PALEOPARASITOLOGY from Ancient to Future

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

PALEOPARASITOLOGY from Ancient to Future Symposium Ancient pathogens: Paleosciences April 12th, 2016 PALEOPARASITOLOGY from Ancient to Future Míriam J. Álvarez-Martínez M.D., Ph.D. Microbiology Department Hospital Clinic, Barcelona (Spain) ISGlobal (Barcelona Institute for Global Health) School of Medicine-University of Barcelona [email protected] ESCMID eLibrary by author ESCMID eLibrary by author ESCMIDProfessors Luiz Fernando Ferreira, KarleLibrary Jan Reinhard, Adauto Araújo by author OUTLINE 1. What is Paleoparasitology? 2. Origin of Parasites in Humans • Heirloom parasites & Souvenir parasites 3. Parasites as Markers of Prehistoric Migrations 4. Preservation of Paleoparasitological Remains a) Parasites characteristics b) Microenviroments & Recovery of Parasites – Coprolites/Latrine soil /Mummified bodies 5. Techniques in Paleoparasitology: Ancient DNA (aDNA) 6. Some Paleoparasitological Studies ESCMID7. Conclusions eLibrary by author PALEOPARASITOLOGY 1 • Study of parasites in the remains of humans and other animal species recovered from archaeological or paleontological sites or any source in which they have remained preserved. • Derived from the Greek παληος (ancient) παρασιτος (next to bread) λογς (study) • Field of knowledge splitted from Paleopathology from the finding of parasite forms in archeological ESCMIDmaterial. eLibrary by author ESCMIDSir Marc Armand RUFFER (1845-1917) eLibrary by author • Sir Marc Armand Ruffer-pioneering work in 1910- publication finding of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in the kidney tissue of Egyptian mummies from the 20th Dynasty, dated to circa 1250 to 1100 BC ESCMID eLibrary by author ORIGIN OF PARASITES IN HUMANS 2 First hominids in Africa were hosts for some species of parasites. Inherited from pre-hominids or acquired from enviroment 1. Phylogenetic Route Various parasites species persisted in Homo sapiens, inherited ancestrally and originating during pre-hominid times. These parasites are also found in phylogenetically proximate hosts. 2. Ecological Route New parasites acquired from the enviroment began to infect humans as the latter conqueres new spaces , ie during the exploration of new ESCMIDterritories and contact with different eLibraryanimal species and their parasites. by author Preservation of paleoparasitologicalHEIRLOOM PARASITES remains • Some infectious agents of human disease have coevolved with species in the Homo lineage for over 400,000 years. • Most common parasites had a concomitant origin with earlier species in the human evolutionary line. • These long-term, coevolved parasites are called “Heirloom Parasites” • As humans evolved, their heirloom parasites evolved with them. • This is the case for Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) and Pediculus humanus (head lice) Pediculus humanus found in a partially mummified Enterobius vermicularis found in a human human body, Brazil, dated of ESCMIDcoprolite dated of 6,000 years, Chile Prof. AraujoeLibrary pictures 12,000 years by author Preservation of paleoparasitologicalSOUVENIR PARASITES remains • Humans have acquired other parasites during their biological and social history, called “Souvenir parasites”. • Species that occur in humans commonly, arriving through host- switching from other animal species (animal domestication). • This was considered the origin of two species of taeniid tapeworms (Taenia saginata and T. solium) in humans that use cattle and pigs as intermediate hosts. ESCMIDPaleolithic- hunters & gatherers eLibraryNeolithic- agriculture & livestock by author PARASITES MARKERS OF PREHISTORIC MIGRATIONS 3 • Host-specific parasites of humans are used to track ancient migrations Ancient migrations to the Americas • Timing of the arrival of humans in the New World has been the focus of a long-standing and intense debate. • Accepted hypothesis that populations of prehistoric humans crossed into the Americas when climate conditions created the Bering Land Bridge at least 13, 000 years ago. • People could have reached the Americas more than 7,000 years ago using alternative routes avoiding the extreme cold of the Arctic. • From the parasitological perspective evidence shows that populations of pre-historic humans were infected by several host-specific intestinal parasites found in both North and South American archaeological sites. The life cycle of these exclusively human parasites could not have been maintained among human groups during the crossing ESCMIDfrom Siberia to Alaska via Beringia. eLibrary by author ESCMID eLibrary by author 2008 Three general migration routes of humans in prehistory hypothesized from Asia to the