribbean and Beyond” narrative, which is more focused on with Rhoda Reddock and Sandra Reid prevention and medical treatment efforts, of the University of the West Indies undermines the ways in which inequality and Dianne Douglas of Yale Medical plays a critical role in the lives of those School. The research, started while she infected. In this context, sociologist was a Fulbright scholar in Trinidad and
20 Poverty, Race, and Inequality
Tobago, investigates how gender norms, adolescents form more racially diverse expectations, behaviors, and associated friendship networks than do single-race power relations influence sexuality, as well students, and that multiracial adolescents as the implications for HIV/AIDS risk and are especially likely to be friends with prevention in the Caribbean. Sociologist those of single-race backgrounds who Celeste Watkins-Hayes has also share a part of their racial heritage. Using contributed a chapter on the social and data on adolescent friendship networks By layering data economic context of black women living from the National Longitudinal Study from the Survey of with HIV/AIDS in the United States. of Adolescent Health (Add Health), Economic Expectations the researchers find that multiracial Peer Effects adolescents are as popular as nonwhite and Census zip code Economist Greg Duncan continues his adolescents and have social networks that information from 1994 body of work looking at peer empathy. are as racially diverse as the single-race to 2000, Quillan and In previous work, he has found that groups with the most diverse friendship having a college roommate from a networks. Biracial adolescents with black Pager find more people different socioeconomic group makes ancestry have an especially high rate of believe they will become “friendship bridging” between blacks and one more empathetic to that particular crime victims than is socioeconomic group. He also found that persons of other races, relative to black or college males who binge drank in high white adolescents. The results hold using borne by victimization school drank much more in college if both self-identified racial identification rates. they roomed with another binge drinker. and parental race to identify multiracial Duncan and Guang Guo of the University students. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have received funding from the W. T. Grant Biases in Risk Perception Foundation for a replication study at a With Devah Pager of Princeton second major public university. It will University, sociologist Lincoln Quillian focus on the effects of racial and class continues to study social factors that diversity on attitudes and behaviors and influence people’s perceptions about their on problem drinking. Duncan and Guo chances of experiencing a hazardous will also employ a novel approach to event. Their most recent work focuses on gather DNA and data exploring gene- race and biases in perceptions of the risk environment interactions between certain of criminal victimization. Quillian and dopamine transporter genes and a random Pager examine how perceptions of the assignment to a freshman roommate with risk of becoming a victim of a burglary or a drinking history. robbery compare with actual victimization rates. By layering data from the Survey Friendship Networks of of Economic Expectations and Census Multiracial Adolescents zip code information from 1994 to 2000, In a recent paper, sociologist Lincoln they find more people believe they will Quillian and Rozlyn Redd of Columbia become crime victims than is borne by University examine the friendship victimization rates. Their results also show networks of students who identify that neighborhood racial composition themselves as multiracial and who are of is strongly associated with perceived mixed-race parentage. In reviewing past risk of victimization among white research, the researchers examined three respondents, although neighborhood hypotheses: that multiracial adolescents socioeconomic status drives the risk of have smaller friendship networks actual victimization. because they are more often rejected by their single-race peers, that multiracial
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 21 Law and Justice Studies
Can community-based solutions decrease violent crime? How can information technology best be integrated into the criminal justice system? How can one reform the criminal justice system in Cook County? How can one reduce the incidence of drug abuse and risky behavior among youth in the juvenile justice system? Bringing together faculty from the law school and social sciences, IPR’s CLaw and Justice Studies Program, led by political science professor Wesley G. Skogan, is addressing the following topics:
• evaluating the use of information technology in law enforcement
P. ReeseP. • measuring the impact of an anti-violence program and community policing Wesley Skogan, • studying the health and outcomes of delinquent youth Chair • reforming local courts
The program brings 8 Overview of Activities together faculty Project I-CLEAR Susan Hartnett, and former IPR program With a grant from the Illinois Criminal from the law school coordinator Jill Dubois in August 2007. Justice Information Authority, Wesley and social sciences G. Skogan and his team recently Project CeaseFire to address topics completed a statewide evaluation Despite 15 years of declining crime, of ongoing information technology on the criminal Chicago continues to be one of the development by the Chicago Police nation’s leading cities for homicide. justice system, Department and the Illinois State Project CeaseFire, an initiative of the legal networks, and Police. I-CLEAR (Illinois Citizen Law Chicago Project for Violence Prevention Enforcement Analysis and Reporting) is (CPVP), aims to address this issue delinquent youth, a criminal justice data integration project by reducing all forms of violence in among others. aiming to create a statewide uniform targeted areas in Chicago and the state. crime recording system and facilitate The program has five core components: data sharing among law enforcement client outreach, community mobilization, agencies in Illinois and the region. The law enforcement collaboration, clergy Chicago Police created a central data intervention, and public education. How depository of more than 5 million arrest effective can a broad-based community records that participating agencies can partnership like the CPVP be in reducing query. To create an integrated statewide violent crime and deadly handgun use? system, the Illinois State Police planned The National Institute of Justice awarded to adopt and modify Chicago’s local Skogan and his team a grant to study this applications, but the agency soon realized question. They have been conducting a the impracticality of that plan. Since May process and outcome evaluation of this 2005, Skogan and his research team have multisite program. The first phase of the documented the political, bureaucratic, project involved fieldwork, interviews, and technical challenges to developing and surveys to describe the program. The and implementing the system statewide, second phase examines the impact of the particularly an erosion of the partnership program on shootings and killings through between city and state police. He and statistical analysis of time series data, a his team continue to monitor how the network analysis of gang homicide, and an system is being used. The National innovative use of GIS-computerized crime Institute of Justice published the study mapping techniques. The final report will by Skogan, former IPR research associate be released in 2008. 22 Law and Justice Studies
Chicago Alternative Policing National Crime Victimization Survey Strategy Program (CAPS) Both Skogan and statistician Bruce The Chicago Alternative Policing Spencer were part of a National Institute Strategy program (CAPS) is the nation’s of Justice panel that reviewed programs largest experiment in community of the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The policing. CAPS involves the creation panel’s aim is to set priorities for future of turf-oriented teams of police officers data collection, with the National Crime with long-term beat assignments, Victimization Survey being the first to extensive community involvement and be reviewed. The survey started in the empowerment, and integration with 1970s and has become a major social improved city services. The program indicator in understanding the cost encourages police and residents to engage and context of criminal in neighborhood problem solving. Skogan victimization in the United has been evaluating the program since States. The two IPR 1993 and, together with his research team, researchers collaborated has created one of the most comprehensive on the forthcoming report bodies of research on community policing “Surveying Victims: available, with four books, 31 working Options for Conducting papers, more than 50 journal articles, and the National Crime six reports. Skogan continues to examine Victimization Survey,” the implementation of CAPS, including edited by Robert Groves studying participation in the department’s and Daniel Cork (National monthly beat meetings. Academies Press). A prepress version is available
K. Macchi Why Police Reforms Often Fail at http://books.nap.edu. Having studied many innovations in policing, Skogan reflected on why Northwestern Juvenile Project reforms in policing often fail. In a Social psychologist Linda Teplin leads the Policing and Society article, he points Northwestern Juvenile Project, the first out that widespread enthusiasm for large-scale longitudinal study of health innovations, such as community, third- needs and outcomes of delinquent youth. party, and evidence-based policing, Launched in 1995, the pioneering project might make it appear that reform comes tracks and interviews 1,829 participants easily. Yet change is difficult and carries to examine their ongoing health needs considerable political risk. Many of the and their life trajectories. The group roadblocks to change stem from internal recently received two major awards sources that manifest themselves at almost from the National Institute of Drug every level, from rank-and-file officers Abuse, administered by Northwestern’s to the police chief. Externally, barriers Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, are erected by police unions, heads of to investigate the relationship among other city bureaucracies, city leaders, and substance abuse, mental disorders, and the public. The list of potential pitfalls HIV/AIDS risk behaviors and infection is long, he concludes, but by fostering from adolescence through young an understanding of how investments adulthood. By providing the empirical in policing will be enhanced, and not data needed to guide public health threatened, by reform, perhaps more policy, this next phase will address health reforms can be successfully implemented. disparities—especially for incarcerated
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 23 Law and Justice Studies
African Americans who suffer from HIV/ The report outlines how massive cuts in AIDS at disproportionate rates. spending have created a climate in which the county court system has become Networks of Politically Active Lawyers overwhelmed with 10,000 inmates John Heinz, Owen L. Coon Professor in county jail, a backlog of 750 cases at least two years old, and 275 felony The report outlines of Law, Anthony Paik of the University of Iowa, and Ann Southworth of Case cases pending per judge. The system how massive cuts in Western Reserve University analyze has become a de facto drug treatment spending have created the characteristics of lawyers and the and mental health system, expected to structure of their networks. Currently, punish and rehabilitate without adequate a climate in which the they are using network analysis to funding while at the same time ensuring Cook County criminal study contacts between lawyers active that harmful, dangerous, and repeat justice system has in domestic politics, their patterns of offenders are not on the street. More integration and cleavage, cooperation, than 150 interviews with prosecutors, become overwhelmed. and conflict. In the past, Heinz and his judges, defense counsels, and experts were colleagues have studied how lawyers in conducted as part of the research. Out of the conservative coalition organize and this came 50 recommendations to help fix mobilize interest groups. In their current the system. The recommendations include project, the researchers are addressing more personnel to reduce caseloads, funds whether some lawyers act as mediators or for adult probation, specialized programs brokers, occupying the network’s center to treat drug offenders and mentally ill and serving to bridge the Left and the defendants, and requiring cost estimates Right, or whether the for new crime legislation. network might have a hollow core, lacking Jury Deliberations actors who provide links Shari Seidman Diamond, a lawyer and between contending psychologist, and her fellow researcher partisans. They are Mary Rose of the University of Texas paying special attention are conducting a follow-up to their to how gender and pioneering randomized experiment in race might affect these the Arizona Jury Project, where she and networks. her colleagues received unprecedented access to document jury deliberations in Reforming Chicago’s Courts 50 civil trials. Their follow-up project Heinz and Northwestern investigates further issues—from how law professor Thomas jurors handle expert testimony to patterns Geraghty were co- of influence during deliberations. One M. Lee recent finding deals with the effectiveness From left: Northwestern professors John Heinz chairs of a criminal justice advisory board of nonunanimous decision rules that now and Dawn Clark Netsch and Judge Paul Biebel at that produced the govern civil jury verdicts in many states. a Chicago Appleseed Fund for Justice event December 2007 report Diamond emphasizes that the image of “The Criminal Justice System in Cook eccentric holdout jurors outvoted by County: A Time for Reform.” The sensible majorities in nonunanimous report resulted from a joint project by trials is unfounded. Instead, the the Chicago Appleseed Fund for Justice deliberations demonstrate that thoughtful and the Chicago Council of Lawyers minorities are sometimes marginalized examining the “meltdown” of the Cook when the majority has the power to ignore County criminal justice system. them in reaching a verdict.
24 Law and Justice Studies POLITICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND PUBLIC POLICY
This broad multidisciplinary program looks at the ways in which social, political, and institutional dynamics shape and constrain national policymaking in the United States and in comparison with other advanced industrial societies. Directed by political scientist James Druckman, scholars in the program are Tresearching various topics such as: • public opinion, political deliberation, and political communication • decision making in the policy process • Social Security and pension reforms
• the impact of new information technologies and online behavior J. Reblando • how gender affects attitudes and social policies James Druckman, • diverse topics concerning institutions and politics, such as adaptive social Chair planning, fiscal sociology, the quality of democracy, and the future of “egalitarian capitalism” This broad 8 Overview of Activities multidisciplinary program looks at Public Opinion and Policy Decision Making Social Security and Medicare since the ways in which Social policy professor Fay Lomax Cook, the mid-1990s at the policy-elite level, Lawrence Jacobs of the University of despite the programs’ enduring popularity social, political, Minnesota, and Michael Delli Carpini with the American people. At a time and institutional of the University of Pennsylvania have when the future of—and possible reforms dynamics shape and finished the book manuscript Talking“ for—Social Security and Medicare are Together: Public Deliberation and under discussion, Cook and Meredith constrain national Discursive Participation in America.” It Bintz, an IPR graduate research assistant policymaking in the examines the extent, nature, and impact and doctoral student, step back to assess United States. of the ways Americans come together to the public’s views of the two programs and discuss policy issues. For their research, which reforms, if any, the public favors. the three authors conducted a national Using dozens of public opinion polls from survey—the first ever to examine the 1984 to 2006, they find that the public is various ways that Americans deliberate highly committed to the two programs but about policy issues. Much contemporary expresses concerns about the programs’ analysis of American democracy sounds financial situations. Members of the public the alarm that citizens are retreating from have voiced support for a few incremental the tasks of electing government officials, changes, such as lowering cost-of-living influencing the legislative process, and adjustments for Social Security, and engaging in other forms of political life. opposition to a number of others, such Although civic deliberation is receiving as partial privatization of Social Security. growing attention from scholars and other The researchers encourage policymakers political observers, little is known about to take a careful look at where the public its extent and nature. The researchers stands and build on that support to expect their work will correct this overcome the current politics of dissensus. imbalance and will expand the notion of public deliberation to include what they President George W. Bush signed the call “discursive participation.” Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 in December, which included Cook is also investigating the “politics the first increase in corporate average of dissensus” that has come to surround fuel economy standards since 1975 and www.northwestern.edu/ipr 25 POLITICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND PUBLIC POLICY
requires domestic production of 36 billion Druckman and Chong conducted gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. Cook two experiments around the issues of and IPR graduate research assistant and regulating urban growth and tolerance doctoral student Toby Bolsen contend of a hate-group rally. Both experiments that while the bill was a step forward, no showed consistently that framing effects comprehensive national energy policy depended more on individual evaluations Cook and Bolsen exists. They argue that a large part of of the strength or quality of frames than find rising support for developing a national energy policy lies on the frequency with which they were nuclear energy and for in examining what the public thinks. received. Given a properly developed Thus, Cook and Bolsen reviewed trends frame, it was possible to move public conservation efforts in public opinion polls from 1974 to 2006 opinion on the issues examined in both through energy-efficient on traditional energy sources, alternative competitive and noncompetitive contexts. appliances, vehicles, energy sources, and citizens’ priorities on They also found that the competitive energy alternatives. They find that public context affects how people process homes, and offices concern about the U.S. energy situation information. In noncompetitive political rather than higher fuel is as high as it was during the nation’s environments, individuals—especially those who are unmotivated—are prone taxes at the pump. first energy crises in the 1970s. They also find rising support for nuclear energy and to use whatever considerations are made for conservation efforts through energy- accessible by the messages they receive. efficient appliances, vehicles, homes, In contrast, competing frames tend to and offices rather than higher fuel taxes motivate individuals to deliberate on at the pump. Though the merits of alternative interpretations. these findings provide Motivation and competition, therefore, some indication of what offer complementary protections against Americans want in a arbitrary framing effects. Both factors national energy policy, increase the chance that people will Cook and Bolsen stress evaluate the applicability of frames and that much remains respond favorably only to strong frames. to be done to flesh These results show that the quality of the out a comprehensive electorate’s judgments depends on the understanding. nature of political competition and, more generally, on political institutions such as Political scientists the party system and the media that shape James Druckman and political debate. Dennis Chong have developed a theory In 2007, one of Druckman and Chong’s of how the framing three papers on the subject, “Democratic C. Jones of communications Competition and Public Opinion,” influences public received the Franklin L. Burdette / Pi opinion on political issues. Framing Sigma Alpha Award for the best paper occurs when a message affects the public’s presented at the 2006 annual meeting interpretation and evaluation of an issue of the American Political Science by emphasizing certain elements of the Association and the APSA’s award issue over others. The researchers are for Best Paper on Elections, Public particularly interested in examining Opinion, or Voting Behavior. The two the effects of framing under varying IPR researchers are now turning their conditions of political competition, such attention to developing a theoretical as when two sides of an issue are publicly model of opinion formation that accounts debated before an election. for time lapses. Chong is John D. and
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Catherine T. MacArthur Professor of of compliance) versus loss-framed (those Political Science, and Druckman is emphasizing the negative consequences associate professor of political science. of noncompliance). The two researchers find that loss-framed appeals are not In a project with Lawrence Jacobs of the generally any more persuasive than University of Minnesota, Druckman is gain-framed appeals. An exception is in Druckman and Jacobs studying the strategic collection and cases of encouraging disease prevention use of public opinion information by behaviors, where gain-framed appeals— use a unique data set of three American presidents. Using public e.g., staying out of the sun will help private public opinion statements, private polls, memoranda, and prevent skin cancer—are very slightly other archival materials from presidents more persuasive. polling conducted by Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and the Reagan White Ronald Reagan, they are exploring the Sociologist Leslie McCall investigates House to poke holes impact of public opinion on American the political consequences of rising policymakers by demonstrating how inequality in terms of Americans’ in the long-standing politicians conceive of and use public awareness of, and opposition to, idea of the president’s opinion when making their decisions. inequality and preferences for serving the overall In an IPR working paper, “Segmented redistributive policies. She finds Representation: The Reagan White House Americans clearly want a more equal national interest. and Disproportionate Responsiveness,” society, but the perceived lack of viable Druckman and Jacobs use a unique data alternatives pushes them to choose set of private public opinion polling economic growth as the best means conducted by the Reagan White House to the end. Today’s economic growth, to poke holes in the long-standing idea however, does not possess the of the president’s serving the overall same equalizing power as that national interest. The researchers studied of old, she reasons, creating how distinct subgroups of citizens—in only an illusion that it will particular noneconomic groups of political efface inequality. McCall’s latest independents, religious conservatives, and findings show that Americans base Republicans—influenced Reagan’s concerned about inequality are domestic policy agenda and contributed more likely to turn to increased to the formation of a new, broader, and spending on education as more enduring conservative coalition. a solution, rather than to
Adding to the extensive body of research traditional redistributive P. ReeseP. on the wealthy’s influence on government policies such as progressive Leslie McCall talks about rising inequality. officials, their findings also contribute to taxation and welfare. McCall a new generation of academic literature has received support from the linking rising economic inequality with National Science Foundation to replicate political disparities. questions on inequality and policy in the 2008 General Social Survey. Communications studies professor Daniel O’Keefe researches the role that Political scientist Benjamin Page, persuasive messages have in human Gordon S. Fulcher Professor of Decision decision making. He and Jakob Jensen of Making, is working on a project on Purdue University have conducted several inequality and public opinion with meta-analytic reviews to determine Lawrence Jacobs of the University of the relative persuasive effectiveness Minnesota. They have conducted a of appeals that are gain-framed national survey to explore various (emphasizing the positive consequences hypotheses about U.S. citizens’ reactions
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to economic inequality. Preliminary findings indicate that Americans generally Political scientist Andrew Roberts is also favor a more even distribution of money looking at Social Security through the and wealth; majorities of Republicans and lens of pension privatization around the high-income Americans support world. A growing number of countries reducing inequality; and sizable are trying to escape the financial pressures majorities support expanded of aging populations by either fully government aid for poor families, or partially privatizing their pension job training, education, and systems. This project explores the politics healthcare, among others. The behind these switches, investigating two researchers are testing why and when privatization takes place. many political science theories, It specifies a number of conditions in including some going back to which privatization becomes politically political scientist Louis Hartz palatable—specifically, a loss of trust about American exceptionalism. in the public system and of relative They have completed a book confidence in financial markets. Roberts
P. ReeseP. manuscript titled “Class War? finds support for these mechanisms in Fay Lomax Cook and Andrew Roberts Economic Inequality and the public opinion, the policy process in work on issues related to Social Security. American Public.” new democracies, and the attempted privatization of U.S. Social Security. Social Security and Pension Reforms Fay Lomax Cook, a professor of social Roberts and Michelle Dion of Georgia policy, has finished a paper with IPR Tech University have undertaken an graduate research assistant and doctoral analysis of a unique cross-cultural survey student Amy DeSantis on “How George conducted in 20 countries of firms and W. Bush’s Grand Plans for Social individuals and their support for pension Security Failed: Did Public Opinion, reform. The researchers’ analyses will Organized Interests, be the first to quantitatively show why and Policy Feedback firms in particular situations support or Matter?” Following a oppose particular pension reforms. It will proposal in his 2005 State also allow them to compare theories that of the Union address to predict class conflict with those that see partially privatize Social distinct varieties of capitalism. Security, Bush set out on a 60-day, 60-city tour to Policy and Taxation promote it. By late fall Sociologist Monica Prasad continues 2005, however, various her work on analyzing the development commentators on the of neoliberal policies in the United Left and the Right had States and other countries and studying
P. ReeseP. pronounced his proposal the origins and development of systems From left: Ajay Mehrotra, Monica Prasad, and dead. Cook and DeSantis of taxation from a comparative and Isaac Martin organized a taxation conference. are examining how the historical perspective. She organized proposal’s fate played out an interdisciplinary conference on the through public opinion subject with Ajay Mehrotra of Indiana (polls), interest groups (media coverage), University’s School of Law and Isaac and recommendations by policy elites Martin of the University of California, (congressional testimony). Their analysis San Diego. The Thunder of History: suggests that a combination of these Taxation in Comparative and Historical factors acted to push Bush’s Social Perspective took place May 4–5 at Security proposal off the agenda. Northwestern. IPR was a co-sponsor. 28 POLITICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND PUBLIC POLICY
or a placebo. The FDA makes a binary Scholars in sociology, history, economics, approval decision after reviewing these law, and political science from around trials’ empirical findings. Economist the country converged to discuss issues Charles F. Manski brings welfare- from the historical origins of the tax code economic and decision-theoretic to the social consequences of taxation, thinking to bear on drug approval. historical lessons, and fiscal sociology. Considering the matter Charles Tilly of Columbia University Considering the matter from the from the minimax- gave the keynote address, “Extraction and minimax-regret perspective suggests regret perspective Democracy.” Other participants included an adaptive social planning process in political scientist Andrea Campbell of the which treatment with a new drug would suggests an adaptive Massachusetts Institute of Technology, vary—instead of being either fully allowed social planning process who assembled public opinion data from or denied as in current practice—as in which treatment 1947 to 2005 on American views on empirical evidence accumulates. The taxation; historian Robin Einhorn of the stronger the evidence on identified health with a new drug would University of California, Berkeley, who outcomes, then the more the drug could vary—instead of being discussed lessons from early American tax be used. The adaptive process would either fully allowed or regimes; and Northwestern law professor improve on the current one by stimulating Nancy Staudt, who explained how U.S. production of stronger information on denied as in current courts and legislatures defined post-WWII treatment response and by reducing the practice—as empirical tax policy. welfare losses that arise from errors in approval decisions. Manski, Board of evidence accumulates. Prasad is working on a related book Trustees Professor in Economics, suggests manuscript, “Adversarial America,” a pragmatic version of the adaptive that will take a comparative look at the process that the FDA could implement. political origins of progressive taxation and adversarial regulation in the United Institutional Development States. Additionally, it will investigate Political scientist Kathleen Thelen, whether the adversarial nature of taxation Payson S. Wild and regulation established in the late Professor in Political 19th and early 20th centuries can help Science, is currently to explain the exceptional nature of the addressing the impact American welfare state—particularly, of globalization on the absence of national health insurance labor politics and and the reliance on the private sector for industrial relations welfare benefits. in Western European democracies. In “The Adaptive Social Planning for Drug Approvals State and Coordinated
In the United States, the drug Capitalism: P. ReeseP. approval process of the Food and Drug Contributions of Bruno Palier of Sciences Po and Kathleen Thelen Administration (FDA) is currently the the Public Sector teach a seminar on modern welfare regimes. main mechanism through which the to Social Solidarity government influences the production and Postindustrial and dissemination of information on Societies,” Thelen and Cathie Jo Martin drug treatments. To obtain approval of Boston University posit whether for a new drug, a pharmaceutical firm egalitarian capitalism has a future in provides evidence on treatment response the face of globalization, technological in randomized clinical trials that compare change, and the secular decline of the new drug with an accepted treatment manufacturing.
