Pontus Meselesi, Olaylar, Alg?Lar Ve Gerçekler

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Pontus Meselesi, Olaylar, Alg?Lar Ve Gerçekler PONTUS MESELESİ Olaylar Alglar ve Gerçekler Editrler Prof Dr Hikmet ÖKSÜZ Prof. Dr. Mehmet OKUR Dr Öğr Üyesi Yksel KÜÇÜKER KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ YAYINLARI II PONTUS MESELESİ PONTUS MESELESİ Olaylar Alglar ve Gerçekler Editrler Prof. Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ Prof. Dr. Mehmet OKUR Dr Öğr Üyesi Yksel KÜÇÜKER Yayn Kurulu Prof. Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ Prof. Dr. İbrahim TELLİOĞLU Dr. Öğr Üyesi Ülk KÖKSAL Danma Kurulu Prof. Dr. Salim CÖHCE Prof. Dr. Sleyman BEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Enis ŞAHİN Kapak Tasarm / Dizgi Dr Öğr Üyesi Yksel KÜÇÜKER Bask KTÜ Matbaas TRABZON Tel: 0462 377 21 43 Bask Temmuz 2019 Bask Adedi 200 ISBN: 978-605-2271-14-8 Adres: KTÜ Yaynlar Sat Brosu Tel: 0462 377 22 32 Üniversiteler yayn ynetmeliğinin maddesine gre bu eserin bilim ve dil bakmndan sorumluluğu yazarlara aittir Bu eserin herhangi bir ksmnn izinsiz ve kaynak gsterilmeden alntlanmas internet sitelerinde yaynlanmas PDF ya da kitap eklinde parayla satlmas yasaktr Aksi eylemde bulunanlar telif haklar yasasndan doğan tm ykmllkleri peinen kabullenmi saylrlar Olaylar Alglar ve Gerçekler III İÇİNDEKİLER Sunu ........................................................................................................ V MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE PONTUS ÖRGÜTÜ VE FAALİYETLERİ Salim GÖKÇEN ........................................................................................... 1 DOĞU KARADENİZDE PONTUS İDDİALARINA YÖNELİK AMERİKAN ERMENİ KOMİTESİNİN BİR BİLDİRİSİ VE İLMÎ TENKİDİ Mehmet OKUR Osman EMİR ............................................................... 15 AMERİKAN BOARD MİSYONERLERİ ANADOLUDAKİ RUMLAR VE PONTUS MESELESİ Glbadi ALAN .......................................................................................... 37 YUNANİSTANIN LOZANDAN SONRA YÜRÜTTÜĞÜ PONTUSÇU FAALİYETLER VE AMAÇLARI Yusuf SARINAY ....................................................................................... 67 KARADENİZ BÖLGESİNDE DIŞ DESTEKLİ PONTUS FAALİYETLERİNİN AMAÇ VE HEDEFLERİ Ömer KUL ................................................................................................ 77 PONTUS TEŞKİLATLARI VE PONTUSÇULUK PROPAGANDASI Yksel KÜÇÜKER.................................................................................... 95 KAMUOYU OLUŞTURMADA PROPOGANDA ARACI PONTUS ANITLARI Neval KONUK HALAÇOĞLU ................................................................... 111 PONTUS MESELESİYLE İLGİLİ YAPILAN YAYINLAR ÜZERİNE BAZI TESPİTLER VE ÖNERİLER Mesut ÇAPA ........................................................................................... 151 YORGO ADREADİSİN ESERLERİNDE PONTUS SORUNU Rahmi ÇİÇEK ......................................................................................... 169 ALİ ŞÜKRÜ BEYİN PONTUS MESELESİ HAKKINDAKİ GÖRÜŞLERİ Uğur ÜÇÜNCÜ ........................................................................................ 179 MERKEZİÜNİTER - MİLLİULUS DEVLET BAKIMINDAN PONTUS MESELESİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Ali GÜLER .............................................................................................. 