DOCSLIB.ORG

Portugal Hegemonie 1500-1580 Grundlagen Schiffbau, Navigation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Portugal Hegemonie 1500-1580 Grundlagen Schiffbau, Navigation Portugal Hegemonie 1500-1580 Grundlagen Schiffbau, Navigation, Kartographie, Astronomie, Instrumentenbau Galeone/Karavelle + Kanone Flotte, Forts, Faktoreien in Atlantik und Indik Kolonie in Brasilien Randlage, Windsysteme des Atlantik (und Indik) deutsches und italienisches (Genua) Kapital zur Finanzierung der Flotten Gold aus Guinea Gewürze aus Asien Sklaven aus Afrika Zucker aus Brasilien Staatliches Gewürzmonopol Vermarktung via Antwerpen Casa da India, Casa da Minha Conselho da Fazenda Handelsprofite, Zölle im innerasiatischen Handel Hegemonialkonflikt I Venedig wirtschaftlich Kastilien militärisch/diplomatisch Gujarat/Mameluken/Osmanen/Java militärisch Hegemoniale Ordnung Verträge von Tordesillas und Zaragossa Estado da India System aus Cartaz (Pass), Cafila (Konvoi) und Armada in Asien Indik = Mare Clausum 50 Forts + 100 Kriegsschiffe im Indik Gründe/Indikatoren kommerzielle und imperiale Überdehnung Für Niedergang von Anfang an Rivalität mit Niederlande und England zu geringe Bevölkerung zu kleine Flotte, zu wenig Soldaten Keine Rüstungsindustrie, sondern Import von Kanonen aus Flandern und Deutschland Krise in Flandern, Blockade der Schelde Im 17. Jhd. kein eigenes wirtschaftliches Zentrum, Abhängigkeit von Antwerpen Finanzielle Durchdringung von Genua Mare clausum war lückenhaft 2 Gewürzmonopol war nicht durchzusetzen Staatsbankrott Widerspruch Pfeffermonopol vs. Finanzinteresse des Estado da India Blockade vs. Kontrolle des Roten Meeres Herausforderer Spanien Niederlande, England Osmanen Hegemonialkonflikt II Krieg mit Spanien, Personalunion mit Spanien Kolonialkriege mit Niederlande Zeittafel 1249 1. europäischer Nationalstaat 1253 Reconquista abgeschlossen 1341 Kanaren 1415 Eroberung von Ceuta, Endpunkt des Karawanenhandels durch die Sahara(Gold aus Guinea) 1416/19 Beginn der Erkundung der afrikanischen Küste, um Guinea zu erreichen 1419 Madeira erste Kolonie, Zuckerplantagen Investitionen Genuas Beginn der Expedtitionen entlag der Afrikanischen Küste 1427-1431 Entdeckung der Azoren 1431-1439 Besiedlung der Azoren 1433-1434 Gründung der Seefahrerschule und des Observatoriums in Sagres (historisch umstritten) 1433 Beginn der systematischen Entdeckungsfahrten 1434 Gil Eanes umrundet Cap Bojador (heute Kap Juby) Casa da Ceuta für Afrika-Handel 1435 Eroberung Konstantinopels durch Osmanen Afonso Baldaia entdeckt Rio de Oro 1436 Papst erkennt kastilische Besitzrechte an Portugal geht dagegen militäriusch vor 3 1440-1448 Intensivierung der Entdeckungsfahrten unter der Regentschaft von Prinz Pedro (Bruder von Heinrich) 1441 Beginn des Sklavenhandels in Westafrika 1442 Beginn des Goldhandels 1443 Handelsmonopol für Heinrich an der afrikanischen Küste südlich Bojador Insel Arguim, 1. Faktorei (Mauretanien) Übernahme des Latiensegels von den Arabern 1445 Dinid Gomes entdeckt Kap Verden 1449 Fernao Gomes erreicht die Costa da Minha 1450 Besetzung der Inseln im Golf von Guinea 1450er Verständnis der Windsysteme im Nordatlantik Einführung der Galeone 1452 Bulle „Dum diversas“ ermächtigt Portugal die Länder der Ungläubigen zu erobern, zu unter- Werfen und zu versklaven Abyssinischer Mönch gelangt nach Lissabon 1455 Bulle „Romanus Pontifex“ spricht Portugal das Monopol für Eroberungen und Entdeckungen zu 1456 Inter Caetera Divinae, um Kastilien von Afrika fernzuhalten portugiesische Kirche in Übersee wird dem Jesuitenorden übertragen 1458 Sieg über die Mauren bei Alcacer Seguer 1460 Tod Heinrich des Seefahrers 1460er Casa da Guiné e da Minha 1462 Breite konnte auf der nördlichen Halbkugel mit Hilfe des Polarsterns bestimmt werden 1467 Sierra Leone 1470 Guinea (Goldküste) 1471 Estevao Gomes überquert Äquator und entdeckt Kreuz des Südens Eroberung von Tanger 4 1474-1479 Erbfolgekrieg mit Kastilien Kastilien wolle port. Monopol in Afrika brechen 1474 Sao Tomé, Principe, Fernando Po Infant Joao wird