Yoyager: Yol. W, Dec. 2015, 40-50: 2015 40 ISSN :0976-7 4i6 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED Study of amount of Oxygen (BOD, OD, COD) in water and their effect on fishes @evpray^gto Haridwar)

Dr. SujataGupta*

Abstract Present investigation is carried out during December 2014 to April 2015, for which three rivers were chosen i.e. Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, and Ganga to assers the effect of pollution on woter and Jish diversity of river Ganga- Utrqkhand (DevPrayag to Haridwar). Water and Jish samples were collected from all 4 sites .The samples of water were analyzed for amount of Oxygen(BOD,OD,COD) and fish samples were analyzed. Reduction in dissolved orygen concentration is one of the most important factor and direct ffict of fish life cycle because less DO in water can cause mortality, reduced growth rates, and altered distributions and behqviors of Jishes as well as less DO can also lead to large reductions in the abundance, diversity, and harvest of fishes within affected waters . During the course of study a total of 35 samples of mainly 5 species Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirhinus mrigala, Hypphthal michthys rnolitrix, , Cyprinus carpio were collected from all 4 sites and all these specimen were caught with the help of cast net. Keywords.' Water samples, COD, mortality, distribution, behaviors.

@ 2015 JournalAnu Books Authors are responsible for any plagiarism issues. A Yoyager: Vol. W, Dec. 2015, 40-50: 2015 47 ISSN :0976-7436 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED Introduction and bunches offlowers and leaves etc. Uttrakhand is surrounded by into the river. Pollution get accentuated great Himalayas in the North, Shivalik sharply duringKumbh (every 12 years) hills in the South, Ganga in the East and then up to 5 million devotes descend in Yamuna in the West. Region of small town to bathe in the holy river. Most Uttrakhand enjoy moderate climate with of the river water is drained out of maximum temperature of summers irrigation canal at Haridwar which also (April to July) is around 36 Degree decrease the pollution absorbing capacity Celsius while the minimum temperature of the river. of winters (November- February) is Consequently, the problem was around 5 Degree Celsius. But due to taken up when effluents of these rapid increase in pollution, rising industries go into the water system and standard of living and exponential gowth change the physiochemical quality ofthe of industrialization and urbanization have water and make it unfit for drinking and polluted the water resources of creates difficulty for survival or aquatic Uthakhand. In addition to that, dumping life. Since all natural water waste contain of city garbage, human and animal bacteria and nutrients, almost any waste excreta, agricultural wastes, pesticides, compound introduced into such water burning of human bodies, community waste contain bacteria and nutrients will bathing and faulty social and religious initiate biochemical reactions. These practices. According to an estimate about biochemical reactions are measured as 1965 9 tons of polluted matter enter the BOD and COD in laboratory river every year of which 55/% is (Tehovanoglous e/. ol 2003). Both the contributed by Uttrakhand and Uttar BOD and COD tests are measure of Pradesh while 18.8% by West Bengal. relative orygen-depletion effect ofwaste At Haridwar (Uttrakhand), contaminant. Both have been widely Ganga water is not free from pollution, adopted as a measure ofpollution effect. which starts from Rishikesh itselfwhere The BOD test measures the oxygen industrial wastes from Bharat Heavy demand of biodegradable pollutants Electrical s Limited (BHEL) have whereas the COD tests measure the polluted the water. The waste from oxygen demand of oxidizable pollutants. Indian Drug Production Limited (IDPL) Chemically, waste water is composed of adds to the problem. About 15 large and organic and inorganic components as small sewage drain discharge and about well as various gases. Organic 42 mid municipal sewage into river, components may consist of community bathing, discharge milk pots, carbohydrates, proteins, fats and greases,