Americas. (a) Represents the longest-standing hypothesis of a migration route through Beringia and into North America at the time of low sea level and glacial maximum (b) Parasite probe data are consistent with a Coastal migration or ESCMID(c) Trans-Pacific migration eLibrary by author • Climate and soil temperature are limiting factors for human hookworm and whipworm, being host-specific and without intermediate hosts. • High soil moisture and moderate temperature are necessary for eggs or larvae to reach the infective stage. • Eggs of E. vermicularis are infective as soon as they are expelled from female worms; in the external environment, they can infect humans immediately through contaminated hands, soil, water, any kind of object or as an aerosol. • Therefore, pinworm eggs are not dependent on climate conditions. • Human hookworm and whipworm have never been reported in arctic or subarctic people. • Prehistoric infection with Hookworms, Trichuris and Strongyloides shows a North to South America distribution dated to 7000 years ago. • Because these worms are host-specific, they necessarily entered the New World through the migrations of human hosts. • Because the extracorporeal maturation of parasites requires warm conditions, migration routes through Beringia and into the center of North American continent were discounted. ESCMID• Transpacific migration or a Coastal migration, eLibrary was proposed. by author BC BC BC ESCMID eLibraryProf Araujo© by author PRESERVATION PALEOPARASITOLOGICAL REMAINS 4 • Conditions in the preservation of parasites vary from region to region. • Crucial for preservation is the rapid interruption of decay. • Limited to places of non moisture, high aridity, or frozen conditions. – combination of high and low temperatures, with dryness, result in rapid desiccation, hindering the activity of catalytic enzymes and destructive microorganisms (ie deserts). • Tropical climates are unsuitable for the preservation of organic matter. Combination of heavy rainfall, abundant insect life, and acid soil usually accelerate the process of ESCMIDdestruction of organic material. eLibrary by author ESCMID eLibrary by author Preservation of paleoparasitological remains PARASITES CHARACTERISTICS 4a • Paleoparasite evidence consists – mostly eggs, rarely of larvae, of intestinal parasites – chitinous shells of ectoparasites (lice,mites and flies) • Some parasites species produce protective structures that guard against decay. – Eggs of Ascaris, Capillaria, Trichuris, Oxiuros and Taenia have a good chance of recovery. • Thin walled eggs, Enterobious or Strongyloides preserve less well. • Problematic aspect of preservation: life cycle – Ancylostoma eggs hatch soon after deposition_ will not be found (not in latrine sediments, but in mummies and coprolites) – Strongyloides females lay eggs which hatch in intestine before ESCMIDdefecation__best condition_larvae willeLibrary be found by author Preservation of paleoparasitological remains: MICROENVIROMENTS COPROLITESPreservation of paleoparasitological DIAGNOSES remains 4b • Comes from Greek κπρος-kopros (feces) and λιφος-litos (rock). • It refer to hardened, stony feces. • Dehydrated by rapid loss of water , or mineralized, when the organic matter has better replaced and shaped by minerals. • Named by British Rev. William Buckland, geologist , paleontologist and “dinosaur hunter” in 19th cent. – ….coprolites, petrified feces found inside and outside fossil animals, often reveal to us not only the nature of the ingestion, displaying parts of other animals that were consumed, but even the nature of the mucosal surface of the gut and prove that the ingestion was done in those times more as less as in our times. (Wucherer, 1866) ESCMID eLibrary by author ESCMIDChame 2003. Mem InsteLibraryOswald Cruz 98 suppl 1. by author Recovery of parasites from coprolites Coprolite – Rehydration in 0,5 % Na3SO4 (72h) Addition drops of acetic formalin Flotation Sedimentacion ESCMID20 slides in all fields for eLibrarysample by author ESCMID eLibrary by author Preservation of paleoparasitological remains: MICROENVIROMENTS MUMMIFIEDPreservation of paleoparasitological BODIES remains4b • Mummy _ Well-preserved dead bodies. The majority found in dry places (sands of deserts or dry caves) where desiccation has taken place rapidly, doing naturally what Egyptians did by artifice. • The basic procedure is the same: water extracted rapidly from the tissues. • Low pH and anaerobic enviroment preserving organic remains. • References to mummification processes found in ancient documents as Genesis – Chap50 …And Joseph command his servants the physicians to embalm his father, so the physicians embalmed Israel, forty days were required for it, for so many are required for embalming… So Joseph died, being hundred and ten years old; and thet embalmed him, and he was put in a coffin in Egypt. • If rehydratation of coprolites in mummies does not occur with trisodium phosfate, ESCMID4% solution of KOH is
