Proceedings of the Royal Society B Volume 276 2009

Proceedings of the Royal Society B volume 276 2009

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q 2009 The Royal Society ISSN 0962-8452

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Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents no. 1654, 7 January 2009

Editorial Editorial: Proceedings B – the next phase By M. Hassell 1

Review articles Three-dimensional images of choanoﬂagellate loricae By B. S. C. Leadbeater, Q. B. Yu, J. Kent and D. J. Stekel 3

Research articles A simple and general explanation for the evolution of altruism By J. A. Fletcher and M. Doebeli 13 Space versus phylogeny: disentangling phylogenetic and spatial signals in comparative data By R. P. Freckleton and W. Jetz 21 The evolution of superstitious and superstition-like behaviour By K. R. Foster and H. Kokko 31 Assessment of the role of sutures in a lizard skull: a computer modelling study By M. Moazen, N. Curtis, P. O’Higgins, M. E. H. Jones, S. E. Evans and M. J. Fagan 39 Human-related processes drive the richness of exotic birds in Europe By F. Chiron, S. Shirley and S. Kark 47 Genome size and wing parameters in passerine birds By C. B. Andrews, S. A. Mackenzie and T. R. Gregory 55 High variability in patterns of population decline: the importance of local processes in species extinctions By G. Cowlishaw, R. A. Pettifor and N. J. B. Isaac 63 An age-structured model to evaluate the potential of novel malaria-control interventions: a case study of fungal biopesticide sprays By P. A. Hancock, M. B. Thomas and H. C. J. Godfray 71 Survival and recovery of Phaeocystis antarctica (Prymnesiophyceae) from prolonged darkness and freezing By K. W. Tang, W. O. Smith Jr, A. R. Shields and D. T. Elliott 81 Facialmetric similarities mediate mate choice: sexual imprinting on opposite-sex parents By T. Bereczkei, G. Hegedus and G. Hajnal 91 Different functions for homologous serotonergic interneurons and serotonin in species-specific rhythmic behaviours By J. M. Newcomb and P. S. Katz 99 Trophic and individual efficiencies of size-structured communities By K. H. Andersen, J. E. Beyer and P. Lundberg 109 Extreme sequential polyandry insures against nest failure in a frog By P. G. Byrne and J. S. Keogh 115 Autumn leaves seen through herbivore eyes By T. F. Do¨ring, M. Archetti and J. Hardie 121 Experimental evidence for paternal effects on offspring growth rate in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) By E. M. Eilertsen, B.-J. Ba˚rdsen, S. Liljedal, G. Rudolfsen and I. Folstad 129 Aphid aerial density profiles are consistent with turbulent advection amplifying flight behaviours: abandoning the epithet ‘passive’ By A. M. Reynolds and D. R. Reynolds 137 Strain-specific priming of resistance in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum By O. Roth, B. M. Sadd, P. Schmid-Hempel and J. Kurtz 145 Testosterone responses to competition in men are related to facial masculinity By N. Pound, I. S. Penton-Voak and A. K. Surridge 153 Social fishes and single mothers: brain evolution in African cichlids By A. Gonzalez-Voyer, S. Winberg and N. Kolm 161 Carotenoid-based colour of acanthocephalan cystacanths plays no role in host manipulation By N. Kaldonski, M.-J. Perrot-Minnot, R. Dodet, G. Martinaud and F. Ce´zilly 169 Several deep-sea mussels and their associated symbionts are able to live both on wood and on whale falls By J. Lorion, S. Duperron, O. Gros, C. Cruaud and S. Samadi 177 Fine-scale cospeciation between Brachycaudus and Buchnera aphidicola: bacterial genome helps define species and evolutionary relationships in aphids By E. Jousselin, Y. Desdevises and A. Coeur d’acier 187

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) iii iv Contents no. 1655, 22 January 2009

Comments and invited replies Coral bleaching and disease should not be underestimated as causes of Caribbean coral reef decline By C. Rogers 197 Degradation of Caribbean coral reefs: focusing on proximal rather than ultimate drivers. Reply to Rogers By C. Mora 199

Research articles Of mice and (Viking?) men: phylogeography of British and Irish house mice By J. B. Searle, C. S. Jones, I˙.Gu¨ndu¨z, M. Scascitelli, E. P. Jones, J. S. Herman, R. V. Rambau, L. R. Noble, R. J. Berry, M. D. Gimeńez and F. Jo´hannesdo´ttir 201 The diverse origins of New Zealand house mice By J. B. Searle, P. M. Jamieson, I˙.Gu¨ndu¨z, M. I. Stevens, E. P. Jones, C. E. C. Gemmill and C. M. King 209 Incomplete reproductive isolation following host shift in brood parasitic indigobirds By C. N. Balakrishnan, K. M. Sefc and M. D. Sorenson 219 Are ecosystem services stabilized by differences among species? A test using crop pollination By R. Winfree and C. Kremen 229 Inheritance and diversification of symbiotic trichonymphid flagellates from a common ancestor of termites and the cockroach Cryptocercus By M. Ohkuma, S. Noda, Y. Hongoh, C. A. Nalepa and T. Inoue 239 Do New Caledonian crows solve physical problems through causal reasoning? By A. H. Taylor, G. R. Hunt, F. S. Medina and R. D. Gray 247 Pattern formation on the combs of honeybees: increasing fitness by coupling self-organization with templates By B. R. Johnson 255 The hierarchy of directional interactions in visual motion processing By W. Curran, C. W. G. Clifford and C. P. Benton 263 Global associations between terrestrial producer and vertebrate consumer diversity By W. Jetz, H. Kreft, G. Ceballos and J. Mutke 269 Assessing visual requirements for social context-dependent activation of the songbird song system By E. Hara, L. Kubikova, N. A. Hessler and E. D. Jarvis 279 A serial founder effect model for human settlement out of Africa By O. Deshpande, S. Batzoglou, M. W. Feldman and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza 291 High dispersal potential has maintained long-term population stability in the North Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus By J. Provan, G. E. Beatty, S. L. Keating, C. A. Maggs and G. Savidge 301 When in doubt, chimpanzees rely on estimates of past reward amounts By M. J. Beran, T. A. Evans and E. H. Harris 309 Evolutionary dynamics of collective action in N-person stag hunt dilemmas By J. M. Pacheco, F. C. Santos, M. O. Souza and B. Skyrms 315 Constraining free riding in public goods games: designated solitary punishers can sustain human cooperation By R. O’Gorman, J. Henrich and M. Van Vugt 323 Size-structured risk assessments govern Daphnia migration By L.-A. Hansson and S. Hylander 331 Lifespan, lifetime reproductive performance and paternity loss of within-pair and extra-pair offspring in the coal tit Periparus ater By T. Schmoll, F. M. Schurr, W. Winkel, J. T. Epplen and T. Lubjuhn 337 Testosterone and paternal care in East African foragers and pastoralists By M. N. Muller, F. W. Marlowe, R. Bugumba and P. T. Ellison 347 Between-group competition and human cooperation By M. Puurtinen and T. Mappes 355 Genomic evidence for a large-Z effect By H. Ellegren 361 Bayesian coalescent inference of major human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup expansions in Africa By Q. D. Atkinson, R. D. Gray and A. J. Drummond 367 Contrasted patterns of age-specific reproduction in long-lived seabirds By M. Berman, J.-M. Gaillard and H. Weimerskirch 375 Male-derived cuticular hydrocarbons signal sperm competition intensity and affect ejaculate expenditure in crickets By M. L. Thomas and L. W. Simmons 383

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents v no. 1656, 7 February 2009

Review articles Reproductive skew in female common marmosets: what can proximate mechanisms tell us about ultimate causes? By W. Saltzman, L. J. Digby and D. H. Abbott 389

