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Cervus Elaphus) DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DES ALPES-MARITIMES

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Cervus Elaphus) DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DES ALPES-MARITIMES A NOTRE PRESIDENT DE THESE Monsieur le professeur FONVIEILLE Professeur des universités Praticien hospitalier Zoologie, Parasitologie Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de notre jury de thèse. Hommage respectueux. A NOTRE JURY DE THESE Monsieur le professeur LIGNEREUX, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE Anatomie Qui nous a aidé et guidé dans l’élaboration de ce travail. Qu’il trouve ici la marque de notre reconnaissance et de notre plus profond respect. Monsieur le professeur Ducos de LAHITTE Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE Parasitologie et Maladies parasitaires Qui nous a fait l’honneur de participer à notre jury de thèse. Sincères remerciements. 5 6 Remerciements À la bibliothèque de la Tour du Valat, Aux bibliothèques de l’I.N.R.A. d’Antibes et d’Avignon, À la bibliothèque du C.R.A. d’Antibes-Sophia-Antipolis, Au C.N.E.V.A. de Sophia-Antipolis, Au centre de documentation de l’O.N.C.F.S., À M. J.P. Olivier, de la D.I.R.E.N. P.A.C.A. Aux chercheurs du Laboratoire Départemental de Préhistoire du Lazaret (T. Serres et P. Valensi), Au Musée de Terra-Amata, Au Musée de Préhistoire de Menton (P.E. Moulie), Au Musée de Préhistoire de Monaco, Au Musée des Merveilles de Tende, À la mairie de Coursegoules Au Laboratoire Vétérinaire départemental des Alpes Maritimes, À M. Vincent Vignon, de l’Office de Génie Ecologique, À M. Foucault, À M. Daniel Siméon de la fédération des chasseurs des Alpes-Maritimes, À Jérôme Magail, du département d’éthologie de l’Université de Nice-Sophia- Antipolis À M. Kulensza de l’O.N.F. des Alpes-Maritimes, À M. Michel Viens pour son aide précieuse. Je dédie cette thèse : À ma mère, pour tout l’amour qu’elle m’a donné. À Leila, sans qui beaucoup ne serait pas arrivé. A Ludwig, Celia, Olivier, Jerôme et à mes amis. 7 8 LE STATUT DU CERF (Cervus elaphus) DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DES ALPES-MARITIMES INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………..…………..p. 19 PARTIE I : LE CERF, PLACE DANS LE REGNE ANIMAL, PRESENTATION, RAPPORTS AVEC L’HOMME Chapitre I – Cervus elaphus, classification et phylogenèse A) Les Cervidés dans la classification du vivant…………..…………p. 21 B) La famille des Cervidés : présentation et grands traits de phylogenèse………………………………………………………………p. 23 1. Présentation de la famille a) Présentation b) Caractères généraux c) Les chromosomes des Cervidés 2. Grands traits de la phylogenèse des Cervidés a) Les échelles des temps géologiques b) Phylogenèse c) Importance du climat dans l’évolution des Cervidés C) Classification de la famille……………………………………...……p. 28 D) Cervus elaphus et Cervus nippon……………………………..…...p. 32 1. Qu’est-ce qu’une espèce ? 2. Le cerf sika a) Présentation b) Hybridations sika/cerf élaphe 3. Les sous-espèces de Cervus elaphus a) Critères utilisables pour distinguer les sous-espèces b) Classification c) Relations entre wapitis et cerfs élaphes Les wapitis Les cerfs élaphes d’Europe Les liens wapitis-cerfs élaphes d) Parenté entre wapitis, cerfs élaphes européens et sikas 9 Chapitre II – Présentation du cerf élaphe A) Nomenclature, morphologie et durée de vie………………………p. 39 1. Nomenclature 2. Morphologie et durée de vie a) Taille et poids b) Peau et pelage c) Durée de vie B) Indices de présence………………………………………………….p. 41 1. Traces 2. Fumées 3. Marques sur la végétation a) Frottis et écorçages b) Abroutissements C) Les bois des cerfs ……………………………………………………p. 43 1. Quelques mots de vocabulaire 2. Morphologie des bois et classification des Cervidés 3. Composition des bois 4. Les pivots et les premiers bois a) Développement des pivots b) Le velours c) Mise en place des premiers bois 5. Le cycle des bois 6. Evolution en fonction de l’âge du cerf a) Période et durée du renouvellement b) Aspect de la ramure 7. Contrôle de la croissance des bois a) Innervation b) Contrôle hormonal : testostérone et facteurs de croissance 8. Importance biologique des bois D) Déterminer l’âge et le sexe d’un individu …………………………p. 52 1. Le sexe 2. L’âge a) Âge et morphologie 10 b) Âge et dents Méthode de Lowe Avant 32 mois Apres 32 mois Méthode de Michell : La cémentochronologie Chapitre III – Les cerfs en France………...……………………………p. 57 A) Historique B) État des lieux C) Sikas de France Chapitre IV – Le cerf, utilisation par l’Homme A) Acquisition du gibier ..…………………………..……………………p. 59 B) Matériaux issus du cerf ………………………………..…………….p. 62 1. La viande 2. Les os et les bois 3. Les craches 4. Le cerf et la pharmacopée 5. Le cerf dans les sépultures C) Le cerf, entre Sauvage et Domestique …………………………...p. 64 PARTIE II LES POPULATIONS DE CERFS : BIOLOGIE ET ETAT DE SANTE Chapitre I – Biologie d’une population de cerfs A) Décrire une population ……………………………………………………..p. 67 1. Habitat 2. Densité 3. Sex-ratio 4. Démographie d'une population de cerfs et causes de mortalité B) Alimentation du cerf ………………………………………….