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In Evit Mediu ACADEMIA REPUBLICII POPULARE ROMINE COMISIA PENTRU STUDIUL FORMARII LIMBIIT POPORULUI ROMIN II VLAHH NORDVLPENINDSVIEIBALCANICE INEVIT MEDIU DE SILVIU DRAGOMIR EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLICII POPULARE ROMINE www.dacoromanica.ro VLAHII NORD'ULPENINDILEI BALCANICE iN EVUL MEDIIT - www.dacoromanica.ro ACADEMIA REPUBLICII POPITLARE ROMINE COMISIA PENTRU STUDIUL FORMARIT LIMBIII POPORULUT ROMIN II V A II I I NORMPENINDSTLEIBALCANICE iN EVUL MEDIU DE SILVIU DRAGOMIR EDITURA ACADEMIEI RE.PUBLICII POPULARE ROMINE 1959 www.dacoromanica.ro CUIINT INAINTE Obiectul cercetdrilor de fald il constituie incercarea dea stringe intr-un manunchi Fi de a interpreta unitar fi critictoate ftirile din evul mediu privitoare la vlahii din jumatatea nordicet a Peninsulei Balcanice, care se dovedese a li urmalsii vechii populatii traco-ilirice, romanizata piliet la inceputul secolului al faptelea. Relueim astfel unele preocupdri care acum peste trei decenii in urmd 8-au concretizat intr-o serie de studii mai miei. Intregindu-le f i punindu-le de aeord cu rezultatele cercetarilor mdi noi, am ajuns in multe puncte la peireri diferite de eele exprimate atunci. Am cautat inainte de toate sa spores() informaga fi sd cuprind in raza cereeteirii tot ce a reufit set produca, in ultimele decenii, ftiima popoa- relor invecinate din sudul Duneirii. Sintem nevoiti ins& a marturisi di exista domenii uncle mijloacele noastre de explorare s-au dovedit neindes- tulettoare. De aceea capitolul privitor la vlahii din Bulgaria il considerdm doar ea o incercare de a evada din labirintul polemicelor nesfirfite fi de a stabili ceea ce intereseaza inainte de toate ftiinta noastra istoricei. Din acelafi motiv am renuntat de a expune aici rezultatul studiului intreprins in ce prive8te toponimia8i,onomastica din regiunea dintre Timoc ri Morava. Cereeteitorul din acest domeniu trebuie sa fie inzestrat eu cunof- tinte speciale de istoria limbii pentru a deosebi vechiul drat al toponimiei vlahe de eel dacoromin suprapus in ultimele trei veacuri. Numele de locuri aduse de imigrantii din Oltenia ci Banat pot produce adeseori confuzie. Lucrarea noastra se intemeiazd, in cea mai mare parte, pe materialul scos la iveald, cu multe decenii in urma, de marii inveitati Stoian Novakovió ft C. Jitaek, precum qi de eruditii urmaci ai istoricului croat Frania _MEM, care, sub conducerea Academiei Iugoslave din Zagreb, au cuUs- ii www.dacoromanica.ro 6 VLAHIINORD-BALCAN ICIIN EVUL MEDIU tiparit intr-o serie intreaga de publicafii sistematice toata informafia isto- rica necesara. In tratarea prefiosului material am Mutat 'Ina a ne pastra toata libertatea. Felul nostru de-a judeca fenomenele de viafa gi legaturile dintre numeroasele fragmente de populatie vlaha impreigtiata ni Vara rezervat iifala de anchetele antropogeografice executate stralucit de Academia sir- beasca de ftiinte din Belgrad, sub conducerea celor doi protagonigti, Cvijit gi Brd3ljanovi6. Rezultatul anchetelor intreprinse cu staruinfei neegalata s-a dovedit deosebit de prefios pentru punctele de reper ce ni le ofera in cautarea unei populafii disparute de aproape o jumeitate de mileniu. In acest domeniu, insa, analiza fi interpretarea sint departe de a fi izbutit sä formuleze concluzii definitive.Divergenfele staruie inca la multe din toponimicele discutate,iar aprecierilefacuteciteodatef,fare&cunogtinfa aprofundata a fenomenelor