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examining why it still remains difficult for Investigating the puzzle of recent women to advance to positions of power, institutional change within coordinated the authors liken women’s trajectories market economies, Thelen and Martin to the top to traversing a labyrinth looked at why Denmark, the “poster rather than encountering a glass ceiling. child for New Europe,” has been able to Interweaving their interdisciplinary Eagly and Carli sustain high levels of macrocoordination research and data with personal accounts examine questions of in policymaking channels and social and anecdotes, Eagly and Carli examine how far women have solidarity while Germany has experienced questions of how far women have significant institutional erosion. They come as leaders, whether stereotypes come as leaders and reject the conventional “neoliberal and prejudices still limit women’s whether stereotypes mantra” that the state is always a problem opportunities, whether people resist and prejudices still limit and the public sector is always a drag women’s leadership more than men’s, and on political processes of negotiation whether organizations create obstacles to women’s opportunities. by illustrating how the state—in its women who would be leaders. Eagly is also capacity as a provider of social and working on a meta-analysis of stereotypes collective goods and as an employer/ of leaders and managers that focuses on service provider—matters to institutional the extent to which leadership roles are outcomes. They suggest a new research perceived in feminine or masculine terms. agenda to create an alternative framework for classifying and analyzing different Eagly is working with doctoral student varieties of coordinated Anne Koenig on understanding how market economies, stereotypes come to have the content they especially in light do. They conducted several studies using of recent research correlational and experimental methods showing that state-led to test the relations of typical roles and coordinating mechanisms intergroup relations in social group are better at sustaining a stereotypes. They found that both social commitment to collective roles and intergroup relations play a role goods than nonstate in predicting stereotype content, and avenues for coordination. these findings led them to unify the two prevalent models for thinking about group Gender and Comparative stereotype content. Studies Psychologist Alice Eagly, While a fellow at the Russell Sage James Padilla Chair in Foundation in 2006–07, sociologist Arts and Sciences, is Ann Orloff worked on her book examining the content of manuscript, tentatively titled “Farewell stereotypes about social to Maternalism: State Policies, Social
M. Clare groups, male and female Politics, and Mothers’ Employment in Alice Eagly delivers the inaugural Padilla Chair preferences for long-term the United States and Europe.” It will lecture on producing politically relevant research. partners, and the impact examine shifts in gendered policies and of gender on leadership. politics around parenthood, welfare, She and Linda Carli of and employment in the United States, Wellesley College have published a book Sweden, the Netherlands, and Italy. that explores gender and leadership, Following welfare reform and other shifts Through the Labyrinth: The Truth towards employment for all, motherhood About How Women Become Leaders is no longer a basis for making entitlement (Harvard Business Press, 2007). In claims in the U.S. welfare state. Orloff
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discusses the general movement of corruption. Andrew Roberts, a political the social welfare system from one of scientist, aims to produce a workable supporting women as full-time caregivers concept of democratic quality and to to one requiring and supporting their find appropriate ways of studying quality. move into the work force. Yet across these His forthcoming book, “The Quality of nations, there are varying levels of support Democracy in Eastern Europe: Policy While McCall’s results for childcare and other caregiver activities Reforms and Public Preferences,” from and efforts to reduce poverty. Orloff sets Cambridge University Press, provides a indicate a definite out to trace this seismic shift in social comprehensive analysis of the quality increase in women’s policy, politics, and gender relations. She of democracy, via issues of electoral levels of independence, plans to highlight the “roads not taken” accountability, policy responsiveness, by Americans to deepen understanding of and the informativeness of political men have not the promise and problems of the United campaigns, in 10 Eastern European experienced a similar States’ distinctive policy approach. countries. He argues that politicians of Eastern European democracies are far increase in family In a recent working paper, “Women’s more responsive and accountable to the dependence. and Men’s Position in the Income public than conventional wisdom claims. Distribution: The Changing Roles of Own Earnings and Other Family Looking at how communist-successor Income, 1970–2000,” social parties (CSPs) have affected coalition demographer Leslie McCall is developing politics in Eastern Europe, Roberts a new way of analyzing the association and James Druckman have shown they between marital status and men and do have significant effects on coalition women’s dependence on family income. formation, stemming most probably She correlates a person’s earnings to his or from the citizenry’s general distaste for her total family income, calculating the communism’s legacies: CSPs are less figures separately for men and women and likely than other parties to be included decomposing them into elements related in governing coalitions; coalitions that to family composition, assortative mating, include CSPs are more likely to be and earnings inequality. Her findings oversized—that is, to include superfluous show that the correlation for white parties; and CSPs that make it into women increased substantially between government are penalized, receiving 1970 and 2000, from 27 to 62 percent less than their fair share of governing of white men’s correlation. Perhaps portfolios. surprisingly, given the wives’ increasing earnings, the men’s correlation barely Over the past decade, the number
budged, likely due to a number of factors, of elected Latino officials grew by 70 Mahalie particularly family composition, offsetting percent in the United States. How do one another. While the results indicate non-Latinos react to Latino candidates? a definite increase in women’s levels of Political scientist Victoria DeFrancesco independence, men have not experienced Soto is developing a study to understand a similar increase in family dependence. the role of ethnic out-group status on political preferences. Political Behavior, Campaigns, and Voting As more of the world turns democratic, As part of a national immigration project, scholars have begun to worry about the DeFrancesco Soto is investigating quality of new democracies. Many suffer attitudes toward immigration policy from weak rule of law, low government and the influence of varying frames of accountability, and high rates of presentation at the individual level in
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Chicago. She is working with political in particular Facebook, Myspace, Xanga, scientists from across the country to and Friendster. Her findings show that examine how Americans perceive cultural students’ offline behavior mirrors their threats, in addition to more traditional online behavior, so their racial and ethnic socioeconomic predictors of opinion. background and their parents’ educational levels can predict the social networking Freese is interested In a project on how candidates use sites they frequent the most. This finding in whether cognitive the Web to win elections, James challenges research that tends to treat differences lead some Druckman and two colleagues developed all social networking sites the same. a theoretical framework for studying Her finding also shows that unequal people to benefit more politicians’ campaigns on the Web. It participation based on user background is from Medicare Part accounts for politically strategic aspects of an indication of digital inequality. D, which emphasizes Web-based campaigns and novel technical elements. They then conducted a content Sociologist Jeremy Freese is interested in individual choice in analysis of more than 700 candidates’ who stands to benefit most from changes a very complicated Web sites over three election cycles. They in society, especially from technological included additional data on candidate and or policy innovations. With respect to decision-making district characteristics, permitting them technology, he and colleagues, including environment. to study how candidates campaign on the Eszter Hargittai, have studied who is Web, how Web campaign strategies differ more likely to use the Internet. They from other types of media campaigns, find a strong relationship between why candidates’ Web sites differ from one cognitive ability and Internet use. This another, how campaign Web sites have finding connects to another project of changed over time, and what effect Web Freese’s on the recently implemented campaigns might have in the future. Some Medicare prescription drug benefit of their findings centered on showing the (Part D). Freese is interested in whether conditions under which candidates “go cognitive differences lead some people negative” against their opponents on the to benefit more from a program like Web and which technological features this that emphasizes individual choice that candidates use or avoid and why. in a very complicated decision-making environment. Information Technology and the Internet Eszter Hargittai, assistant professor of Despite the importance of technological communication standards in driving economic growth, studies and there has been little research on the sociology, role of public policy in the development collected a of standards. Leading researchers in unique data set public policy standards address this about a diverse research gap in Standards and Public group of 1,060 Policy (Cambridge University Press, first-year public 2007), edited by Shane Greenstein, university Elinor and Wendell Hobbs Professor students, of Management and Strategy, and including Victor Stango of Dartmouth College.
D. Rutt information They examine whether markets choose A Facebook page. Eszter Hargittai challenges on how they efficient standards, the effect of standards conventional thinking that treats all social use social organizations on the development of networking sites the same. networking sites, standards, and appropriate public policy on the issue of standards.
32 POLITICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND PUBLIC POLICY Philanthropy and Nonprofit Organizations
The rapidly growing and evolving nonprofit sector is prominent in major service industries such as hospitals, nursing homes, higher education, and museums— often competing with for-profit and governmental organizations but also often collaborating with them. These interactions among institutional forms in mixed industries are a key research focus of this program and its chair, economist Burton TWeisbrod, John Evans Professor of Economics. Faculty in this area examine: • performance of both nonprofit and public service organizations • accountability in the nonprofit and public sectors • comparative behavior among different forms of institutions J. Reblando • healthcare costs and competition Burton Weisbrod, Chair 8 Overview of Activities Burton Weisbrod Performance Measurement of Nonprofits Participating faculty come from Fundamental to problem solving for any Northwestern’s School of Education heads a unique firm, be it nonprofit, public, or for-profit, is and Social Policy, Kellogg School interdisciplinary how to empirically measure “performance” of Management, School of Law, and or “outcomes” to enhance performance. departments of economics, political group that explores Yet to gauge nonprofit and public services, science, sociology, and statistics in the how to improve such as hospitals, museums, schools, or Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. performance the police, by a private profitability metric The seminar series receives funds from the is an exceedingly complex undertaking. Searle Center on Law, Regulation, and measurement Such a gauge does not adequately reflect Economic Growth, which is housed in in the public and their true societal contributions and thus Northwestern’s School of Law. misses key aspects of their performance. nonprofit sectors. The Business of Higher Education Against this backdrop, economist Burton As part of a study of the higher education Weisbrod heads a unique interdisciplinary industry, a mixture of public, nonprofit, group that explores how to improve and for-profit institutions, Weisbrod performance measurement in the public is completing “Mission and Money: and nonprofit sectors. Over the year, Understanding the University,” a book the group’s seminars examined: physician manuscript to be published by Cambridge report cards by healthcare economist University Press in 2008. Co-authored David Dranove, high school principals’ with IPR project coordinator Evelyn reward structures under No Child Asch and Jeffrey Ballou of Mathematica, Left Behind by industrial organization the manuscript examines such issues as economist Michael Mazzeo, empirically how to estimate donations for individual measuring wrongful convictions and schools, the true—as compared with verdicts by statistician Bruce Spencer, the the reported—profitability of athletics, performance differences between public, colleges’ legislative lobbying, and the nonprofit, and for-profit hospitals by changing characteristics of college Weisbrod, and evaluating the performance presidents as indicators of differential of junior colleges by education expert organization goals—all within the context James Rosenbaum, and the police by of an industry with a mixture of public, political scientist Wesley G. Skogan. nonprofit, and for-profit providers.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 33 Philanthropy and Nonprofit Organizations
The authors also examine entries, exits, promoting entrepreneurial practices and and mergers of schools, conversions from those that render such practices self- one ownership form to another, collegiate enforcing. She also analyzes how early credit ratings, university “technology involvement in commercial science transfer” activities, and responses to endeavors affects the subsequent academic competition and advertising. Higher careers of graduate and postdoctoral An implication of the education organizations are viewed within students. “two-good” model the framework of a two-good model, in is that nonprofit and which an unprofitable “mission” good Healthcare Industry is financed by the sale of a profitable public universities In a forthcoming article in RAND, “revenue” good. An implication of healthcare economists Leemore Dafny will act as profit this model is that nonprofit and public and David Dranove are finding evidence maximizers, like private universities will act as profit maximizers, that government-mandated report cards like private firms, in the revenue-good are an effective means of disseminating firms, in the revenue- markets but will behave systematically quality information. Using panel data good markets but will differently in mission-good markets. on Medicare HMO market shares behave systematically This project is supported by the Spencer between 1994 and 2002, they examine Foundation. the relationship between enrollment differently in mission- and quality before and after report cards good markets. Measuring Technology Transfer and were mailed to 40 million Medicare University Entrepreneurship beneficiaries in 1999 and 2000. They find Jeannette Colyvas, assistant professor of that public report cards do tell consumers human development and social policy, is something they didn’t know and wouldn’t working on a project to delineate better otherwise have learned on their own. benchmarks for technology transfer However, they also find an important and university role for market-based learning about entrepreneurship. healthcare quality, an intriguing result Past results have given the difficulties in measuring quality shown that traditional in this market. Their estimates also benchmarks lead to suggest that quality reporting is unlikely to uneven outcomes persuade Medicare enrollees to abandon due to metrics that traditional Medicare for the Medicare fail to capture how HMO program (currently known as much entrepreneurial Medicare Advantage), one of the stated practices have goals of the report-card intervention. become sustainable in academic settings. The vast majority of Americans purchase health insurance through the private Colyvas is exploring sector. Moreover, in recent years the better options for public sector has increasingly turned to
organizational private insurers to deliver some or all A. Campbell In her research, Jeannette Colyvas mechanisms (policies of their commitments to enrollees. In compares public, private, and and procedures) and spite of the enormous sums of public nonprofit forms of organizing. network mechanisms and private funds entrusted to these (composition of insurance carriers, there is little systematic inventors’ research research about them. Using a privately teams and their collaboration structure). gathered national database of insurance Her early findings reveal a need to contracts from a sample of large, distinguish between those metrics multisite employers, Dafny investigates
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whether these markets are competitive fund unprofitable public good services by examining insurance carriers’ pricing. like charity care. They find that many She finds thatinsurers are successfully nonprofit hospitals engage in such charging higher premiums to more activities. In comparing their behavior profitable firms and that such markups with that of their for-profit counterparts, are frequent in markets with little the researchers show that each seems to Dranove draws on competition. This suggests that, at least be consistent with the intended pursuit of in some markets, imperfect competition revenue, and thus the nonprofits’ reported insights from economics among carriers is leading to higher health unprofitability masks the true profitability to diagnose the root insurance premiums. of unrelated business activities. causes of rising costs Dranove recently completed Code Weisbrod is investigating market change and diminishing Red: An Economist Explains How to for brand-name and generic drugs access to quality care, Revive the Healthcare System without between 1970 and 2004. In looking at Destroying It (Princeton University the 50 most-dispensed drugs each year such as inadequate Press). In the book, he proposes a set and when new drugs first appeared on the information, perverse of pragmatic solutions that address list, he finds a substantial increase in the incentives, and access, efficiency, and quality for the number of new brand-name drugs on the ailing U.S. healthcare system. Setting most-dispensed lists. Between 1970 and malfunctioning his story against the backdrop of U.S. 1981, 6 to 8 percent of all brand-name insurance markets. healthcare from the early 20th century drugs on the most-dispensed list were new to the present day, he reveals why a each year. In the past decade, however, century of private- and public-sector it has increased to more than 10 percent. efforts to reform the system have largely At the same time, the quantitative failed. He draws on economic insights importance to diagnose the causes of rising costs of generic and diminishing access to quality care, drugs, and of such as inadequate information, perverse new generics, incentives, and malfunctioning insurance grew especially markets. He describes the ongoing efforts sharply, to revive the system—including the rise particularly of consumerism, the quality movement, since 1985. and initiatives to expand access—and These reveal argues that these efforts will fail without a picture of more fundamental, systemic, market-based quantitative reforms. Dranove, Walter J. McNerney change over Professor of Health Industry Management, time, an
pays special attention to the plight of the especially ReeseP. uninsured and proposes a new direction important From left: David Dranove and Burton Weisbrod discuss that promises to make premier healthcare consideration the presidential candidates’ plans for healthcare reform. a national reality for all Americans. given how much brand-name In a project with economist Maxim pharmaceuticals are increasing as a slice of Sinitsyn of McGill University, economist total healthcare expenditures despite the Burton Weisbrod looks at how nonprofit growth of low-cost generic drugs. These hospitals engage in “unrelated business measures do not capture the medical activities,” which are distinct from importance of a new drug, except by their tax-exempt mission and thus usage, but they do reflect a way to measure subject to corporate profits taxation, to available and widely used drugs.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 35 Urban Policy and Community Development
IPR’s urban policy and community development faculty examine the shifting landscape of urban life, considering myriad issues related to today’s urban experience. Additionally, many IPR faculty work on projects that are closely tied to urban policy in areas such as education, housing, welfare reform, community policing, and philanthropy. The group, chaired by sociologist Lincoln Quillian, is Itargeting: • tax policies and state expenditures • neighborhood diversity
J. Reblando • civic engagement Lincoln Quillian, • identification and use of community assets Chair 8 Overview of Activities Faculty examine Tax Policy and State Expenditures Civic Committee of the Commercial the shifting As part of her work on state fiscal Club of Chicago, provided closing landscape of urban crises and finances,Therese McGuire, remarks, speaking about his committee’s life, considering ConAgra Foods Research Professor in recommendations to balance Illinois’ Strategic Management, organized several finances by cutting expenses, reforming myriad issues events over the year to highlight how problematic programs, and increasing related to today’s these issues are playing out in Illinois and taxes to pay for standing obligations. Yet across the nation. he acknowledged that legislators often urban experience. find it easier to shift the problem onto At a June 6 IPR policy briefing, she those who follow in office. was one of three experts to address the pressing budget challenges facing Given the complex and often confusing states—K-12 education, Medicaid, and issues involved in property taxes, state pension liabilities. On two fronts, McGuire and Nathan Anderson of the education and Medicaid, the federal University of Illinois at Chicago have government is shifting more and more completed a study of Illinois’ property costs onto state ledgers. McGuire pointed taxes with a grant from the Lincoln out that states can, however, use targeted Institute of Land Policy. Illinois is one funding approaches such as foundation of 23 states that limits both property tax aid programs to reduce disparities between revenues and rates, yet discussions for districts, and recent court decisions have reform are often hindered by a lack of validated this approach. With Medicaid understanding of how the system works. now the largest portion of state budgets, The two researchers analyze the potential economist David Merriman of the benefits and costs of the property tax University of Illinois at Chicago spoke constraints in Illinois by comparing about how it would create “a big hole” in constrained systems to unfettered ones. states’ budgets if the federal government The state’s Property Tax Extension were to change the rules on practices Limitation Law and the tax rate limits are where it suspects abuses. Economist J. the only ones to affect total taxes, while Fred Giertz of the University of Illinois nearly every other policy acts to shift at Urbana-Champaign explained how taxes across individuals. So, for example, funding of state pensions is more a senior exemptions shift taxes away from problem of political will than one of seniors and onto other homeowners and ability. R. Eden Martin, president of the commercial-industrial property owners. 36 Urban Policy and Community Development
McGuire and Anderson also organized a Versus Participatory Democracy. While November 30 conference on “Property conventional wisdom says that greater Taxation in Illinois: How and Why Is political discourse leads to greater political It Broken and What Can Be Done to participation, Mutz’s careful research Fix It?” at Chicago’s Union League Club. shows the opposite—greater exposure to More than 50 attended, including several diverse political views decreases political state legislators. Speakers included Illinois participation. state Sen. Chris Lauzen; Ralph Martire, director of the Center for Tax and Budget Drawing from his book The Redemptive Accountability; and Doug Kiersey, senior Self: Stories Americans Live By, vice president of ProLogis. Northwestern psychology professor Dan McAdams described how highly Urban Diversity and Inequality “generative” men and women embrace Sociologist Juan Onésimo Sandoval is the negative things that happen to them, currently at work on a book manuscript using these experiences and stories of titled “The Social Order of the American redemption to move Metropolis: How Race and Class forward and make a Have Restructured America’s Colorful difference in their Colorline.” It will trace patterns of racial communities. and economic segregation prevalent in American cities. Community Development John McKnight gave the Sandoval also explored inequality in keynote speech on July 7 neighborhood incomes in Chicago from at the Summer Inclusion 1980 to 2000. While income disparities Institute to more than have declined in predominantly white 300 attendees at Ryerson neighborhoods, he found they are on University in Toronto.
