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Interuniversity Programme in Physical Land Resources Evaluating the Poential of Digital Soil Mapping to Map Soil Types in Vietna

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Interuniversity Programme in Physical Land Resources Evaluating the Poential of Digital Soil Mapping to Map Soil Types in Vietna INTERUNIVERSITY PROGRAMME I C E IN PHYSICAL LAND RESOURCES Ghent University Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium EVALUATING THE POENTIAL OF DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING TO MAP SOIL TYPES IN VIETNAM Promoter: Prof. Dr. Peter Finke Master dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physical Land Resources by Doan Thanh Thuy Academic Year 2012 - 2013 This is an unpublished M.Sc dissertation and is not prepared for further distribution. The author and the promoter give the permission to use this Master dissertation for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws, more specifically the source must be extensively specified when using results from this Master dissertation. Gent, The Promoter, The Author, Prof. Dr. Peter Finke Doan Thanh Thuy TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... vi SAMENVATTING ................................................................................................................................. vii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS .................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................. 2 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 3 3.1. Map of soil types ........................................................................................................................ 3 3.1.1. Soil classification ................................................................................................................... 3 3.1.2. World Reference Base for Soil Classification. ....................................................................... 4 3.1.3. Major soil types in Vietnam .................................................................................................... 6 3.2. Digital soil mapping ................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.1. Soil mapping .......................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2. Overview of Digital Soil Mapping. .......................................................................................... 9 3.2.3. Digital soil mapping methods for mapping soil types. .......................................................... 11 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................................... 15 4.1. Study area ................................................................................................................................. 15 4.2. Data collection .......................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.1. Soil point data ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.2. Digital elevation model (DEM) ............................................................................................. 18 4.2.3. Remote Sensing indices ...................................................................................................... 18 4.2.4. Land use map ...................................................................................................................... 18 4.3. Multinomial logistic regression .............................................................................................. 19 4.3.1. The multinomial logistic regression model ........................................................................... 19 4.3.2. Assessing model significance and contribution of predictors .............................................. 20 4.4. Artificial neural network .......................................................................................................... 20 4.5. Validation .................................................................................................................................. 21 4.6. Soil diversity indices ............................................................................................................... 22 4.7. Combined Index practical management ................................................................................ 23 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 24 5.1. The soil maps modeled by multinomial logistic regression ................................................ 24 5.2. The soil maps modeled by artificial neural network ............................................................. 27 i 5.3. Comparison of predictive methods ........................................................................................ 31 5.3.1. Soil map purity ..................................................................................................................... 31 5.3.2. Soil diversity ........................................................................................................................ 32 6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................. 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 36 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to many people for help, both direct and indirect, in doing my thesis as well as my study at Ghent University First and foremost I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my promoters: Prof. Dr. Peter Finke for the continuous support of my research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. This thesis cannot be finished without his encouragements and supports. Under the supervision of my promoters, I have gained not only much of knowledge in digital soil mapping, but also much of experiences in work organization for which I highly appreciate. I would like to express my thankfulness to the colleagues in Department of Soil Genesis and Classification Research - Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute charged by Dr. Tran Minh Tien for providing me with soil observations database based on which I have built the models. Besides, I would like to thank VLIR who have provided me with financial supports, as well as all teachers and staffs in Ghent University who made my learning desire become realistic. My sincere thanks also go to ITC-Gent staffs, especially two wonderful coordinators: Hilde Luyckx and Anne- Marie Tanghe , who have helped me a lot in organizing my life and my study in Belgium. I owe my deeply gratitude to all my ex-teachers who have given me the knowledge and promotion to pursue higher education level. I am grateful to Dr. Tran Quoc Vinh, Dr. Le Thi Giang and Assoc Prof. Dr. Tran Duc Vien for their supports and encouragements. I wish to thank my family members, especially my parents. They raised me, supported me, taught me, and loved me. To them I dedicate this thesis. The most special thanks goes to my best partner and friend, my husband for giving me unconditional support and love. Doan Thanh Thuy August, 2013 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials for classification into World Reference Base ... 5 Table 2. Classification of Vietnam’s soil types in FAO - UNESCO ......................................................... 7 Table 3. Presence of soil profiles at the most detailed categorical level .............................................. 16 Table 4. Presence of soil profiles at the intermediate categorical level ................................................ 17 Table 5: Available ancillary data ........................................................................................................... 19 Table 6: Confusion matrix ..................................................................................................................... 22 Table 7: The variable used to predict soil group and intermediate level of soil group in MLR. ............. 24 Table 8: The variable used to predict soil group and intermediate level of soil group in ANNs. ........... 28 Table 9: Distribution of soil classes predicted by MLR and ANNs ........................................................ 31 Table 10: Map purity, diversity indices and combined index of maps predicted by MLR and ANNs .... 32 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Generalized flowcharts for Digital Soil Mapping ...................................................................
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