191 IV PONTUS MESELESİ Olaylar Alglar ve Gerçekler V Sunu da gerçekleen Fransz Devrimi sonras gelien milli yetçilik akm ve milli devlet kurma fikri doğal olarak çok uluslu bir yap olan Osmanl İmparatorluğunu temellerinden sarst te Odesada kurulan Filiki Eterya Cemiyeti oluturmu olduğu faali- yet programyla Osmanl coğrafyas zerinde den itibaren nce Eflak ve Buğdanda ardndan Mora Yarmadas zerinde isyan çkartarak alm olduğu d destekle bağmsz bir Yunan devleti or taya çkartmaya çalt Yunanistan Avrupal byk devletlerinin vermi olduklar destekle da bağmsz devlet durumuna geti rildi Bu hadise Osmanl Devletinin Balkanlarda oluturmu ol duğu dzeni derinden etkiledi ve bu etki diğer Hristiyan Balkan topluluklar zerinde de kendini gsterdi Yzyln ikinci yar snda meydana gelen asker ve siyas olaylarn neticesinde Balkan larda yeni siyas haritalar ekillendi Berlin Antlamas ile Srbistan Karadağ ve Romanya devletleri tarih sahnesine çkar tld Bunu de Bulgaristann bağmszlğ izledi Son olarak halknn i Mslman olan Arnavutluk da den ye ka dar uzanan belirsizlik sonucunda bu halkada yerini ald Balkanlarda oluan bu atmosfer Yzyln son çeyreğinden itibaren Anadoluda yaayan Ermeni ve Rum unsurlar zerinde de etkisini gsterdi dan itibaren rgtl bir ekilde Anadolunun muhtelif yerlerinde ve bakent İstanbulda kendini gsteren Emeni kalkmalar te balayan Byk Sava srasnda byk bir isyana dnmekle kalmad Doğu Anadoluda yaayan Ermeniler milis kuvvetleri oluturarak Rusyann safna geçti Osmanl Dev leti bu srece hukukun içinde kalarak ve Meclis kararyla mda hale etti Mays te çkartlan Sevk ve İskân Kanunu ile isyan mntkalarnda bulunan Ermeniler hukuklar gzetilerek, o tarihlerde savan scaklğn yaamayan imparatorluğun gney blgelerine Suriye ve Irak hattna yerletirildi Kamu dzenini ve devlet otoritesini tesis etmeye dair alnan bu tedbir aslnda Erme nilerin can gvenliğini de sağlamaya ynelikti Ancak bu hadise o tarihten itibaren Yzyln en etkili silah olan propagandann temel malzemesi olmaya balad da yaynlanan Mavi Kitap ve bunu takip eden yazl ve grsel materyaller hep ayn amaca hiz met etmektedir. Anadoluda yzyln balarnda balayan byk kargaa bir diğer Hristiyan unsur olan Rumlar da etkisi altna almt Yu nan Megali İdeasnn yaratm olduğu etki Anadolu coğrafyas VI PONTUS MESELESİ zerinde yaamakta olan Rum-Ortodokslar zerinde Helen kimli ğini de ina etmeye balad Bylesi bir kimliğin oluumunda Sa nayi Devrimi sonras hzla yaylan kapitalist dzenin byk etkisi vardr Üretilen mallarn çeitlenmesi ve çoğalmas pazar ekono misini doğurmakta ve kurulan istasyonlar vastasyla sanayilee memi toplumlar açk pazar durumuna getirilmekteydi. Feodal top- lumdan kapitalist topluma geçi yapan Bat Avrupa hemen yan ba nda bulunan ve çok geni bir coğrafyaya sahip olan Osmanl Dev letini imdi ekonomik kskaç içerisine almaya balad Tarm top lumu zelliği gsteren Osmanl Devleti kendini ksa sre içerisinde bu sarmaln içerisinde buldu de İngilizlerle imzalanan Balta Liman Szlemesi bu srecin zirve noktalarndan birini tekil et mektedir. Bunu takip eden benzer ekonomik sreçler bir yandan Os manl Devletinin iktisadi bağmszlğn tehdit ederken diğer yan dan toplumsal dokusunu da gevetmekteydi Bu ticaret szlemesi nin imzalanmasndan itibaren Osmanl İmparatorluğunun ekono mik değer ifade eden mntkalarnda zellikle