mit der Leitung der Expansion Beauftragt 1470er Suche des Seewegs nach Indien 1475-1480 Kastilien versucht, Anteil am Guinea-Handel zu ergattern 1478 O Regimento do Astrolabio = erstes Navigationshandbuch 1479-1516 Begründung des spanischen Nationalstaats Durch Doppelherrschaft Aragon/Kastilien 1479 Vertrag von Alcácovas beendet Erbfolgekrieg Verzicht auf alle Ansprüche hinsichtlich der Kastilischen Krone setzt Handelsmonopol in Westafrika durch gegen Abtretung der Kanaren 1481-1495 Regierungszeit Johan II.; formuliert Ziel der Erkundung des Seewegs nach Indien und der Übernahme des venezianischen Gewürzhandels Entscheidende Jahre, Vorsprung gegenüber Kastilien 1482 2. Fort El Minha (Benin) 1. Expedition Diogo Cao, führt Steinkreuze mit 1483 Diogo Cao an der Kongo-Mündung 1483/84 Kolumbus bietet Portugal seine Dienste an abgelehnt, da P. besser Bescheid wusste 1485 Breite konnte mit Hilfe des Sonnenstandes am Mittag bestimmt werden (südliche Halbkugel) 1484/85 Landexpedition nach Asien schlägt fehl 1486 Joao Afonso de Averiro entdeckt Königreich Benin und brtingt ersten Guinea-Pfeffer nach Lissabon 1487-88 Bartolomeo Dias umrundet Kap Verständnis, dass Windsysteme in Südatlantik Symmetrisch zum Nordatalantik 1487-1490 Pero de Covilha erreicht Indien bis Calicut auf 5 dem Landweg via Rotes Meer und Aden ferner Persoschen Golf, Rotes Meer, ostafrikanische Küste evtl. bis Sofala Bericht aus Kairo nach Lissabon gleichzeitig Fahrten im Westen, evtl. Brasilien entdeckt (Pernambuco) ca. 1490-1590 Kongo = Protektorat 1491 Covilha zurück in Kairo, Bericht an Krone erreicht da Gama nicht mehr 1492 Erste Kolumbus-Reise, auf der Rückfahrt Bericht, der Lissabon erreicht (März 1493), Anspruch auf Kolumbus Entdeckungen wegen Alcacovas 1493 Vorschlag des Papstes Alexander VI. für Demarkationslinie 1494 Vertrag von Tordesillas mit Kastilien (7.6.1494) verschiebt Demarkationslinie nach Westen, bis 1750 (Vertrag von Madrid) offiziell in Kraft, nie im Detail festgelegt Betrifft Politik, Handel und Mission/Kirche Verhandlungen verzögern da Gama-Reise 1495-1521 Regierungszeit Manuel I.; Seeweg nach Indien und Suche nach dem Priesterkönig Johannes, um Bündnis gegen Muslime schließen zu können 1495 Beschluß, Indienflotte auszusenden 1496 Kanaren an Spanien abgetreten 1497-1498 Vasco da Gama erreicht via Malindi am 18.5.1498 Calicut an der Malabar-Küste 1499 da Gama zurück in Lissabon 1500 2. Indienflotte unter Pedro Àlvares Cabral landet (zufällig?) in Brasilien am 22.4.1500 ca 1500 Antwerpen löst Venedig als europäisches Handelszentrum ab 1501 König erhält Titel „Herr der Eroberung, der Navigation und des Handels von Äthiopien, Indien, Arabien und Persien“ 1501-1502 Coelho/Vespuci nach Brasilien, Landung am 17.8.1501 6 1501 3. Indienflotte unter Joao da Nova Casa da India fasst alle Ämter zusammen 1502 2. Reise da Gamas (= 4. Flotte) in militärischer Absicht seitdem Ausstellung von Pässen, Beschießung von Calicut, Seeschlacht gegen Malabar-Araber mit hoher militärischer Überlegenheit Cantino-Weltkarte mit Teilen Amerikas 1502-1505 Rückgang des Pfeffer-Handels in Alexandria Teilweise Verlagerung des Gewürzhandels nach Antwerpen 1503 Duarte Pacheo Pereira besiegt indisch- Muslimische Heere in Cochin Axim = 1. Fort in Indien (Cochin) Amerigo Vespucci prägt Begriff „Neue Welt“, Amerika nach ihm benannt Albuquerque soll portugiesisches Gewürzmonopol Militärisch durchsetzen 1504 Gründung des Estado da India mit Vizekönig Sitz zunächst in Cochin Casa da India in Lissabon, staatl. Kontrolle Des Handels Statt jährlicher Indienflotten sollen Stützpunkte erobert werden Da Gama kehrt mit 2000 t Pfeffer zurück Venedig erhält keinen Pfeffer in Alexandria 1504-1507 Francisco de Almeida erster Vizekönig Konzept der mobilen Flotte im Indik + Forts anlegen 1505 Forts in Sofala, Kilwa Belagerung von Jiddah Allianz mit Sultan von Malindi Almeida besetzt Colombo Entdeckung von Madagaskar Vier Venezianer nach Malabar, um Artillerie- Kenntnissse zu verbreiten 1506-1570 Kronmonopol im Gewürzhandel 1506 8. Indienflotte „Regimento