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An Insidious Onset of Symptoms Neetu Sakkari, MD, and Tracey Criss, MD

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An Insidious Onset of Symptoms Neetu Sakkari, MD, and Tracey Criss, MD Cases That Test Your Skills An insidious onset of symptoms Neetu Sakkari, MD, and Tracey Criss, MD Ms. S’s depression and anxiety have been well controlled by How would you medication, but after several months, she develops tremors, poor handle this case? Answer the challenge concentration, and confusion. What is causing her symptoms? questions at MDedge.com/ psychiatry and see how your colleagues responded CASE Tremors, increasing anxiety presentation and similarity to other syn- Ms. S, age 56, has a history of depression and dromes such as NMS, serotonin syndrome anxiety. Previously, she tried several selec- often is undiagnosed.5 tive serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibi- tors (SNRIs), which failed to treat her symp- TREATMENT Discontinue fluoxetine toms. Ms. S is switched from duloxetine, 120 Several months after the fluoxetine increase, mg/d, to fluoxetine, 20 mg/d, while continu- Ms. S’s physical symptoms emerge. Several ing bupropion, 150 mg/d, and gabapentin, weeks later, she notices significant hyper- 600 mg/d. She tolerates fluoxetine well, but 5 tension of 162/102 mm Hg by checking her months later, she requests a dosage increase blood pressure at home. She had no history because her depressive and anxious symp- of hypertension before taking fluoxetine. toms re-emerge. Fluoxetine is increased to She then tells her psychiatrist she has been 40 mg/d. experiencing confusion, shakiness, loss of balance, forgetfulness, joint pain, sweating, and fatigue, along with worsening anxiety. The authors’ observations The treatment team makes a diagnosis of The incidence of serotonin syndrome has serotonin syndrome and recommends dis- increased because of increasing use of sero- continuing fluoxetine and starting cyprohep- tonergic agents.1-3 Although the severity tadine, 4 mg initially, and then repeating the could range from benign to life-threatening, cyproheptadine dose in several hours if her the potential lethality combined with dif- symptoms do not resolve. Approximately, ficulty of diagnosis makes this condition 2.5 months after the serotonin syndrome of continued interest. Stimulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor sub- types, specifically 5-HT1A and 5-HT2, are Dr. Sakkari is a PGY-4 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellow, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, implicated in this syndrome.4,5 Hempstead, New York. Dr. Criss is Associate Professor of Psychiatry Serotonin syndrome is a clinical diagno- and Behavioral Medicine, and Associate Dean for Clinical Science Years 3 and 4, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, sis with a triad of symptoms that includes Virginia. mental status changes, autonomic hyper- Disclosures activity, and neuromuscular abnormali- The authors report no financial relationships with any companies whose products are mentioned in this article, or with manufacturers Current Psychiatry ties.1,2 However, because of the varied of competing products. Vol. 18, No. 4 e1 Cases That Test Your Skills Table 1 Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: Decision tree for predicting serotonin toxicity In the presence of a serotonergic agent: 1. IF (spontaneous clonus = yes) THEN serotonin toxicity = YES 2. ELSE IF (inducible clonus = yes) AND [(agitation = yes) OR (diaphoresis = yes)] THEN serotonin toxicity = YES 3. ELSE IF (ocular clonus = yes) AND [(agitation = yes) OR (diaphoresis = yes)] THEN serotonin toxicity = YES 4. ELSE IF (tremor = yes) AND (hyperreflexia = yes) THEN serotonin toxicity = YES 5. ELSE IF (hypertonic = yes) AND (temperature >38°C) AND [(ocular clonus = yes) OR (inducible clonus = yes)] then serotonin toxicity = YES Clinical Point 6. ELSE serotonin toxicity = NO Source: Reference 6 The diagnosis of serotonin syndrome is most accurately made using Hunter reaction, Ms. S receives hydroxyzine, 10 mg • myoclonus Serotonin Toxicity every 8 hours, as needed for anxiety. • hyperreflexia • diaphoresis Criteria • shivering The authors’ observations • tremor The diagnosis of serotonin syndrome is most • diarrhea accurately made using Hunter Serotonin • incoordination Toxicity Criteria (Table 16). Because Ms. S • fever. had an insidious onset of symptoms, and Ms. S met the Sternbach diagnostic criteria treatment was initiated before full evalua- for serotonin syndrome. tion, it is unknown if she met Hunter cri- Ms. S was taking a single serotonin agent teria. To meet these criteria, a patient must and initially had mild symptoms. More com- have ≥1 of the following6: monly, a patient who presents with serotonin • spontaneous clonus syndrome has been receiving ≥2 serotonergic • inducible clonus plus agitation or agents or toxic levels