İzmir İstanbul Trab zon, Samsun, Mersin ve Beyrut gibi liman kentlerinde batl devlet lerin hzl bir ekilde ticari irketleri ve diplomatik misyonlar ku rulmaya balanmtr Bu kurulularn mallarn sevkiyat ve dağ tmnda tercih etmi olduklar kiiler genelde Gayr-i Mslim Os manl tebaas olmaktayd Bu tercih doğal olarak Ermeni Rum ve Yahudi kkenli Osmanl vatandalarn hzl bir zenginleme sre cine soktu Zenginleme srecini yaayan bu insanlar çocuklarn Avrupaya tahsile gndererek bir aydnlanma projesini de balat mlard Bunun yannda lardan itibaren Osmanl coğrafya snda hzla ortaya çkartlan misyoner okullar da ağrlkl olarak Gayr-i Mslim Osmanl uyruklarn hedef kitle olarak belirlemiti Zenginleen bu snflar kendi okullarn kurarak yatay bir aydn lanma projesine de ağrlk vermeye balad Zenginlemeyle bir likte ykselen eğitim seviyesi beraberinde milliyetçi duygular da harekete ve ykselie geçirdi Bu durum yzyln balarna ge lindiğinde ayrlkç hareketlere evirildi Osmanl Devletinin asker iktisad ve sosyal pek çok sorunla uğratğ bu dnemde Byk Gç ler arasndaki dello da balamak zereydi Doğu Karadeniz Bl gesini yldr megul eden Pontus Sorunu tam da bu zaman diliminde neet etti te Merzifon Amerikan Kolejinde kurulan Pontus Cemi- yeti bu sorunun temelini tekil eden ilk rgtl yaplardan biridir Olaylar Alglar ve Gerçekler VII Gelien artlar Yunan Megali İdeasnn bir uzants olarak İne boludan Batuma kadar muhayyel bir Pontus Devleti kurma nokta snda yeni rgtlenmeleri meydana getirdi ve daha byk heyecan- lar oluturdu Bunlardan en nemlisi Birinci Dnya Sava sra snda ekillendi Kafkas Cephesinin çkmesinden sonra balayan Rus ilerleyii Nisan da Trabzonun dyle yeni bir nok taya tand Trabzon Vilayetinin Mslman halknn byk bl mnn muhacirliğe çkmas ve Rus hâkimiyetinin balamas bl gede yaamakta olan Rum unsurlara heyecan katt ve Metropolit Hrisantos liderliğinde byk ryalarn gerçekletirmeye kalktlar Ülke içerisinde bunlar yaanrken yurtdnda yaayan Pon tusçu Rumlar da bo durmuyordu - yllar arasnda Gire sun Belediye Bakanlğ yapan Kaptan Yorgi Paann oğlu Konstan tin Konstantinidis nderliğinde Şubat tarihinde Marsilyada Dnya Pontoslular Kongresi topland Bu kongrenin toplanma amac yrtlecek mcadelede i ve fikir birliği oluturularak r gtl bir yap meydana getirmekti Ayrca propagandaya ağrlk ve rilerek dnya kamuoyunu etkilemek stratejik bir hedef olarak be lirlenmitir Dnyann değiik yerlerine dağlm durumda olan in sanlarn ayn ideal etrafnda bulumalarn sağlayarak kimliklerini canl tutmak ise en temel amaç idi İki yla yakn devam eden Rus igali Sovyet Rusya ile Osmanl Devleti arasnda imzalanan Aralk tarihli Erzincan Mtare kesiyle sona erdi ve Doğu Karadeniz Blgesi yeniden Trk hâkimi yetine girdi Ancak çok geçmeden ortaya çkan yeni asker ve siyas artlar Osmanl Devletini bu sefer yeni bir Mtareke imzalamaya mecbur etti Osmanl Devletinin I Dnya Savandan çkn çok daha ağr bir tabloya hazrlayan Mondros Mtarekesi Ekim de imzaland Bylesi bir mtarekenin imzalanmas ve ardn dan Mttefik Devletlerin Anadolu coğrafyasnn muhtelif yerlerini igal etmeleri ve liman kentlerinde kontrol merkezlerini kurmalar Ermeni ve Rum unsurlar yeniden cesaretlendirerek harekete ge çirdi Bu sreçte Doğu Karadeniz Blgesinde iki isim n plana çk mtr Ortodoks inancndaki kilise-devlet eklemlenmesinin doğal bir sonucu olarak
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