do Cruzeiro do Sul“ 1507 Waldseemüller-Karte verwendet erstmals Begriff „Amerika“ Niederlassungen in Mozambique Socotra-Inseln am Eingang des Roten Meers 7 besetzt Vorstoß auf Hormuz 1507-1509 mamelukische Flotte unter Hussain nach Indien 1508 Niederlage vor Chaul gegen gujaratisch- Mamelukische Flotte, Artillerie-Duell, Eroberung von Muskat 1509 entscheidende Seeschlacht gegen mamelukisch- gujaratisch-calicutische Flotte vor Diu unter Führung Almeidas, seitdem Handel mit Gujarat Übergabe-Angebot Dius wird abgelehnt Ostafrikanische Küste ist erobert 1509-1515 Albuquerque Vizekönig des Estado da India 1510 Eroberung von Goa Vorstoß ins Rote Meer Rüstungshilfe der Osmanen an Mameluken 1511 Eroberung von Malacca und Hormuz durch Albuquerque Faktorei in Bahia, Holz nach Indien 1512 Bantam (Java), Banda 1513 Eroberung von Calicut, Sultan flieht, wendet sich an China, wird abgewiesen Moluccen werden erreicht Zerstörung der javanischen Flotte vor Malacca Eroberung Adens und Dius durch Albuquerque Gescheitert Stattdessen jährliche Flotte zur Kontrolle bzw. Blockade des Roten Meers, gelingt nur teilweise Erstes Schiff nach Kanton Erste Landreise von Indien nach Lissabon (Fernao Dias) 1514 1. Überseebistum in Funchal 1515 Goa wird Hauptstadt des Estado Eroberung von Hormuz 1515-1516 Mamelucken versuchen, Jemen zu erobern 1516 Juan Diaz de Solis am Rio de la Plata Nachricht aus Portugal, dass Ägypten neue Flotte rüstet, Abwehrmaßnahmen 1517 Seeschlacht bei Jiddah gegen Mameluken/Osmanen verloren 8 Chance zur Besetzung von Aden wird vertan wegen Anderslautender Befehle erstmals Erreichen der chinesischen Küste 1518 Eroberung von Colombo erstmals Verkauf von Pfeffer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Transnational Law of the Sea
    Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 21 Number 2 Article 6 1-1-2021 A Transnational Law of the Sea Josh Martin Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Josh (2021) "A Transnational Law of the Sea," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 21: No. 2, Article 6. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol21/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Transnational Law of the Sea Josh Martin Abstract It is widely accepted that we are presently struggling to govern the vast expanse of the ocean effectively. This Article finally gets to the real cause of much of the failures of the law of the sea: Westphalian sovereignty. In particular, it evidences that certain features of our obstinate model of public international law—such as sovereign exclusivity, equality, and territoriality—can be linked with a large majority of the governance “gaps” in the global ocean context. It thereby exonerates the falsely accused Grotius’s mare liberum doctrine and flag state regulation, which both still continue to receive an unmerited level of condemnation. This Article also argues that worldwide searches for new integrated systems of ocean management are, in fact, a search for a new paradigm of governance, well-known among lawyers, but yet to be thoroughly analyzed in the law of the sea context, that of transnational law and governance.
    [Show full text]
  • 65 the Development of the Law of the Sea With
    65 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW OF THE SEA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES* Bo Johnson Theutenberg 1. THE REVOLUTION OF THE LA W OF THE SEA 1.1. Introduction and historic perspectives "... ac Apostolicae potestatis plenitude, omnes insulas, et terras firmas inventas, et inveniendas, detectas et detegendas ... auctoritate omnipotentis Dei nobis i B. Petro concessa, ad vicarius Jesu Christi ... tenore praesentium donamus, concedimus, assignamus" . When Pope Alexander VI (Borgia) affixed his great papal seal to a bull containing these words at the Vatican in Rome on 4 May 1493, it can hardly have occurred to him that in doing so he might have been sowing the seeds of an international crisis 500 years later - a crisis which at first puzzled the world at large