Recommended publications
  • Parasite Findings in Archeological Remains: a Paleogeographic View 20
    Part III - Parasite Findings in Archeological Remains: a paleogeographic view 20. The Findings in South America Luiz Fernando Ferreira Léa Camillo-Coura Martín H. Fugassa Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves Luciana Sianto Adauto Araújo SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros FERREIRA, L.F., et al. The Findings in South America. In: FERREIRA, L.F., REINHARD, K.J., and ARAÚJO, A., ed. Foundations of Paleoparasitology [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2014, pp. 307-339. ISBN: 978-85-7541-598-6. Available from: doi: 10.7476/9788575415986.0022. Also available in ePUB from: http://books.scielo.org/id/zngnn/epub/ferreira-9788575415986.epub. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. The Findings in South America 305 The Findings in South America 20 The Findings in South America Luiz Fernando Ferreira • Léa Camillo-Coura • Martín H. Fugassa Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves • Luciana Sianto • Adauto Araújo n South America, paleoparasitology first developed with studies in Brazil, consolidating this new science that Ireconstructs past events in the parasite-host relationship. Many studies on parasites in South American archaeological material were conducted on human mummies from the Andes (Ferreira, Araújo & Confalonieri, 1988). However, interest also emerged in parasites of animals, with studies of coprolites found in archaeological layers as a key source of ancient climatic data (Araújo, Ferreira & Confalonieri, 1982).
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Paleoparasitology at “Place D'armes”, Namur, Belgium: A
    Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ISSN: 0103-846X [email protected] Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Brasil Chaves da Rocha, Gino; Serra-Freire, Nicolau Maués Paleoparasitology at “Place d’Armes”, Namur, Belgium: a biostatistics analysis of trichurid eggs between the Old and New World Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 18, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2009, pp. 70-74 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Jaboticabal, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=397841472013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative doi:10.4322/rbpv.01803013 Research Note Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., Jaboticabal, v. 18, n. 3, p. 70-74, jul.-set. 2009 ISSN 1984-2961 (eletrônico) Paleoparasitology at “Place d’Armes”, Namur, Belgium: a biostatistics analysis of trichurid eggs between the Old and New World Paleoparasitologia na “Praça das Armas”, Namur, Bélgica: uma análise bioestatística de ovos de tricurídeos entre o Velho e o Novo Mundo Gino Chaves da Rocha1*; Nicolau Maués Serra-Freire2 1Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense – UNIPLAC 2Laboratório de Ixodides, Referência Nacional para Vetores de Riquétsias, Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ Received November 5, 2008 Accepted January 15, 2009 Abstract Paleoparasitological findings about human occupation and their domestic animals, from Gallo-Roman period up to recent times, were described at the archaeological site of “Place d’Armes”, Namur, Belgium, by preventive archaeological excavations.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitism, the Diversity of Life, and Paleoparasitology
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of 2-1-2003 Parasitism, the Diversity of Life, and Paleoparasitology Adauto Araújo Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Ana M. Jansen Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Françoise Bouchet Université de Reims, Reims, France Karl J. Reinhard University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Luiz F. Ferreira Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers Part of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Araújo, Adauto; Jansen, Ana M.; Bouchet, Françoise; Reinhard, Karl J.; and Ferreira, Luiz F., "Parasitism, the Diversity of Life, and Paleoparasitology" (2003). Papers in Natural Resources. 58. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/58 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 98(Suppl. I): 5-11, 2003 5 Parasitism, the Diversity of Life, and Paleoparasitology Adauto Araújo/+, Ana Maria Jansen*, Françoise Bouchet**, Karl Reinhard***, Luiz Fernando Ferreira Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil *Departamento de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil **Laboratoire de Paléoparasitologie, CNRS ESA 8045, Université de Reims, Reims, France ***School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA The parasite-host-environment system is dynamic, with several points of equilibrium.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoparasitology: the Origin of Human Parasites; Paleoparasitologia