@ 2015 JournalAnu Books Authors are responsible for any plagiarism issues. A Voyager: Yol. W, Dec. 2015, 40-50: 2015 ISSN :0976-74i6 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED surfactants, oils, pesticides, phenols etc The areas from which samples were (Tehovanoglous et. al 2003, Maiti collected include Devprayag and 2004).Further in this paperwe explained Haridwar. The river for this study was howvariation in oxygen quantity (BOD, Alakhnanda, Bhagirathi and Ganga. COD, DO) affect the life of fishes of Water samples were collected once every Uttarakhand (Ganga). month during February to April 20 14. Site StudyArea ofcollection are : Devprayag is located in 1. Haridwar : Har ki Paudi and 30.146315 N 78.598251 E, in Tehri Brahmakunda Gharwal District in the state of 2. Devprayag: Alakhnanda and Uttrakhand,India and is one ofthe Panch Bhagirathi Prayag of Alakhnanda river where For water, samples were Alakhnanda and Bhagirithi rivers meet collected in clean l5po$hene bottle and take the name Ganga. The original from all 4 river sites. Their samples were path of Ganga River is on South west used in titration method to measure their direction, then it moves through Easterly BOD, DO and COD. direction and final in last lap, it flows For fish, total 30 samples of again southwards and merges into the mainly 5 species Catla catla, Labeo sea. During its middle course on easterly rohita, Cirhinus mrigala, Hypphthal direction, a number of big and small michthys molitrix, Cyprinus, carpio tributaries have joined on the northern were collected from all 4 sites and all side from the Himalayan sub-basin, these specimen were caught with the namely, Ramaganga, Gomati, Ghagr4 help of cast net. These fishes were Gandhak and Kosi, all of which have hansported to plastic container to lab. their origins within the mountain range Then these fishes were analyzed to of the Himalayas in Nepal. Therefore, check the effect of BOD, COD, OD the contribution of flow of these made in their sffucture in addition to this tributaries is from Nepal within the some observation were made on the Himalayan range and also from the research sites. Indian soil on the Southern side of the Himalayan foothills. There is another tibutary, Mahayana which joins the river inBangladesh. Materials And Methods Fish and water samples were collected from 3 rivers of Uttrakhand. @ 2015 Journal Anu Books Authors are responsible for any plagiarism issues. A Voyager: Yol. W, Dec.20l5, 40-50:2015 43 ISSN :0976-7436 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED ofriver wder of I-fttaralrtrand

I-H-H (Haridwar-Har ki pauri), II-H-B(Hari dwar-Brahmakund) III-D-A(Daveprayag-Alakananda), IV-D-B(Devprayag-Bagrathi) Results B. Effect of Oxygen depletion on A. Effect on water Fishes COD (Chemical Oxygen With the help of Table 1, it is Demand) range from 6.1to34.2 mg per clear that effect of pollution is more on liter.Thehighestvalue34.2mgperliter site I and 2 as compared to 3 and 4. is observed at Haridwar (Brahmakund). First observation made was that fishes While the lowest value of 6.1 mg /l is from site of low DO lacked swim bladder observed at Devprayag (Alakhnanda). which led to increase in mortality on DO varies from 8.1 to10.9 mg/l. The thesesites.Mortalityofadultswashigh average value of DO is meeting the as compared to young fishes within a criteria at all monitoring locations. Except water body. some period of year, the DO is not Second observation made during meeting the criteria in river Ganga at2 this study was that fishes in area where sites i.e. Har ki paudi and Brahmakund Do was less become lethargic and stop in Haridwar. BOD ranged from 4.9to 2.1 feeding which explained that dissolved mgil .The highest value 4.9per liter is oxygenisnotonlyrelatedwithbreathing observed at Haridwar (Brahmakund). but also with feeding of fi shes. As orygen while the lowest value of 2.lmg /l is level decreased, the fishes do not have observed at Devprayag (Alakhnanda). enough energy to swim, feeding and DO varies from 8.1 to10.9 mdl. utilirirg @ 2015 JournalAnu Books Authors are responsible for any plagiarism issues. l. Yoyager: ltol. W, Dec. 2015, 40-50 : 2015 M ISSN :0976-74i6 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED recognized that due to less DO in water, adults to high water temperatures and some of the fishes get prone to some low DO concentrations can reach levels deadly diseases. that affect the amount of energy Thirdly, itwas observedthatthe obtainable for the production of viable ventilation rate was increased to bring eggs and larvae. more water in contact with the gill within Sixth change obsserved was aunit oftime. There are, however, limits that all fishes had an initial limiting to increase flow affainable, the space threshold for DO below which they between secondary lamellae is narrow experience a turn down in the ability to and water will tend to be forced fast the perform certain activities and functions. tip of primary lamella when the Exposure to low DO concentrations can respiratory water flow was high, thus by affect the behavior of fish, resulting in passing the respiratory surface. changes in distribution, habitat use, Fourth observation was that activity, and respiration mode. Fish can most of the fishes of sites I and 2 were stay away from mortality and other suffering from orygen deficiency disease adverse effects of low DO called Asphyxiation (disease more concentrations through a number of common in clprinids). Symptom ofthese behavioural responses that reduce either diseases are fish do not take food, skin their exposure to low DO concentrations became pale in color, congestion of or their need for oxygen. Potential cyanotic blood in the gill, adherence of behavioural responses to low DO gill lamellae, small hemorrhages in the concentrations include avoidance, front ofthe ocular cavity and in the skin changes in activity, increased use ofair of gill covers. In the majority of predatory breathing, increased use of aquatic fishes the mouth gaps spasmodically and surface respiration, and habitat shifts. the operculum over the gills remains The concentration of DO that loosely open. Not only this, fish reduced will activate avoidance behaviors varies food intake, lead to reduction in growth. among species and life stages, depending Fifth observation was that Low on their tolerances of low DO DO concentrations contributed to poor concentrations. Field and laboratory spawning success by troublemaking studies indicate that fish tend to avoid spawning activities and limiting the oxygen concentrations that are two to amount of energy available for the three times higherthan those that cause production ofviable eggs and larvae. The 50% mortality in 24-hour and 96-hour physiological pressure and energy exposures, roughly equal to the demands resulting from exposure of concentrations associated with reduced