Research articles Hippocampal volumes and neuron numbers increase along a gradient of environmental harshness: a large-scale comparison By T. C. Roth II and V. V. Pravosudov 401 Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae) By T. J. Givnish, K. C. Millam, A. R. Mast, T. B. Paterson, T. J. Theim, A. L. Hipp, J. M. Henss, J. F. Smith, K. R. Wood and K. J. Sytsma 407 Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae–Epicephala association By A. Kawakita and M. Kato 417 Lake warming favours small-sized planktonic diatom species By M. Winder, J. E. Reuter and S. G. Schladow 427 Vision and touch in relation to foraging and predator detection: insightful contrasts between a plover and a sandpiper By G. R. Martin and T. Piersma 437 Extreme endurance flights by landbirds crossing the Pacific Ocean: ecological corridor rather than barrier? By R. E. Gill Jr, T. L. Tibbitts, D. C. Douglas, C. M. Handel, D. M. Mulcahy, J. C. Gottschalck, N. Warnock, B. J. McCaffery, P. F. Battley and T. Piersma 447 Experimental evolution of a microbial predator’s ability to find prey By K. L. Hillesland, G. J. Velicer and R. E. Lenski 459 Representing the UK’s cattle herd as static and dynamic networks By M. C. Vernon and M. J. Keeling 469 Inferring malaria parasite population structure from serological networks By C. O. Buckee, P. C. Bull and S. Gupta 477 When microbes and consumers determine the limiting nutrient of autotrophs: a theoretical analysis By M. Cherif and M. Loreau 487 Juveniles exposed to embryonic corticosterone have enhanced flight performance By E. H. Chin, O. P. Love, J. J. Verspoor, T. D. Williams, K. Rowley and G. Burness 499 A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell By W. G. Joyce, S. G. Lucas, T. M. Scheyer, A. B. Heckert and A. P. Hunt 507 Either or neither, but not both: locating the effects of masked primes By F. Schlaghecken, S. T. Klapp and E. A. Maylor 515 Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances By M. C. Wichmann, M. J. Alexander, M. B. Soons, S. Galsworthy, L. Dunne, R. Gould, C. Fairfax, M. Niggemann, R. S. Hails and J. M. Bullock 523 Indirect genetic effects and the evolution of aggression in a vertebrate system By A. J. Wilson, U. Gelin, M.-C. Perron and D. Reále 533 Experimental evolution of a sexually selected display in yeast By D. W. Rogers and D. Greig 543 Chemical disguise as particular caste of host ants in the ant inquiline parasite Niphanda fusca (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) By M. K. Hojo, A. Wada-Katsumata, T. Akino, S. Yamaguchi, M. Ozaki and R. Yamaoka 551 Atlantic salmon eggs favour sperm in competition that have similar major histocompatibility alleles By S. E. Yeates, S. Einum, I. A. Fleming, H.-J. Megens, R. J. M. Stet, K. Hindar, W. V. Holt, K. J. W. Van Look and M. J. G. Gage 559 Cheater genotypes in the parthenogenetic ant Pristomyrmex punctatus By S. Dobata, T. Sasaki, H. Mori, E. Hasegawa, M. Shimada and K. Tsuji 567 Human adaptations for the visual assessment of strength and fighting ability from the body and face By A. Sell, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby, D. Sznycer, C. von Rueden and M. Gurven 575 Migration strategy and divergent sexual selection on bird song By S. A. Collins, S. R. de Kort, J. Pe´rez-Tris and J. L. Tellerıá 585 Seabird-driven shifts in Arctic pond ecosystems By N. Michelutti, B. E. Keatley, S. Brimble, J. M. Blais, H. Liu, M. S. V. Douglas, M. L. Mallory, R. W. Macdonald and J. P. Smol 591

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) vi Contents no. 1657, 22 February 2009

Research articles Evolutionary position of breviate amoebae and the primary eukaryote divergence By M. A. Minge, J. D. Silberman, R. J. S. Orr, T. Cavalier-Smith, K. Shalchian-Tabrizi, F. Burki, A˚ . Skjæveland and K. S. Jakobsen 597 Evolution of trust and trustworthiness: social awareness favours personality differences By J. M. McNamara, P. A. Stephens, S. R. X. Dall and A. I. Houston 605 A 2000km genetic wake yields evidence for northern glacial refugia and hybrid zone movement in a pair of songbirds By M. Krosby and S. Rohwer 615 Spatial and temporal pattern for the dentition in the Australian lungfish revealed with sonic hedgehog expression profile By M. M. Smith, M. Okabe and J. Joss 623 Insects had it first: surfactants as a defence against predators By M. Rosta´s and K. Blassmann 633 DNA barcoding insect–host plant associations By J. A. Jurado-Rivera, A. P. Vogler, C. A. M. Reid, E. Petitpierre and J. Go´mez-Zurita 639 Infrared radiation from hot cones on cool conifers attracts seed-feeding insects By S. Takaćs, H. Bottomley, I. Andreller, T. Zaradnik, J. Schwarz, R. Bennett, W. Strong and G. Gries 649 A new theory of MHC evolution: beyond selection on the immune genes By C. van Oosterhout 657 Olfactory acuity in theropods: palaeobiological and evolutionary implications By D. K. Zelenitsky, F. Therrien and Y. Kobayashi 667 Testing the island rule: primates as a case study By J. J. Welch 675 Sprint and endurance power and ageing: an analysis of master athletic world records By J. Rittweger, P. E. di Prampero, N. Maffulli and M. V. Narici 683 Interactions among co-infecting parasite species: a mechanism maintaining genetic variation in parasites? By O. Seppa¨la¨, A. Karvonen, E. T. Valtonen and J. Jokela 691 Long-term reciprocation of grooming in wild West African chimpanzees By C. M. Gomes, R. Mundry and C. Boesch 699 Compensatory investment in zebra finches: females lay larger eggs when paired to sexually unattractive males By E. Bolund, H. Schielzeth and W. Forstmeier 707 The ocean is not deep enough: pressure tolerances during early ontogeny of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis By N. C. Mestre, S. Thatje and P. A. Tyler 717 Converging migration routes of Eurasian hobbies Falco subbuteo crossing the African equatorial rain forest By R. Strandberg, R. H. G. Klaassen, M. Hake, P. Olofsson and T. Alerstam 727 Mechanisms and evolution of hypoxia tolerance in fish By M. Mandic, A. E. Todgham and J. G. Richards 735 Adaptive plasticity of mammalian sperm production in response to social experience By S. A. Ramm and P. Stockley 745 Disruptive selection in a bimodal population of Darwin’s finches By A. P. Hendry, S. K. Huber, L. F. De Leoń, A. Herrel and J. Podos 753 Evidence for novel and specialized mycorrhizal parasitism: the orchid Gastrodia confusa gains carbon from saprotrophic Mycena By Y. Ogura-Tsujita, G. Gebauer, T. Hashimoto, H. Umata and T. Yukawa 761 Recognition of other species’ aerial alarm calls: speaking the same language or learning another? By R. D. Magrath, B. J. Pitcher and J. L. Gardner 769 The strength of a female mate preference increases with predation risk By T. W. Kim, J. H. Christy, S. Dennenmoser and J. C. Choe 775 Outline and surface disruption in animal camouflage By M. Stevens, I. S. Winney, A. Cantor and J. Graham 781 Social personality trait and fitness By J. Cote, A. Dreiss and J. Clobert 787 Acoustic experience shapes female mate choice in field crickets By N. W. Bailey and M. Zuk 787

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents vii no. 1658, 7 March 2009

Review articles Earthworm genomes, genes and proteins: the (re)discovery of Darwin’s worms By S. R. Stu¨rzenbaum, J. Andre, P. Kille and A. J. Morgan 789

Research articles Multiple origins of deep-sea Asellota (Crustacea: Isopoda) from shallow waters revealed by molecular data By M. J. Raupach, C. Mayer, M. Malyutina and J.-W. Wa¨gele 799 Distance from Africa, not climate, explains within-population phenotypic diversity in humans By L. Betti, F. Balloux, W. Amos, T. Hanihara and A. Manica 809 Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand By S. Boessenkool, J. J. Austin, T. H. Worthy, P. Scofield, A. Cooper, P. J. Seddon and J. M. Waters 815 Periodic temperature-associated drought/flood drives locust plagues in China By Z. Zhang, B. Cazelles, H. Tian, L. C. Stige, A. Braüning and N. Chr. Stenseth 823 Haemoglobin polymorphisms affect the oxygen-binding properties in Atlantic cod populations By Ø. Andersen, O. F. Wetten, M. C. De Rosa, C. Andre, C. C. Alinovi, M. Colafranceschi, O. Brix and A. Colosimo 833 Gourds afloat: a dated phylogeny reveals an Asian origin of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) and numerous oversea dispersal events By H. Schaefer, C. Heibl and S. S. Renner 843 Echolocating bats emit a highly directional sonar sound beam in the field By A. Surlykke, S. B. Pedersen and L. Jakobsen 853 Wholes and subparts in visual processing of human agency By P. Neri 861 Warning displays may function as honest signals of toxicity By J. D. Blount, M. P. Speed, G. D. Ruxton and P. A. Stephens 871 A new stem turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland: new insights into the evolution and palaeoecology of basal turtles By J. Anquetin, P. M. Barrett, M. E. H. Jones, S. Moore-Fay and S. E. Evans 879 Marine mammals through time: when less is more in studying palaeodiversity By F. G. Marx 887 Range-wide mtDNA phylogeography yields insights into the origins of Asian elephants By T. N. C. Vidya, R. Sukumar and D. J. Melnick 893 On the relationship between farmland biodiversity and land-use intensity in Europe By D. Kleijn, F. Kohler, A. Ba´ldi, P. Bata´ry, E. D. Concepcioń, Y. Clough, M. Dıáz, D. Gabriel, A. Holzschuh, E. Knop, A. Kovaćs, E. J. P. Marshall, T. Tscharntke and J. Verhulst 903 A phenomenological model for the collective landing of bird flocks By I. Daruka 911 Evidence for harvest-induced maternal influences on the reproductive rates of fish populations By P. A. Venturelli, B. J. Shuter and C. A. Murphy 919 Lifetime reproductive success is maximized with optimal major histocompatibility complex diversity By M. Kalbe, C. Eizaguirre, I. Dankert, T. B. H. Reusch, R. D. Sommerfeld, K. M. Wegner and M. Milinski 925 Pollinator experience, neophobia and the evolution of flowering time By J. Forrest and J. D. Thomson 935 Diversification trajectories and evolutionary life-history traits in early sharks and batoids By J. Kriwet, W. Kiessling and S. Klug 945 The optimal coyness game By J. M. McNamara, L. Fromhage, Z. Barta and A. I. Houston 953 No energetic cost of anthropogenic disturbance in a songbird By I.-A. Bisson, L. K. Butler, T. J. Hayden, L. M. Romero and M. C. Wikelski 961 What does testosterone do for red deer males? By A. F. Malo, E. R. S. Roldan, J. J. Garde, A. J. Soler, J. Vicente, C. Gortazar and M. Gomendio 971 A female songbird out-sings male conspecifics during simulated territorial intrusions By A. E. Illes and L. Yunes-Jimenez 981 Symbiotic bacteria enable insect to use a nutritionally inadequate diet By E. A. Gu¨ndu¨z and A. E. Douglas 987