P. ReeseP. the rise in black neighborhoods; racially The institute helps those From left: Therese McGuire and Leemore integrated neighborhoods display a higher working on issues of Dafny plan an IPR policy briefing. degree of income inequality; and income support and inclusion for disparity is greater in urban centers than people with disabilities. in the suburbs for all racial groups. John Kretzmann taught at a Coady Civic Engagement in the University International Institute workshop on Guided by institutional missions to community development for participants educate and serve the public good, from 10 countries in June in Bangkok. A U.S. universities are developing book of 12 case studies from the workshop interdisciplinary, hands-on initiatives to is being written. promote student involvement and serve the public interest. Human development Deborah Puntenney is evaluating the and social policy professor Dan A. Lewis community-building work of KaBOOM! organized a November 2 conference The Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit on civic engagement at Northwestern helps neighborhood partnerships build University. IPR was a co-sponsor. local playgrounds, encouraging long-term participation and cooperation. Puntenney Keynote speaker Diana Mutz, an expert has interviewed playground builders all in political communication from the over the nation about their experiences University of Pennsylvania, discussed her with KaBOOM! and its impact on their book Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative communities.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 37 Social disparities and health
Cells to Society (C2S): The Center on Social Disparities and Health is an initiative within IPR that aims to understand how social, economic, and cultural contexts affect physical and mental health, as well as cognitive achievement at the population level. P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, professor of human development and social policy, is its founding director. Currently, the center is Corganized around four main lines of research: • social disparities, stress, and health • families, interpersonal relationships, and health
K. McElroy • longevity, mortality, and preconception-to-adult models of health P. Lindsay Chase- • policy, practice, race, culture, and ethics Lansdale, Chair Some of the center’s projects overlap with other IPR program areas, in particular The goal of C2S Child, Adolescent, and Family Studies and Poverty, Race, and Inequality (see pp. 9–21). is to integrate the social, behavioral, 8 Overview of Activities biomedical, and Social Disparities, Stress, and Health members collaborating on the project life sciences to In the area of social disparities, stress, include development psychologist illuminate pathways and health, participating researchers P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, economist contributing to look at how noninvasive biomarkers Greg Duncan, and social psychologist can measure stress, immune function, Thomas D. Cook. health inequalities and inflammation, in addition to other and to develop measures of physiological function. McDade, Weinberg College Board of translational and Visitors Research and Teaching Professor, A team of C2S researchers has been continues to refine methods for assaying policy solutions. selected to investigate the impact biomarkers in a drop of blood collected of socioeconomic status, social from a single finger prick. He directs the relationships, and neighborhood quality Laboratory for Human Biology Research on biomarkers of health collected as at Northwestern, which is using this part of the fourth wave of the National technique to measure blood samples Longitudinal Study of Adolescent for markers of immune function and Health, also known as Add Health. cardiovascular disease risk, among others. Anthropologist Thomas McDade and The laboratory has been expanded and psychobiologist Emma Adam, the renovated to accommodate growing project’s lead investigators, helped design demand for laboratory services and the biomarker protocols for the Add training. This year it added a Beckman Health study, which includes a nationally Coulter NXp Laboratory Automation representative sample of approximately Workstation for faster immunoassay 20,000 U.S. adolescents. The project will analysis of biomarker samples. be the most comprehensive investigation to date of how social stressors influence McDade consults on the implementation adolescent physical and mental health. of biomarker methods into a number of It will also examine how stress can lead large, nationally representative health to health disparities and affect later adult surveys, including the Health and health outcomes. Additional C2S faculty Retirement Study; the National Social
38 Social disparities and health
Life, Health, and Aging Project; and the is co-principal investigator, and several Panel Study of Income Dynamics. In a C2S and IPR faculty—developmental recent Demography article, McDade and psychologists P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale his co-authors enumerated the advantages and Emma Adam, economist Greg and disadvantages of using dried blood- Duncan, pediatrician Craig Garfield, spot samples to help investigators make anthropologists Christopher Kuzawa and informed decisions about their use as Thomas McDade, and statistician Bruce biomarkers in population-level health Spencer—are involved. research. The National Institute of Child Health McDade is interested in how globalization and Human Development awarded affects health outcomes and has been the Greater Chicago Study Center part of two ongoing projects: the Tsimane’ for the National Children’s Study to Amazonian Panel Study and the Cebu Northwestern’s Institute for Healthcare Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey Studies in the Feinberg School of in the Philippines. Both are rich resources Medicine. Pediatrician Jane Holl will lead for studying the long-term health effects the Chicago portion of the study that will of early environments and might provide recruit and follow 2,000 children in Cook additional insight on domestic health County. It is part of the largest study of outcomes. Recent research results from child and human health ever conducted the Amazonian study show that children in the United States and will eventually of mothers whose knowledge of traditional include more than uses of local plants and herbs is lacking 100,000 children have worse health outcomes. from 107 U.S. sites.
Supported by the NICHD, the A cardiologist and Community Child Health Network cardiovascular explores the causes and consequences epidemiologist, of racial disparities in a longitudinal Philip Greenland, study of birth outcomes and early Harry W. Dingman child development at five U.S. sites. Professor, was chair The Illinois site, Community Action of the American for Child Health Equity (CACHE), College of Cardiology
is a partnership between Evanston Foundation/American J. Moore Northwestern Healthcare and the Heart Association Lake County Health Department’s Emma Adam teaches researchers how to collect and 2007 Clinical Expert prepare saliva samples. Community Health Centers. CACHE Consensus that explores how community, family, and developed recommendations for when individual influences interact with cardiologists should consider using biological influences, resulting in health computed tomography (CT) scanning disparities in perinatal outcomes and to measure coronary arterial calcium. infant and early childhood mortality Such scans can be used to assess global and morbidity. Its theoretical model cardiovascular risk and evaluate chest and research design emphasize the pain in patients at risk for heart disease. potential impact of social and economic Greenland is also executive associate dean environments on physiological stress and for clinical and translational research health in mothers and fathers during in Northwestern’s Feinberg School of the pregnancy and the interpregnancy Medicine. period. Pediatrician Madeleine Shalowitz
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 39 Social disparities and health
Anthropologist Thomas McDade, to college or a job. Adam uses interviews, IPR graduate research assistant and questionnaires, and diaries to capture their PhD student Elizabeth Sweet, and two transition experiences. By measuring the other researchers published a study that stress hormone cortisol and sleep quality explores how income and skin color using wristwatch-sized “actigraphs,” she is interact to influence the blood pressure trying to trace the physiological impact of McDade and of African American adults enrolled in these changes. Annual clinical interviews his colleagues the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk diagnose depression and anxiety disorders. published a study Development in Young Adults Study. In studying data on 1,893 African In this and other studies, Adam that explores how Americans, they find that among lighter- demonstrates how daily measurements income and skin skinned African Americans, systolic of cortisol can provide insights into color interact to pressure decreased as income increased, how everyday social environments while among those with darker skin, affect physiological stress levels in influence the blood systolic blood pressure increased with young children and adolescents. She thus pressure of African increasing income. They hypothesized points to risk factors for negative health American adults. that skin color might serve as a marker outcomes and possible interventions for of social exclusion, so darker-skinned them. In a Journal of Adolescent Health African Americans might experience article written with IPR graduate research more psychosocial stress because of the assistant and PhD student Amy DeSantis greater discrimination they face. This and others, the researchers discover clear research was published in the American racial and ethnic differences, finding that Journal of Public Health. cortisol levels at bedtime are higher for both African American and Hispanic Families, Relationships, and Health teen participants than those for white The projects in families, relationships, adolescents. These levels could indicate and health build on existing faculty an adaptation to stressful living conditions work conducted through IPR on social and racism, and they have been associated inclusion and with problematic health outcomes, exclusion, family including depression. functioning, discrimination, Adam and her colleagues are also and racism. examining how sleep can affect metabolism and thus children’s In a four-year development and health. Adam, IPR longitudinal study, graduate research assistant and PhD Daily Experiences, student Emily Snell, and economist Greg Stress, and Sleep Duncan studied data on 1,400 children over the Transition ages 3 to 12 from two waves of the Panel to Adulthood, Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). They developmental found that fewer hours of sleep predicted psychobiologist an increase in body mass index (BMI) Emma Adam and five years later. This is the first study to J. Chen her colleagues show convincing links between sleep A 2-year-old gets a checkup. Some C2S faculty are exploring and BMI in children and adolescents, a study how childhood health affects life outcomes. how exposure to population for whom concern regarding stress affects the obesity is high, due to its associations with development of depression and anxiety in serious future health problems such as adolescents as they move from high school diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 40 Social disparities and health
The findings also show that many children of Youth data, Mandara is finding that are not getting their recommended hours girls and boys are parented differently of sleep (10 to 11 hours for 5- to 12-year- in homes headed by single African olds, 8 to 9 for adolescents). They suggest American mothers. Girls are assigned that one extra hour of sleep can make a more responsibilities and rules, for difference. Many media outlets, including example, while boys are given more The findings also show USA Today, Washington Post, Forbes, and latitude. This is especially the case when msnbc.com, reported their findings. the girl is the oldest child and the boy that many children is the youngest. Mandara shows this are not getting their A second study using the PSID data, leads to better outcomes for the girls recommended hours of conducted with Snell and doctoral student and surmises this might explain the high Patricia Pendry, addresses the social rates of risky behaviors, incarceration, sleep (10 to 11 hours determinants of total sleep hours and and school failure for African American for 5- to 12-year-olds, timing. How do demographic variables, males compared with females. He 8 to 9 for adolescents). structural constraints such as school proposes interventions that teach African start times, children’s activity choices, American parents authoritative parenting Adam, Duncan, and and aspects of their family functioning styles and how to treat boys and girls and Snell suggest that one relate to the sleep behaviors of America’s younger and older siblings the same. children? Among the many findings of extra hour of sleep can this study: African American children Longevity, Mortality, and Preconception-to- make a difference. and adolescents sleep approximately 30 Adult Models of Health minutes less than white children on both In the area of longevity, mortality, and weekends and weekdays, placing them developmental models of health, research at a cognitive and health disadvantage. focuses on social and biological Some of this sleep deprivation relates to risks to health across the life span, black children’s having to wake up earlier in addition to how lifestyle and because of longer school commute times. environmental factors influence gene expression (epigenetics) and Psychologist Eli Finkel is launching a contribute to health disparities. physiological study of initial romantic attraction in real-life interactions Alberto Palloni, Board of between potential romantic partners with Trustees Professor in Sociology, seed-grant funding from C2S. Specifically, is producing life expectancy he will explore biomarkers associated projections for Latin America with two of three systems composing the and the Caribbean with Mary experience of initial romantic attraction: McEniry of the University of lust and infatuation. He will also explore Wisconsin-Madison and IPR individuals’ physiological stress responses postdoctoral fellows Malena to meeting and interacting with a series of Monteverde and Kenya Noronha.
potential romantic partners. The researchers are investigating ReeseP. the extent to which growing Jelani Mandara studies parenting styles and Developmental psychologist Jelani rates of obesity and diabetes their effects on children and adolescents. Mandara is examining the effects and the changing nature of the of parenting styles on the academic elderly cohorts might contribute achievement, sexual activity, and to decreases in longevity in the region. behavioral problems of African They take into account the role of early American, Latino, and white youth. childhood conditions, experiences with Using National Longitudinal Survey illness, and the influence of income and wealth. www.northwestern.edu/ipr 41 Social disparities and health
class, and self-reported health status In a recent study, Palloni and his co- during adulthood. They find that early authors find that Mexican men over health had direct effects on adult health, the age of 50 who return to their home and that most of the impact of early country from the United States are conditions on adult social class and health Using simulations, wealthier than their counterparts who status worked through cognitive and stay in Mexico. This economic advantage noncognitive traits. Using simulations, Palloni and his leads to higher rates of well-being in they estimate that 5 to 10 percent of the colleagues estimate that their old age, perhaps helping to break observed lagged effect of social class on 5 to 10 percent of the the cycle of poverty for those men in adult health status could be attributed to lower socioeconomic classes. Palloni is indirect selection effects rooted in early observed lagged effect also completing the first volume of a two- health status. of social class on adult volume series, “Population and Society health status could be in Latin America: 1900–2000,” that Building on seminal work on the spread will deal with health and mortality in of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa attributed to indirect the region. from the early 1990s with Luis Lamas of selection effects rooted the University of Santiago (1991) and in early health status. Are higher income, wealth, education, Jean Yu Lee of the University of Hawaii and occupation protective of health? Are (1992), Palloni continues to work on social strata endowed with characteristics formal models of transmission processes that lead to health enhancement or and the social impact of this worldwide health deterioration? Or could it be epidemic. With Giovanna Merli of the possible that through complex processes, University of Wisconsin-Madison, he individuals who are predisposed to poor investigates how the HIV/AIDS epidemic health early on are also less likely to affects kin relations, living arrangements, acquire the skills to climb the social and the elderly in South Africa. They ladder and are more find evidence that the epidemic is driving likely to be affected a colossal shift in family structure as the by the earlier onset of disease takes its toll on adults. ill health? Palloni has launched a multifaceted Working with U.S. and Filipino research program collaborators, anthropologist Christopher using several national Kuzawa studies the influence of fetal and data sets to examine infant nutrition and growth on adult selection mechanisms health and function in the Philippines. to partially explain The Cebu Longitudinal Health and socioeconomic Nutrition Survey has followed more than
P. ReeseP. disparities in adult 3,000 mothers who were pregnant in From left: Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, speaker health. In a 2007 1983, and their children, who are now Richard Rogers of the University of Colorado, and paper, Palloni and his young adults and having children of their Alberto Palloni meet following a C2S colloquium. colleagues, Carolina own. He and his colleagues have recently Milesi of the University launched two new extensions of the study. of Chicago and Robert White and Alyn The first uses 22 years of longitudinal data Turner of the University of Wisconsin- to investigate the predictors of metabolic Madison, relate parental background and disease risk factors in the mothers and parental health, early health conditions, their young adult offspring. The second cognitive and noncognitive traits, uses these data along with saliva and educational attainment, midlife social plasma samples to investigate if early life nutrition influences adult reproductive 42 Social disparities and health
function in the male offspring. its sociopolitical context to determine how it is related to race consciousness Kuzawa is exploring the application in social policies. Considering the of this intergenerational model of relationship among biotechnology, law, biology and health to the problem of and social policy, she examines how race- U.S. health disparities. While there based biotechnologies reflect and shape Roberts investigates is no denying the role of genetics and current political contests over colorblind environmental influences on health, and race-conscious approaches to racial the expansion of race Kuzawa and others in this field are arguing equality. Roberts is also investigating consciousness in for the importance of developmental and how African Americans in particular biomedical research epigenetic processes as pathways linking are navigating their competing interests early life environments with patterns of in race-conscious inclusion in health and technologies in its adult health disparities. As one example, research and technological advances and sociopolitical context African Americans have higher rates of in avoiding the dangerous consequences to determine how diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular of biological definitions of race. disease when compared with U.S. whites. it is related to race It has now been shown that a stressful Sociologist Jeremy Freese has long consciousness in social prenatal environment influences this been interested in how social scientists policies. pattern of adult health conditions. These should engage new findings about the new findings raise the possibility that biology of behavior, especially those from some of the most prominent adult health behavioral genetics and evolutionary disparities in the United States trace, in psychology. Some of this work has shown part, to differences in prenatal conditions that attempts to apply evolutionary and societal factors, such as racism and reasoning to contemporary social issues discrimination, that shape maternal are easily misguided. He argues also that health during pregnancy. instead of thinking in terms of genetics “versus” social causes, researchers Policy, Practice, Race, Culture, and Ethics need to understand how social and Issues associated with policy, practice, policy contexts can either accentuate race, culture, and ethics traverse all of the or attenuate the potential relevance center’s research initiatives. In addition of genetic differences. He is currently to researching issues related to racial working on several articles on this topic, stereotyping, prejudice, and the effects of including one that provides a basic interracial contact, research in this area theoretical statement for sociologists also aims to promote responsible uses of about the centrality of psychological race and ethnicity in biotechnology and constructs in drawing explanatory biomedical and pharmaceutical research. relations between genetics and social Reese P. outcomes, as well as in describing how the Christopher Kuzawa applies Intrigued by a resurgence of scientific causal potency of genes itself carries across intergenerational models interest in race-based genomic variation social contexts. to the study of U.S. and the use of racial categorization in health disparities. biomedicine, Dorothy Roberts, Kirkland Freese is investigating how to better & Ellis Professor of Law, is working on a understand and design interventions project with funding from the National for health inequities in real-world Science Foundation and Robert Wood settings. Freese and Karen Lutfey studied Johnson Foundation. She investigates ethnographic data from a diabetes clinic the expansion of race consciousness in in a large Midwestern city. They show biomedical research and technologies in how providers understand error in their
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 43 Social disparities and health
work and how they think about failures psychological test measuring patterns of in care and efforts to standardize and visual attention to photos of black and impose guidelines in care. Through white males. They found that the students practitioner interviews and observations, who are particularly worried about the researchers find that the vocabularies appearing prejudiced because of external of medical error and quality assurance, concerns seem to suffer from anxiety that Richeson and which have been largely oriented to acute instinctively could cause them to avoid Trawalter find that illness care, are systematically mismatched interaction with blacks in the first place. the students who are in diabetes care. These ambiguities The study, published in Psychological create problems in defining medical Science, suggests that standards to create particularly worried errors, collecting relevant information, a diverse yet harmonious society might about appearing determining long-term treatment goals, unwittingly be encouraging anxious prejudiced because of and applying standardization efforts. responses toward blacks. Considered together, these mismatches external concerns seem imply diminishing returns for health Many companies, schools, and other to suffer from anxiety policy efforts focused on reducing medical organizations strive to increase their that instinctively could error as part of a larger quality diversity, yet how do stigmatized assurance agenda. individuals fare within them? Richeson cause them to avoid is examining the experiences of racial interaction with blacks In Jennifer Richeson’s study of how minorities and members of other low- in the first place. people control the expression of status groups as they attempt to persist— prejudice, she explores how individuals’ and even succeed—in face of token concerns about either being or appearing status and negative group stereotypes. racially biased influence subtle aspects Specifically, Richeson is investigating the of cognition, emotion, and behavior. extent to which racial minority and low- She directs the Social Perception and SES students at a predominantly white Communication Laboratory at private university engage in “covering”— Northwestern, which serves to a compensatory form of self-regulation better understand the effects that surfaces in managing a stigmatized of diverse environments on identity—when they feel their group our feelings and behavior and identity is being threatened and/or they to investigate the antecedents feel they are the targets of prejudice. She and consequences of prejudice is also tabulating potential intrapersonal and stereotyping. costs of covering, including physiological stress reactions, feelings of inauthenticity Richeson and Sophie and shame, increased loneliness, and Trawalter, C2S’s first cognitive depletion. postdoctoral student, studied reactions of 15 white college Richeson is exploring whether racial students, selected for their bias constitutes a risk factor for indications that they are mental disorders (namely, depression) P. ReeseP. motivated to treat blacks in among African Americans and Latinos. Jennifer Richeson explores a nonprejudicial way because Specifically, this work considers the perceptions of racial bias. of external concerns, such as differential effects of subtle—compared the fear of social sanction for with blatant—expressions of racial failing to do so, rather than discrimination during interpersonal because of their internal values. The two interactions in the development of mental researchers then gave these students a disorders. She and Nicole Shelton of
44 Princeton University will also consider conception before girls and women how suppressing emotional reactions undergo cancer treatment. After one to interpersonal discrimination affects ovary is removed and cryopreserved, or the development of mental disorders. frozen, immature follicles are extracted They are also examining whether the and matured in the lab so that they can stigma of mental illness operates in a later be fertilized. similar manner to racial bias in one-on- one interactions. This project received Woodruff is also director of the Division funding from the National Institute of Fertility Preservation, which is working of Mental Health and the Office of to establish the first follicle“ bank” for Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. U.S. cancer survivors, and she directs one of the National Institutes of Health’s Richeson, Emma Adam, and Gregory Specialized Cooperative Centers in Makoul of Northwestern’s Feinberg Reproduction Research. She also edited School of Medicine are examining the the book Oncofertility (Springer, 2007) dynamics of interethnic interactions with sociologist Karrie Ann Snyder. between medical school students and patients of different races and ethnicities. Psychologists Sandra Waxman and Richeson conducts additional studies of Douglas Medin of Northwestern are currently writing a affective and cognitive consequences of book summing up exposure to discrimination. their research on the evolution of The National Institutes of Health biological knowledge recently made a $21 million award to and reasoning establish the landmark Oncofertility across cultures and Consortium, a national research, clinical, across development. and education program that targets They led an fertility threats posed to women by cancer interdisciplinary treatment. Consortium members from research team five universities, including Northwestern, of psychologists, will work together on scientific, medical, linguists, and psychological, legal, and ethical issues anthropologists who surrounding the use of advanced interviewed young reproductive technologies in cancer children and adults patients. Teresa Woodruff, Thomas J. from a wide range of Watkins Memorial Professor of Obstetrics language and cultural and Gynecology, leads the consortium.
communities. The Reese P. participants included Sandra Waxman discusses her work The consortium is building on work urban and rural U.S. on biological knowledge and reasoning. that Woodruff began with researchers in English speakers biochemistry, molecular biology, basic from majority culture biology, and reproductive medicine at and Native American populations. Northwestern’s Institute for Women’s Their research offers evidence of strong Health Research and Center for universal patterns in most fundamental Reproductive Research. They are notions of the natural world. It also developing an experimental technique highlights striking differences that that uses emergency in-vitro fertilization illuminate intimate connections among (IVF) to store ovarian tissue for future culture, language, and the organization of knowledge. www.northwestern.edu/ipr 45 Social disparities and health
Biomarker Training C2S Executive Board C2S is leading the way as a nationally Director recognized center of biomarker training and methodological development. The P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, second C2S Summer Biomarker Institute Professor of Human Development took place from June 18 to 20 and and Social Policy welcomed 25 participants, including three Associate Director international participants from China, Indonesia, and Nigeria. The three co- Thomas McDade, Weinberg organizers—anthropologist and associate College Board of Visitors Research director of C2S Thomas McDade, and Teaching Professor, Associate developmental psychobiologist Emma Professor of Anthropology Adam, and anthropologist Christopher Kuzawa—emphasized biological theory Members and methodology in this year’s session Emma Adam, Associate Professor with a daylong introduction to biology’s of Human Development and Social role in the social sciences, in addition to Policy hands-on training on salivary and blood spot biomarkers. Fay Lomax Cook, Professor of Human Development and Social Colloquium Series Policy, Director of IPR C2S has continued , Joan and its efforts to foster Thomas D. Cook Sarepta Harrison Chair in Ethics a community of and Justice, Professor of Sociology, scholars interested Psychology, and Education and in multidisciplinary Social Policy research on how social, economic, Greg Duncan, Edwina S. Tarry and cultural factors Professor of Education and Social “get under the Policy
skin” and influence P. Reese P. the pathways and Christopher Kuzawa, Assistant Participants practice collecting blood samples processes of human Professor of Anthropology on filter paper at C2S’s Summer development, Biomarker Institute. Alberto Palloni, Board of Trustees health, and Professor in Sociology well-being. To this end, C2S brings researchers and practitioners together Jennifer Richeson, Associate through its colloquia. Six talks were held Professor of Psychology and African on topics such as the Jackson Heart Study American Studies by its director, Herman Taylor Jr., MD, , Kirkland & Ellis professor of medicine at the University Dorothy Roberts Professor of Law of Mississippi Medical Center; and sex differentials in mortality by Richard Teresa Woodruff, Thomas J. Rogers, professor of sociology, who directs Watkins Memorial Professor of the Population Center at the University Obstetrics and Gynecology of Colorado.