@ 2015 Journal Anu Books Authors are responsible for any plagiarism issues. l. Voyager: Vol. W, Dec. 2015, 40-50 : 2015 45 ISSN :0976-74i6 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED growth in laboratory experiments concentrationsbutalsocanincreasethe ( Breitburg 2000). Such behavior possible for adverse effects from other indicates that fish can avoid hypoxic factors (e.g., increased predation waters and select more highly risk).Therefore,thedegreetowhichfish oxygenated waters if available .Some exhibit these responses in nature likely species may also use air breathing or will be influenced by the differences in aquatic surface respiration to increase energy costs and mortality risks oxygen uptake under such conditions associated with alternative responses. (Weber and Kramer 1983). Where In seventh observation, some alternative habitats are limited or not general effects like (a) Susceptibility to accessible, low Do concentrations predation, all fishes have an incipient coupled with high water temperatures limiting threshold for DO below which can block or delay migration or restrict they experience aturn down in the ability fish to small refuges where they may to perform certain activities and experience increased susceptibility to functions. Experience to low DO predators, disease, and food limitation concentrationscanraisethe susceptibility .Changes in action in response to low of fish to predation by altering normal DO concentrations include increased gill behavior, reducing activity levels, and ventilation and swimming activity reducing swimming performance. (associated with avoidance behavior) Prolonged or frequent exposure to followed by decreases in activity, hypoxiamayreduce growthratesenough depending on the period of exposure. to reduce the size of fish and thereby Reduced motion levels can help reduce increase the period of time that fish are oxygen requirements and allow fish to weak to predators. (b) Susceptibility to stay alive exposure to low DO Parasites/Pathogens Environmental concentrations when escaping is conditions, including natural and ineffective. However, such a response anthropogenic stressors, can heavily can reduce feeding and spawning influence the parasite-host interaction opportunities, potentially foremost to because they regulate the physiological reducedgrowthorreducedreproductive condition of both the host and the success, depending on the duration of parasite. Traumatic environmental exposure. conditions, such as low DO These responses can be concentrations, can increase the important strategies for reducing or vulnerabilityoffishtoinfectiousdiseases avoiding unfavourable effects caused by and parasites. The compounding effects straight exposure to low DO of numerous stressors elicit significant