but whose roots go a long way back into history: in other words, the Falklands crisis, which also erupted into open hostilities. Pope Alexander Borgia, serenely partitioning the world between Spain and Portugal in his papal bulls at the end of the 15th century, was living in an age when it was considered natural for one or a few powers to have complete control of the oceans. At that time the great oceans belonged to one or few of the major world powers. The freedom of the seas was unheard of then. For centuries the crown of Norway and Denmark, for example, had laid claim to sovereignty over the vast Mare Septentrionale, i. e. the Arctic. During the first half of the 17th century, Great Britain claimed supremacy over a large sea area, extending to the Arctic Ocean in the North, the so-called Oceanus Britannicus.
    [Show full text]
  • Debating the Free Sea in London, Paris, the Hague and Venice Van Ittersum, Martine Julia
    University of Dundee Debating the Free Sea in London, Paris, The Hague and Venice Van Ittersum, Martine Julia Published in: History of European Ideas DOI: 10.1080/01916599.2021.1871930 Publication date: 2021 Licence: CC BY-NC-ND Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Van Ittersum, M. J. (2021). Debating the Free Sea in London, Paris, The Hague and Venice: The Publication of John Selden’s Mare Clausum (1635) and Its Diplomatic Repercussions in Western Europe. History of European Ideas. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2021.1871930 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 History of European Ideas ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage:
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitical Scenarios, from the Mare Liberum to the Mare Clausum: the High Sea and the Case of the Mediterranean Basin
    Geoadria Volumen 2 51-62 Zadar, 1997. GEOPOLITICAL SCENARIOS, FROM THE MARE LIBERUM TO THE MARE CLAUSUM: THE HIGH SEA AND THE CASE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN ANDRÉ-LOUIS SANGUIN* UDC: 911:32 University of Angers, France Original scientific paper Sveučilište u Angersu, Francuska Izvorni znanstveni članak Primljeno: 1997-11-07 Received The usual rules of maritime and oceanic spaces were stated during the course of years in order to lead to two practices: open waters (Mare Liberum) and closed waters (Mare Clausum). From 1945 to 1982, the political geography of the sea founded expression in a general movement of rush on the high sea. Born of Montego Bay Convention, the new Law of the Sea implemented the principle of 200 mile zone. The enforcement of this principle within the Mediterranean Basin would transform it into a maritime space without high sea. At present, the Mediterranean dealts with an increasing militarization. May Mare Nostrum become a Mare Clausum? Key words: Law of the Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 200 mile zone, high sea, maritime boundaries, political geography of the sea, Mediterranean Basin. Uobičajena pravila na morskim i oceanskim prostorima ustanovljena su u prošlosti u namjeri provedbe dvaju načela: otvorenosti mora (Mare Liberum, slobodno more), i unutarnje pripadnosti voda (Mare Clausum, zatvoreno more). Od 1945. do 1982., politička geografija mora, počela se baviti sve češćom pojavom zauzimanja otvorenog mora. Kao proizvod konvencije iz Montego Bay-a, u novo Pomorsko pravo ugrađeno je načelo zone od 200 milja. Forsiranjem ovog načela unutar Sredozemlja, njegov morski prostor bi se pretvorio u zonu bez otvorenih (slobodnih) voda.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law and Justice Working Papers
    INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW AND JUSTICE NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW International Law and Justice Working Papers IILJ Working Paper 2005/14 History and Theory of International Law Series Hugo Grotius’ Theory of Trans-Oceanic Trade Regulation: Revisiting Mare Liberum (1609) Peter Borschberg National University of Singapore Faculty Director: Benedict Kingsbury Program in the History and Theory of International Law Co-Directors: Philip Alston and J.H.H. Weiler Directors: Benedict Kingsbury and Martti Koskenniemi Executive Director: Simon Chesterman Institute for International Law and Justice Faculty Advisory Committee: New York University School of Law Philip Alston, Kevin Davis, David Golove, Benedict Kingsbury 40 Washington Square South, VH 314 Martti Koskenniemi, Mattias Kumm, Linda Silberman, New York, NY 10012 Richard Stewart, J.H.H. Weiler, Katrina Wyman Website: www.iilj.org All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author. ISSN: 1552-6275 © Mark Borschberg New York University School of Law New York, NY 10012 U.S.A. Cite as: IILJ Working Paper 2005/14 (History and Theory of International Law Series) (www.iilj.org) Abstract Four hundred years ago, the Dutch humanist and jurisconsult Hugo Grotius was commissioned by the United Netherlands’ East India Company (VOC) to write a defense of Admiral Jakob van Heemskerk’s seizure of a Portuguese merchant carrack in the Straits of Singapore (February 1603). At the time of the commission, Grotius was twenty-one years old. Between 1604 and 1606 he wrote a is comprehensive political and historical exposé on war, prize taking, and Dutch commercial penetration in the East Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • An Economic History of Portugal, 1143–2010 Leonor Freire Costa, Pedro Lains and Susana Münch Miranda Copyright Information More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03554-6 - An Economic History of Portugal, 1143–2010 Leonor Freire Costa, Pedro Lains and Susana Münch Miranda Copyright Information More information An Economic History of Portugal, 1143–2010 Leonor Freire Costa University of Lisbon Pedro Lains University of Lisbon Susana Münch Miranda Leiden University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03554-6 - An Economic History of Portugal, 1143–2010 Leonor Freire Costa, Pedro Lains and Susana Münch Miranda Copyright Information More information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107035546 © Leonor Freire Costa, Pedro Lains, and Susana Münch Miranda 2016 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2016 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-03554-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. National Strategy for the South China
    BACKGROUNDER No. 2908 | APRIL 24, 2014 A National Strategy for the South China Sea Steven Groves and Dean Cheng Abstract The United States should develop and promulgate a National Strategy Key Points for the South China Sea (NSSCS) as part of its ongoing efforts to coun- ter Chinese aggression in the region and to resolve the disputes there n Chinese intentions in the South in a peaceful manner. It behooves the United States to shift its current China Sea (SCS) are clear: a posture in the South China Sea from one of vigilant maintenance of the steady campaign to gain control of land features for the purpose status quo to a position that will foster the peaceful management and of establishing a massive “exclu- ultimately permanent resolution of issues affecting U.S. navigational sive economic zone” throughout rights and interests in the region. An NSSCS is one effective means of the SCS in an attempt to justify producing the necessary shift. its “nine-dash-line” claim. n China has shown a propensity for n December 5, a Chinese warship nearly collided with the USS confrontation and violence in the OCowpens, a guided-missile cruiser operating lawfully in the SCS, repeatedly harassing U.S., South China Sea (SCS). This was only the most recent incident high- Vietnamese, and Philippine ships lighting the unsustainable situation in the SCS. in the SCS that were engaging in In a throwback to the time of John Selden’s Mare Clausum,1 lawful activities. China has claimed sovereign rights to the entirety of the SCS with- n The United States should devel- in a “nine-dash line” that encloses the sea, encroaching on China’s op and promulgate a National neighbors.