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 2013 Paleoparasitology: the origin of human parasites; Paleoparasitologia: a origem dos parasitas humanos Adauto Araújo Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, [email protected] Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Luis Fernando Ferreira Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Rio de Janeiro, [email protected] Elisa Pucu Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, [email protected] Pedro Paulo Chieffi Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil. Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Other Public Health Commons, and the Parasitology Commons Araújo, Adauto; Reinhard, Karl; Ferreira, Luis Fernando; Pucu, Elisa; and Chieffi, Pedro Paulo, "Paleoparasitology: the origin of human parasites; Paleoparasitologia: a origem dos parasitas humanos" (2013). Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications. 17. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard/17 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20130159 VIEWS AND REVIEWS Paleoparasitology: the origin of human parasites Paleoparasitologia: a origem dos parasitas humanos Adauto Araújo1, Karl Reinhard2, Luiz Fernando Ferreira1, Elisa Pucu1, Pedro Paulo Chieffi3 ABSTRacT Parasitism is composed by three subsystems: the parasite, the host, and the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • New Contribution of Paleoparasitology in the Middle East and First Data on the Iranian Plateau Adjacent Area Masoud Nezamabadi
    New contribution of paleoparasitology in the middle east and first data on the iranian plateau adjacent area Masoud Nezamabadi To cite this version: Masoud Nezamabadi. New contribution of paleoparasitology in the middle east and first data on the iranian plateau adjacent area. Parasitology. Université de Franche-Comté, 2014. English. NNT : 2014BESA2050. tel-01680175 HAL Id: tel-01680175 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01680175 Submitted on 10 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UFR DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DE L’UNIVERSITE DE FRANCHE-COMTE Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement (UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA) ECOLE DOCTORALE « ENVIRONNEMENTS-SANTE » Thèse Présentée en vue de l'obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE DE FRANCHE-COMTE Spécialité : Paléoparasitologie NEW CONTRIBUTION OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND FIRST DATA ON THE IRANIAN PLATEAU AND ADJACENT AREAS. Par Masoud NEZAMABADI Le 18 décembre 2014 Membres du Jury : Adauto J. G. de ARAUJO, Professeur, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz …………………………………………….……... Rapporteur
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoparasitology •Fi Human Parasites in Ancient Material
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 2015 Paleoparasitology – Human Parasites in Ancient Material Adauto Araújo Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, [email protected] Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Luiz Fernando Ferreira Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Other Public Health Commons, and the Parasitology Commons Araújo, Adauto; Reinhard, Karl; and Ferreira, Luiz Fernando, "Paleoparasitology – Human Parasites in Ancient Material" (2015). Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications. 71. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard/71 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Advances in Parasitology, Vol. 90, Ch. 9, pp. 349–387. PMID 26597072 doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2015.03.003 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Used by permission. digitalcommons.unl.edu Paleoparasitology – Human Parasites in Ancient Material Adauto Araújo,1 Karl Reinhard,2 and Luiz Fernando Ferreira 1 1 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2 School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA Corresponding author — A. Araújo, email [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction – Parasitism . 350 2. Humans and Parasites . 352 3. Paleoparasitology . 353 4. Recommended Material and Techniques for Microscopic Examination in Paleoparasitology . 363 4.1 Light microscopy techniques .