46 Quantitative Methods for Policy Research
Most researchers and academics tend to stick with the research methods they know best, learned mainly in graduate school—even though those methods might not represent current best practices or the most appropriate method. This is one reason why Larry V. Hedges, with the support of a group of distinguished interdisciplinary scholars, launched the Center for Improving Methods for MQuantitative Policy Research, or Q-Center, at the Institute for Policy Research. Hedges, who is Board of Trustees Professor in Statistics and Social Policy, co- directs the center with Thomas D. Cook, Joan and Sarepta Harrison Chair in
Ethics and Justice. Q-Center faculty work on: J. Reblando J. • improving designs, analysis, and synthesis in policy research Larry Hedges, • designing better research methods for education Co-Chair • fostering a community of scholars • developing new data sources and methods of data collection
8 Overview of Activities
Methodology and Research Designs applied to a population. The third part Charles F. Manski, Board of Trustees studies prediction of choice behavior. Professor in Economics, continues his original work on the difficulties of Manski and Francesca Molinari of selecting the best policy with limited Cornell University are also working knowledge of policy impacts that he on nonresponse and response errors in Reblando J. started in his 1995 book, Identification survey research. They are analyzing data Thomas Cook, Problems in the Social Sciences (Harvard collected in the Health and Retirement Co-Chair University Press). His new book Study (HRS) to see whether they can improve assessment of data quality. In Identification for Prediction and Decision Q-Center faculty (Harvard University Press, 2007), updates particular, they want to learn whether the previous book’s analysis, while also certain types of respondents systematically conduct research exploring new themes. Illustrations are tend to provide inaccurate or incomplete relevant to the given in domains ranging from criminality information. They hope to improve the center’s mission of to education to medical studies. researchers’ ability to use HRS data by recognizing that some respondent records improving designs, In his book, Manski starts by are incomplete and possibly error ridden data collection, recommending that researchers first ask and then extend their findings to general what can be learned from data alone survey research. analysis, and and then ask what can be learned when synthesis in social data are combined with credible weak In academic journals, the phrase policy research. assumptions. Inferences predicated on “available by request” for materials not weak assumptions, he argues, can achieve included in an article appears all too wide consensus, while ones that require often—a result of space and stylistic strong assumptions almost inevitably constraints that often force authors are subject to sharp disagreements. The of quantitative research articles to first part of the book studies prediction paraphrase or omit discussion of many with missing or incomplete data. The details of their research. To amend second concerns the analysis of treatment this, sociologist Jeremy Freese argues response, which aims to predict outcomes in Sociological Methods and Research when alternative treatment rules are that social scientists should harness www.northwestern.edu/ipr 47 Quantitative Methods for Policy Research
the power of the Internet and adopt topic. They enumerate the general standards for replication to minimize conditions necessary for a strong test its conceptualization as an ethical and of correspondence in results when individualistic matter. He advocates a an experiment is used to validate policy in which authors would, at the any nonexperimental method. They time of their article’s publication, deposit identify three studies where regression the maximum possible information discontinuity and experimental results for replicating published results in with overlapping samples were explicitly an independent online archive. He contrasted. By the criteria of both effect foresees that such a policy would benefit sizes and statistical significance patterns, quantitative social science in general by they then show that each study produced increasing confidence that a researcher’s similar results. This correspondence is reported results could be verified. what theory predicts. But to achieve it in the complex social settings in which these Thomas D. Cook, Joan and Sarepta within-study comparisons were carried Harrison Chair in Ethics and Justice, out suggests that regression discontinuity conducted a review of the history of the results might be more generally robust regression discontinuity design (RDD) in than some critics contend. psychology, statistics, and economics that appeared in the Journal of Econometrics. Larry V. Hedges, Board of Trustees Donald T. Campbell, Professor in Statistics and Social Policy, who invented the is working on the second edition of The design in 1958, and a Handbook of Research Synthesis (Russell group of Northwestern Sage Foundation) with Harris Cooper and University colleagues, Jeff Valentine of Duke University. It will including Cook, worked update the first edition, which became on RDD until the early the most cited reference in the field of 1980s, when the design research synthesis, or meta-analysis. It will fell into disfavor. In the cover new developments in theory and article, Cook speculates practice, as well as entirely new chapters on why RDDs held such on estimations from studies involving a low profile until the the randomized trials of groups or clusters mid-1990s. Since then, such as classrooms in schools, growing
J. Ziv the design has widely efforts to use research synthesis in policy Thomas Cook leads a workshop session on quasi- caught on, particularly analysis, and software packages used for experimentation in educational research. among younger meta-analysis. The second edition is econometricians and scheduled to be published in 2008. labor economists in both the United States and Europe. Cook offers an Research Methods for Education explanation for why this 50-year-old Many researchers believe that design, rarely used until the beginning of randomized experimentation is usually this century, has been reborn. the best methodology for investigating issues in education. However, it is not Cook and IPR graduate research always feasible. The usually advocated assistant and doctoral student Vivian alternative—quasi-experimentation— Wong have published a paper reviewing has recently come under attack from whether regression-discontinuity studies scholars who contrast the results from reproduce the results of randomized a randomized experiment and a quasi- experiments conducted on the same experiment on the same topic, where
48 Quantitative Methods for Policy Research
the quasi-experiment shares the same In another project supported by IES, intervention as the experiment. Thus, the Hedges is developing improved statistical quasi-experiment and the experiment methods for analyzing and reporting vary only in whether the control group multilevel experiments in education. He is randomly formed or not. Social is also working on more efficient designs psychologist Thomas D. Cook is critically for such experiments that require the examining this literature, comprising assignment of fewer schools. Such designs More efficient more than 20 studies. The project is should reduce the costs of educational designs for multilevel supported by the Spencer Foundation. experiments and thus make them more experiments in feasible to conduct. Cook and Larry V. Hedges are also education should co-investigators of a project, supported For those designs involving cluster reduce costs and make by IES, that will examine methods for randomization, Hedges has defined three the experiments more improving the design, implementation, effect sizes—and computing estimates and analysis of four specific quasi- of those effect sizes and their standard feasible to conduct. experimental designs in education: errors—from information that is likely to regression discontinuity, case matching be reported in journal articles. A common on the propensity score, short interrupted mistake in analysis of cluster-randomized time series, and pattern matching. They trials is to ignore the effect of clustering will use Monte Carlo simulations and and analyze the data as if each treatment compare quasi-experimental results to group were a simple random sample. those from randomized experiments Hedges has provided sharing the same treatment group to a simple correction explore the specific advantages and to the t-statistic that limitations of each of the four designs. would be computed if clustering were Hedges is reanalyzing surveys with incorrectly ignored. nationally representative samples to develop reference values of intraclass Research correlations. These data can then methodologist Spyros be used to help plan experiments in Konstantopoulos education. For example, one study with discusses power University of Chicago graduate student analysis in field
Eric Hedberg provides a compilation of experiments that J. Ziv intraclass correlation values of academic involve nested Lashawn Richburg-Hayes of MDRC was one of 90 achievement and related covariate structures where, participants in the 2007 quasi-experimental workshops. effects that could be used for planning for example, either group randomized experiments in entire groups, such education. This project has funding from as classrooms or schools, or individuals the Interagency Educational Research within groups, such as students, are Initiative (IERI). IERI is a collaborative assigned to treatment conditions. The effort of the National Science Foundation, studies illustrate power computations of Institute of Education Sciences (IES), and tests of the overall treatment effect, as National Institute of Child Health and well as of tests of the treatment effect’s Human Development to support scientific inconsistency across clusters such as research that investigates the effectiveness classrooms and schools. Konstantopoulos’ of educational interventions in reading, studies provide methods for computing mathematics, and the sciences. the power of tests of the treatment effect and its variability in three-level designs
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 49 Quantitative Methods for Policy Research
with two levels of nesting, where, for on rates rather than totals. By using the example, students are nested within framework for multiregional demography classrooms, and classrooms are nested developed in his and Juha Alho’s within schools. These methods can be 2005 book, Statistical Demography and extended to quasi-experimental studies Forecasting (Springer), Spencer can allow that examine group differences in an for aging and retirement, international outcome, associations between predictors movement, and policy effects of improved and outcomes, and their variability across incentives for attracting and training clusters. students. Such work will pull together a set of previously scattered numbers and Statistical Accuracy and Forecasting could aid in better evaluations of U.S. The accuracy of social statistics and competitiveness and discussions of the social processes is a focus of statistics future of higher education. professor Bruce Spencer’s work. Spencer has started a new project looking at the Population Models accuracy of jury verdicts. In a set of 271 Alberto Palloni, Board of Trustees cases from four areas, juries gave wrong Professor in Sociology, continues his work verdicts in at least one out of eight cases, on transmission models for the spread Spencer found. Based of HIV/AIDS that he pioneered in on his findings from the early 1990s. Progress in formulating this limited sample, models, methods, and techniques to he is optimistic that trace the epidemic’s effects has been fast larger, carefully designed and impressive, but more work is needed statistical studies could before researchers can use these models to tell much more about generate robust forecasts on the epidemic’s the accuracy of jury future course. Palloni is currently verdicts. If such studies developing generalized stable population were conducted on a models that will be useful in estimating large scale, Spencer HIV/AIDS prevalence in countries with
P. ReeseP. believes they could lead deficient data on infected individuals. Bruce Spencer talks about his work on to better understanding the accuracy of jury verdicts. of the prevalence of In his work on health and socioeconomic incorrect verdicts—false status (SES), Palloni is developing convictions and false acquittals. The IPR microsimulation models that combine working paper “Estimating the Accuracy Bayesian averaging of structural of Jury Verdicts” appeared in the Journal equation models with multiple of Empirical Legal Studies. imputation procedures to determine the magnitude of effects of early health on Spencer also continues work on adult SES, health status, and mortality. estimating and forecasting for selected Bayesian averaging allows researchers to areas of human capital, such as those blend forecasts from competing models that categorize U.S. workers employed in to establish their combined predictive science and technology jobs according to uncertainty. skill. Past U.S. educational attainment work has tended to focus on covariates of Palloni and collaborators are using a set educational attainment, or educational of different techniques to produce robust policy, for differences in averages across estimates for cohorts from data that only groups. This is consistent with most portray incomplete cohort trajectories. demographic research, which has focused They are using these techniques to
50 capture the effects of early childhood such as regression discontinuity designs health conditions from 1970 to 2000 on and interrupted time series. They lectured late adult health in the United States. on theory and practice, supplementing their discussions with as many examples Data Centers as possible from education, highlighting Q-Center faculty are involved in two the advantages and disadvantages of major centers for developing data sources. using them. They also relied on empirical research that compares the results of The Data Research and Development randomized experiments to quasi-experi- Center’s ongoing research agenda is to ments sharing the same intervention develop and apply research methods for group. More are planned for 2008, with identifying educational interventions that support from the Spencer Foundation. can be scaled up without diminishing the effectiveness of these interventions. The Recently, the Institute of Education work involves basic research on the design Sciences awarded Northwestern and analysis of studies for determining University a three-year grant for summer if an intervention has been scaled workshops on randomized field successfully, providing technical assistance trials. The workshops, co-organized to similar studies at the Interagency by Hedges and two colleagues from Education Research Initiative. Statistician Vanderbilt University, will focus Larry V. Hedges and Barbara Schneider on the design, implementation, of the University of Chicago direct the and analysis of randomized data research center. It receives funding experiments. Each two-week from the National Science Foundation. session will train 30 researchers who are already planning to Northwestern University is also part of conduct randomized trials and the consortium running the Chicago have some experience already with Census Research Data Center. The them. The next session is planned for July 2008. J. Reblando center provides researchers an oppor- Larry Hedges will direct a summer tunity to engage in approved projects workshop on randomized field trials. using Census Bureau microdata. Other Promoting the Methodological consortium members include Argonne Community National Laboratory, Federal Reserve Statistician Larry V. Hedges and social Bank of Chicago, University of Chicago, psychologist Thomas D. Cook are and University of Illinois at Chicago. A active in fostering the methodological grant from the National Science Founda- community at a national level as tion also supports the center. Statistician founding members of the Society for Bruce Spencer has played a leading role Research on Educational Effectiveness, in integrating the center at Northwestern. which is preparing for its first national conference. Keynote speakers will include Methodological Workshops Cook, Judith Gueron of Manpower Social psychologist Thomas D. Cook and Demonstration Research Corporation, William Shadish of the University of Cali- and Grover “Russ” Whitehurst of the fornia, Merced, held three weeklong work- Institute of Education Sciences in shops in summer 2007 for 90 educational the Department of Education. The researchers from universities, contract organization seeks to advance and research firms, and school districts. The disseminate research on the causal effects two organizers covered the most empiri- of education interventions, practices, cally viable quasi-experimental practices programs, and policies. www.northwestern.edu/ipr 51 Quantitative Methods for Policy Research
Hedges and Barbara Foorman of Florida has accepted an assistant professorship State University were the inaugural in sociology at the University of editors of the organization’s Journal of Pennsylvania for fall 2008. Research on Educational Effectiveness. The first issue appeared in January 2008 Q-Center Colloquia and featured articles on methodological The Q-Center colloquia bring together studies and intervention, evaluation, and distinguished scholars who focus on policy studies. methodological problems to yield better strategies for quantitative research in the social sciences.
At a November 13 colloquium, Graham Kalton, chairman of the board of directors and senior vice president of Westat, offered insight into the methods and challenges of compensating for missing survey data when using design-based modes of inference. On November 27, Peter Steiner, a visiting IPR researcher from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna, spoke about different covariate
sets that control for selection bias in P. Reese P. Graham Kalton of Westat gives a colloquium on using observational studies. On December 11, design-based inference modes in survey samples. sociologist Douglas Heckathorn of Cornell University talked about extensions of respondent-driven sampling. Hedges and Cook are also founding members of the Society for Research Synthesis Methodology, a new Q-Center Steering Committee professional society concerned with statistical methods for evidence-based Co-Directors social and health policy research. The society’s second annual conference, Larry V. Hedges, Board of Trustees organized by Hedges, took place in Professor in Statistics and Social Evanston, Ill., from July 9 to 11. Policy Thomas D. Cook, Joan and Sarepta Training New Scholars Harrison Chair in Ethics and Justice The Q-Center’s postdoctoral training program is supported by the Institute of Members Education Sciences. By providing two- year fellowships, the program aims to train Greg Duncan, Edwina S. Tarry postdoctoral fellows in applied education Professor of Education and Social research and produce a new generation Policy of education researchers dedicated to Charles F. Manski, Board of solving the pressing challenges facing the Trustees Professor in Economics American educational system through methodologically rigorous research. Bruce Spencer, Professor of Its first fellow, Ezekiel Dixon-Román, Statistics
52 faculty recognition
8 Faculty Awards and Honors 2007
Faculty Fellows
P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Larry V. Hedges Fellow, American Psychological Society Ingram Olkin Award for Lifetime Contributions, Society for Research Thomas D. Cook Synthesis Methodology; President-Elect, Sells Award for Lifetime Achievement, Society for Research Synthesis Society for Multivariate Experimental Methodology, 2008–09 Psychology; Congressionally Appointed Independent Reviewer of the National Christopher Kuzawa Assessment of Title I (No Child Left Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Medical Behind); Member, Committee on Data Sciences, University of Auckland, New Priorities for Behavioral and Social Zealand, 2007–10; Faculty Honor Roll for Research on Aging, National Institute on Teaching, Northwestern University, 2006–07 Aging, 2006–07 Dan A. Lewis Victoria DeFrancesco Soto Outstanding Undergraduate Professor, Best Paper Award on Latina/Latino Politics, School of Education and Social Policy, Western Political Science Association Northwestern University, 2006–07 James Druckman Franklin L. Burdette Pi Sigma Alpha Nancy MacLean Outstanding Paper Award, American Book Awards: Philip Taft Political Science Association (APSA); Labor History Award; Best Paper, Public Opinion, Elections, and Allan Sharlin Book Award Voting Behavior Section, APSA; Associated (social science history); Student Government Outstanding Faculty James Willard Hurst Prize of the Year, Northwestern University, (sociolegal history), Law and 2006–07; Honorary Professorship, Aarhus Society Association; Labor University, Denmark History Best Book Prize, International Association of Greg Duncan Labor History Institutions; President, Population Association of Lillian Smith Book Award, America, 2007–08; President-Elect, Society Southern Regional Council; for Research in Child Development, 2009– Richard A. Lester Prize (labor P. ReeseP. 11; Member, Review Panel for the National economics and industrial rela- Charles Manski looks at ways to analyze Children’s Study, National Research tions), Princeton University; empirical questions in the social sciences. Council, 2007–08 Member, Executive Board, Labor and Working Class History Alice Eagly Association James Padilla Chair in Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University; Interamerican Charles F. Manski Psychologist Award, Interamerican Society Consultant, Federal Reserve Bank of New of Psychology; Runner-up, McKinsey York; Member, Committee of Visitors, Award, “Women and the Labyrinth of Division of Social and Economic Sciences, Leadership,” Harvard Business Review National Science Foundation
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 53 Faculty recognition
Thomas McDade Department of Education, 2007–11; Weinberg College Board of Visitors Member, Technical Review Panel (design), Research and Teaching Professor, National High School Longitudinal Study Northwestern University of 2009, U.S. Department of Education
Therese McGuire Wesley G. Skogan Board of Directors, Illinois Tax Foundation Outstanding Book Award, The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences; Top 25 Most- Ann Orloff Cited Political Scientists, PS: Political Member, Scientific Advisory Board, Nordic Science and Politics Research Board (NordForsk), Nordic Centre of Excellence Programme in Welfare Kathleen Thelen Research, 2007–12 Senior Research Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford University, 2007–10; President, Monica Prasad Organized Section on Politics and History, Barrington Moore (best book) Award, American Political Science Association, American Sociological Association; 2007–08; Member, Board of Trustees, Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialfor- Award, Political Sociology Section, schung, 2007–11; Member, Advisory Board, American Sociological Association the Institute for Advanced Study in Berlin (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin); Member, Lincoln Quillian Advisory Committee, Transatlantic Member, Social Science Research Council/ Academy; President-Elect, Society for the MacArthur Foundation Mixed-Income Advancement of Socioeconomics, 2008–09 Housing Research Design Group; Review Panel Member, Human and Social Celeste Watkins-Hayes Dynamics Program, National Science Department of African American Studies Foundation, May 2007 Teaching Award, Northwestern University
Jennifer Richeson Burton Weisbrod Fellow, John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Member, Advisory Committee, Center on Foundation, 2007–11; “Young Innovator Philanthropy and Civil Society, Stanford in the Arts and Sciences,” Smithsonian University magazine; Identified as a “Rising Star,” Association for Psychological Science; Faculty Associates Member, MacArthur Foundation Network on Law and Neuroscience, 2007–10 Carolyn Chen Identified as a “Top Ten Scholar of Asian Dorothy Roberts American Religions,” ReligionLink Visiting Fellow, Research Institute of P. ReeseP. From left: Dennis Chong and Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, Dennis Chong James Druckman take part in a Stanford University, 2007–08 Franklin L. Burdette Pi Sigma Alpha political behavior workshop. Outstanding Paper Award, American James Rosenbaum Political Science Association (APSA); Adviser, U.S. National Assessment of Best Paper, Public Opinion, Elections, and Career and Technical Education, U.S. Voting Behavior Section, APSA
54 Faculty recognition
Daniel Diermeier Orlando, October 5; “The Political Faculty Pioneer Award for Institutional Dilemmas Associated with Demonstrating Impact, Aspen Institute’s Center for that Certain Kinds of Quasi-Experiments Business Education; Best Paper Award, Routinely Reproduce Results of Randomized International Association for Conflict Experiments,” keynote, Society on Educational Effectiveness Research, March Philip Greenland 2, Crystal City, Va.; Member, Board of External Experts, “Guiding Principals for National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Implementing School- Based Management Jennifer Light Programs,” invited New Directions Fellowship, Andrew W. seminar, March Mellon Foundation, 2007–09 6, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Aviv Nevo Compass Prize for Best Paper in an Academic Greg Duncan Journal, Competition Policy Associates “Penny Wise and Effect