……………..p.69 1. Systèmes digestifs des ruminants 11 2. Besoins alimentaires du cerf élaphe a) Place de l’alimentation dans les activités quotidiennes du cerf b) Besoins alimentaires 3. Préférences alimentaires du cerf et impact sur le milieu a) Données générales b) Variations saisonnières c) Impact du cerf sur son milieu : aspects alimentaires Abroutissements Ecorçages Dégâts agricoles Limiter l’impact alimentaire sur le milieu C) Comportement et reproduction du cerf …………………………………….p.75 1. Domaine vital et territoire Domaine vital d’une biche Domaine vital d’un cerf Territoire 2. La vie des hardes a) Les hardes de biches et de jeunes b) Les hardes de mâles c) Les hardes de rut 3. Reproduction du cerf et fécondité des populations a) Généralités b) Le succès reproducteur des individus Succès reproducteur d’un cerf Succès reproducteur d’une biche Densité et succès reproducteur Effet du dérangement c) Mortalité des jeunes d) Sex-ratio à la naissance, rang hiérarchique de la mère et densité e) Définition de quelques paramètres 4. Les frottis : impact sur la forêt D) Vitalité génétique des population ………………………….……………….p. 80 12 Chapitre II – État de santé des populations A) Évaluation de la condition physique des animaux ……………………….p. 82 1. La masse et la taille 2. Les réserves lipidiques B) Dominantes pathologiques …………………………………………….……p.83 1. Les maladies transmissibles a) Maladies parasitaires b) Maladies virales c) Maladies bactériennes d) Maladies à prions 2. Maladies non transmissibles 3. Quelques conséquences de l’étude des maladies du cerf a) Zoonoses b) Epidémiosurveillance : le réseau SAGIR c) Translocation de faune PARTIE III : LES ALPES-MARITIMES ET LE CERF, DES ORIGINES A NOS JOURS Chapitre I – Géographie : la montagne dans la mer A) Le relief et les cours d’eau…………………………………………………p. 103 1. Des reliefs accidentés 2. Des vallées profondes B) Un climat contrasté………………………………………………………....p. 105 1. Le Littoral et le Moyen-Pays : un climat méditerranéen 2. Le climat du Haut-Pays C) Les forêts des Alpes-Maritimes……………………………………………p. 106 1. Typologie des forêts du département 2. Les fonctions de la forêt 3. L’évolution de la forêt dans le département D) Les risques naturels……………………………….……………………….p. 108 13 Chapitre II – Histoire de l’Homme et du Cerf dans le département des Alpes- Maritimes A) Histoire du climat : les temps géologiques……………………………….p. 109 B) Les premiers habitants de la Côte d’Azur et leur gibier……………….. p. 109 1. Le Paléolithique a) Paléolithique inférieur La grotte du Vallonet La grotte de Cassole Le site de Terra-Amata La grotte du Lazaret La grotte de l’Observatoire (Monaco) b) Paléolithique moyen La grotte du Prince La grotte Madonna dell’Arma La grotte Pie-Lombard c) Paléolithique supérieur Les grottes Grimaldi La grotte Cosquer 2. Le Néolithique………………………………………………………..p. 113 La grotte Lombard L’abri Pendimoun C) De l’Antiquité et la période historique…………………………………….p. 115 1. Les hommes a) Periode antique Les Ligures Les Grecs Les Romains b) De la période romaine à la révolution française La fin de l’ère romaine Le Consulat Entre Provence et Gênes La Savoie entre en scène Entre France et Savoie c) De la Révolution française à nos jours 2. Le grand gibier et la chasse………………………………………..p. 118 14 D) Le département aujourd’hui………………………………………………..p. 120 Chapitre III - Les occupants de l’espace dans le département : la faune et ses gestionnaires (cerf excepté) A) Les gestionnaires…………………………………………………………...p. 122 1. Cadres administratifs et espaces de gestion a) Les cadres administratifs La D.I.R.E.N. La D.D.A.F. L’O.N.F. L’O.N.C.F.S. b) Les espaces protégés Le parc national du Mercantour Les parcs naturels départementaux Les parcs naturels régionaux Les réserves nationales de chasse et de faune sauvage Les réserves locales de chasse et de faune sauvage Les sites proposés pour la constitution du réseau Natura 2000 2. La chasse et les chasseurs dans le département a) Place historique de la chasse dans le département b) Organisation de la chasse La fédération départementale des chasseurs Les sociétés de chasse et les A.C.C.A. Les G.I.C. c) La chasse en chiffres La chasse : poids économique La chasse dans le département B) Les ongulés (cerf excepté) ………………………………………………..p. 131 1. Les ongulés sauvages a) Les ongulés de montagne Les chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) Les bouquetins (Capra ibex ibex) Les mouflons (Ovis gmelini) b) Les ongulés de plaine et de collines 15 Les sangliers (Sus scrofa) Les chevreuils (Capreolus capreolus) 2. Les ongulés domestiques a) Présentation de l’élevage ovin des Alpes-Maritimes b) Coexistence cerf-mouton c) Coexistence entre le loup et l’élevage ovin C) Le loup (Canis lupus)……………………………………………………….p. 136 1. Une perspective historique 2. Le retour des loups dans l’arc alpin 3. La prédation : place du cerf Chapitre IV – Les populations de cerfs du département et leur gestion A) Les réintroductions………………………………………………………….p.
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