respective de viala trebuie verificate cu grija. Istoriografia rominei din trecut nu 8-a preocupat decit in masura foarte redusa de aceasta problem& IV ecunoagterea limbilor slave, dar fi prejudeceifi adinc inradainate au impiedicat pe istoricii romini sa pund clar problema fi sá recunoasca importanfa ei pentru studiul inceputurilor poporului romin. Lingvigtii au nimerit mai curind fi mai sigur drumul catre studiul vlahilor balcanici, in straduinfa de a dibui limba resturilor de odinioarei, care au supraviefuit atitor prefaceri istorice. Lipsa informafiei documentare se resimte insa ii in cercetarile lingvistice aparute in ultimele decenii. Impre- jurarea aceasta ne-a indemnat sa urmarim ani indelungali izvoarele istorice pistudiile publicate de invafalii din, sudul Dunarii, in care se gaseste material privitor la resturile romanitafii balcanice. Lucrarea apare acum datorita Comisiei Academiei Republicii Populare Bomine pentru studiul formarii limbii fi poporului romin, care a socotit-o ca fiind deosebit de utila. Ii exprimeim vii mulfumiri pentru buneivoinfa cu care a apreciat straduinfele noastre. Urmarind drumurilei popasurile vlahilor din nordul Peninsulei Balcanice noi ne-am dat seama demult ce importanfa reprezinta pentru studiuloriginii poporului nostru cu- noasterea amanunfita a mediului in care au trait odinioarei vlahii din sudul Dunarii. _Daca unele din interpretarile ce incercam de-a lungul acestor expuneri reimin sa fie Inca verificate, nutrim totusi convingerea ca, din punct de vedere documentar am reugit sa desfelenim un teren lasat in paraginire timp prea indelungat. 0 colaborare strinsa fi prieteneasea cu oamenii de f Uinta din R. P. Bulgaria fi B. P. F. Iugoslaria va da desigur roade fi mai bogate. www.dacoromanica.ro CUVINT INAINTE 7 Numele do persoane fi locuri din Wile slave ale Peninsulei Balcanice le-am transcris conseevont, folosind semnele obilnuite in lucrdrile de slavis- tied. Cititorului romin i se va pcirea poate mai anevoioasd lectura, dar noi am crezut ea sintem obligqi a intrebuinta aceastii transcriere pentru a inlesni .consultarea hcirtilor fidcetionarelor slave meridionale, dar fi pentru a ne pune de aPord eu regulile stabilite in contactulstiinfific reciproc. SILVILT DRAGOMIR www.dacoromanica.ro TRANSCRIEREA NUMELOR SLAVE DE PERSOANE SI LOCUM ,T.umele de persoan i toponimicele slave le-arn transeris dupl regu- lile alfabetului sirbo-croat. Dam aici indicatiile necesare pentru cititorul romin. : K se cite§te ca rom. c, ch (Kalat calat, Maruket Maruchet). C corespunderominesculni ç (Cipitor Tipitor, cinci tinti, Cape Tape, Cviji6 Tviici, CerecelTeretel, Crna GoraTirna Gora, Cetina Tet ina ). 6 e rom. ce, ci (Ku6'i Cuci, &Zak Ciaciak, 6i6ct cicia). 6 se pronunta" anevoios de rornini, avind valoarea intermediarit intre ci §ii. Ii vom transcrie cu ci (Ped Peci, KiJuriei Chiciu- rici, Popovid Popovici). E se cite§te caf(Sibenik ibenic, Dukn Du§an, U§v rind Uu- rinti). 2 corespunde rom. j (giZet Jicfa, BoNdar Bojidar). Df,a se cite§te ca ge, gi (genunche, gingie), deci Karaai6 Caragici, Karad'iova Caragiova). Dj i Gj se redau In romine§te cu ge sau gi. Deci Djurdjev sau Gjurgjev se cite§te Giurgiev, media sau megja megea. Nj, nji lj corespund unui n sau 1 inmuiat (Nemanja Nemania, njiva niva, Maljukta Maliu§ata, Veljko Velico), astfelea In grafia acestor nume J, j se cite§te totdeauna ca i consonant rom. (Jajce1a4e,Kijevo Chi- ievo, Krajnik Crainic, Krajina Craiina). www.dacoromanica.ro