Size Foolish,” Federal R. Alswang Mary Pattillo Roundtable Meeting Greg Duncan gives a talk on New Hope at the City of Chicago Resolution honoring Black on Effect Sizes, invited National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in talks, Washington, the City; “Favorite Books of 2007,” Chicago D.C., March 5, and Intervening Early: Tribune, December 15 Progress and Opportunities in Child Service Settings Conference, Washington, D.C., David Protess September 19; “The Costs of Childhood Named among “20 Most Important Poverty,” invited talk, Building the Journalists since World War I,” Economic Case for Investments in Children Encyclopedia of American Journalism Conference, Committee for Economic Development, Washington, D.C., March Brian Uzzi 7; “Neighborhood Mobility Interventions,” Professor of the Year, Executive MBA invited talk, MacArthur Network on Family Program, Kellogg School of Management, and the Economy, Half Moon Bay, Calif., Northwestern University August 30; “New Hope: Fulfilling America’s Promise to ‘Make Work Pay,’” Brookings Sandra Waxman Institution, Hamilton Event, National Press James McKeen Cattell Award, American Club, Washington, D.C., December 12 Psychological Society; Guggenheim Fellowship, John Simon Guggenheim Alice Eagly Memorial Foundation “Through the Labyrinth: How Women Have Both Advantages and Disadvantages as 8 Presentations of Note 2007 Leaders,” S. B. Sells Lecture, Southwestern Psychological Association, Fort Worth, Faculty Fellows April 5; “The Social Construction of Heroes and Heroism,” invited talk, Interamerican Thomas D. Cook Congress of Psychology, Mexico City, July “Evidence-Based Practice: Where Do 4; “Through the Labyrinth: Producing We Really Stand?” keynote, Institute Politically Relevant Research and for Personnel Evaluation in Education, Explaining It to the Public,” James Padilla
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 55 faculty recognition
Chair in Arts and Sciences Inaugural Lec- Scotland Annual Lecture, The Scottish ture, Northwestern University, October 23 Institute for Policing Research, University of Edinburgh, September 11 Larry V. Hedges “Robust Standard Errors and Experimental Kathleen Thelen Design,” first annual RAND Statistics “Institutional Change in Advanced Political Seminar, Carnegie Mellon University, Economies,” keynote, Governing by Looking Pittsburgh, December 6 Back: How History Matters in Society, Poli- tics, and Government, Australian National Charles F. Manski University, Canberra, December 14 “Measuring Expectations,” keynote, 27th International Faculty Associates Symposium on Forecasting, New York, June 26 Shari Seidman Diamond “Juries: In the Courtroom and During Ann Orloff Deliberations,” plenary, American College “Gender, Employment of Trial Lawyers, Denver, October 12 and Social Policy: U.S.- Scandinavian Differences,” Philip Greenland plenary, Reassessing the “An Epidemiologist’s Examination of
Y. LimY. Nordic Welfare Model the Clues to a Long and Healthy Life,” Wesley Skogan delivers the (kickoff conference), Nordic keynote, Marvin J. Hoffman Day, University Apex Scotland Annual Lecture. Center of Excellence, Oslo, of Rochester School of Medicine and October 25 Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y., April 27
Alberto Palloni Jennifer Light “Social Class Health and Mortality “The State of Research on Places of Differentials: Are There Important Invention,” invited talk, inaugural Selection Effects?” Gordon De Jong Lemelson Institute, Lemelson Center for the Distinguished Lecture in Social Study of Invention and Innovation, Incline Demography, Pennsylvania State Village, Nev., August 16 University, October 22 Jelani Mandara Dorothy Roberts “Parenting Practices to Prevent Boys’ “Child Welfare’s Paradox,” George Wythe Delinquency,” invited talk, Boys’ Summit, Lecture, February 12, William & Mary Department of Juvenile Justice and School of Law, Williamsburg, Va.; Noreen Prevention, Washington D.C., E. McNamara Lecture, Fordham Law November 16 School, November 1 Linda Teplin James Rosenbaum “Psychiatric Disorders in Detained Youth: High School Preparation for College and Key Findings from the Northwestern Workforce, Education Week, Washington, Juvenile Project,” keynote, American D.C., January 12 Institute for Research, New Orleans, July 30
Wesley G. Skogan “Leadership from Bottom to Top: Chicago’s Model for Community Policing,” Apex
56 faculty recognition faculty books
Faculty Fellows Duncan, Greg, and P. Lindsay Chase- Lansdale, eds. For Better and For Worse: P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Welfare Reform and the Well-Being of Children Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay, Kathleen and Families. Russell Sage Foundation Kienan, and Ruth J. Friedman, eds. Human (2002). Development Across Lives and Generations: The Potential for Change. Cambridge Alice Eagly University Press (2004). Eagly, Alice, and Linda Carli. Through the Labyrinth: The Truth About How Women Duncan, Greg, and P. Lindsay Chase- Become Leaders. Harvard Business School Lansdale, eds. For Better and For Worse: Press (2007). Welfare Reform and the Well-Being of Children In Higher Ground: New and Families. Russell Sage Foundation Eagly, Alice, Reuben Baron, and V. Lee (2002). Hamilton, eds. The Social Psychology of Hope for the Working Poor Group Identity and Social Conflict: Theory, and Their Children, Greg Fay Lomax Cook Application, and Practice. American Duncan, Aletha Huston, Psychological Association Books (2005). Manza, Jeff, Fay Lomax Cook, and Benja- and Thomas Weisner min I. Page, eds. Navigating Public Opinion: tell the story of three Polls, Policy, and the Future of American Eagly, Alice, Anne Beall, and Robert Democracy. Oxford University Press (2002). Sternberg, eds. The Psychology of Gender, women in New Hope, a 2nd ed. The Guilford Press (2004). program started in 1994 by Thomas D. Cook a coalition of community Campbell, Donald T., Thomas D. Cook, and Larry V. Hedges activists and business William R. Shadish. Experimental and Quasi- Cooper, Harris, Larry V. Hedges, and Jeff Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Valentine. The Handbook of Research leaders in Milwaukee Inference. Houghton Mifflin (2002). Synthesis, 2nd ed. Russell Sage Foundation to address the specific (forthcoming 2008). problems of the working Cook, Thomas D., with Jacquelynne Eccles, poor. Participants agreed et al. Community Programs to Promote Youth Hedges, Larry V., and Barbara Schneider, to work a minimum of 30 Development. The National Academies Press eds. The Social Organization of Schooling. (2002). Russell Sage Foundation (2005). hours per week in exchange for benefits such as health Nancy MacLean Greg Duncan and childcare subsidies Duncan, Greg, Aletha Huston, and Thomas MacLean, Nancy. Freedom Is Not Enough: and cash supplements. The Weisner. Higher Ground: New Hope for the The Opening of the American Workplace. Working Poor and Their Children. Russell Harvard University Press and Russell Sage authors also evaluate the Sage Foundation (2007). Foundation (2006). program’s potential as a national model. Committee on Evaluation of Children’s Charles F. Manski Health, National Research Council, Greg Manski, Charles F. Identification for Prediction Duncan and Ruth Stein, co-chairs. and Decision. Harvard University Press (2007). Children’s Health, the Nation’s Wealth: Manski, Charles F. Social Choice with Partial Assessing and Improving Child Health. Knowledge of Treatment Response. Princeton The National Academies Press (2004). University Press (2005). Weber, Bruce, Greg Duncan, and Leslie Manski, Charles F. Partial Identification of Whitener, eds. Rural Dimensions of Welfare Probability Distributions. Springer-Verlag Reform. W. E. Upjohn Institute (2002). (2003). www.northwestern.edu/ipr 57 Faculty books
Leslie McCall Roberts, Dorothy. Shattered Bonds: The McCall, Leslie. Complex Inequality: Gender, Color of Child Welfare. Basic Books (2002). Class, and Race in the New Economy. Routledge (2001). James Rosenbaum Rosenbaum, James, Regina Deil-Amen, and Ann Orloff Ann Person. After Admission: From College Adams, Julia, Elisabeth Clemens, and Ann Access to College Success. Russell Sage Orloff, eds. Remaking Modernity: Politics, Foundation (2006). History, and Sociology. Duke University Press (2005). Wesley G. Skogan Skogan, Wesley G. Police and Community in Chicago: A Tale of Three Cities. Oxford In Through the Labyrinth: Monica Prasad Prasad, Monica, with Isaac Martin and University Press (2006). The Truth About How Ajay Mehrotra, eds. The Thunder of History: Women Become Leaders, Comparative and Historical Perspectives Committee to Review Research on Police Alice Eagly and Linda on Taxation. Cambridge University Press Policy and Practices, National Research Carli update the obsolete (forthcoming). Council, Wesley G. Skogan and Kathleen Frydl, eds. Fairness and Effectiveness in metaphor of the glass ceiling Prasad, Monica. The Politics of Free Markets: Policing: The Evidence. The National as they examine what The Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Academies Press (2004). stereotypes and prejudices Britain, France, Germany, and the United still limit women’s States. University of Chicago Press (2006). Skogan, Wesley G., ed. Community Policing: Can It Work? Wadsworth (2003). leadership opportunities. Andrew Roberts Although women have Roberts, Andrew. The Quality of Democracy Bruce Spencer made significant progress in Eastern Europe: Policy Reforms and Public Alho, Juha, and Bruce Spencer. in the workplace, they still Preferences. Cambridge University Press Statistical Demography and Forecasting. remain relatively rare in (forthcoming). Springer (2005). elite positions of power. Dorothy Roberts James Spillane Grounded in research from Roberts, Dorothy, with Rhoda Reddock, Spillane, James, and John Diamond, eds. psychology, management, Dianne Douglas, and Sandra Reid, eds. Sex, Distributed Leadership in Practice. Teachers and political science, as Power, and Taboo: Gender and HIV in the College Press (2007). well as recounting a wealth Caribbean and Beyond. Ian Randle Publishers (forthcoming 2008). Spillane, James. Distributed Leadership. of anecdotes and personal Jossey-Bass (2006). accounts, the book evaluates Roberts, Dorothy, with Libby Adler, Lisa whether certain obstacles Crooms, Judith Greenberg, and Martha Spillane, James. Standards Deviation: How still exist and, where they Minow, eds. Mary Joe Frug’s Women and the Local Schools Misunderstand Policy. Law, 4th ed. Foundation Press (forthcoming Harvard University Press (2004). do, how to eliminate them. 2008). Kathleen Thelen Roberts, Dorothy, with Donald Lively, Streeck, Wolfgang, and Kathleen Thelen, William Araiza, Phoebe Haddon, and John eds. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change Knechtle. First Amendment Law: Cases, in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford Comparative Perspectives, and Dialogues. University Press (2005). Anderson Publishing Company (2003).
58 Faculty books
Thelen, Kathleen. How Institutions Evolve: Shane Greenstein The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Greenstein, Shane, and Victor Stango, Britain, the United States, and Japan. eds. Standards and Public Policy. Cambridge Cambridge University Press (2004). University Press (2007).
Celeste Watkins-Hayes Greenstein, Shane, ed. Computing. Edward Watkins-Hayes, C. The New Welfare Elgar (2006). Bureaucrats: Entanglements of Race, Class, and Policy Reform. University of Chicago Greenstein, Shane. Diamonds Are Forever, Press (forthcoming 2009). Computers Are Not: Economics and Strategic Management in Computing Markets. Imperial Burton Weisbrod College Press (2004). Distributed Leadership in Weisbrod, Burton, Jeffrey Ballou, and Practice, edited by James Evelyn Asch. Mission and Money: Greenstein, Shane, and Lorrie Cranor, eds. Understanding the University. Cambridge Communications Policy and Information Spillane and John Diamond, University Press (forthcoming 2008). Technology: Promises, Problems, Prospects. uses numerous case studies MIT Press (2002). of individual schools and Faculty Associates empirically based accounts John Hagan Pablo Boczkowski Hagan, John, ed. Annual Review of Law and of school settings to explore Boczkowski, Pablo. Digitizing the News: Social Science. Annual Reviews (2007). the difference between Innovation in Online Newspapers. MIT Press a distributed perspective (2004, paperback 2005). Peterson, Ruth, Lauren Krivo, and John and other frameworks for Hagan. The Many Colors of Crime: leadership. It provides David Dranove Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in Dranove, David. Code Red: An Economist America. New York University Press (2006). examples of the connection Explains How to Revive the Healthcare System between a distributed Without Destroying It. Princeton University Hagan, John. Justice in the Balkans: perspective and leadership Prosecuting War Criminals in the Hague Press (2008). practice and illustrates how Tribunal. University of Chicago Press the study of day-to-day Dranove, David. What’s Your Life Worth? (2003). Financial Times/Prentice Hall (2003). leadership is important to Heitmeyer, Wilhelm, and John Hagan, eds. overall improvement of Joseph Ferrie International Handbook of Violence Research. school leadership. Ferrie, Joseph. Moving Through Time: U.S. Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003). Occupational, Geographic, and Financial Mobility Across and Within Generations, Hagan, John, with Klaus Boenke and Daniel 1850–2000. Cambridge University Press Fuss, eds. Youth Violence and Right-Wing (forthcoming). Extremism. Juventa Verlag (2002).
Eli Finkel John Heinz Vohs, K., and Finkel, E., eds. Self and Heinz, John, Robert Nelson, Rebecca Relationships: Connecting Intrapersonal and Sandefur, and Edward Laumann. Urban Interpersonal Processes. Guilford Press. Lawyers: The New Social Structure of the Bar. (2006). University of Chicago Press (2005).
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 59 faculty books
Barton Hirsch American Democracy. Oxford University Hirsch, Barton. A Place to Call Home: Press (2002). After-School Programs for Urban Youth. American Psychological Association Books Mary Pattillo and Teachers College Press (2005). Pattillo, Mary. Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in the City. Craig LaMay University of Chicago Press (2007). LaMay, Craig. Exporting Press Freedom. Transaction Publishers (2007). Pattillo, Mary, David Weiman, and Bruce Western, eds. Imprisoning America: LaMay, Craig, ed. Journalism and the Debate The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. over Privacy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Russell Sage Foundation (2004). In Identification for (2003). Prediction and Decision, Robert Porter Charles F. Manski offers Jennifer Light Porter, Robert, with Mark Armstrong, eds. a new methodology Light, Jennifer. From Warfare to Welfare: Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol. 3. for analyzing empirical Defense Intellectuals and Urban Problems Elsevier (2007). in Cold War America. Johns Hopkins questions in the social University Press (2003). Carl Smith sciences, recommending Smith, Carl. The Plan of Chicago: Daniel that researchers first ask Robert Nelson Burnham and the Remaking of the American what can be learned from Nielsen, Laura Beth, and Robert Nelson, City. University of Chicago Press (2006). eds. Handbook of Employment Discrimination data alone and then what Research: Rights and Realities. Springer (2005). Karrie Snyder can be learned when data Woodruff, Teresa, and Karrie Snyder, eds. are combined with credible Heinz, John, Robert Nelson, Rebecca Oncofertility. Springer (2007). weak assumptions. Sandefur, and Edward Laumann. Urban Lawyers: The New Social Structure of the Bar. Susan Thistle University of Chicago Press (2005). Thistle, Susan. From Marriage to the Market: The Transformation of Women’s Lives and Daniel O’Keefe Work. University of California Press (2006). O’Keefe, Daniel. Persuasion: Theory and Research, 2nd ed., Sage Publications (2002). Brian Uzzi Kogut, Bruce, and Brian Uzzi, eds. Benjamin Page Management Networks. Edward Elgar Page, Benjamin, with Edward Greenberg. (forthcoming). The Struggle for Democracy, 8th ed., Pearson Longman (2006). Sandra Waxman Hall, Geoffrey, and Sandra Waxman, eds. Page, Benjamin, with Marshall Bouton. The Weaving a Lexicon. MIT Press (2004). In Black on the Block: The Foreign Policy Disconnect: What Americans Politics of Race and Class Want from Our Leaders but Don’t Get. Teresa Woodruff in the City, Mary Pattillo University of Chicago Press (2006). Woodruff, Teresa, and Karrie Snyder, eds. traces the historic rise, Oncofertility. Springer (2007). Manza, Jeff, Fay Lomax Cook, and alarming fall, and equally Benjamin Page, eds. Navigating Public dramatic renewal of one Opinion: Polls, Policy, and the Future of Chicago neighborhood.
60 faculty books IPR working papers
8 Poverty, Race, and Inequality
The Correlates of Work in a Post-AFDC World: The Results from a Longitudinal State- Level Analysis by Dan A. Lewis, Spyros Konstantopoulos, and Lisa Altenbernd (WP-07-01)
The Racial Geography of State “Child Protection” by Dorothy Roberts (WP-07-06) “… [T]he use of two-way 8 Politics, Institutions, and Public Policy communication features like Adaptive Partial Drug Approval by Charles F. Manski (WP-07-08) chats and message boards is driven by party affiliation, Segmented Representation: The Reagan White House and Disproportionate incumbency status, and race Responsiveness by James Druckman and Lawrence Jacobs (WP-07-10) competitiveness. The fact that Communications, Media, and Public Opinion Democrats are more likely to Public Opinion on Energy Policy, 1974–2006 by Toby Bolsen and Fay Lomax Cook offer two-way communication (WP-07-07) features may be the result of Howard Dean’s success with The Technological Development of Candidate Web Sites: How and Why Candidates Use these technologies in the 2004 Web Innovations by James Druckman, Martin Kifer, and Michael Parkin (WP-07-09) presidential election.” Going Negative in a New Media Age: Congressional Campaign Web Sites, 2002–06 by James Druckman, Martin Kifer, and Michael Parkin (WP-07-11) Druckman, D., M. Kifer, and M. Parkin. 2007. The technological development of candidate Web 8 Quantitative Methods for Policy Research sites: How and why candidates use Web innovations. IPR Working Paper, WP-07-09, p. 25. Center for Improving Methods for Quantitative Policy Research (Q-Center) Empirical Tests of the Validity of the Regression-Discontinuity Design by Thomas D. Cook and Vivian Wong (WP-07-02)
“Waiting for Life to Arrive”: A History of the Regression-Discontinuity Design in Psychology, Statistics, and Economics by Thomas D. Cook (WP-07-03)
Computing Power of Tests for the Variability of Treatment Effects in Designs with Two Levels of Nesting by Spyros Konstantopoulos (WP-07-04)
The Power of the Test in Three-Level Designs by Spyros Konstantopoulos (WP-07-05)
How Long Do Teacher Effects Persist? by Spyros Konstantopoulos (WP-07-12)
Effect Sizes in Three-Level Cluster Randomized Experiments by Larry V. Hedges (WP-07-13)
Correcting a Significance Test for Clustering in Designs With Two Levels of Nesting by Larry V. Hedges (WP-07-14)
Constructing a More Powerful Test in Three-Level Cluster Randomized Designs by Spyros Konstantopoulos (WP-07-15)
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 61 published articles and chapters
Faculty Fellows perspective on the development of young children in immigrant families. In Emma Adam Immigrant Families in Contemporary Society, Adam, E., B. Klimes-Dougan, and M. Gun- ed. J. Lansford, K. Deater-Deckard, and M. nar. 2007. Social regulation of stress physiol- Bornstein, 137–55. New York: Guilford Press. ogy in infancy, childhood, and adolescence: Implications for mental health and educa- Coley, R., B. Lohman, E. Votruba-Drzal, L. “Our results suggest that tion. In Human Behavior, Learning, and the Pitman, and P. L. Chase-Lansdale. 2007. sleep in childhood may be Developing Brain: Atypical Development, Maternal functioning, time, and money: linked to subsequent weight ed. D. Coch, G. Dawson, and K. Fischer, The world of work and welfare. Children and and overweight status. 264–304. New York: Guilford Press. Youth Services Review 29(6): 721–41. Moreover, earlier bedtime Adam, E., E. Snell, and P. Pendry. 2007. Thomas D. Cook may be more important for Sleep timing and quantity in ecological and Cook, T. D. 2007. Randomized experiments younger children’s and later family context: A nationally representative in education: Assessing the objections to waketime more important for time-diary study. Special issue on Sleep doing them. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 16(5): 331–55. older children’s subsequent and Family Processes, Journal of Family Psychology 21(1): 4–19. BMI [body mass index] and Cook, T. D., and D. Foray. 2007. Building overweight status. If so, DeSantis, A., E. Adam, L. Doane, S. Mineka, the capacity to experiment in schools: A parents should be encouraged R. Zinbarg, and M. Craske. 2007. Racial/ case study of the Institute of Educational to put their younger children ethnic differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms Sciences in the U.S. Department of in a community sample of adolescents. Education. Economics of Innovation and to bed early enough so that Journal of Adolescent Health 41(1): 3–13. New Technology 16(5): 385–402. they can sleep at least 10 or 11 hours a night. For older Pendry, P., and E. Adam. 2007. Associations Cook, T. D., and V. Wong. 2007. The children, however, only later between interparental discord, parenting warrant for universal pre-K: Can several thin reeds make a strong policy boat? Social waketimes were associated quality, parent emotion, and cortisol levels in adolescent and kindergarten-aged Policy Report XXI(3): 14–15. with lower BMI and lower children. International Journal of Behavioral rates of overweight.” Development 31(3): 218–31. Cook, T. D. 2007. ¿Por qué los investigadores que realizan evaluación de programas y acci- Snell, E., E. Adam, and G. Duncan. Snell, E., E. Adam, and G. Duncan. 2007. ones educativas eligen no usar experimentos 2007. Sleep and the body mass Sleep and the body mass index and over- aleatorizados? Paedagogium 6(35). http://www. index and overweight status of children and adolescents. Child weight status of children and adolescents. paedagogium.com/Articulos/CI/01.html. Development 78(1): 309–23 Child Development 78(1): 309–23. (p. 322). Cook, T. D., Y. Deng, and E. Morgano. Kudielka, B., L. Hawkley, E. Adam, and J. 2007. Friendship influences during early Cacioppo. 2007. Compliance with ambu- adolescence: The special role of friends’ latory saliva sampling in the Chicago grade point average. Journal of Research in Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study Adolescence 17(2): 325–56. (CHASRS) and associations with social support. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 34(2): Cook, T. D., and S. Gorard. 2007. What 209–16. counts and should count as evidence? In Evidence in Education: Linking Research and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Policy, no. 6, 42–67 Paris: OECD. Chase-Lansdale, P. L., A. V. D’Angelo, and N. Palacios. 2007. A multidisciplinary
62 published articles and chapters
Fay Lomax Cook Greg Duncan Cook, F. L., M. Delli Carpini, and L. Jacobs. Duncan, G., with E. Snell and E. Adam. 2007. Who deliberates? Discursive 2007. The effects of sleep on child and participation in America. In Deliberation, adolescent BMI and overweight status. Participation and Democracy: Can the People Child Development 78(7): 309–23. Govern? ed. S. Rosenberg, 25–40. New York: Macmillan. Duncan, G., with K. Magnuson. 2007. Penny wise and effect size foolish. Child “Economic competition can Victoria DeFrancesco Soto Development Perspectives 1(1): 46–51. and does result from direct DeFrancesco Soto, V., with P. McClain, group competition, but et al. 2007. Black Americans and Latino Duncan, G., with J. Ludwig and K. there is a less tangible and immigrants in a Southern city: Friendly Magnuson. 2007. Reducing poverty through more subjective layer—an neighbors or economic competitors? Du Bois pre-school interventions. Future of Children Review 4(1): 97–117. 17(2): 143–60. individual’s affect toward another group. This affect is James Druckman Duncan, G., with C. Dowsett, A. Claessens, shaped by day-to-day social Druckman, J., with A. Berinsky. 2007. K. Magnuson, et al. 2007. School readiness interactions among groups. Public opinion research and support for the and later achievement. Developmental Iraq War. Public Opinion Quarterly 71(1): Psychology 43(6): 1428–46. Though they are literally 126–41. neighbors, our previous work Duncan, G., with L. Sanbonmatsu, J. Kling, suggests that there is little Druckman, J., with D. Chong. 2007. A and J. Brooks-Gunn. 2007. New kids on social contact between blacks theory of framing and opinion formation in the block: Results from the Moving to and Latinos in Durham competitive elite environments. Journal of Opportunity Experiment. Education Next Communication 57(1): 99–118. 7(4): 61–67. (McClain, et al., 2006), and this, in turn, leads to Druckman, J., with D. Chong. 2007. Framing Alice Eagly a greater likelihood for the theory. Annual Review of Political Science Eagly, A. 2007. Female leadership development of negative 10(1): 103–26. advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions. Psychology of Women stereotypes.” Druckman, J., with D. Chong. 2007. Quarterly 31(1): 1–12. Framing public opinion in competitive DeFrancesco Soto, V., with P. McClain, et al. 2007. Black Amer- democracies. American Political Science Eagly, A., L. Brannon, and M. Tagler. 2007. icans and Latino immigrants in a Review 101(4): 637–55. The moderating role of attitude strength in Southern city: Friendly neighbors selective exposure to information. Journal or economic competitors? Du Bois Druckman, J., with A. Roberts. 2007. of Experimental Social Psychology 43(4): Review 4(1): 97–117 (p. 113). Communist successor parties and coalition 611–17. formation in Eastern Europe. Legislative Studies Quarterly 32(1): 5–31. Eagly, A., and S. Chaiken. 2007. The advantages of an inclusive definition of Druckman, J., with M. Kifer and M. Parkin. attitude. Social Cognition 25(5): 582–602. 2007. The technological development of candidate Web sites: How and why Eagly, A., and A. Koenig. 2007. Gender candidates use Web innovations. Social prejudice: On the risks of occupying Science Computer Review 25(4): 425–42. incongruent roles. In Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom, ed. E. Borgida and S. Fiske, 63–82. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 63 published articles and chapters
Eagly, A., and L. Carli. 2007. Women and Freese, J. 2007. Overcoming objections the labyrinth of leadership. Harvard Business to open-source social science. Sociological Review 85(9): 62–71. Methods & Research 36(2): 220–26.