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) viii Contents no. 1659, 22 March 2009 Comments and invited replies Problems detecting density-dependent diversification on phylogenies By F. Bokma 993 Problems detecting density-dependent diversification on phylogenies: reply to Bokma By D. L. Rabosky and I. J. Lovette 995 Research articles Oscillations in continuous culture populations of Streptococcus pneumoniae: population dynamics and the evolution of clonal suicide By O. E. Cornejo, D. E. Rozen, R. M. May and B. R. Levin 999 The relationship between social behaviour and habitat familiarity in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) By N. Pinter-Wollman, L. A. Isbell and L. A. Hart 1009 An exceptionally well-preserved Eocene dolichopodid fly eye: function and evolutionary significance By G. Tanaka, A. R. Parker, D. J. Siveter, H. Maeda and M. Furutani 1015 Divergent trends in anadromous salmonid populations in Norwegian and Scottish rivers By L. A. Vøllestad, D. Hirst, J. H. L’Abeé-Lund, J. D. Armstrong, J. C. MacLean, A. F. Youngson and N. Chr. Stenseth 1021 Effects of influenza A virus infection on migrating mallard ducks By N. Latorre-Margalef, G. Gunnarsson, V. J. Munster, R. A. M. Fouchier, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, J. Elmberg, B. Olsen, A. Wallensten, P. D. Haemig, T. Fransson, L. Brudin and J. Waldenstro¨m 1029 Liparid and macrourid fishes of the hadal zone: in situ observations of activity and feeding behaviour By A. J. Jamieson, T. Fujii, M. Solan, A. K. Matsumoto, P. M. Bagley and I. G. Priede 1037 Mothers produce less aggressive sons with altered immunity when there is a threat of disease during pregnancy By O. Curno, J. M. Behnke, A. G. McElligott, T. Reader and C. J. Barnard 1047 Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster By T. R. Buckley, D. Attanayake and S. Bradler 1055 Cnidarian internal stinging mechanism By A. Schlesinger, E. Zlotkin, E. Kramarsky-Winter and Y. Loya 1063 Oxygen hypothesis of polar gigantism not supported by performance of Antarctic pycnogonids in hypoxia By H. A. Woods, A. L. Moran, C. P. Arango, L. Mullen and C. Shields 1069 Voice pitch alters mate-choice-relevant perception in hunter–gatherers By C. L. Apicella and D. R. Feinberg 1077 Cryptic preference for MHC-dissimilar females in male red junglefowl, Gallus gallus By M. A. F. Gillingham, D. S. Richardson, H. Løvlie, A. Moynihan, K. Worley and T. Pizzari 1083 Honest sexual signalling mediated by parasite and testosterone effects on oxidative balance By F. Mougeot, J. Martıńez-Padilla, L. M. I. Webster, J. D. Blount, L. Pe´rez-Rodrı´guez and S. B. Piertney 1093 A bizarre Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids By F. E. Novas, D. Pol, J. I. Canale, J. D. Porfiri and J. O. Calvo 1101 Sex-specific variation in the emphasis, inducibility and timing of the post-mating immune response in Drosophila melanogaster By W. E. Winterhalter and K. M. Fedorka 1109 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heterozygote superiority to natural multi-parasite infections in the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) By M. K. Oliver, S. Telfer and S. B. Piertney 1119 Survival costs of reproduction vary with age in North American red squirrels By S. Descamps, S. Boutin, A. G. McAdam, D. Berteaux and J.-M. Gaillard 1129 Parasite manipulation of brain monoamines in California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis)by the trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis By J. C. Shaw, W. J. Korzan, R. E. Carpenter, A. M. Kuris, K. D. Lafferty, C. H. Summers and Ø. Øverli 1137 Food-density-dependent inefficiency in animals with a gut as a stabilizing mechanism in trophic dynamics By K. J. Flynn 1147 Environmental heterogeneity, genotype-by-environment interactions and the reliability of sexual traits as indicators of mate quality By A. D. Higginson and T. Reader 1153

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents ix

Why are (the best) women so good at chess? Participation rates and gender differences in intellectual domains By M. Bilalic´, K. Smallbone, P. McLeod and F. Gobet 1161 When does optional participation allow the evolution of cooperation? By S. Mathew and R. Boyd 1167 Sperm morphology and sperm velocity in passerine birds By S. Lu¨pold, S. Calhim, S. Immler and T. R. Birkhead 1175 How much do genetic covariances alter the rate of adaptation? By A. F. Agrawal and J. R. Stinchcombe 1183 Fatigue alters in vivo function within and between limb muscles during locomotion By T. E. Higham and A. A. Biewener 1193

Retraction Facialmetric similarities mediate mate choice: sexual imprinting on opposite-sex parents By T. Bereczkei, G. Hegedus and G. Hajnal 1199

no. 1660, 7 April 2009

Review articles The causes of mutation accumulation in mitochondrial genomes By M. Neiman and D. R. Taylor 1201

Comments and invited replies Cereal-induced gender selection? Most likely a multiple testing false positive By S. S. Young, H. Bang and K. Oktay 1211 Reply to Comment by Young et al. By F. Mathews, P. Johnson and A. Neil 1213

Research articles Migration and stopover in a small pelagic seabird, the Manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus: insights from machine learning By T. Guilford, J. Meade, J. Willis, R. A. Phillips, D. Boyle, S. Roberts, M. Collett, R. Freeman and C. M. Perrins 1215 Reiterative pattern of sonic hedgehog expression in the catshark dentition reveals a phylogenetic template for jawed vertebrates By M. M. Smith, G. J. Fraser, N. Chaplin, C. Hobbs and A. Graham 1225 Identification and dynamics of a cryptic suture zone in tropical rainforest By C. Moritz, C. J. Hoskin, J. B. MacKenzie, B. L. Phillips, M. Tonione, N. Silva, J. Van Der Wal, S. E. Williams and C. H. Graham 1235 Lophotrochozoa internal phylogeny: new insights from an up-to-date analysis of nuclear ribosomal genes By J. Paps, J. Bagunã` and M. Riutort 1245 Calling in the gap: competition or cooperation in littermates’ begging behaviour? By J. R. Madden, H. P. Kunc, S. English, M. B. Manser and T. H. Clutton-Brock 1255 Manipulating grooming by decreasing ectoparasite load causes unpredicted changes in antagonism By J. R. Madden and T. H. Clutton-Brock 1263 The rise and fall of an arbitrary tradition: an experiment with wild meerkats By A. Thornton and A. Malapert 1269 Development of the five primary podia from the coeloms of a sea star larva: homology with the echinoid echinoderms and other deuterostomes By V. B. Morris, P. Selvakumaraswamy, R. Whan and M. Byrne 1277 Individual experience and evolutionary history of predation affect expression of heritable variation in fish personality and morphology By N. J. Dingemanse, F. Van der Plas, J. Wright, D. Reále, M. Schrama, D. A. Roff, E. Van der Zee and I. Barber 1285 Reproductive competition in the bumble-bee Bombus terrestris: do workers advertise sterility? By E. Amsalem, R. Twele, W. Francke and A. Hefetz 1295 Contact heterogeneity in deer mice: implications for Sin Nombre virus transmission By C. A. Clay, E. M. Lehmer, A. Previtali, S. St. Jeor and M. D. Dearing 1305 Significant effects of Pgi genotype and body reserves on lifespan in the Glanville fritillary butterfly By M. Saastamoinen, S. Ikonen and I. Hanski 1313

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) x Contents

Task differences confound sex differences in receiver permissiveness in tu´ngara frogs By X. E. Bernal, A. S. Rand and M. J. Ryan 1323 Fatal attraction: rare species in the spotlight By E. Angulo, A.-L. Deves, M. S. Jalmes and F. Courchamp 1331 The evolution of judgement bias in indirect reciprocity By D. J. Rankin and F. Eggimann 1339 Emission of methane from plants By R. E. R. Nisbet, R. Fisher, R. H. Nimmo, D. S. Bendall, P. M. Crill, A. V. Gallego-Sala, E. R. C. Hornibrook, E. Lo´pez-Juez, D. Lowry, P. B. R. Nisbet, E. F. Shuckburgh, S. Sriskantharajah, C. J. Howe and E. G. Nisbet 1347 Inner ear anatomy is a proxy for deducing auditory capability and behaviour in reptiles and birds By S. A. Walsh, P. M. Barrett, A. C. Milner, G. Manley and L. M. Witmer 1355 Scaling rules for the ﬁnal decline to extinction By B. D. Griffen and J. M. Drake 1361 Mode of transmission and the evolution of arbovirus virulence in mosquito vectors By L. Lambrechts and T. W. Scott 1369 Emergence of cooperation in public goods games By S. Kurokawa and Y. Ihara 1379 A sphenodontine (Rhynchocephalia) from the Miocene of New Zealand and palaeobiogeography of the tuatara (Sphenodon) By M. E. H. Jones, A. J. D. Tennyson, J. P. Worthy, S. E. Evans and T. H. Worthy 1385 no. 1661, 22 April 2009