VLAHII DIN BULGARIA Dintre toate grupurile de vlahi resfirati in tgrile slave din Peninsula Balcanicg, cel din Bulgaria evului mediu joacg cel dintii un rol activ. Vlahii, &ad a§a se nume§te populatia romanizatg in izvoarele bizantine 43i slave, apar numero§i in regiunea HaemusuluiStara Planina de azi§irul de munti care in lumea romang despgrtea doug provincii istorice ale imperiului, Moesia Inferioarg de Tracia. Dupg Niketas Choniates1, vlahii locuiau in muntele Haemus", bizuindu-se pe strimtori", pe care le apg- ran §i. pe numeroasele cetgti ce se Inaltg, drepte pe stinci prgpastioase". Ana Comnena Ii aratg, de asemenea, cunoscgtori ai drumurilori potecilor muntelui, ceea ce dovede§te cg erau localnici. Dintr-un alt pasaj al seri- itoarei bizantine se poate deduce cg multi vlahi erau a§ezati pe versantul de mord ad Balcanilor, dacqprin dacii". pomeniti de dinsa Ii intelegem pe ace§tia. Lipsa totalg% insg a unei vechi toponimii romanice in regiunea de Rugg Dungre ne Indeamng sg fim mai rezervati, de§i romanitatea de odinioarg pare sg se fi mentinut timp mai indelungat, chiar aici, cum dovedesc destul denumeroasele nume de localitgti §i riuri, imprumutate de slavi de-a dreptul din limbo, lating. 1 Choniates (Bonn, X, 482 ;G. Popa Liseanu, Dacia In autorii clasici, Buc., 1943, p. 139) : Acei barbari ce locuesc peste tot cuprinsul muntelui Emos §i care Inainte se numeau mysi, iar acum vlahi se cheamd. Ace§tia, bizuindu-se pe strimtori §i sumetindu-se In cetatile for, de care foarte multe shit,i se Inaltd drepte pe stinci prapfistioase ..." (Ana Comnena , Leipzig, X, 2 §iIII, 8 §i la G. Popa Liseanu, op. cit., p. 136). Interpret:An§i Idmuriri la G. Murnu, RomInii din Bulgaria medievald, Buc., 1939, P. 14-15, C. C. Giurescu, Despre Vlahia Asaneglilor (Extras din Lucrdrile Institutului de Geogralie al UniversitdIii din Cluj, ,vol. IV, p. 114 §i urm.) §i N. Bdnescu, Les premiers timoignages byzantins sur les Roumains du Bas-Danube (eXtras din Byzantinisch-Neugriechisthe Jahrbiicher, vol. III, Weimar, 1422, fasc. 3-4, p. 304). C.0 Giurescu presupune cä a existat o populatie de acest fel §i pe podibul dintre Balcani §i Dandre, In vechea Moesia Inferioard (C. C. Giurescu, op. cit., p. 116-117). Faptul ca aceasta populatie n-a läsat nici o urmä In toponhnia acestui teritoriu pledeazd Insd Impotriv a tezei sale. www.dacoromanica.ro 12 VLAHII NORD-BALCANICI IN EVUL MEDIU Vlahii din Bulgaria trebuie cäutati deci in tinutul muntos al Balca- nului §i in prelungirile vklor, care coboarA din masivul s'au In toate di- rectiile. Anhialos si Mesemvria la Marea Neagra.1, Tirnovo si Teteven la nord, ea si Stara Zagora, dar §i Sredna Gora, la sud.i imprejurimile Sofiei, cu o toponimie care a pastrat aici mkturia prezentei elernentului romanic, au Elcut parte din aceastg Vlahie". Despre cei din iTracia aflgm ca' se innaultiserl ea roiul de albine", ping In vremea impkatului Alexis Comnenul si de fapt, izvoarele istorice Ii cunosc In valea Maritei si in jut e- riorul muntilor Rodope3. R6spindirea lor de aici se poate urmki pira in valea Strurnei, pe cursul de jos al ckeia sint pomeniti la inceputul secolului al XIV-lea (Gregoras)4. Roesler sustine costile ImpAratului Isac Anghelos erau recrutate in parte dintre acestia, in parte dintre vlahii din Rodope. Izvoarele apusenemai ales Villehardouin-si Henri de Valenciennes cunosc, d.e asemenea, pe vlahi, dar pentru ci Vlahia" inseamn l.
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