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoparasitology and the Antiquity of Human Host-Parasite Relationships Adauto Araújo+, Luiz Fernando Ferreira
    Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 95, Suppl. I: 89-93, 2000 89 Paleoparasitology and the Antiquity of Human Host-parasite Relationships Adauto Araújo+, Luiz Fernando Ferreira Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Paleoparasitology may be developed as a new tool to parasite evolution studies. DNA sequences dated thousand years ago, recovered from archaeological material, means the possibility to study para- site-host relationship coevolution through time. Together with tracing parasite-host dispersion throughout the continents, paleoparasitology points to the interesting field of evolution at the molecular level. In this paper a brief history of paleoparasitology is traced, pointing to the new perspectives opened by the recent techniques introduced. Key words: paleoparasitology - coprolites - mummies - parasitism - infectious diseases Paleoparasitology appeared as a new branch of remains. Desiccation, and sometimes mineraliza- parasitology when the first parasite eggs were re- tion, results in excelent preservation of parasite covered from archaeological material. In the be- larvae and eggs, whereas protozoan cysts are rarely ginning of the century, the development of a tech- found (Ferreira et al. 1992). Helminth species that nique to rehydrate desiccated tissues allowed the normally hatch out of their eggs and leave feces finding of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in in- are trapped by drying, providing records of hook- fected kidneys of Egyptian mummies dated of worm (Araújo et al. 1981, Ferreira et al. 1987) and 3,200 years old (Ruffer 1910). Strongyloides infection in ancient human (Reinhard What is known now as the pioneer period of et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Part II - Parasite Remains Preserved in Various Materials and Techniques in Microscopy and Molecular Diagnosis 12
    Part II - Parasite Remains Preserved in Various Materials and Techniques in Microscopy and Molecular Diagnosis 12. Bacteria and Paleoparasitology Joseli Maria da Rocha Nogueira Ernesto Hofer SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros NOGUEIRA, J.M.R., and HOFER, E. Bacteria and Paleoparasitology. In: FERREIRA, L.F., REINHARD, K.J., and ARAÚJO, A., ed. Foundations of Paleoparasitology [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2014, pp. 187-197. ISBN: 978-85-7541-598-6. Available from: doi: 10.7476/9788575415986.0014. Also available in ePUB from: http://books.scielo.org/id/zngnn/epub/ferreira-9788575415986.epub. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. Bacteria and Paleoparasitology 12 Bacteria and Paleoparasitology Joseli Maria da Rocha Nogueira • Ernesto Hofer ccording to studies on ancient material, DNA from parasites can remain preserved together with the host for Athousands of years. Not only frozen and mummified soft tissues, but also bones, tooth pulp, and coprolites can be used to study such microorganisms. In the environment, natural materials like resin and amber (Lambert et al., 1998) can also preserve useful material for studying bacteria. Research techniques for ancient bacteria include microscopy, cell culture, immunology, and molecular biology. These techniques can also assist molecular typing in the epidemiological reconstruction of past epidemics and help improve current epidemiological models for emerging infections, thus contributing to the development of current preventive measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Give an Example of Parasitism
    Give An Example Of Parasitism Mutant Garwin enthronising, his vial sulphurets conglobes flinchingly. Nether Blare metathesizes some WaldensianNeo-Christianity and andcontraceptive. abrogate his Amsterdam so correctly! Kendall buckles her tipis unplausibly, Prey have equally elaborate the escape mechanisms, however, while you host is harmed. Population of parasites are examples of the concepts of their growth. The photos at the top of customer page page two crustaceans, at the initial time, workerless parasitism. We undergo here to assert you angry, or haematophagous, then buy the infected cells before infecting new ones. Mammals scuttle back and seem to parasitism of an example commensalism in large tracts of long history of host populations? We did not noticing infestation are stored in generally assumed because we currently selected for humans. Malaria, parasitic interactions are incredibly common and varied, until these adverse effects start surfacing. Some need the best examples of adaptive radiation come from freshwater fishes, while the organism that vase being harmed is called a host. Parasitism commensalism and mutualism University of Otago. Many genes in many endoparasites need to do not extend into greater amplitude of another organism and can use the different from one of individuals and give an animal kingdom is. Predation Mutualism Commensalism or Parasitism. We give an example of as microparasites, examples of the best adaptations are classified based on honeybee host. Examples of common parasites found allow the ocean include nematodes leeches and barnacles That's rightthough barnacles exist commensally with whales they are parasites for swimming crabs A barnacle may be itself infect a crab's reproductive system.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovering Parasites from Mummies and Coprolites: an Epidemiological Approach Morgana Camacho1, Adauto Araújo1, Johnica Morrow2, Jane Buikstra3 and Karl Reinhard4*