Geographic range limits of species Papers of a Special Issue compiled and edited by Kevin J. Gaston

Introduction Geographic range limits of species By K. J. Gaston 1391

Review articles Geographic range limits: achieving synthesis By K. J. Gaston 1395

Research articles Evolved dispersal strategies at range margins By C. Dytham 1407 Dynamics of range margins for metapopulations under climate change By B. J. Anderson, H. R. Akçakaya, M. B. Arau´jo, D. A. Fordham, E. Martinez-Meyer, W. Thuiller and B. W. Brook 1415 Modelling the effect of habitat fragmentation on range expansion in a butterfly By R. J. Wilson, Z. G. Davies and C. D. Thomas 1421 Evolutionarily stable range limits set by interspecific competition By T. D. Price and M. Kirkpatrick 1429 Trophic interactions and range limits: the diverse roles of predation By R. D. Holt and M. Barfield 1435 The effect of sterilizing diseases on host abundance and distribution along environmental gradients By J. Antonovics 1443 Do climate envelope models transfer? A manipulative test using dung beetle introductions By R. P. Duncan, P. Cassey and T. M. Blackburn 1449 Physiological tolerances account for range limits and abundance structure in an invasive slug By J. E. Lee, C. Janion, E. Marais, B. Jansen van Vuuren and S. L. Chown 1459 Life on the edge: carnivore body size variation is all over the place By S. Meiri, T. Dayan, D. Simberloff and R. Grenyer 1469 The demography of range boundaries versus range cores in eastern US tree species By D. W. Purves 1477 A macroevolutionary perspective on species range limits By K. Roy, G. Hunt, D. Jablonski, A. Z. Krug and J. W. Valentine 1485 Variation at range margins across multiple spatial scales: environmental temperature, population genetics and metabolomic phenotype By W. E. Kunin, P. Vergeer, T. Kenta, M. P. Davey, T. Burke, F. I. Woodward, P. Quick, M.-E. Mannarelli, N. S. Watson-Haigh and R. Butlin 1495

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xi

Testing limits to adaptation along altitudinal gradients in rainforest Drosophila By J. R. Bridle, S. Gavaz and W. J. Kennington 1507 Testing evolutionary hypotheses about species borders: patterns of genetic variation towards the southern borders of two rainforest Drosophila and a related habitat generalist By B. van Heerwaarden, V. Kellermann, M. Schiffer, M. Blacket, C. M. Sgro` and A. A. Hoffmann 1517 How range shifts induced by climate change affect neutral evolution By G. J. McInerny, J. R. G. Turner, H. Y. Wong, J. M. J. Travis and T. G. Benton 1527 no. 1662, 7 May 2009

Review articles Targeting mitotic chromosomes: a conserved mechanism to ensure viral genome persistence By K. M. Feeney and J. L. Parish 1535

Research articles The motion after-effect: local and global contributions to contrast sensitivity By K. Nordstro¨m and D. C. O’Carroll 1545 Scab formation and wound healing of plant tissue by soldier aphid By M. Kutsukake, H. Shibao, K. Uematsu and T. Fukatsu 1555 Mimicry, colour forms and spectral sensitivity of the bluestriped fangblenny, Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos By K. L. Cheney, C. Skogh, N. S. Hart and N. J. Marshall 1565 The double odyssey of Madagascan polystome flatworms leads to new insights on the origins of their amphibian hosts By O. Verneau, L. H. Du Preez, V. Laurent, L. Raharivololoniaina, F. Glaw and M. Vences 1575 Flat lizard female mimics use sexual deception in visual but not chemical signals By M. J. Whiting, J. K. Webb and J. S. Keogh 1585 No actual conflict over colony inheritance despite high potential conflict in the social wasp Polistes dominulus By T. Monnin, A. Cini, V. Lecat, P. Fe´de´rici and C. Doums 1593 Seasonal host dynamics drive the timing of recurrent epidemics in a wildlife population By M. Begon, S. Telfer, M. J. Smith, S. Burthe, S. Paterson and X. Lambin 1603 Can parasites drive population cycles in mountain hares? By S. E. Townsend, S. Newey, S. J. Thirgood, L. Matthews and D. T. Haydon 1611 Non-breeding season events influence sexual selection in a long-distance migratory bird By M. W. Reudink, P. P. Marra, T. K. Kyser, P. T. Boag, K. M. Langin and L. M. Ratcliffe 1619 Environmental control of diatom community size structure varies across aquatic ecosystems By Z. V. Finkel, C. J. Vaillancourt, A. J. Irwin, E. D. Reavie and J. P. Smol 1627 Orienting to threat: faster localization of fearful facial expressions and body postures revealed by saccadic eye movements By R. L. Bannerman, M. Milders, B. de Gelder and A. Sahraie 1635 Saccadic head rotations during walking in the stalk-eyed fly (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) By G. Ribak, A. R. Egge and J. G. Swallow 1643 The scleritome of Paterimitra: an Early Cambrian stem group brachiopod from South Australia By C. B. Skovsted, L. E. Holmer, C. M. Larsson, A. E. S. Ho¨gstro¨m, G. A. Brock, T. P. Topper, U. Balthasar, S. P. Stolk and J. R. Paterson 1651 Community diversity reduces Schistosoma mansoni transmission, host pathology and human infection risk By P. T. J. Johnson, P. J. Lund, R. B. Hartson and T. P. Yoshino 1657 Individual differences in distance perception By R. E. Jackson 1665 The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes By T. Suddendorf and E. Collier-Baker 1671 Telomere dynamics rather than age predict life expectancy in the wild By P. Bize, F. Criscuolo, N. B. Metcalfe, L. Nasir and P. Monaghan 1679 Genetic modulation of energy metabolism in birds through mitochondrial function By B. I. Tieleman, M. A. Versteegh, A. Fries, B. Helm, N. J. Dingemanse, H. L. Gibbs and J. B. Williams 1685 Influence of major histocompatibility complex genotype on mating success in a free-ranging reptile population By H. C. Miller, J. A. Moore, N. J. Nelson and C. H. Daugherty 1695 Plastic responses of male Drosophila melanogaster to the level of sperm competition increase male reproductive fitness By A. Bretman, C. Fricke and T. Chapman 1705

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xii Contents

Female offspring desertion and male-only care increase with natural and experimental increase in food abundance By K. Eldegard and G. A. Sonerud 1713 Female behaviour plays a critical role in controlling murine pregnancy block By S. D. Becker and J. L. Hurst 1723 Allometry of visceral organs in living amniotes and its implications for sauropod dinosaurs By R. Franz, J. Hummel, E. Kienzle, P. Ko¨lle, H.-C. Gunga and M. Clauss 1731 no. 1663, 22 May 2009

Review articles Reactive oxygen species as universal constraints in life-history evolution By D. K. Dowling and L. W. Simmons 1737

Research articles Looking on the bright side: biased attention and the human serotonin transporter gene By E. Fox, A. Ridgewell and C. Ashwin 1747 Ecological selection pressures for C4 photosynthesis in the grasses By C. P. Osborne and R. P. Freckleton 1753 Temporal mechanisms of multimodal binding By D. Burr, O. Silva, G. M. Cicchini, M. S. Banks and M. C. Morrone 1761 Angiosperm leaf vein evolution was physiologically and environmentally transformative By C. K. Boyce, T. J. Brodribb, T. S. Feild and M. A. Zwieniecki 1771 Distinguishing epidemic waves from disease spillover in a wildlife population By M. E. Craft, E. Volz, C. Packer and L. A. Meyers 1777 Foam nest components of the tuńgara frog: a cocktail of proteins conferring physical and biological resilience By R. I. Fleming, C. D. Mackenzie, A. Cooper and M. W. Kennedy 1787 Where is the light? Bayesian perceptual priors for lighting direction By J. V. Stone, I. S. Kerrigan and J. Porrill 1797 Colimitation of a freshwater herbivore by sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids By D. Martin-Creuzburg, E. Sperfeld and A. Wacker 1805 A new long-necked ‘sauropod-mimic’ stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs By O. Mateus, S. C. R. Maidment and N. A. Christiansen 1815 Compensatory mutations are repeatable and clustered within proteins By B. H. Davis, A. F. Y. Poon and M. C. Whitlock 1823 Network-based diffusion analysis: a new method for detecting social learning By M. Franz and C. L. Nunn 1829 We age because we grow By H. S. Kaplan and A. J. Robson 1837 Decline in the frequency and benefits of multiple brooding in great tits as a consequence of a changing environment By A. Husby, L. E. B. Kruuk and M. E. Visser 1845 Birth season glucocorticoids are related to the presence of infants in sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) By D. K. Brockman, A. K. Cobden and P. L. Whitten 1855 Inducible defences as key adaptations for the successful invasion of Daphnia lumholtzi in North America? By K. Engel and R. Tollrian 1865 Female mate choice across spatial scales: influence of lek and male attributes on mating success of blue-crowned manakins By R. Dura˜es, B. A. Loiselle, P. G. Parker and J. G. Blake 1875 Temperature, but not pH, compromises sea urchin fertilization and early development under near-future climate change scenarios By M. Byrne, M. Ho, P. Selvakumaraswamy, H. D. Nguyen, S. A. Dworjanyn and A. R. Davis 1883 Can fertility signals lead to quality signals? Insights from the evolution of primate sexual swellings By E. Huchard, A. Courtiol, J. A. Benavides, L. A. Knapp, M. Raymond and G. Cowlishaw 1889 Predation risk as a driving force for phenotypic assortment: a cross-population comparison By D. P. Croft, S. K. Darden and G. D. Ruxton 1899 Concealed by conspicuousness: distractive prey markings and backgrounds By M. Dimitrova, N. Stobbe, H. M. Schaefer and S. Merilaita 1905 Poor horse traders: large mammals trade survival for reproduction during the process of feralization By S. Grange, P. Duncan and J.-M. Gaillard 1911