Eagly, A. 2007. In defense of ourselves: Freese, J. 2007. Replication standards The effects of defensive processing on for quantitative social science: Why not attitudinal phenomena. In The Scope of sociology? Sociological Methods & Research “The traditional perspective, Social Psychology: Theory and Applications, 36(2): 153–72. which views health as a ed. M. Stroebe, J. de Wite, M. Hewstone, K. product of our genome van den Bos, and H. Schut, 65–83. London: Lutfey, K., and J. Freese. 2007. Ambiguities interacting with our own Psychology Press. of chronic illness management and challenges to the medical error paradigm. environment and lifestyle, Eagly, A., and M. Johannesen-Schmidt. Social Science & Medicine 64(2): 314–25. is clearly not complete. 2007. Leadership style matters: The small, Developmental and epigenetic but important, style differences between Larry V. Hedges processes also leave a male and female leaders. In Handbook Hedges, L. V., and E. Hedberg. 2007. of Women in Business and Management, Interclass correlation values for planning lingering imprint on our ed. D. Bilmoria and S. Piderit, 279–303. group-randomized trials in education. biology that trace to formative Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis environmental experiences 29(1): 60–87. during early life and are Bosak, J., S. Sczesny, and A. Eagly. 2007. influenced to varying degrees The meaning of information about Hedges, L. V. 2007. Effect sizes in cluster- social roles for the reduction of gender- randomized designs. Journal of Educational by the historical experiences stereotypical judgments: A methodological and Behavioral Statistics. 32(4): 341–70. of ancestors prior to our own artifact? (in German). Zeitschrift für conception.” Sozialpsychologie 38(4): 277–84. Hedges, L. V. 2007. Correcting a significance test for clustering. Journal of Educational and Kuzawa, C. 2007. The Carli, L., and A. Eagly. 2007. Over- Behavioral Statistics 32(2): 151–79. developmental origins of adult coming resistance to women leaders: The health: Intergenerational inertia importance of leadership style. In Women Huttenlocher, J., L. V. Hedges, E. Crawford, in adaptation and disease. In Evolution and Health, ed. W. and Leadership: The State of Play and Strategies and B. Corrigan. 2007. Estimating stimuli Trevathan, E. Smith, and J. for Change, ed. B. Kellerman and D. Rhode, in contrasting categories: Truncations McKenna, 325–49. Oxford: 127–48. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. due to boundaries. Journal of Experimental Oxford University Press (p. 346). Psychology 136(3): 502–19. Wood, W., and A. Eagly. 2007. Social structural origins of sex differences in Huttenlocher, J., M. Vasilyeva, J. Vevea, human mating. In Evolution of the Mind: and L. V. Hedges. 2007. Varieties of speech Fundamental Questions and Controversies, in young children. Developmental Psychology, ed. S. W. Gangestad and J. A. Simpson, 43(5): 1062–83. 383–90. New York: Guilford. Christopher Kuzawa Jeremy Freese Kuzawa, C. 2007. Developmental origins Freese, J., S. Meland, and W. Irwin. of life history: Growth, productivity, and 2007. Expressions of positive emotion in reproduction. American Journal of Human photographs, personality, and later-life Biology 19(5): 654–61. marital and health outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality 41(2): 488–97.
64 published articles and chapters
Kuzawa, C. 2007. The developmental Leslie McCall origins of adult health: Intergenerational McCall, L. 2007. Increasing disparities among inertia in adaptation and disease. In women and the politics of gender equity. Evolution and Health, ed. W. Trevathan, E. In The Sex of Class: Women Transforming Smith, and J. McKenna, 325–49. Oxford: American Labor, ed. D. Cobble, 15–34. Oxford University Press. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Kuzawa, C., P. Gluckman, M. Hanson, and Thomas McDade “For about 15 years now, we A. Beedle. 2007. Evolution, developmental McDade, T., V. Reyes-García, P. Blackinton, have engaged in a program of plasticity, and metabolic disease. In S. Tanner, T. Huanca, and W. Leonard. expectations measurement in Evolution in Health and Disease, 2nd ed., 2007. Maternal ethnobotanical knowledge the United States that seeks ed. S. Stearns and J. Koella, 253–64. is associated with multiple measures of child to enhance the credibility of Oxford: Oxford University Press. health in the Bolivian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(15): empirical economic research. Kuzawa, C., with P. Gluckman and M. 6134–39. At least two large-scale Hanson. 2007. Developmental perspectives European surveys now include on the origins of obesity. In Adipose Tissue McDade, T. 2007. Measuring immune questions eliciting subjective and Adipokines in Health and Disease, ed. E. function: Markers of cell-mediated Fantuzzi and T. Mazzone, 207–19. Totowa, immunity and inflammation in dried blood probabilities from respondents: N.J.: Humana Press. spots. In A Practical Guide to Measuring the English Longitudinal Stress in the Field, ed. G. Ice and G. James, Survey of Ageing and the Dan A. Lewis 181–208. New York: Cambridge University Survey of Health, Ageing, and Lewis, D. A., and V. Sinha. 2007. Moving Press. Retirement in Europe. These up and moving out? Economic and residen- tial mobility of low-income Chicago fami- McDade, T., S. Williams, and J. Snodgrass. surveys should generate more lies. Urban Affairs Review 43(2): 139–70. 2007. What a drop can do: Dried blood credible research on household spots as a minimally-invasive method for behavior in Europe.” Charles F. Manski integrating biomarkers into population- Manski, C. F. 2007. Partial identification of based research. Demography 44(4): 899–925. Manski, C. F., with J. Dominitz. counterfactual choice probabilities. Interna- 2007. Expected equity returns and tional Economic Review 48(4): 1393–410. Sweet, E., T. McDade, C. Kiefe, and K. Liu. portfolio choice: Evidence from 2007. The interaction between skin color, the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of the European Economic Manski, C. F. 2007. Minimax-regret treat- income, and blood pressure among African Association 5(2–3): 369–79 ment choice with missing outcome data. Americans in the CARDIA Study. Ameri- (p. 379). Journal of Econometrics 139(1): 105–15. can Journal of Public Health 97(12): 2253–59.
Manski, C. F., with A. Tetenov. 2007. Godoy, R., C. Seyfried, V. Reyes-García, Admissible treatment rules for a risk-averse T. Huanca, W. Leonard, T. McDade, S. planner with experimental data on an Tanner, and V. Vadez. 2007. Schooling’s innovation. Journal of Statistical Planning and contribution to social capital: Study from Inference 137(6): 1998–10. a native Amazonian society in Bolivia. Comparative Education 43(1): 137–63. Manski, C. F., with J. Dominitz. 2007. Expected equity returns and portfolio Godoy, R., V. Reyes-García, W. Leonard, choice: Evidence from the Health and T. Huanca, T. McDade, V. Vadez, and S. Retirement Study. Journal of the European Tanner. 2007. Signaling by consumption in Economic Association 5(2–3): 369–79. a native Amazonian society. Evolution and Human Behavior 28(2): 124–34.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 65 published articles and chapters
Godoy, R., V. Reyes-García, C. Seyfried, Snodgrass, J., W. Leonard, L. Tarskaia, T. T. Huanca, T. McDade, S. Tanner, and V. McDade, M. Sorensen, V. Alekseev, and Vadez. 2007. Language skills and earnings: V. Krivoshapkin. 2007. Anthropometric Evidence from a pre-industrial economy correlates of C-reactive protein among in the Bolivian Amazon. Economics of indigenous Siberians. Journal of Physiological Education Review 26(3): 349–60. Anthropology 26(2): 241–46.
“If our results are Godoy, R., V. Reyes-García, T. Huanca, Tanner, S., and T. McDade. 2007. Enzyme approximately correct, they W. Leonard, T. McDade, S. Tanner, and C. immunoassay for total immunoglobulin E imply that the impact of U.S. Seyfried. 2007. On the measure of income (IgE) in dried blood spots. American Journal migration for the economic and the economic unimportance of social of Human Biology 19(3): 440–42. capital: Evidence from a native Amazonian well-being of the Mexican society of farmers and foragers. Journal of Therese McGuire population in middle and Anthropological Research 63(2): 239–60. Garcia-Milà, T., and T. McGuire. 2007. old age is substantial.... In Fiscal decentralization in Spain: An addition to affording higher Patel, A., R. Godoy, C. Seyfried, V. Reyes- asymmetric transition to democracy. García, T. Huanca, W. Leonard, T. McDade, In Fiscal Fragmentation in Decentralized levels of well-being for the and S. Tanner. 2007. On the accuracy Countries: Subsidiarity, Solidarity, and return migrants in old age, this of perceived parental height in a native Asymmetry, ed. R. Bird and R. Ebel, 208–26. result implies that international Amazonian society. Economics and Human Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. migration may serve as a Biology 5(1): 165–78. mechanism to break the cycle Éva Nagypál Reyes-García, V., R. Godoy, T. Huanca, Nagypál, É. 2007. Learning-by-doing versus of reproduction of poverty W. R. Leonard, T. McDade, S. Tanner, and learning about match quality: Can we tell that seems to be generalized V. Vadez. 2007. The origins of monetary them apart? Review of Economic Studies in certain societies with income inequality: Patience, human capital, 74(2): 537–66. limited opportunities for the and division of labor. Evolution and Human Behavior 28(1): 37–47. Nagypál, É., with D. Mortensen. 2007. More population in the low end of on unemployment and vacancy fluctuations. the socioeconomic scale.” Reyes-García, V., N. Marti, T. McDade, S. Review of Economic Dynamics 10(3): 327–47. Tanner, and V. Vadez. 2007. Concepts and Wong, R., A. Palloni, and B. methods in studies measuring individual Nagypál, É., with D. Mortensen. 2007. Soldo. 2007. Wealth in middle and old age in Mexico: The ethnobotanical knowledge. Journal of Labor-market volatility in matching models role of previous U.S. migration. Ethnobiology 27(2): 182–203. with endogenous separations. Scandinavian International Migration Review Journal of Economics 109(4): 645–66. 41(1): 127–51 (p. 147). Reyes-García, V., V. Vadez, S. Tanner, T. Huanca, W. Leonard, and T. McDade. Ann Orloff 2007. Ethnobotanical skills and clearance Orloff, A. 2007. Solidarity in question: of tropical rain forest for agriculture: A case Gender, nation, and European social study in the lowlands of Bolivia. Ambio provision. Socio-Economic Review 6(1): 36(5): 406–08. 175–98.
Reyes-García, V., V. Vadez, T. Huanca, Adams, J., E. Clemens, and A. Orloff, 2007. W. Leonard, and T. McDade. 2007. “Not drowning but waving...” Remaking Economic development and local ecological Modernity and its Dutch critics. Sociologie knowledge: A deadlock? Quantitative 3(4): 502–10. research from a native Amazonian society. Human Ecology 35(3): 371–77.
66 published articles and chapters
Alberto Palloni Rosenbaum, J., and A. Person. 2007. Palloni, A., and M. McEniry. 2007. Aging Labor market linkages among two-year and health status of elderly in Latin college faculty and their impact on student America and the Caribbean: Preliminary perceptions, effort, and college persistence. findings.Journal of Cross-Cultural In The School-to-Work Transition, ed. D. Gerontology 22(3): 263–85. Neumark, 210–46. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Wong, R., A. Palloni, and B. Soldo. 2007. “While accountability Wealth in middle and old age in Mexico: Rosenbaum, J., J. Redline, and J. Stephan. succeeded in getting schools to The role of previous U.S. migration. 2007. Community college: The unfinished focus on helping the portion International Migration Review 41(1): revolution. Issues in Science and Technology of students near the pass 127–51. Summer: 49–56. level in reading and math, Jennifer Richeson Person, A., and J. Rosenbaum. 2007. our observations suggest Richeson, J., and J. Shelton. 2007. Negoti- Student information problems in different many sacrifices. This school ating interracial interactions: Costs, conse- college structures. Teachers College Record sacrificed instruction for quences, and possibilities. Current Directions 108(3): 374–96. students far below and safely in Psychological Science 16(6): 316–20. Wesley G. Skogan above pass level, the teaching Richeson, J., J. Dovidio, J. Shelton, and Skogan, W. G. 2007. Survey assessments of of science and history for all M. Hebl. 2007. Implications of ingroup- police performance. In Surveying Crime in students, double promotions outgroup membership for interpersonal the 21st Century, Crime Prevention Studies, for faster students, and good perception: Faces and emotion. In Group ed. M. Hough and M. Maxfield, 165–81. programs in science, history, Dynamics and Emotional Expression, ed. U. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press. Hess and P. Philippot, 7–32. New York: geography, music, and arts.” Cambridge University Press. Bruce Spencer Spencer, B. 2007. Estimating the accuracy Rosenbaum, J., and K. White. of jury verdicts. Journal of Empirical Legal 2007. Inside the black box of Andrew Roberts accountability: How high-stakes Roberts, A., with J. Druckman. 2007. Studies 4(2): 305–29. accountability alters school Communist successor parties and coalition culture and the classification and formation in Eastern Europe. Legislative James Spillane treatment of students and teachers. In No Child Left Behind and the Studies Quarterly 32(1): 5–31. Spillane, J., with E. Camburn and A. Pareja. Reduction of the Achievement Gap, 2007. Taking a distributed perspective to ed. A. Sadovnik, et al., 97–116. Dorothy Roberts the school principal’s work day. Leadership New York: Routledge. Roberts, D. 2007. Child welfare’s paradox. and Policy in Schools 6(1): 103–25. William & Mary Law Review 49(3): 881–901. Coldren, A., and J. Spillane. 2007. Making connections to teaching practice: The James Rosenbaum role of boundary practices in instructional Rosenbaum, J., and K. White. 2007. Inside leadership. Educational Policy 21(2): 369–96. the black box of accountability: How high-stakes accountability alters school Kathleen Thelen culture and the classification and treatment Thelen, K. 2007. Contemporary challenges of students and teachers. In No Child Left to the German vocational training system. Behind and the Reduction of the Achievement Regulation and Governance 1(3): 247–60. Gap, ed. A. Sadovnik, et al., 97–116. New York: Routledge.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 67 published articles AND chapters
Thelen, K., with C. Martin. 2007. The state Carolyn Chen and coordinated capitalism: Contributions Chen, C. 2007. Fashioning new selves: of the public sector to social solidarity in The experiences of Taiwanese immigrant post-industrial societies. World Politics 60(1): Buddhist women. In Women Practicing 1–36. Buddhism: American Experiences, ed. P. Gregory and S. Mrozik, 159–74. Somerville, Thelen, K., with P. Culpepper. 2007. Institu- Mass.: Wisdom Publications. “The Medicare pricing system tions and collective actors in the provision for hospice care provides a of training: Historical and cross-national Dennis Chong strong financial incentive for comparisons. In Skill Formation: Interdisci- Chong, D., and J. Druckman. 2007. Framing all hospices to prefer patients plinary and Cross-National Perspectives, ed. theory. Annual Review of Political Science K. Mayer and H. Solga, 21–49. New York: 10(1): 103–26. with longer expected lengths Cambridge University Press. of stay and to avoid patients Chong, D., and J. Druckman. 2007. A with shorter expected lengths Sergio Urzúa theory of framing and opinion formation in of stay. We have shown that Urzúa, S., with A. Basu, J. Heckman, and competitive elite environments. Journal of S. Navarro. 2007. The use of instrumental for-profit hospices respond to Communication 57(1): 99–118. variables in the presence of heterogeneity this incentive more than do and self-selection: An application in breast Chong, D., and J. Druckman. 2007. Framing religious nonprofit hospices. cancer patients. Health Economics 16(11): public opinion in competitive democracies. For-profit hospices achieve 1133–57. American Political Science Review 101(4): this by selectively admitting 637–55. Burton Weisbrod patients with observable Lindrooth, R., and B. Weisbrod. 2007. Katherine Christoffel characteristics that are Do religious nonprofit and for-profit Christoffel, K. 2007. Firearm injuries: associated with longer expected organizations respond differently to financial Epidemic then, endemic now. American lengths of stay.” incentives? The hospice industry. Journal of Journal of Public Health 97(4): 626–29. Health Economics 26(2): 342–57. Lindrooth, R., and B. Weisbrod. Mason, M., K. Christoffel, and J. Sinacore. 2007. Do religious nonprofit and Faculty Associates 2007. Reliability and validity of the TIPP for-profit organizations respond Home Safety Survey. Archives of Pediatrics & differently to financial incentives? Adolescent Medicine 161(8): 759–65. The hospice industry. Journal of Pablo Boczkowski Health Economics 26(2): 342–57 Boczkowski, P., and M. de Santos. 2007. (p. 354). When more media equals less news: Patterns Evans, W., J. Nicheles, M. Longjohn, and of content homogenization in Argentina’s K. Christoffel. 2007. The 5-4-3-2-1 go! leading print and online newspapers. Intervention: Social marketing strategies for Political Communication 24(2): 167–80. nutrition. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 39(2): S55–S59. Traci Burch Hochschild, J., and T. Burch. 2007. Jeannette Colyvas Contingent public policies and the stability Colyvas, J. 2007. From divergent of racial hierarchy: Lessons from the meanings to common practices: The early immigration and census policy. In Political institutionalization of technology transfer Contingency: Studying the Unexpected, the in the life sciences at Stanford University. Accidental, and the Unforeseen, ed. I. Shapiro Research Policy 36(4): 456–76. and S. Bedi, 138–70. New York: New York University Press.