@ 2015 JournalAnu Books Authors are responsible for any plagiarism issues. l. Voyager: Vol. W, Dec. 2015, 40-50 : 2015 46 ISSN :0976-7436 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED physiological and behavioural responses more water, and therefore more toxic that may result in increased rates of substances,acrossthegillsandintotheir mortality. Parasites and pathogens alone systems. are known to cause significant changes Discussion in reproduction, endurance, and growth Decreased DO concentration of individual fish. Affected fish often causes harmful effects on fishes can be become incapacitated, reproduce less, explained bythe bio energetic principle and become more susceptible to proposedbyFry(1971),accordingtotha! predation and less able to tolerate the DO concentration that can be environmental extremes. Though it may explained as upper threshold below which be diffrcult to divide the combined effects oxygen causes direct mortality as shown ofnumerous stressors acting at the same in graph within the range, the potential time, combining low DO concentrations magnitude of adverse effects increases with parasites and pathogens likely with decreasing oxygen concentration amplifies negative effects.(c) Suscep and increasing duration and frequency tibility to Contaminants Fish species may of exposure. The initial limiting level is be negatively affected by chemical importantthresholdbelowwhichthelack pollution in urban or agricultural runoff. of available oxygen resists the ability of The toxicity of particular chemicals to fish to perform at maximum levels and fish often changes depending on water increases physiological stress and quality parameters, including DO expenditure of energy to meet oxygen concentrations, pH, salinity, and demand. hardness. Poisonous substances and low Do concentration chanses tlre . rrro physiology of fish an!-c1n.affe":T.. have ")(01"",[ouT,Hfr:t#f:?Xl:jdifferent ability to tolerate low function and behavior of fish in the field' oxygen concentrations, depending on the Inbroad-spectrum, organisms.liu.htr"T natural and range of Do concentration theirenvironmentaltolerancelimits(such that fishes encounter in their preferred as concentrations).are low DO more habitat.Infishmetabolicrate,respiration vulnerabletoadditionalchemicalstress, and feeding activity, growth is highly especially when exacelbafd by enlarged affected by the concentration decrease, temperatures or low food supplies' An as a results of all this disease attack boost in susceptibility to toxic substances fishes which lead to mortality of fishes may be caused b, increase_in :1 (Tom l99g).wederm eye 1996 studied respiration attributable to low Do thatnotonlyphysiologicalormetabolic concentrations' Fish respiring more bring activities but production of fishes also get

@ 2015 JournalAnu Books Authors are responsible for any plagiarism issues. l. Voyager: Vol. W, Dec. 2015, 40-50: 2015 47 ISSN :0976-74i6 : INDEXED AND ABSTMCTED affected by decrease oxygen particular to various forms of concentration .He also added that, DO degeneration. Several Indian rivers, requirement varies with species, body including the Ganga in several stretches size and activities offishes. Tom (1998) particularly during lean flows, have said that oxygen requirements per unit become unfit even forbathing. weight of fish significantly decline with The Ganga revered for its purity increasing individual weight. Randolph subsistence every day. The river in and Clemenens ( I 976) found that feeding which millions wash off their sins is now patterns of catfish varied with left with 15% of its original water, while temperature and oxygen availability. the remaining 85% comprises sewage, When the oxygen content drops below slu dge, several conservation efforts 59% fish starts to lose its appetite. backed by crores of rupees have failed India is gifted with rich water to restore the sensitivity of the national resources nearly 45000 km long riverine river. The river Ganga water quality system crisscrosses the length and evaluate onthe basis ofpollution indicate breadth ofthe county. Out ofthis Ganga us (DO, BOD & COD) indicate the basin is extraordinarily varied in altitude, dissolved oxygen level of river Ganga climate, land use and cropping patterns. increasing very rapidly so the need is, in Ganga has been a cradle of human fact, made all the more urgent by the civilization since time immemorial. It is recent spurt of human activities in this one ofthe most sacred rivers in the world region in exploiting its water resources and is deeply regarded by the people of for hydroelectric purposes. Not only are the country. India has 12 basins, 14 minor the rivers directly affected by the and dessert river basin. Out of this Ganga developmental activities, but they are also is the largest river basin which flows affected by other threats like introduction through the state of Uttrakhand, Uttar of exotic species, over fishing and the Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, disposal of industrial and domestic Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. But wastes from new industries and these water resources are losing their settlements. Before the rich species beauty and life every day. The reason diversity of this region of the behindthese losses are swiftly increasing subcontinent is lost forever, some pollution, growing standards of living and immediate action and some more exponential growth of industrialization research work will be done to save and urbanization have exposed the water Ganga. resources, in general and reverse in

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