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xiii

Trade-offs between activity and thermoregulation in a small carnivore, the least weasel Mustela nivalis By K. Zub, P. A. Szafran´ska, M. Konarzewski, P. Redman and J. R. Speakman 1921 no. 1664, 7 June 2009

Review articles Brain organization and the origin of insects: an assessment By N. J. Strausfeld 1929

Research articles Why tropical forest lizards are vulnerable to climate warming By R. B. Huey, C. A. Deutsch, J. J. Tewksbury, L. J. Vitt, P. E. Hertz, H. J. A´ lvarez Pe`rez and T. Garland Jr 1939 How chimpanzees look at pictures: a comparative eye-tracking study By F. Kano and M. Tomonaga 1949 Matrilocal residence is ancestral in Austronesian societies By F. M. Jordan, R. D. Gray, S. J. Greenhill and R. Mace 1957 Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the northeast Atlantic: a deeper reaching effect of fisheries? By D. M. Bailey, M. A. Collins, J. D. M. Gordon, A. F. Zuur and I. G. Priede 1965 Losses of female song with changes from tropical to temperate breeding in the New World blackbirds By J. J. Price, S. M. Lanyon and K. E. Omland 1971 A pyritized lepidocoleid machaeridian (Annelida) from the Lower Devonian Hunsru¨ck Slate, Germany By A. E. S. Ho¨gstro¨m, D. E. G. Briggs and C. Bartels 1981 Fluctuating natural selection accounts for the evolution of diversification bet hedging By A. M. Simons 1987 Evidence for transoceanic migrations by loggerhead sea turtles in the southern Pacific Ocean By M. C. Boyle, N. N. FitzSimmons, C. J. Limpus, S. Kelez, X. Velez-Zuazo and M. Waycott 1993 Cryptic diversity in vertebrates: molecular data double estimates of species diversity in a radiation of Australian lizards (Diplodactylus, Gekkota) By P. M. Oliver, M. Adams, M. S. Y. Lee, M. N. Hutchinson and P. Doughty 2001 Sexually antagonistic genetic variance for fitness in an ancestral and a novel environment By M. Delcourt, M. W. Blows and H. D. Rundle 2009 Reversal of evolutionary downsizing caused by selective harvest of large fish By D. O. Conover, S. B. Munch and S. A. Arnott 2015 Female aggression predicts mode of paternity acquisition in a social lizard By G. M. While, D. L. Sinn and E. Wapstra 2021 Predator crypsis enhances behaviourally mediated indirect effects on plants by altering bumblebee foraging preferences By T. C. Ings and L. Chittka 2031 Proximity is not a proxy for parentage in an animal-dispersed Neotropical canopy palm By U. U. Sezen, R. L. Chazdon and K. E. Holsinger 2037 Sex-specific timing of mate searching and territory prospecting in the nightingale: nocturnal life of females By T. Roth, P. Sprau, R. Schmidt, M. Naguib and V. Amrhein 2045 Stress and translocation: alterations in the stress physiology of translocated birds By M. J. Dickens, D. J. Delehanty and L. M. Romero 2051 Disease-mediated inbreeding depression in a large, open population of cooperative crows By A. K. Townsend, A. B. Clark, K. J. McGowan, E. L. Buckles, A. D. Miller and I. J. Lovette 2057 Spatial structure leads to ecological breakdown and loss of diversity By G. Saxer, M. Doebeli and M. Travisano 2065 Implications of vaccination and waning immunity By J. M. Heffernan and M. J. Keeling 2071 Is there an adverse effect of sons on maternal longevity? By D. Cesarini, E. Lindqvist and B. Wallace 2081 Habitat-dependent and -independent plastic responses to social environment in the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) brain By A. Gonda, G. Herczeg and J. Merila¨ 2085 Testosterone-mediated trade-offs in the old age: a new approach to the immunocompetence handicap and carotenoid-based sexual signalling By C. Alonso-Alvarez, L. Pe´rez-Rodrı´guez, J. T. Garcia and J. Vin˜uela 2093

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xiv Contents

Juvenile salmon with high standard metabolic rates have higher energy costs but can process meals faster By K. J. Millidine, J. D. Armstrong and N. B. Metcalfe 2103 Flight costs of long, sexually selected tails in hummingbirds By C. J. Clark and R. Dudley 2109 Fine-tuned modulation of competitive behaviour according to kinship in barn swallow nestlings By G. Boncoraglio, M. Caprioli and N. Saino 2117 Dioecy and the evolution of sex ratios in ants By D. C. Wiernasz and B. J. Cole 2125 no. 1665, 22 June 2009

Review articles Chloroplast two-component systems: evolution of the link between photosynthesis and gene expression By S. Puthiyaveetil and J. F. Allen 2133

Research articles Going to great lengths: selection for long corolla tubes in an extremely specialized bat–flower mutualism By N. Muchhala and J. D. Thomson 2147 Dynamics of crowing development in the domestic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) By S. Dere´gnaucourt, S. Saar and M. Gahr 2153 Emperor penguin mates: keeping together in the crowd By A. Ancel, M. Beaulieu, Y. Le Maho and C. Gilbert 2163 A quantum probability explanation for violations of ‘rational’ decision theory By E. M. Pothos and J. R. Busemeyer 2171 Spectacular morphological novelty in a miniature cyprinid fish, Danionella dracula n. sp. By R. Britz, K. W. Conway and L. Ru¨ber 2179 Does colour polymorphism enhance survival of prey populations? By L. Wennersten and A. Forsman 2187 Genetic linkage map of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and quantitative trait loci analysis of male size and colour variation By N. Tripathi, M. Hoffmann, E.-M. Willing, C. Lanz, D. Weigel and C. Dreyer 2195 Biodiversity and body size are linked across metazoans By C. R. McClain and A. G. Boyer 2209 The evolution of covert, silent infection as a parasite strategy By I. Sorrell, A. White, A. B. Pedersen, R. S. Hails and M. Boots 2217 Avian orientation: the pulse effect is mediated by the magnetite receptors in the upper beak By W. Wiltschko, U. Munro, H. Ford and R. Wiltschko 2227 An experimental test of the independent action hypothesis in virus–insect pathosystems By M. P. Zwart, L. Hemerik, J. S. Cory, J. A. G. M. de Visser, F. J. J. A. Bianchi, M. M. Van Oers, J. M. Vlak, R. F. Hoekstra and W. Van der Werf 2233 Botanical ratchets By I. M. Kulic´, M. Mani, H. Mohrbach, R. Thaokar and L. Mahadevan 2243 Why do winners keep winning? Androgen mediation of winner but not loser effects in cichlid fish By R. F. Oliveira, A. Silva and A. V. M. Cana´rio 2249 Bystanders affect the outcome of mother–infant interactions in rhesus macaques By S. Semple, M. S. Gerald and D. N. Suggs 2257 Reduced biological control and enhanced chemical pest management in the evolution of fungus farming in ants By H. Fernańdez-Marıń, J. K. Zimmerman, D. R. Nash, J. J. Boomsma and W. T. Wcislo 2263 What can genetic variation tell us about the evolution of senescence? By J. A. Moorad and D. E. L. Promislow 2271 Intraspecific variation in testis asymmetry in birds: evidence for naturally occurring compensation By S. Calhim and T. R. Birkhead 2279 Extra-pair young in house wren broods are more likely to be male than female By L. S. Johnson, C. F. Thompson, S. K. Sakaluk, M. Neuhaüser, B. G. P. Johnson, S. S. Soukup, S. J. Forsythe and B. S. Masters 2285 Post-weaning maternal effects and the evolution of female dominance in the spotted hyena By H. E. Watts, J. B. Tanner, B. L. Lundrigan and K. E. Holekamp 2291 Does horizontal transmission invalidate cultural phylogenies? By S. J. Greenhill, T. E. Currie and R. D. Gray 2299