    [Show full text]
  • GUERREIRO FACULTY of SCIENCES of the UNIVERSITY of LISBON/FCIENCIAS ID MARE - MARINE and ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CENTRE Brazil, Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Feb
    Why do we need MSP and what triggered MSP initiatives? An historical and evolutionary perspective JOSÉ GUERREIRO FACULTY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LISBON/FCIENCIAS ID MARE - MARINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CENTRE Brazil, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Feb. 4-5, 2019 THE VERY FIRST USES OF THE SEA: FISHERIES AND COMMERCE! Brazil Workshop – Feb. 4-5, 2019 2 The first attempts to Govern the Sea From 30 BC to 117 AD the Roman Empire surrounded the Mediterranean, controlling much of its coasts. The Romans then began to refer to this sea as the Mare Nostrum. The period between November and March was considered the most dangerous for navigation, so it was declared Mare Clausum (closed sea), although navigation was probably never effectively banned. In classical law, the sea was not territorialized. However, since the Middle Ages, the maritime republics like the Republic of Genova and the Republic of Venice claimed the "Mare Clausum" in the Mediterranean. Also the Nordic kingdoms and England imposed fees of passage, fishing monopolies and even blockades to foreign ships in the seas neighboring their territories. Brazil Workshop – Feb. 4-5, 2019 3 The Maritime Discoveries and the Mare Clausum With the advent of the Age of Maritime Discovery, between the XV and XVII centuries, maritime and coastal navigation became Oceanic. Thus, concern about the waters focused on maritime routes. The Iberian countries were pioneers in this process, seeking to obtain for themselves, exclusively, the rights on the lands discovered and to discover, within a policy of mercantilism protecting maritime routes. The celebration of the treaty of Alcáçovas in 1479 between the Kingdoms of Portugal and Castile constituted the first formalization of the concept of "Mare Clausum" and was the first of the sort, that regulated the possession of lands not yet discovered.
    [Show full text]
  • Hugo Grotius, the Free Sea 1
    the free sea natural law and enlightenment classics Knud Haakonssen General Editor Hugo Grotius [2-page spread for map] The Far East uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu ii ii ii iinatural law and ii iienlightenment classics ii ii ii ii ii ii iiThe Free Sea ii iiHugo Grotius ii ii ii ii ii iiTranslated by Richard Hakluyt ii iiwith William Welwod’s Critique ii iiand Grotius’s Reply iiEdited and with an Introduction ii iiby David Armitage ii iiMajor Legal and Political Works of Hugo Grotius ii ii ii ii ii iiliberty fund ii iiIndianapolis ii uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuii This book is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a foundation established to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. The cuneiform inscription that serves as our logo and as the design motif for our endpapers is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 b.c. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. ᭧ 2004 Liberty Fund, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 08 07 06 05 04 c 54321 08 07 06 05 04 p 54321 Frontispiece: Portrait of Hugo de Groot by Michiel van Mierevelt, 1608; oil on panel; collection of Historical Museum Rotterdam, on loan from the Van der Mandele Stichting. Reproduced by permission. Map of the Far East on pp. iv–v reproduced from John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the East India Company, published by Harper Collins, London: 1990. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grotius, Hugo, 1583–1645.