of a single agent, and diaphoresis these agents usually include a psychotropic • ocular clonus plus agitation or diaphoresis medication such as a monoamine oxidase • tremor plus hyperreflexia inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant, or SSRI, as • hypertonia plus temperature >38°C plus well as a medication from a different class, ocular or inducible clonus. such as dextromethorphan, linezolid, tra- The Sternbach diagnostic criteria for madol, methylene blue, and/or St. John’s serotonin syndrome (Table 2,3 page e3) is wort.1,7-13 However, in this case, Ms. S also another commonly used tool.3 These cri- was taking bupropion, a known inhibitor Discuss this article at teria include the addition or increase of a of cytochrome P450 2D6. Bupropion might www.facebook.com/ serotonin agent and absence of substances have increased Ms. S’s fluoxetine levels. MDedgePsychiatry or metabolic derangements that could Ms. S was a healthy, middle-age patient account for symptoms and at least 3 of the who took no medications other than those following 10 symptoms3: listed, had no medical comorbidities, and • mental status changes (confusion, had a straightforward psychiatric his- hypomania) tory, which makes the diagnosis of sero- Current Psychiatry e2 April 2019 • agitation tonin syndrome clearer. However, other Cases That Test Your Skills potential differential diagnoses, such as Table 2 NMS, delirium tremens, and anticholiner- Sternbach diagnostic criteria for gic toxicity, might cloud the clinical picture. serotonin syndrome When differentiating NMS and serotonin syndrome, it is helpful to note whether a 1. Recent addition or increase of a known serotonergic agent patient shows tremor, diarrhea, and myoc- 2. Absence of other possible etiologies lonus present in the absence of muscular, (infection, substance abuse, withdrawal, etc.) “lead-pipe” rigidity, which suggests a 3. No recent addition or increase of a diagnosis of serotonin syndrome.2,3,5,14 neuroleptic agent 4. ≥3 of the following symptoms: How would you treat Ms. S? • mental status changes (confusion, a) discontinue fluoxetine hypomania) b) switch to a different antidepressant • agitation • myoclonus Clinical Point c) administer a serotonin antagonist • hyperreflexia d) begin an antihistamine Serotonin syndrome • diaphoresis symptoms can • shivering • tremor emerge with a single The authors’ observations • diarrhea serotonergic agent, Treating serotonin syndrome includes sup- • incoordination as was the case with portive care, discontinuing offending agents, • fever Ms. S administering benzodiazepines, and using Source: Reference 3 a serotonin antagonist as an antidote for patients with moderate-to-severe cases. Cyproheptadine is an antihistaminergic medication with non-specific 5-HT1A and when changing dosages or adding medica- 5-HT2 antagonism. It is FDA-approved for tions. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome specific allergic reactions, urticaria, and ana- might be vague and difficult to diagnose, phylaxis adjunctive therapy, but not for sero- especially if the clinician is not aware of the tonin syndrome. Case series support the use variability of presentation of this syndrome. of cyproheptadine for acute management of Cyproheptadine can be used safely and serotonin syndrome, with rapid symptom rapidly and should be considered a treat- improvement.4,7,14-18 We observed a similar ment option for serotonin syndrome. outcome with Ms. S. Her significant auto- nomic symptoms resolved rapidly, although she experienced some residual, mild symp- OUTCOME Hypertension resolves toms that took weeks to resolve. After her first dose of cyproheptadine, Ms. Because serotonergic agents are used S’s blood pressure drops to 146/86 mm Hg. frequently and readily by primary care Three hours later, she repeats the cyprohep- clinicians as well as psychiatrists, the abil- tadine dose and her blood pressure drops to ity to properly diagnose this syndrome 106/60 mm Hg. She reports that her anxiety is vital, particularly because severe cases has lessened, although she is still tremulous. can rapidly deteriorate.1,9,16,17 This presen- Overall, she says she feels better. She experi- tation of a single serotonergic agent caus- ences improvement of her condition with a ing significant symptoms that worsened pharmacologic regimen of bupropion, gaba- over months is not typical, but important pentin, and hydroxyzine. to recognize as a patient begins to experi- Several weeks later, her health returns ence autonomic instability. As was the case to baseline, with complete resolution of Current Psychiatry with Ms. S, it is important to remain vigilant hypertension. Vol. 18, No. 4 e3 Cases That Test Your Skills 7. Horowitz BZ, Mullins ME. Cyproheptadine for serotonin syndrome in an accidental pediatric sertraline ingestion. Related Resources Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15(5):325-327.
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