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xv

Cellular and humoral immunodepression in vultures feeding upon medicated livestock carrion By J. A. Lemus and G. Blanco 2307 Trill consistency is an age-related assessment signal in banded wrens By S. R. de Kort, E. R. B. Eldermire, S. Valderrama, C. A. Botero and S. L. Vehrencamp 2315 Temperature has a causal effect on avian timing of reproduction By M. E. Visser, L. J. M. Holleman and S. P. Caro 2323 no. 1666, 7 July 2009

Review articles

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and the future of C4 crops for food and fuel By A. D. B. Leakey 2333

Comments and invited replies Does inﬂuenza A affect body condition of wild mallard ducks, or vice versa? By P. L. Flint and J. C. Franson 2345 Does inﬂuenza A affect body condition of wild mallard ducks, or vice versa? A reply to Flint and Franson By N. Latorre-Margalef, G. Gunnarsson, V. J. Munster, R. A. M. Fouchier, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, J. Elmberg, B. Olsen, A. Wallensten, T. Fransson, L. Brudin and J. Waldenstro¨m 2347

Research articles The role of nocturnal vision in mate choice: females prefer conspicuous males in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea) By D. Gomez, C. Richardson, T. Lengagne, S. Plenet, P. Joly, J.-P. Leńa and M. The´ry 2351 New Guinea highland origin of a widespread arthropod supertramp By M. Balke, I. Ribera, L. Hendrich, M. A. Miller, K. Sagata, A. Posman, A. P. Vogler and R. Meier 2359 Accommodating natural and sexual selection in butterfly wing pattern evolution By J. C. Oliver, K. A. Robertson and A. Monteiro 2369 It takes two to tango: reproductive skew and social correlates of male mating success in a lek-breeding bird By T. B. Ryder, P. G. Parker, J. G. Blake and B. A. Loiselle 2377 Broad-scale determinants of non-native fish species richness are context-dependent By S. Blanchet, F. Leprieur, O. Beauchard, J. Staes, T. Oberdorff and S. Brosse 2385 Flight speeds of swifts (Apus apus): seasonal differences smaller than expected By P. Henningsson, H. Karlsson, J. Ba¨ckman, T. Alerstam and A. Hedenstro¨m 2395 Independent colonization of multiple urban centres by a formerly forest specialist bird species By K. L. Evans, K. J. Gaston, A. C. Frantz, M. Simeoni, S. P. Sharp, A. McGowan, D. A. Dawson, K. Walasz, J. Partecke, T. Burke and B. J. Hatchwell 2403 Location, location, location: larvae position inside the nest is correlated with adult body size in worker bumble-bees (Bombus impatiens) By M. J. Couvillon and A. Dornhaus 2411 Two fungal symbioses collide: endophytic fungi are not welcome in leaf-cutting ant gardens By S. A. Van Bael, H. Fernańdez-Marıń, M. C. Valencia, E. I. Rojas, W. T. Wcislo and E. A. Herre 2419 Sexual selection drives weak positive selection in protamine genes and high promoter divergence, enhancing sperm competitiveness By J. Martin-Coello, H. Dopazo, L. Arbiza, J. Ausio´, E. R. S. Roldan and M. Gomendio 2427 The higher the better: sentinel height influences foraging success in a social bird By A. N. Radford, L. I. Holleń and M. B. V. Bell 2437 Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake venom evolution By A. Barlow, C. E. Pook, R. A. Harrison and W. Wu¨ster 2443 Arithmetic in newborn chicks By R. Rugani, L. Fontanari, E. Simoni, L. Regolin and G. Vallortigara 2451 Ants recognize foes and not friends By F. J. Guerrieri, V. Nehring, C. G. Jørgensen, J. Nielsen, C. G. Galizia and P. d’Ettorre 2461 Stage-structured transmission of phocine distemper virus in the Dutch 2002 outbreak By P. Klepac, L. W. Pomeroy, O. N. Bjørnstad, T. Kuiken, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus and J. M. Rijks 2469

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xvi Contents

Families on the spot: sexual signals inﬂuence parent–offspring interactions By J. Morales, C. Alonso-A´ lvarez, C. Pe´rez, R. Torres, E. Seraﬁno and A. Velando 2477 Unravelling the Wolbachia evolutionary role: the reprogramming of the host genomic imprinting By I. Negri, A. Franchini, E. Gonella, D. Daffonchio, P. J. Mazzoglio, M. Mandrioli and A. Alma 2485 Degree dependence in rates of transcription factor evolution explains the unusual structure of transcription networks By A. J. Stewart, R. M. Seymour and A. Pomiankowski 2493 In vitro fertilization experiments using sockeye salmon reveal that bigger eggs are more fertilizable under sperm limitation By C. P. Macfarlane, D. J. Hoysak, N. R. Liley and M. J. G. Gage 2503

no. 1667, 22 July 2009

Review articles Ecological consequences of Late Quaternary extinctions of megafauna By C. N. Johnson 2509 The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria By J. L. Martinez 2521

Research articles Growing with siblings: a common ground for cooperation or for fiercer competition among plants? By R. Milla, D. M. Forero, A. Escudero and J. M. Iriondo 2531 Immunological serotype interactions and their effect on the epidemiological pattern of dengue By M. Recker, K. B. Blyuss, C. P. Simmons, T. T. Hien, B. Wills, J. Farrar and S. Gupta 2541 A new basal hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and the early radiation of duck-billed dinosaurs By H.-D. Sues and A. Averianov 2549 A single origin of Batesian mimicry among hybridizing populations of admiral butterflies (Limenitis arthemis) rejects an evolutionary reversion to the ancestral phenotype By W. K. Savage and S. P. Mullen 2557 Arthropod visual predators in the early pelagic ecosystem: evidence from the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang biotas By J. Vannier, D. C. Garcıá-Bellido, S.-X. Hu and A.-L. Chen 2567 Evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution By M. Archetti 2575 Negative density-dependent emigration of males in an increasing red deer population By L. E. Loe, A. Mysterud, V. Veiberg and R. Langvatn 2581 Strength determines coalitional strategies in humans By J. F. Benenson, H. Markovits, M. E. Thompson and R. W. Wrangham 2589 Reward quality influences the development of learned olfactory biases in honeybees By G. A. Wright, A. F. Choudhary and M. A. Bentley 2597 Signatures of nitrogen limitation in the elemental composition of the proteins involved in the metabolic apparatus By C. Acquisti, S. Kumar and J. J. Elser 2605 No sex in fungus-farming ants or their crops By A. G. Himler, E. J. Caldera, B. C. Baer, H. Fernańdez-Marıń and U. G. Mueller 2611 Dietary-dependent trans-generational immune priming in an insect herbivore By D. Freitak, D. G. Heckel and H. Vogel 2617 Many ways to be small: different environmental regulators of size generate distinct scaling relationships in Drosophila melanogaster By A. W. Shingleton, C. M. Estep, M. V. Driscoll and I. Dworkin 2625 Do ants make direct comparisons? By E. J. H. Robinson, F. D. Smith, K. M. E. Sullivan and N. R. Franks 2635 Tensioning the helix: a mechanism for force generation in twining plants By S. Isnard, A. R. Cobb, N. M. Holbrook, M. Zwieniecki and J. Dumais 2643 Social implications of the battle of the sexes: sexual harassment disrupts female sociality and social recognition By S. K. Darden, R. James, I. W. Ramnarine and D. P. Croft 2651

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xvii

The scramble for Africa: pan-temperate elements on the African high mountains By B. Gehrke and H. P. Linder 2657 Dinosaur diversity and the rock record By P. M. Barrett, A. J. McGowan and V. Page 2667 Group differences in the heritability of items and test scores By J. M. Wicherts and W. Johnson 2675 no. 1668, 7 August 2009

Review articles Temperature change as a probe of muscle crossbridge kinetics: a review and discussion By R. C. Woledge, C. J. Barclay and N. A. Curtin 2685