68 published articles AND chapters
Colyvas, J., and W. Powell. 2007. From Baron, D., and D. Diermeier. 2007. Strategic vulnerable to venerated: The institution- activism and nonmarket strategy. Journal of alization of academic entrepreneurship in Economics & Management Strategy 16(3): the life sciences. Research in the Sociology of 599–634. Organizations 25: 219–59. James Ettema Colyvas, J. 2007. Factories, hazards, and Ettema, J. 2007. Journalism as reason-giving: contamination: Metaphors and recombinant Deliberative democracy, institutional “Though our explanation DNA in university and biotechnology. accountability, and the news media’s mis- remains speculative at this Minerva 45(2): 143–59. sion. Political Communication 24(2): 143–60. point, the timing of the convergence is broadly Powell, W., J. Owen-Smith, and J. Colyvas. Ettema, J., and T. Glasser. 2007. An consistent with declines 2007. Innovation and emulation: Lessons international symposium on investigative from the experiences of U.S. universities in journalism: Introduction. Journalism 8(5): in two factors that should selling private rights to public knowledge. 491–94. have favoured greater U.S. Minerva 45(2): 121–42. mobility in the 19th century: Joseph Ferrie its more widely available Shari Seidman Diamond Altham, P., and J. Ferrie. 2007. Comparing Diamond, S. S. 2007. Juror response to contingency tables tools for analyzing data public education and its high scientific and other expert testimony and from two groups cross-classified by two rates of geographic mobility how judges can help. Journal of Law and characteristics. Historical Methods: A Journal as settlement moved west Policy 16(1): 47–67. of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History and new cities and towns 40(1): 3–16. Diamond, S. S. 2007. Psychological sprang up at a rapid rate. contributions to evaluating witness Long, J., and J. Ferrie. 2007. The path By the late 20th century, the testimony. In Beyond Common Sense: to convergence: Intergenerational U.S. no longer led Britain Psychological Science in the Courtroom, ed. occupational mobility in Britain and the in educational availability, E. Borgida and S. Fiske, 353–66. Malden, U.S. in three eras. The Economic Journal and the benefits of internal Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. 117(519): C61–C71. migration within the U.S. Diamond, S. S. 2007. Dispensing with Eli Finkel in providing opportunity had deception, curing with care: A response Finkel, E., P. Eastwick, and J. Matthews. substantially diminished.” to Judge Dann on nullification.Judicature 2007. Speed-dating as an invaluable 91(1): 20–25. tool for studying romantic attraction: A Long, J., and J. Ferrie. 2007. methodological primer. Personal Relationships The path to convergence: Lassiter, G. H., S. S. Diamond, H. C. 14(1): 149–66. Intergenerational occupational Schmidt, and J. K. Elek. 2007. Evaluating mobility in Britain and the U.S. in three eras. The Economic Journal videotaped confessions: Expertise provides Finkel, E. 2007. Impelling and inhibiting 117(519): C61–C71 (p. C70). no defense against the camera-perspective forces in the perpetration of intimate effect. Psychological Science 18(3): 224–26. partner violence. Review of General Psychology 2(2): 193–207. Daniel Diermeier Baron, D., and D. Diermeier. 2007. Eastwick, P., E. Finkel, D. Mochon, and D. Introduction to the special issue on Ariely. 2007. Selective versus unselective nonmarket strategy and social responsibility. romantic desire: Not all reciprocity is Journal of Economics & Management Strategy created equal. Psychological Science 18(4): 16(3): 539–45. 317–19.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 69 published articles and chapters
Craig Garfield Greenstein, S., and M. Rysman. 2007. Chung, P., C. Garfield, M. Elliott, C. Carey, Coordination costs and standard setting: C. Eriksson, and M. Schuster. 2007. Need Lessons from 56K. In Standards and Public for and use of family leave among parents of Policy, 123–59. New York: Cambridge children with special healthcare needs. University Press. Pediatrics. 119(5): e1047–55. Downes, T., and S. Greenstein. 2007. “There is a strong possibility Philip Greenland Understanding why universal service obliga- that a standards war that ends Lloyd-Jones, D., and P. Greenland. tions may be unnecessary: The private devel- with another specification 2007. Blood pressure and the risks of opment of local internet access markets. simply adds more uncertainty cardiovascular disease and stroke. In Journal of Urban Economics 62(1): 2–26. Comprehensive Hypertension, ed. G. Lip to the marketplace. The and J. Hall. Philadelphia: Elsevier. John Hagan uncertainties encompass Hagan, J., and W. Rymond-Richmond. 2007. significant outcomes, such as Berry, J., D. Lloyd-Jones, D. Garside, R. The mean streets of the global village: Crimes the speed of announcement, Wang, and P. Greenland. 2007. of exclusion in the United States and Darfur. Social avoidance and long-term risk for Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology nuances of bargaining cardiovascular disease death in healthy and Crime Prevention 8(1): 54–80. position, and the inevitability men: The Western Electric Study. Annals of of a final specification. Epidemiology 17(8): 591–96. Hagan, J., and R. Levi. 2007. Justiciability Even without this process, as field effect: When sociology meets human there were concerns among Lynch, E., K. Liu, B. Spring, A. Hankinson, rights. Sociological Forum 22(3): 372–80. G. Wei, and P. Greenland. 2007. service providers that their Association of ethnicity and socioeconomic Hadjar, A., D. Baier, K. Boehnke, and investments would be status with judgments of body size: The J. Hagan. 2007. Juvenile delinquency orphaned. With this process Coronary Artery Risk Development in and gender revisited. European Journal of reaching a likely outcome, Young Adults (CARDIA) study. American Criminology 4(1): 33–58. Journal of Epidemiology 165(9): 1055–62. these investments became Hagan, J., and F. Kay. 2007. Even lawyers contingent on the outcome.” Denes, P., J. Larson, D. Lloyd-Jones, R. get the blues: Gender, depression, and job Prineas, and P. Greenland. 2007. Major and satisfaction in legal practice. Law & Society Greenstein, S., and M. Rysman. minor ECG abnormalities in asymptomatic Review 41(1): 51–78. 2007. Coordination costs and standard setting: Lessons from women and risk of cardiovascular events 56K. In Standards and Public Policy, and mortality. The Journal of the American Eszter Hargittai 123–59. New York: Cambridge Medical Association 297(9): 978–85. Hargittai, E. 2007. Whose space? University Press (p. 156). Differences among users and non-users of Shane Greenstein social network sites. Journal of Computer- Greenstein, S., and J. Prince. 2007. The Mediated Communication 13(1): article 14. diffusion of the Internet and the geography of the digital divide in the United States. Hargittai, E. 2007. The social, political, In The Oxford Handbook on Information and economic, and cultural dimensions of search Communication Technologies, ed. R. Mansell, engines: An introduction. Journal of Comput- et al. Oxford University Press. er-Mediated Communication 12(3): article 1.
Greenstein, S., and V. Stango. 2007. Hargittai, E. Content diversity online: Myth Introduction. In Standards and Public Policy, or reality? In Media Diversity and Localism: ed. S. Greenstein and V. Stango, 1–17. New Meanings and Metrics, ed. P. Napoli, 349–62. York: Cambridge University Press. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
70 published articles and chapters
Hargittai, E. 2007. A framework for Movement and Kids-First Politics, ed. D. studying differences in people’s digital Kirp, 15–49. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard media uses. In Cyberworld Unlimited, ed. N. University Press. Kutscher and H. Otto, 121–37. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/GWV Fachverlage. Jelani Mandara Gaylord-Harden, N., B. Ragsdale, J. Manda- John Heinz ra, M. Richards, and A. Petersen. 2007. Per- Paik, A., A. Southworth, and J. Heinz. ceived support and internalizing symptoms in “One interpretation of this 2007. Lawyers of the Right: Networks and African American adolescents: Self-esteem result is that, under welfare organization. Law & Social Inquiry 32(4): and ethnic identity as mediators. Journal of reform policies, making the 883–917. Youth and Adolescence 36(1): 77–88. complete transition to work does not necessarily enhance Barton Hirsch Mandara, J., and C. Murray. 2007. How Pagano, M., and B. Hirsch. 2007. African American families can facilitate the child health. However, Friendships and romantic relationships of academic achievement of their children: opportunities for combining black and white adolescents. Journal of Child Implications for family based interventions. welfare and work in Illinois and Family Studies 16(3): 347–57. In Strengthening the African American allow some recipients to more Educational Pipeline: Informing Research, Jane Holl Policy, and Practice, ed. J. Jackson, 165–87. effectively balance work, Borders, A., W. Grobman, L. Amsden, E. New York: SUNY Press. income, and family needs, and Collins, and J. Holl. 2007. The feasibility even families with children of collecting in-home blood samples in an Maryann Mason who have health problems may urban, low-income population. Journal of the Mason, M., K. K. Christoffel, and J. Sinacore. be able to successfully move Poor and Underserved 18(1): 100–15. 2007. Reliability and validity of the TIPP Home Safety Survey. Archives of Pediatrics & into employment over time.” Borders, A., W. Grobman, L. Amsden, and Adolescent Medicine 161(8): 759–65. J. Holl. 2007. The relationship between Slack, K., J. Holl, J. Yoo, L. self-reported stress and low-birth weight Michael Mazzeo Amsden, E. Collins, and K. Bolger. 2007. Welfare, work, and health neonates in a low-income population of Cohen, A., and M. Mazzeo. 2007. Market care access predictors of low- women. Obstetrics and Gynecology 109(2): structure and competition among retail income children’s physical health 331–38. depository institutions. The Review of outcomes. Children and Youth Economics and Statistics 89(1): 60–74. Services Review 29(6): 782–801 (p. 795). Slack, K., J. Holl, J. Yoo, L. Amsden, E. Collins, and K. Bolger. 2007. Welfare, work, Peter Miller and healthcare access predictors of low- Cassell, J., and P. Miller. 2007. Is it self- income children’s physical health outcomes. administration if the computer gives you Children and Youth Services Review 29(6): encouraging looks? In Envisioning the Survey 782–801. Interview of the Future, ed. F. Conrad and M. Schober, 161–78. Hoboken, N.J.: John Spyros Konstantopoulos Wiley & Sons. Konstantopoulos, S. 2007. Introduction to meta-analysis. In Best Practices in Quan- Daniel O’Keefe titative Methods, ed. J. Osbourne, 177–94. O’Keefe, D. 2007. Post hoc power, observed Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. power, a priori power, retrospective power, prospective power, achieved power: Sorting Donna Leff out appropriate uses of statistical power Leff, D., and D. Kirp. 2007. Small miracles. analyses. Communication Methods and The Sandbox Investment: The Preschool Measures 1(4): 291–99.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 71 published articles And chapters
O’Keefe, D. 2007. Normatively responsible Mosnaim, G., L. Sadowski, R. Durazo- advocacy: Some provocations from persua- Arvizu, L. Sharp, L. Curtis, M. Shalowitz, sion effects research. In Proceedings of the J. Shannon, and K. Weiss. 2007. Parental Sixth Conference of the International Society for language and asthma among urban Hispanic the Study of Argumentation, ed. F. Van Eeme- children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical ren, et al., 997–1002. Amsterdam: Sic Sat. Immunology 120(5): 1160–65.
“Our results showed an O’Keefe, D., and J. Jensen. 2007. The Karrie Snyder association between caregivers’ relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and Snyder, K. 2007. A vocabulary of motives: level of acculturation and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease Understanding how parents define quality children’s asthma burden, prevention behaviors: A meta-analytic time. Journal of Marriage and Family 69(2): review. Journal of Health Communication 320–40. with less diagnosed asthma 12(7): 623–44. and total potential asthma Snyder, K. 2007. Oncofertility and the burden seen among children O’Keefe, D. 2007. Potential conflicts social sciences. In Oncofertility, ed. T. K. whose caregivers were less between normatively-responsible Woodruff and K. Snyder, 137–48. New advocacy and successful social influence: York: Springer. acculturated. This protective Evidence from persuasion effects research. effect of caregivers’ level of Argumentation 21(2): 151–63. Linda Teplin acculturation was mediated by Teplin, L., K. Abram, G. McClelland, A. children’s insurance status and Robert Porter Mericle, M. Dulcan, J. Washburn, and S. caregivers’ education, marital Porter, R., with K. Hendricks. 2007. An Butt. 2007. Psychiatric disorders of youth in empirical perspective on auctions. In detention. In Mental Health Needs of Young status, social support, and Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol. 3, Offenders, ed. C. Kessler and L. Kraus, 7–47. life stress.” ed. M. Armstrong and R. Porter, 2073–143. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. New York: Elsevier. Martin, M., M. Shalowitz, T. Abram, K., J. Washburn, L. Teplin, K. Mijanovich, E. Clark-Kauffmann, Eva Redei Emanuel, E. Romero, and G. McClelland. E. Perez, and C. Berry. 2007. The effects of acculturation on Wilcoxon, J., G. Nadolski, J. Samarut, O. 2007. Post-traumatic stress disorder and asthma burden in a community Chassande, and E. Redei. 2007. Behavioral psychiatric comorbiditiy among detained sample of Mexican American inhibition and impaired spatial learning youth. Psychiatric Services 58(10): 1311–16 schoolchildren. American Journal and memory in hypothyroid mice lacking of Public Health 97(7): 1290–96 (p. 1293). thyroid hormone receptor alpha. Behavioral Romero, E., L. Teplin, G. McClelland, K. Brain Research 177(1): 109–16. Abram, L. Welty, and J. Washburn. 2007. A longitudinal study of the prevalence, Wilcoxon, J., and E. Redei. 2007. Maternal development, and persistence of HIV/ glucocorticoid deficit affects hypothalamic- sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors pituitary-adrenal function and behavior of in delinquent youth: Implications for health rat offspring. Hormones and Behavior 51(3): care in the community. Pediatrics 119(5): 321–27. e1126–e1141.
Madeleine Shalowitz Washburn, J., E. Romero, L. Welty, K. Martin, M., M. Shalowitz, T. Mijanovich, Abram, L. Teplin, G. McClelland, and L. E. Clark-Kauffmann, E. Perez, and C. Berry. Paskar. 2007. Development of antisocial 2007. The effects of acculturation on asth- personality disorder in detained youths: The ma burden in a community sample of Mexi- predictive value of mental disorders. Journal can American schoolchildren. American of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75(2): Journal of Public Health 97(7): 1290–96. 221–31.
72 published articles And chapters
Susan Thistle Teresa Woodruff Thistle, S. 2007. From marriage to market: Kipp, J., S. Kilen, S. Bristol-Gould, T. The transformation of women’s lives and Woodruff, and K. Mayo. 2007. Neonatal work. Journal of Marriage and Family 69(1): exposure to estrogens suppresses activin 270–71. expression and signaling in the mouse ovary. Endocrinology 148(5): 1968–76. Brian Uzzi Uzzi, B., L. Amaral, and F. Reed-Tsochas. Lerch, T., S. Shimasaki, T. Woodruff, and T. “Although performance on 2007. Small world networks and manage- Jardetzky. 2007. Structural and biophysical the kindhood task revealed ment science research: A review. European coupling of heparin and activin binding that children and adults Management Review 4(2): 77–91. to follistatin isoform functions. Journal of in our experiments judged Biological Chemistry 282(21): 15930–39. Amaral, L., and B. Uzzi. 2007. Complex that membership in a kind systems: A new paradigm for the integrative Burdette, J., and T. Woodruff. 2007. is influenced heavily by the study of management, physical, and Activin and estrogen crosstalk regulates kindhood of its biological technological systems. Management Science transcription in human breast cancer cells. parents, performance on the 53(7): 1033–35. Endocrine-Related Cancer 14(3): 679–89. mechanisms task revealed
Wuchty, S., B. Jones, and B. Uzzi. 2007. Antenos, M., M. Stemler, I. Boime, and T. that there was also evidence The increasing dominance of teams in Woodruff. 2007. N-linked oligosaccharides for some flexibility in this production of knowledge. Science Express direct the differential assembly and judgment, particularly in the 316(5827): 1036–39. secretion of inhibin - and - subunit a bA youngest children, and that dimers. Molecular Endocrinology 21(7): this flexibility may be related Sandra Waxman 1670–84. Waxman, S., and D. Medin. 2007. to their search to discover Experience and cultural models matter: Albert Yoon the biological essence that Placing firm limits on anthropocentrism. Yoon, A., and D. Abrams. 2007. The luck underlies an individual’s Human Development 50(1): 23–30. of the draw: Using random case assignment kindhood.” to investigate attorney ability. University of Waxman, S., D. Medin, and N. Ross. 2007. Chicago Law Review 74(4): 1145–77. Waxman, S., D. Medin, and Folkbiological reasoning from a cross- N. Ross. 2007. Folkbiological cultural developmental perspective: Early reasoning from a cross-cultural essentialist notions are shaped by cultural developmental perspective: Early beliefs. Developmental Psychology 43(2): essentialist notions are shaped by cultural beliefs. Developmental 294–308. Psychology 43(2): 294–308 (p. 306). Fulkerson, A., and S. Waxman. 2007. Words (but not tones) facilitate object categorization: Evidence from 6- and 12- month-olds. Cognition 105(1): 218–28.
Piccin, T., and S. Waxman. 2007. Why nouns trump verbs in word learning: New evidence from children and adults in the Human Simulation Paradigm. Language Learning and Development 3(4): 295–323.