    [Show full text]
  • Hansenmagnusson NWP SCS Connection Duck of Minerva.Pdf
    This article was published on 13 September 2016 as a guest contribution to the blog Duck of Minerva. The URL of the entry is http://duckofminerva.com/2016/09/is-there-a- connection-between-the-northwest-passage-and-the-south-china-sea.html Is there a connection between the Northwest Passage and the South China Sea? For centuries the political struggle over the legal status of global oceans was presented as one of mare clausum vs. mare liberum. These concepts concerned the possibility of movement as well as rights and responsibilities of seafaring nations and coastal states which had sometimes been the subject of small-scale physical confrontations at sea, such as the so-called Cod or Turbot Wars, but also of judicial processes, such as the Corfu Channel or Fisheries cases, which followed earlier conflicts. Overcoming confrontations such as these, progress was achieved after nine long years of negotiating the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) between 1973-1982. Since entering into force in 1994 UNCLOS has provided a constitution-like framework with which to quell physical confrontations and opened an institutionalized path for settling disputes and open questions through one of its three organizations (the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea, the International Seabed Authority, and the Committee on the Limits of the Continental Shelf) or through the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Given these developments during the last two decades, it may be possible to speak of mare iudicatum or administratum as the new development towards a peaceful use of global oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States, China and the Freedom of the Seas. Washington's
    Introduction Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Comments The United States, China and the Freedom of the Seas WP S Washington’s FONOPs Conflict with Beijing Michael Paul After several years of restraint, the United States conducted its latest freedom of navi- gation operation in the South China Sea on 22 January 2016. Three weeks later Presi- dent Barack Obama hosted a conference of the ASEAN heads of state and government in California to discuss the opportunities for reducing tensions in the region, which is witnessing spiralling conflicts between China and its East Asian neighbours over island territories and their resources. Rather than contributing to a deescalation, China fanned the flames by stationing missile batteries on Woody Island, which is also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam. Alongside that regional conflict, the South China Sea is also turning into an arena of conflict between Beijing and Washington. Amidst different interpretations of maritime law and the Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the question of whether the “freedom of the seas” is upheld or curtailed will have con- siderable geopolitical and strategic military consequences. On 27 October 2015 the guided missile de- theless, this freedom of navigation opera- stroyer USS Lassen (DDG-82) passed less than tion (FONOP) was intended to demonstrate twelve nautical miles from a Chinese-built Washington’s determination to accept no outpost on Subi Reef in the South China Sea. restrictions on its freedom of navigation in The reef has been occupied by China since this region. 1988 and forms its northernmost outpost Months of controversy preceded the in the Spratly Islands, close to the Philip- naval manoeuvre.
    [Show full text]
  • Territoriality: Tracing Michael N. Pearson's Work on The
    JIOWSJournal of Indian Ocean World Studies Maritime—Aquatic; Territorial —Territoriality: Tracing Michael N. Pearson’s Work on the Sea Rila Mukherjee To cite this article: Mukherjee, Rila. “Maritime—Aquatic; Territorial—Territoriality: Tracing Michael N. Pearson’s Work on the Sea.” Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 2, no 1 (2018), pp. 57-72. More information about the Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies can be found at: jiows.mcgill.ca © Rila Mukherjee. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License CC BY NC SA, which permits users to share, use, and remix the material provide they give proper attribution, the use is non-commercial, and any remixes/transformations of the work are shared under the same license as the original. Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 2, no. 1 (2018), pp. 57-72. © Rila Mukherjee CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | 57 Maritime—Aquatic; Territorial—Territoriality: Tracing Michael N. Pearson’s Work on the Sea Rila Mukherjee University of Hyderabad, India Abstract This essay traces Michael Pearson’s work from writing maritime history to a more inclusive oceanic history, and also his later interest in water histories. It evokes Michael’s nostalgic remembering of the littoral and his condemnation of the territorialisation of the shore and the seas from the 1990s that changed its nature radically. It argues that Michael’s notion of territoriality remains unfinished because he ignored the flows of global capital that re-ordered territoriality. Michael Pearson has been an amphibious historian,
    [Show full text]