Research articles The spider Harpactea sadistica: co-evolution of traumatic insemination and complex female genital morphology in spiders By M. Rˇ ezaćˇ 2697 Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East By A. Kitchen, C. Ehret, S. Assefa and C. J. Mulligan 2703 Incipient allochronic speciation by climatic disruption of the reproductive period By S. Yamamoto and T. Sota 2711 Experimental evidence for group hunting via eavesdropping in echolocating bats By D. K. N. Dechmann, S. L. Heucke, L. Giuggioli, K. Safi, C. C. Voigt and M. Wikelski 2721 Are rates of species diversification correlated with rates of morphological evolution? By D. C. Adams, C. M. Berns, K. H. Kozak and J. J. Wiens 2729 Flexible responses to visual and olfactory stimuli by foraging Manduca sexta: larval nutrition affects adult behaviour By J. Goyret, A. Kelber, M. Pfaff and R. A. Raguso 2739 The cellular geometry of growth drives the amino acid economy of Caenorhabditis elegans By J. Swire, S. Fuchs, J. G. Bundy and A. M. Leroi 2747 Experimental study of the behavioural mechanisms underlying self-organization in human crowds By M. Moussaı¨d, D. Helbing, S. Garnier, A. Johansson, M. Combe and G. Theraulaz 2755 Tonically immobilized selfish prey can survive by sacrificing others By T. Miyatake, S. Nakayama, Y. Nishi and S. Nakajima 2763 Great tits growing old: selective disappearance and the partitioning of senescence to stages within the breeding cycle By S. Bouwhuis, B. C. Sheldon, S. Verhulst and A. Charmantier 2769 Optimal level of inbreeding in the common lizard By M. Richard, S. Losdat, J. Lecomte, M. de Fraipont and J. Clobert 2779 Prenatal environmental effects match offspring begging to parental provisioning By C. A. Hinde, K. L. Buchanan and R. M. Kilner 2787 Dynamics of seasonal outbreaks of black band disease in an assemblage of Montipora species at Pelorus Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) By Y. Sato, D. G. Bourne and B. L. Willis 2795 Wolbachia as populations within individual insects: causes and consequences of density variation in natural populations By R. L. Unckless, L. M. Boelio, J. K. Herren and J. Jaenike 2805 Fatal attraction: adaptations to prey on native frogs imperil snakes after invasion of toxic toads By M. Hagman, B. L. Phillips and R. Shine 2813 Sea lice and salmon population dynamics: effects of exposure time for migratory fish By M. Krkosˇek, A. Morton, J. P. Volpe and M. A. Lewis 2819 ‘Heritability’ of dispersal propensity in a patchy population By B. Doligez, L. Gustafsson and T. Pa¨rt 2829 Old fossils–young species: evolutionary history of an endemic gastropod assemblage in Lake Malawi By R. Schultheiß, B. Van Bocxlaer, T. Wilke and C. Albrecht 2837 A chemical signal of offspring quality affects maternal care in a social insect By F. Mas, K. F. Haynes and M. Ko¨lliker 2847 Food-supplementing parents reduces their sons’ song repertoire size By L. Zanette, M. Clinchy and H.-C. Sung 2855

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xviii Contents no. 1669, 22 August 2009

Review articles Can Myxosporean parasites compromise ﬁsh and amphibian reproduction? By A. Sitja`-Bobadilla 2861

Research articles Interannual variability in species composition explained as seasonally entrained chaos By V. Dakos, E. Beninca`, E. H. van Nes, C. J. M. Philippart, M. Scheffer and J. Huisman 2871 Song learning in domesticated canaries in a restricted acoustic environment By S. Belzner, C. Voigt, C. K. Catchpole and S. Leitner 2881 Mobbing calls signal predator category in a kin group-living bird species By M. Griesser 2887 Corals escape bleaching in regions that recently and historically experienced frequent thermal stress By D. M. Thompson and R. van Woesik 2893 Ecosystem service benefits of contrasting conservation strategies in a human-dominated region By F. Eigenbrod, B. J. Anderson, P. R. Armsworth, A. Heinemeyer, S. F. Jackson, M. Parnell, C. D. Thomas and K. J. Gaston 2903 Positive selection in AvrP4 avirulence gene homologues across the genus Melampsora By M. M. V. der Merwe, M. W. Kinnear, L. G. Barrett, P. N. Dodds, L. Ericson, P. H. Thrall and J. J. Burdon 2913 What drives community dynamics? By C. M. Mutshinda, R. B. O’Hara and I. P. Woiwod 2923 Heterozygosity-based assortative mating in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus): implications for the evolution of mate choice By V. Garcıá-Navas, J. Ortego and J. J. Sanz 2931 Comparative evolution of flower and fruit morphology By K. D. Whitney 2941 Change in maternal environment induced by cross-fostering alters genetic and epigenetic effects on complex traits in mice By R. Hager, J. M. Cheverud and J. B. Wolf 2949 Individual and social discounting in a viscous population By P. D. Sozou 2955 Bet-hedging as an evolutionary game: the trade-off between egg size and number By H. Olofsson, J. Ripa and N. Jonzeń 2963 Is amino acid racemization a useful tool for screening for ancient DNA in bone? By M. J. Collins, K. E. H. Penkman, N. Rohland, B. Shapiro, R. C. Dobberstein, S. Ritz-Timme and M. Hofreiter 2971 Effects of urban noise on song and response behaviour in great tits By E. J. Mockford and R. C. Marshall 2979 Oral vaccination reduces the incidence of tuberculosis in free-living brushtail possums By D. M. Tompkins, D. S. L. Ramsey, M. L. Cross, F. E. Aldwell, G. W. de Lisle and B. M. Buddle 2987 The value of constant surveillance in a risky environment By M. B. V. Bell, A. N. Radford, R. Rose, H. M. Wade and A. R. Ridley 2997 A test of the social cohesion hypothesis: interactive female marmots remain at home By D. T. Blumstein, T. W. Wey and K. Tang 3007 Monkeys crying wolf? Tufted capuchin monkeys use anti-predator calls to usurp resources from conspecifics By B. C. Wheeler 3013 Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity By L. Alvarez-Filip, N. K. Dulvy, J. A. Gill, I. M. Coˆte´ and A. R. Watkinson 3019 Are insect pollinators more generalist than insect herbivores? By C. Fontaine, E. The´bault and I. Dajoz 3027

Corrections Directionality in the evolution of inﬂuenza A haemagglutinin By S. Kryazhimskiy, G. A. Bazykin, J. Plotkin and J. Dushoff 3035 no. 1670, 7 September 2009 Review articles The sixth mass coextinction: are most endangered species parasites and mutualists? By R. R. Dunn, N. C. Harris, R. K. Colwell, L. P. Koh and N. S. Sodhi 3037

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xix

Research articles Courtship dives of Anna’s hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits By C. J. Clark 3047 Global latitudinal variations in marine copepod diversity and environmental factors By I. Rombouts, G. Beaugrand, F. Ibanˇez, S. Gasparini, S. Chiba and L. Legendre 3053 Where do species’ geographic ranges stop and why? Landscape impermeability and the Afrotropical avifauna By L. McInnes, A. Purvis and C. D. L. Orme 3063 Global depression in gene expression as a response to rapid thermal changes in vent mussels By I. Boutet, A. Tanguy, D. Le Guen, P. Piccino, S. Hourdez, P. Legendre and D. Jollivet 3071 Increases in air temperature can promote wind-driven dispersal and spread of plants By A. Kuparinen, G. Katul, R. Nathan and F. M. Schurr 3081 The expression of melanin-based plumage is separately modulated by exogenous oxidative stress and a melanocortin By I. Galvań and C. Alonso-Alvarez 3089 The benefits of social capital: close social bonds among female baboons enhance offspring survival By J. B. Silk, J. C. Beehner, T. J. Bergman, C. Crockford, A. L. Engh, L. R. Moscovice, R. M. Wittig, R. M. Seyfarth and D. L. Cheney 3099 Courtship raises male fertilization success through post-mating sexual selection in a spider By J. M. Schneider and K. Lesmono 3105 Food-chain length and adaptive foraging By M. Kondoh and K. Ninomiya 3113 The effect of cryptic female choice on sex allocation in simultaneous hermaphrodites By E. van Velzen, L. Scha¨rer and I. Pen 3123 Signals of major histocompatibility complex overdominance in a wild salmonid population By J. Keka¨laïnen, J. A. Vallunen, C. R. Primmer, J. Ra¨ttyaa¨ and J. Taskinen 3133 The origin of ascophoran bryozoans was historically contingent but likely By M. H. Dick, S. Lidgard, D. P. Gordon and S. F. Mawatari 3141 Pushed for time or saving on fuel: fine-scale energy budgets shed light on currencies in a diving bird By E. L. C. Shepard, R. P. Wilson, F. Quintana, A. Go´mez Laich and D. W. Forman 3149 Telomere shortening and survival in free-living corvids By H. M. Salomons, G. A. Mulder, L. van de Zande, M. F. Haussmann, M. H. K. Linskens and S. Verhulst 3157 Disparities between observed and predicted impacts of climate change on winter bird assemblages By F. A. La Sorte, T. M. Lee, H. Wilman and W. Jetz 3167 Will male advertisement be a reliable indicator of paternal care, if offspring survival depends on male care? By N. B. Kelly and S. H. Alonzo 3175 Increasing numbers of bird species result from taxonomic progress, not taxonomic inflation By G. Sangster 3185 Human ability to detect kinship in strangers’ faces: effects of the degree of relatedness By G. Kaminski, S. Dridi, C. Graff and E. Gentaz 3193 Components of change in the evolution of learning and unlearned preference By A. S. Dunlap and D. W. Stephens 3201 no. 1671, 22 September 2009

Review articles Forecasting the limits of resilience: integrating empirical research with theory By S. F. Thrush, J. E. Hewitt, P. K. Dayton, G. Coco, A. M. Lohrer, A. Norkko, J. Norkko and M. Chiantore 3209