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 73 Colloquia and events
8 IPR Distinguished Public Saying—About Their Healthcare Plans,” Policy Lecture by Katherine Baicker, Professor of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, and Former Member, “Ten Years After Welfare Reform: Who President’s Council of Economic Advisers; Was Right, What Have We Learned, and Sherry Glied, Professor of Health Policy and Where Do We Need to Go Next?” by David Management, Columbia University, and Ellwood, Dean, John F. Kennedy School of Former Senior Economist, Healthcare and Government, and Scott M. Black Professor Labor Market Policy, President’s Council of Political Economy, Harvard University; of Economic Advisers; and David Dranove, and Ron Haskins, Co-Director, Center on Walter J. McNerney Professor of Health Children and Families, and Senior Fellow Industry Management and IPR Faculty in Economic Studies, Brookings Institution, Associate; December 10 April 23
8 Policy Briefings 8 Colloquia Supported with funding from the Joyce Foundation Winter 2007 “New Hope: A Policy Model for the Working Poor and Their Children,” by “New Hope After Eight Years: Lingering Greg Duncan, Edwina S. Tarry Professor Impacts of an Experimental Work-Support of Education and Social Policy and IPR Program” by Greg Duncan, Edwina S. Tarry Faculty Fellow; Julie Kerksick, New Hope Professor of Education and Social Policy and Project Director; King Harris, Chairman, IPR Faculty Fellow, January 8 Harris Holdings, Inc., and Senior Executive, Chicago Metropolis 2020; and Michael “Assessment and Accountability for English Alvarez, Outreach Coordinator, Language Learners Under No Child Left Office of Sen. Barack Obama (D- Behind” by David Francis, Professor of IL); March 16 Quantitative Methods and Chair, Depart- ment of Psychology, University of Houston; “State Budgets or Busts? The Director of the Texas Institute for Measure- Challenges of Funding Medicaid, ment, Evaluation, and Statistics, January 22 Pensions, and K-12 Education,” by Therese McGuire, ConAgra “The Verdict on Jury Verdicts” by Bruce Foods Research Professor in Spencer, Professor of Statistics and IPR Strategic Management and IPR Faculty Fellow, January 29 Faculty Fellow; J. Fred Giertz, Professor of Economics, Institute “Out of Place: The New Geography of the of Government and Public Affairs, Safety Net” by Scott Allard, Assistant Pro-
J. Ziv University of Illinois at Urbana- fessor of Political Science and Public Policy, Illinois state Rep. Mary Flowers asks a Champaign; David Merriman, Taubman Center for Public Policy, Brown question at an IPR policy briefing. Professor of Economics, School of University; IPR Visiting Scholar, February 5 Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago; and R. Eden Martin, “Race at Work: Results from a Field President, The Civic Committee of The Experiment of Discrimination in New York Commercial Club of Chicago; June 6 City” by Devah Pager, Assistant Professor of Sociology; Faculty Associate, Office of “Prescription for Change? What the Presi- Population Research, Princeton University, dential Candidates Are Saying—and Not February 12 74 Colloquia and events
“Turnover and Wage Growth in the “Child and Adolescent Sleep: Correlates Transition from School to Work” by and Consequences” by Emma Adam, Christopher Taber, Professor of Economics Associate Professor of Human Development and IPR Faculty Fellow, February 19 and Social Policy and IPR Faculty Fellow, April 30 “From Loving Work to Working on Love: Washington, Marriage, and Welfare” by “Welfare Reform and Children: Matthew Stagner, Executive Director, Getting Beyond the Liberal Chapin Hall Center for Children; Senior Paradigm” by Dan A. Lewis, Lecturer, Harris School of Public Policy Professor of Human Development Studies, University of Chicago, February 26 and Social Policy and IPR Faculty Fellow, May 7 Spring 2007
“Neighborhoods and Health J. Reblando “The Politics of Welfare Reform in Disparities in Older Age: A Philip Hong of Loyola waits for Bismarckian-Continental European Sociobiological Perspective” by the start of an IPR policy briefing. Countries” by Bruno Palier, Centre National Carlos Mendes de Leon, Associate Professor de la Recherche Scientifique Researcher, of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Rush CEVIPOF-Centre de Recherches Politiques University Medical Center, May 7 (C2S) de Sciences Po, Paris; Co-Director, Joint Program in Health Policy, Sciences Po and “Teaching Black Children: Bringing the Northwestern; Visiting Scholar, Social Back In” by Charles Payne, Professor Northwestern University, March 30 of History, African American Studies, and Sociology; Director of African and African “Am I My Sister’s Keeper? Racially American Studies, Duke University, May Representative Bureaucracies in the Post- 14. Co-sponsored with the School of Education and Welfare Reform Era” by Celeste Watkins- Social Policy Hayes, Assistant Professor of African American Studies and Sociology and IPR “Taxation and the Worlds of Faculty Fellow, April 9 Welfare” by Monica Prasad, Assistant Professor of Sociology and “Pan-Latino Neighborhoods: Contemporary IPR Faculty Fellow, and Yingying Myth or Reality?” by Juan Onésimo Deng, Doctoral Student in Sociology Sandoval, Assistant Professor of Sociology and IPR Graduate Research and IPR Faculty Fellow, April 16 Assistant, May 21
“Promoting Older Women’s Health with Fall 2007 ReeseP. Findings from the National Social Life, Dan Lewis and Emily Snell give a talk Health, and Aging Project” by Stacy “Southern Dominance in Borrowed on welfare reform and children. Lindau, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Language: The Regional Origins of Ameri- University of Chicago, April 16 (C2S) can Neo-Liberalism” by Nancy MacLean, Professor of History and African American “Current Research and New Data Sets for Studies and IPR Faculty Fellow, October 8 the Chicago Research Data Center” by Bhashkar Mazumder, Federal Reserve Bank “Women’s and Men’s Position in the U.S. of Chicago; and Lynn Riggs, U.S. Census Income Distribution: A New Measure of Bureau, April 18 Economic Dependency” by Leslie McCall,
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 75 Colloquia and events
Associate Professor of Sociology and IPR “Is Race-Based Medicine Good for Us? Faculty Fellow, October 15 African American Approaches to Race, Biotechnology, and Equality” by Dorothy “On the Street Where You Live: The Roberts, Kirkland & Ellis Professor of Law Impact of Neighborhood Characteristics and IPR Faculty Fellow, December 3 Early in Life on Lifetime Human Capital, Health, and Longevity” by Joseph Ferrie, 8 Q-Center Colloquia Associate Professor of Economics and IPR Faculty Associate, October 22 “Inference from Survey Samples: Issues and Challenges” by Graham Kalton, Chairman “Social Disparities and Health: Sex Differen- of the Board of Directors and Senior Vice tials in Mortality” by Richard Rogers, Profes- President, Westat, November 13 sor of Sociology, University of Colorado at Boulder; Director, University of Colorado “Covariates that Effectively Control for Population Center, October 29 (C2S) Selection Bias in Observational Studies: Evidence from a Within-Study Comparison” “Cognitive Ability, Procrastination, and by Peter Steiner, Visiting Professor, Institute Promoting Choice in Social Policy: Consid- for Policy Research; Institute for Advanced ering the Medicare Prescription Drug Ben- Studies, Vienna, November 27 efit” by Jeremy Freese, Professor of Sociology and IPR Faculty Fellow, November 5 “Extensions of Respondent-Driven Sam- pling: Increasing the Efficiency of Variance “Local Study, Global Estimation and Analyzing the Structure Significance: The Jackson of Large Social Networks” by Douglas Heart Study” by Herman Heckathorn, Professor of Sociology, Cornell Taylor, Jr., MD, MPH, University, December 11 Shirley Professor for the Study of Health Dispari- 8 Seminars on Performance ties, University of Missis- sippi Medical Center; Prin- Measurement cipal Investigator/Director, “Hospital Report Cards” by David Dranove, Jackson Heart Study, Walter J. McNerney Professor of Health P. ReeseP. November 12. (C2S) Industry Management and IPR Faculty Herman Taylor and Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Co-sponsored with Preventive Associate, April 4 discuss the Jackson Heart Study. Medicine “Incentives for Public School Administra- “Efficiency and ‘Solidarity’ in the Provision tors” by Michael Mazzeo, Associate Profes- of Public Goods: What Is the Optimal sor of Management and Strategy; “Measur- Degree of Fiscalization?” by Therese ing Performance in Education” by James McGuire, ConAgra Foods Research Rosenbaum, Professor of Education and Professor in Strategic Management and Social Policy and IPR Faculty Fellow, May 7 IPR Faculty Fellow, November 19 “Police Report Cards” by Wesley G. Skogan, “Selection Effects and the Persistence of Professor of Political Science and IPR Socioeconomic Gradients of Health and Faculty Fellow; “Nonprofit and For-Profit Mortality” by Alberto Palloni, Board of Hospital Performance” by Burton Weisbrod, Trustees Professor in Sociology and IPR John Evans Professor of Economics and IPR Faculty Fellow, November 26 Faculty Fellow, November 19
76 Colloquia and events
“On Measuring the Balance Between “Property Taxation in Illinois: How and Wrongful Convictions and Wrongful Why Is It Broken and What Can Be Done Acquittals in Criminal Trials” by Bruce to Fix It?” Nov. 30. Organized by Therese Spencer, Professor of Statistics and IPR McGuire, ConAgra Foods Research Pro- Faculty Fellow, December 5 fessor in Strategic Management and IPR Faculty Fellow and Nathan Anderson, 8 Conferences and Workshops Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago. Co-sponsored with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, University of Workshops on Quasi-Experimental Design Illinois, and Union League Club of Chicago and Analysis in Education, June 4–8, July 30–August 3, and August 6–10. Organized by Thomas D. Cook, Joan and Sarepta Har- 8 IPR Graduate Research Assistants rison Chair of Ethics and Justice and IPR Colloquia Faculty Fellow; and William R. Shadish, Professor, School of Social Sciences, Arts, “Immigrant Differences in Early Reading and Humanities, University of California, Achievement: Evidence from the ECLS-K,” Merced. Sponsored by the Spencer Foundation by Natalia Palacios, IPR Graduate Research Assistant/Doctoral Student in Human De- Chicago Area Political and Social Behavior velopment and Social Policy, February 28 ReeseP. Workshop, May 11. Organized by James MIT political scientist Druckman, Associate Professor of Political “Mobility and the Introduction of Public Andrea Campbell makes a Science and IPR Faculty Fellow. Schools,” by John Parman, IPR Graduate presentation on Americans’ Co-sponsored with Northwestern’s Weinberg College of Research Assistant/Doctoral Student in views on taxation. Arts and Sciences and Department of Political Science Economics, February 28
“The Thunder of History: Taxation in Com- Lori Delale-O’Connor, IPR Graduate Research parative and Historical Perspective,” March Assistant/Doctoral Student in Sociology, Discussant 4–5. Organized by Monica Prasad, Assistant Professor of Sociology and IPR Faculty Fel- “Evaluation of Five State Pre-Kindergarten low; Ajay Mehrotra, Associate Professor of Programs: A Regression Discontinuity Law, Indiana University; and Isaac Martin, Study,” by Vivian Wong, IPR Graduate Re- Assistant Professor of Sociology, University search Assistant/Doctoral Student in Human of California, San Diego. Co-sponsored with Development and Social Policy, April 25 Northwestern’s Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Graduate School, Department of Sociology, and Tax “Improving the Power of Cluster Program at Northwestern Law School; and supported Randomized Experiments,” by Chris by the American Sociological Association and the Rhoads, IPR Graduate Research Assistant/ National Science Foundation Doctoral Student in Statistics, April 25
Summer Biomarker Institute, Cells to Soci- “The Development of Cognitive and ety (C2S): The Center on Social Disparities Noncognitive Skills in Children: Evidence and Health, June 19–21. Organized by IPR from the Infant Health and Development Program,” by Aaron Sojourner, IPR Gradu- Faculty Fellows Thomas McDade, Weinberg ate Research Assistant/Doctoral Student in College Board of Visitors Research and Economics, April 25 Teaching Professor (Anthropology); Emma Adam, Associate Professor of Human Devel- Constance Lindsay, IPR Graduate Research opment and Social Policy; and Christopher Assistant/Doctoral Student in Human Kuzawa, Assistant Professor of Anthropology. Development and Social Policy, Discussant www.northwestern.edu/ipr 77 Faculty fellows
Faculty Fellows Emma Adam, Human Development and Social Policy Alberto Palloni, Sociology P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, Human Development and Monica Prasad, Sociology (on leave) Social Policy Lincoln Quillian, Sociology Fay Lomax Cook, Human Development and Social Policy Michelle Reininger, Human Development, Social Policy, and Thomas D. Cook, Sociology Learning Sciences James Druckman, Political Science Jennifer Richeson, Psychology Greg Duncan, Human Development and Social Policy Andrew Roberts, Political Science Alice Eagly, Psychology Dorothy Roberts, Law Jeremy Freese, Sociology James Rosenbaum, Education and Social Policy Larry V. Hedges, Statistics and Social Policy Wesley G. Skogan, Political Science Christopher Kuzawa, Anthropology Victoria DeFrancesco Soto, Political Science Dan A. Lewis, Human Development and Social Policy Bruce Spencer, Statistics Nancy MacLean, History James Spillane, Human Development, Social Policy, and Charles F. Manski, Economics Learning Sciences Leslie McCall, Sociology Kathleen Thelen, Political Science Thomas McDade, Anthropology Sergio Urzúa, Economics Therese McGuire, Management and Strategy Celeste Watkins-Hayes, Sociology/African American Studies Éva Nagypál, Economics (on leave) Ann Orloff, Sociology Burton Weisbrod, Economics J. Reblando From left: Greg Duncan and panelists Julie Kerksick and King Harris continue their discussion of the New Hope Project after a policy briefing.
78 faculty associates
Faculty Associates Henry Binford, History Mary Pattillo, Sociology/African American Studies Pablo Boczkowski, Communication Studies Robert Porter, Economics Traci Burch, Political Science David Protess, Journalism Jenifer Cartland, Pediatrics Eva Redei, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Carolyn Chen, Sociology/Asian American Studies William Rogerson, Economics Dennis Chong, Political Science Leonard Rubinowitz, Law Katherine Christoffel, Pediatrics Juan Onésimo Sandoval, Sociology Jeannette Colyvas, Human Development and Social Policy Madeleine Shalowitz, Pediatrics Leemore Dafny, Management and Strategy Carl Smith, English Shari Seidman Diamond, Law Karrie Snyder, Sociology Daniel Diermeier, Managerial Economics and Linda Teplin, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Decision Sciences Susan Thistle, Sociology Jack Doppelt, Journalism Brian Uzzi, Management and Organizations David Dranove, Management and Strategy Sandra Waxman, Psychology and Education James Ettema, Communication Studies Teresa Woodruff, Neurobiology and Physiology Joseph Ferrie, Economics Albert Yoon, Law Eli Finkel, Psychology H. Paul Friesema, Political Science Craig Garfield, Pediatrics Faculty Emeriti Philip Greenland, Preventive Medicine John Heinz Shane Greenstein, Management and Strategy John McKnight John Hagan, Sociology and Law Eszter Hargittai, Communication Studies Barton Hirsch, Human Development and Social Policy Paul Hirsch, Management and Organizations Jane Holl, Pediatrics Spyros Konstantopoulos, Human Development, Social Policy, and Learning Sciences John Kretzmann, Research Associate Professor, Learning Sciences Craig LaMay, Journalism Donna Leff, Journalism Jennifer Light, Communication Studies Jelani Mandara, Human Development and Social Policy Maryann Mason, Pediatrics Michael Mazzeo, Management and Strategy Peter Miller, Communication Studies Robert Nelson, Sociology Aviv Nevo, Economics Daniel O’Keefe, Communication Studies Benjamin Page, Political Science
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 79 administration AND research staff
8 Administration 8 Research Associates Susan Hartnett, Project CLEAR † Director Fay Lomax Cook, Human Development and Social Policy 8 Research Staff Associate Director Evelyn Asch, Commercialization of Higher Education Karen Burke, Quasi-Experimental Design and Analysis in Wesley G. Skogan, Political Science Education † Business Administrator Jill DuBois, Project CLEAR Patricia Ferguson, Center for Improving Methods for Michael Weis Quantitative Policy Research Director of Communications Jeffrey Huang, Laboratory for Human Biology Research Lili Largent, Population Association of America Annual Patricia Reese Meeting † Patricia Lasley, Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three- 8 Executive Committee City Study, and Cells to Society (C2S): The Center on P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, Human Development and Social Disparities and Health Social Policy Fay Lomax Cook, Human Development and Social Policy 8 Postdoctoral Fellows Thomas D. Cook, Sociology, Psychology, and Human Ezekiel Dixon-Román, Center for Improving Methods for Development and Social Policy Quantitative Policy Research; Adviser: Larry V. Hedges James Druckman, Political Science Katarina Guttmannova, Welfare, Children, and Families: A Charles F. Manski, Economics Three-City Study; Adviser: P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Leslie McCall, Sociology Malena Monteverde, Health Conditions Among the Elderly Thomas McDade, Anthropology in Latin America; Adviser: Alberto Palloni James Spillane, Human Development, Social Policy, and Kenya Noronha, Health Conditions Among the Elderly in Learning Sciences Latin America; Adviser: Alberto Palloni Amber Stitziel Pareja, National Institute for School 8 Staff Leadership Study; Adviser: James Spillane Eric Betzold, Grant Support Michelle Rheinschmidt, Racial Bias and Mental Illness Arlene Dattels, Accounting Stigma as Risk Factors for Mental Health Problems; Alice Murray, Webmaster Adviser: Jennifer Richeson Bonnie Silver, Reception Julienne Rutherford, Obesity, Development, and Cardiovas- Ben Steinbuhler, Grant Support † cular Disease Risk-Factor Clustering; Adviser: Christopher Ellen Whittingham, Assistant to the Director Kuzawa Beverly Zack, Purchasing Accounting JulieAnn Stawicki, Education Sciences; Adviser: Larry V. Hedges 8 Visiting Scholars Pamela Schuetz, College to Careers; Adviser: James Rosenbaum Sophie Trawalter, Cells to Society (C2S): The Center on Ariel Kalil, Harris School, University of Chicago Social Disparities and Health; Adviser: P. Lindsay Chase- Micere Keels, Comparative Human Development, Lansdale University of Chicago † No longer at IPR Judith Levine, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago Peter Steiner, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna
80 research assistants
8 Graduate Research Assistants 8 Summer Undergraduate Research Assistants
Sara Bernstein, Human Development and Social Policy Christine Baker, Psychology Meredith Bintz, Political Science Michael Brod, Political Science Toby Bolsen, Political Science Nancy Chu, Psychology Vicki Chung, Human Development and Social Policy Matti Fieweger, Learning and Organizational Change Amy Claessens, Human Development and Social Policy Matthew Fischler, American Studies Lori Delale-O’Connor, Sociology Gregory Friend, Philosophy/Legal Studies Yingying Deng, Sociology Elisabeth Goossen, Genetics and Molecular Biology/ Amy DeSantis, Human Development and Slavic Languages and Literature Social Policy Katherine Halpern, English/International Studies Leah Doane, Human Development and Social Policy Keenya Hofmaier, Social Policy/Legal Studies Mimi Engel, Human Development and Social Policy Shari Lewis, Education and Social Policy Pamela Giustinelli, Economics Esther Lin, Political Science Lisbeth Goble, Human Development and Social Policy Marisol Mastrangelo, Journalism Benjamin Handel, Economics Jordan McDole, Communication Studies/Economics Cassandra Hart, Human Development and Social Policy Margaret Nevrivy, Anthropology Cari Hennessy, Political Science Grace Noboa Hidalgo, Economics Constance Lindsay, Human Development and Jason Okonofua, Psychology/African American Studies Social Policy Stacy Pancratz, Human Development and Social Policy/ Chelsea McKinney, Human Development Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences and Social Policy Chelsea Mae Plummer, Human Development and Social Molly Metzger, Human Development and Social Policy Policy/Psychology Lindsay M. Monte, Human Development and Social Policy Ashley Rolnik, Psychology Michelle Naffziger, Sociology Thomas Szalasny, Political Science/Economics Natalia Palacios, Human Development and Social Policy Brooke Thurman, Anthropology John Parman, Economics Sarah Wald, International Studies/Political Science Benjamin Passty, Economics Chris Rhoads, Statistics Clarissa Simon, Human Development and Social Policy Aaron Sojourner, Economics Jennifer Stephan, Human Development and Social Policy Alex Tetenov, Economics Beth Tipton, Statistics Ija Trapeznikova, Economics Angela Valdovinos D’Angelo, Human Development and Social Policy Manyee Wong, Human Development and Social Policy Vivian Wong, Human Development and Social Policy Basit Zafar, Economics
Kai Zeng, Political Science ReeseP. From left: IPR graduate research assistants Constance Lindsay, Vivian Wong, and Aaron Sojourner
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 81 Funding organizations and projects
8 Foundations and Organizations
Annie E. Casey Foundation Implementing College-for-All: Information Sources, Plans, and Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study, Actions in Senior Year, James Rosenbaum P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Support for Visiting Scholar Peter Steiner, Thomas D. Cook Russell Sage Book Dissemination Activities, Greg Duncan Achievement, Attention, and Behavior Across Middle Childhood, Greg Duncan Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation From Research to Wide Readership: Disseminating Research on Neighborhoods, Schooling, and IFE Change of Low-Income the Business of Higher Education, Burton Weisbrod Youth (Moving to Opportunity), Greg Duncan Smith Richardson Foundation Buffett Early Childhood Fund National Forum - Science of Early Childhood Program National Forum - Science of Early Childhood Program Evaluation, Greg Duncan Evaluation, Greg Duncan 8 Government Agencies Foundation for Child Development Third-Grade Skills and Later Attainment, Greg Duncan Illinois Criminal Justice Authority Evaluation of I-CLEAR, Wesley G. Skogan Joyce Foundation IPR Policy Briefing Series, Therese McGuire National Institutes of Health Behavior on Surveys and Economy Using HRS-Probabilistic Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Thinking and Economic Behavior, Charles F. Manski Property Taxation in Illinois: How and Why Is It Broken and Health Conditions Among the Elderly in Latin America, What Can Be Done to Fix It, Therese McGuire Alberto Palloni Racial Bias and Mental Illness Stigma as Risk Factors Pew Charitable Trusts for Mental Health Problems, Jennifer Richeson The Economic Cost of Early Childhood Poverty, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Greg Duncan Obesity Development and CVD Risk Factor Clustering in Filipino Women and Offspring, Christopher Kuzawa Searle Fund for Policy Research Experimentation in Education, Thomas D. Cook National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Financing Higher Education: How Changes in Tuition, C2S: The Center on Social Disparities and Health, Government Grants, and Voluntary Contributions from P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Individuals and Corporations Affect Each Other, Community Action for Child Health Equity, Burton Weisbrod Madeleine Shalowitz and Emma Adam Why There Is an Achievement Gap Between African American Environmental and Biological Variation and Language Growth, and White Students and What Can Be Done, Larry V. Hedges P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Interventions, Economic Security, and Child Development, Educational Excellence and Equity: Relations Among Greg Duncan Institutional Choices, Social Networks and Teachers’ Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study, Knowledge and Motivation, James Spillane P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Welfare Reform and the Well-Being of Children, Spencer Foundation P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale The Social Distribution of Academic Achievement in America, New Hope Child and Family Outcome Project - Year V, Larry V. Hedges Greg Duncan Quasi-Experimentation in Education, Thomas D. Cook NRSA in Support of Racial Socialization, Interracial Contact, and Students’ Stress Development, P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale
82 National Institute on Aging Effects of Disadvantaged Schools and Neighborhoods in the Behavior on Surveys and in the Economy Using the Health Education of Low-Income Youth, Greg Duncan and Retirement Study, Probabilistic Thinking, and Economic Behavior, Charles F. Manski U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Respondent Tendencies for Nonresponse and Response Error, Administration for Children and Families Charles F. Manski Childcare During the First Year of School: How Extent, Type, National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, and Quality Relate to Child Well-Being, Greg Duncan Thomas McDade Obesity Development and CVD Risk Factor Clustering U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in Filipino Women and Offspring, Christopher Kuzawa Neighborhood Safety and Moving to Opportunity: National Institute of Mental Health Understanding Gender and Life Course Differences Using a Mixed-Methods Approach, Greg Duncan and Anita Zuberi Social Consequences of HIV/AIDS in African American Communities (Sister-to-Sister Study), Celeste Watkins-Hayes U.S. Department of Justice National Science Foundation National Institute of Justice Evaluation of the Chicago Project for Violence Prevention, Data R&D Center: Support for Co-Principal Investigator, Wesley G. Skogan Larry V. Hedges Scholar’s Award: Legal and Political Approach to Race Consciousness in Biotechnology Research, Dorothy Roberts A Quantitative Study of the Extent, Efficiency, and Cyclical Behavior of Job-to-Job Transitions, Éva Nagypál Identification and Empirical Inference, Charles F. Manski Identification Problems in the Social Sciences, Charles F. Manski Chicago Research Data Center, Bruce Spencer Symposium: The Adaptable Phenotype, Christopher Kuzawa Replication of Questions on Inequality in the 2008 General Social Survey, Leslie McCall Economic Analysis of Child Adoption in the United States, Éva Nagypál
U. S. Department of Education Society for the Advancement of Education Sciences: A Proposal for a New Scientific Organization, Larry V. Hedges Institute of Education Sciences Postdoctoral Research Training Fellowship in the Education
Sciences, Larry V. Hedges ReeseP. Presentation and Combination of the Results of Multisite From left: Thomas Cook and Spencer Foundation Randomized Experiments in Education, Larry V. Hedges President Michael McPherson discuss aspects of Assessing the Import of Principals’ Professional Development: quasi-experimental designs. An Evaluation of the National Institute for School Leadership, James Spillane RCT Training Institute, Larry V. Hedges Improving Best Quasi-Experimental Practice, Thomas D. Cook and Larry V. Hedges
www.northwestern.edu/ipr 83 Events, Publications, and resources
IPR is devoted to the pursuit of excellence in interdisciplinary public policy research. To this end, one of its core missions encompasses the dissemination of faculty research and news to a broad constituency that includes students, academics, policymakers, and the public. The Institute accomplishes this task through: • www.northwestern.edu/ipr • conferences and lectures I• newsletters and brochures • policy briefings and colloquia • reports and working papers • media outlets
8 Overview
IPR’s Web site, www.northwestern.edu/ipr, is a rich source of information on the Institute’s research areas, faculty research, findings, publications, faculty bios, affiliated centers, institu- tional news and events, working papers, reports, multimedia files, and contact information.
Currently, IPR produces a newsletter and brochure. The newsletter, in its 29th year, covers the latest in faculty research and findings, recent events, and other news. The Institute also produces the Year in Review, an annual overview of its activities and faculty research.
Given that faculty research can sometimes take years before it appears in academic journals and books, the Institute seeks to disseminate research results in advanced stages by pub- lishing a working paper series. The series is published in IPR’s newsletter and includes abstracts of new working papers as well as a list of recent working papers. Many of the working papers can be downloaded directly from IPR’s Web site for free.
On Mondays at noon from September to June, IPR holds its weekly colloquium series. For an hour, invited speakers and IPR faculty talk about their latest research and answer ques- tions. The colloquia are open to the public, and the schedule is posted on IPR’s Web site.
IPR faculty also are frequently found at the podium sharing their expertise by delivering briefings and lecturesto the public, academic organizations, and governmental bodies. Faculty also organize and speak at conferences through- out the year and around the world. Each year, IPR holds its Distinguished Public Policy Lecture. Past speakers have included Heidi Hartmann, founder of the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, Ron Haskins of the Brookings Institution, and David Ellwood of Harvard University’s Kennedy School.
Recognized as among the top researchers in their fields, IPR faculty are often called upon by national and international media organizations to share their expertise and insights.
J. Reblando Speakers at an IPR policy briefing If you would like to be included on IPR’s mailing list for publications and events and/or receive more information about the Institute’s activities, please contact:
8 Patricia Reese, Director of Communications Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University 2040 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-4100 Tel: (847) 491-8712 Fax: (847) 491-9916 Web: www.northwestern.edu/ipr E-mail: [email protected]
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