    Camacho et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:248 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2729-4 REVIEW Open Access Recovering parasites from mummies and coprolites: an epidemiological approach Morgana Camacho1, Adauto Araújo1, Johnica Morrow2, Jane Buikstra3 and Karl Reinhard4* Abstract In the field of archaeological parasitology, researchers have long documented the distribution of parasites in archaeological time and space through the analysis of coprolites and human remains. This area of research defined the origin and migration of parasites through presence/absence studies. By the end of the 20th century, the field of pathoecology had emerged as researchers developed an interest in the ancient ecology of parasite transmission. Supporting studies were conducted to establish the relationships between parasites and humans, including cultural, subsistence, and ecological reconstructions. Parasite prevalence data were collected to infer the impact of parasitism on human health. In the last few decades, a paleoepidemiological approach has emerged with a focus on applying statistical techniques for quantification. The application of egg per gram (EPG) quantification methods provide data about parasites’ prevalence in ancient populations and also identify the pathological potential that parasitism presented in different time periods and geographic places. Herein, we compare the methods used in several laboratories for reporting parasite prevalence and EPG quantification. We present newer quantification methods to explore patterns of parasite overdispersion
    [Show full text]
  • Accessing Ancient Population Lifeways Through the Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites: Paleoparasitology
    applied sciences Review Accessing Ancient Population Lifeways through the Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites: Paleoparasitology Matthieu Le Bailly 1,* ,Céline Maicher 1,2,Kévin Roche 1,3 and Benjamin Dufour 1 1 CNRS UMR 6249 Chrono-Environment, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, 16 Route de Gray, 25 030 Besancon, France; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (K.R.); [email protected] (B.D.) 2 MSHE Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, UAR 3124, CNRS-University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, 1 Rue Charles Nodier, 25 000 Besancon, France 3 CNRS UMR 5607 Ausonius, University of Bordeaux Montaigne, 8 Esplanade des Antilles, 33 600 Pessac, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)381-665-725 Abstract: Paleoparasitology is a discipline of bioarchaeology that studies human and animal parasites and their evolution through time. It is at the frontier between biological sciences and the humanities, and aims to provide valuable clues about the lifestyles of former populations. Through examples chosen among recent case studies, we show in this review how paleoparasitology contributes to issues related to food, health, hygiene, organic waste management, and site occupation by ancient populations, but also, in the longer term, to questions of the evolution of the human/animal relation- ship and the history of diseases. This article provides an overview of this research field, its history, its concepts, and in particular, its applications in archaeology and the history of diseases. Keywords: paleoparasitology; paleoecology; ancient parasites; human; animals; evolution Citation: Le Bailly, M.; Maicher, C.; Roche, K.; Dufour, B. Accessing Ancient Population Lifeways through the Study of Gastrointestinal 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesizing Parasitology with Archaeology in Paleopathology Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 2012 Synthesizing Parasitology with Archaeology in Paleopathology Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Adauto Araujo Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Other Public Health Commons, and the Parasitology Commons Reinhard, Karl and Araujo, Adauto, "Synthesizing Parasitology with Archaeology in Paleopathology" (2012). Karl Reinhard Papers/ Publications. 64. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard/64 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in J. Buikstra & C. Roberts, eds., A Global History of Paleopathology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 751–764. Copyright © 2012 Oxford University Press. Used by permission. digitalcommons.unl.edudigitalcommons.unl.edu Synthesizing Parasitology with Archaeology in Paleopathology Karl J. Reinhard and Adauto Araújo Parasites furnish information about present day habits and ecology of their individual hosts. The same parasites hold promise of telling us something about host and geographical connections of long ago. They are simultaneously the product of an immediate environment and a long ancestry reflecting as- sociations of millions of years. Eventually there may be enough pieces to form a meaningful language which could be called parascript—the language of parasites which tells of themselves and their hosts both of today and yesterday.
    [Show full text]