Research articles Multiple convergent evolution of arboreal life in oribatid mites indicates the primacy of ecology By M. Maraun, G. Erdmann, G. Schulz, R. A. Norton, S. Scheu and K. Domes 3219 Size-dependent alternative male mating tactics in the yellow dung ﬂy, Scathophaga stercoraria By S. Pitnick, K. R. H. Henn, S. D. Maheux, D. M. Higginson, J. L. Hurtado-Gonzales, M. K. Manier, K. S. Berben, C. Guptill and J. A. C. Uy 3229 The role of pre-emptive culling in the control of foot-and-mouth disease By M. J. Tildesley, P. R. Bessell, M. J. Keeling and M. E. J. Woolhouse 3239

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xx Contents

Keystone effects of an alien top-predator stem extinctions of native mammals By M. Letnic, F. Koch, C. Gordon, M. S. Crowther and C. R. Dickman 3249 Separate and combined effects of nutrition during juvenile and sexual development on female life-history trajectories: the thrifty phenotype in a cockroach By E. L. B. Barrett, J. Hunt, A. J. Moore and P. J. Moore 3257 Mycelial carton galleries of Azteca brevis (Formicidae) as a multi-species network By V. E. Mayer and H. Voglmayr 3265 Effects of ocean acidification on the early life history of a tropical marine fish By P. L. Munday, J. M. Donelson, D. L. Dixson and G. G. K. Endo 3275 A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids By K. C. Beard, L. Marivaux, Y. Chaimanee, J.-J. Jaeger, B. Marandat, P. Tafforeau, Aung Naing Soe, Soe Thura Tun and Aung Aung Kyaw 3285 Do release-site biases reflect response to the Earth’s magnetic field during position determination by homing pigeons? By C. V. Mora and M. M. Walker 3295 Quantity matters: male sex pheromone signals mate quality in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis By J. Ruther, M. Matschke, L.-A. Garbe and S. Steiner 3303 Variation in withholding of information in three monkey species By F. Amici, J. Call and F. Aureli 3311 Acoustic mate copying: female cowbirds attend to other females’ vocalizations to modify their song preferences By G. Freed-Brown and D. J. White 3319 Learning enhances female control over reproductive investment in the Japanese quail By J. Rutkowska and E. Adkins-Regan 3327 Sexual selection explains sex-specific growth plasticity and positive allometry for sexual size dimorphism in a reef fish By S. P. W. Walker and M. I. McCormick 3335 Brain organization mirrors caste differences, colony founding and nest architecture in paper wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) By Y. Molina, R. M. Harris and S. O’Donnell 3345 Latitude, elevation and the tempo of molecular evolution in mammals By L. N. Gillman, D. J. Keeling, H. A. Ross and S. D. Wright 3353 Mortality risk increases with natal dispersal distance in American martens By C. A. Johnson, J. M. Fryxell, I. D. Thompson and J. A. Baker 3361 Express your personality or go along with the group: what determines the behaviour of shoaling perch? By C. Magnhagen and N. Bunnefeld 3369 A potent effect of observational learning on chimpanzee tool construction By E. E. Price, S. P. Lambeth, S. J. Schapiro and A. Whiten 3377 no. 1672, 7 October 2009

Review articles How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere By M. J. Costello 3385 Research articles DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa By N. J. Rawlence, J. R. Wood, K. N. Armstrong and A. Cooper 3395 A new proposal concerning the botanical origin of Baltic amber By A. P. Wolfe, R. Tappert, K. Muehlenbachs, M. Boudreau, R. C. McKellar, J. F. Basinger and A. Garrett 3403 Odour intensity learning in fruit flies By A. Yarali, S. Ehser, F. Z. Hapil, J. Huang and B. Gerber 3413 Developmental basis for telencephalon expansion in waterfowl: enlargement prior to neurogenesis By C. J. Charvetz and G. F. Striedter 3421 Mineralized soft-tissue structure and chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur from the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota (USA) By P. L. Manning, P. M. Morris, A. McMahon, E. Jones, A. Gize, J. H. S. Macquaker, G. Wolff, A. Thompson, J. Marshall, K. G. Taylor, T. Lyson, S. Gaskell, O. Reamtong, W. I. Sellers, B. E. van Dongen, M. Buckley and R. A. Wogelius 3429

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xxi

Influence of sexual selection and feeding functional morphology on diversification rate of parrotfishes (Scaridae) By E. Kazancıog˘lu, T. J. Near, R. Hanel and P. C. Wainwright 3439 Climate shaped the worldwide distribution of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation By F. Balloux, L.-J. L. Handley, T. Jombart, H. Liu and A. Manica 3447 Precocial development of locomotor performance in a ground-dwelling bird (Alectoris chukar): negotiating a three-dimensional terrestrial environment By B. E. Jackson, P. Segre and K. P. Dial 3457 Sperm: seminal fluid interactions and the adjustment of sperm quality in relation to female attractiveness By C. K. Cornwallis and E. A. O’Connor 3467 Ageing in a variable habitat: environmental stress affects senescence in parasite resistance in St Kilda Soay sheep By A. D. Hayward, A. J. Wilson, J. G. Pilkington, J. M. Pemberton and L. E. B. Kruuk 3477 Sex-biased dispersal patterns depend on the spatial scale in a social rodent By B. Gauffre, E. Petit, S. Brodier, V. Bretagnolle and J. F. Cosson 3487 Collective decision-making in white-faced capuchin monkeys By O. Petit, J. Gautrais, J.-B. Leca, G. Theraulaz and J.-L. Deneubourg 3495 A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in ‘predatory’ dinosaur evolution By L. E. Zanno, D. D. Gillette, L. B. Albright and A. L. Titus 3505 Where sociality and relatedness diverge: the genetic basis for hierarchical social organization in African elephants By G. Wittemyer, J. B. A. Okello, H. B. Rasmussen, P. Arctander, S. Nyakaana, I. Douglas-Hamilton and H. R. Siegismund 3513 Hookworm infection, anaemia and genetic variability of the New Zealand sea lion By K. Acevedo-Whitehouse, L. Petetti, P. Duignan and A. Castinel 3523 Viscous medium promotes cooperation in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa By R. Ku¨mmerli, A. S. Griffin, S. A. West, A. Buckling and F. Harrison 3531 Taxonomic homogenization of woodland plant communities over 70 years By S. A. Keith, A. C. Newton, M. D. Morecroft, C. E. Bealey and J. M. Bullock 3539 Does stress response predict return rate in a migratory bird species? A study of American redstarts and their non-breeding habitat By F. Angelier, R. L. Holberton and P. P. Marra 3545 How climate change might influence the starvation–predation risk trade-off response By W. Cresswell, J. A. Clark and R. Macleod 3553 no. 1673, 22 October 2009

Review articles Towards a systems biology approach to understanding seed dormancy and germination By S. Penﬁeld and J. King 3561

Research articles Velvet worm development links myriapods with chelicerates By G. Mayer and P. M. Whitington 3571 Speed over efﬁciency: locusts select body temperatures that favour growth rate over efﬁcient nutrient utilization By G. A. Miller, F. J. Clissold, D. Mayntz and S. J. Simpson 3581 Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia By A. De Wever, F. Leliaert, E. Verleyen, P. Vanormelingen, K. Van der Gucht, D. A. Hodgson, K. Sabbe and W. Vyverman 3591 Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction By P. McGinnity, E. Jennings, E. deEyto, N. Allott, P. Samuelsson, G. Rogan, K. Whelan and T. Cross 3601 The Late Permian herbivore Suminia and the early evolution of arboreality in terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems By J. Fro¨bisch and R. R. Reisz 3611 Conjugation genes are common throughout the genus Rickettsia and are transmitted horizontally By L. A. Weinert, J. J. Welch and F. M. Jiggins 3619

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xxii Contents

Environmental change drove macroevolution in cupuladriid bryozoans By A. O’Dea and J. Jackson 3629 Synchronization of spontaneous eyeblinks while viewing video stories By T. Nakano, Y. Yamamoto, K. Kitajo T. Takahashi and S. Kitazawa 3635 Evolution of muscle phenotype for extreme high altitude flight in the bar-headed goose By G. R. Scott, S. Egginton, J. G. Richards and W. K. Milsom 3645 Rationality in collective decision-making by ant colonies By S. C. Edwards and S. C. Pratt 3655 Host acceptance and sex allocation of Nasonia wasps in response to conspecifics and heterospecifics By A. B. F. Ivens, D. M. Shuker, L. W. Beukeboom and I. Pen 3663 Male mating costs in a polygynous mosquito with ornaments expressed in both sexes By S. H. South, D. Steiner and G. Arnqvist 3671 Dynamic arm swinging in human walking By S. H. Collins, P. G. Adamczyk and A. D. Kuo 3679 Tool use in wild orang-utans modifies sound production: a functionally deceptive innovation? By M. E. Hardus, A. R. Lameira, C. P. Van Schaik and S. A. Wich 3689 Genetic variances and covariances of aerobic metabolic rates in laboratory mice By B. Wone, M. W. Sears, M. K. Labocha, E. R. Donovan and J. P. Hayes 3695 A new angle on clinging in geckos: incline, not substrate, triggers the deployment of the adhesive system By A. P. Russell and T. E. Higham 3705 Adaptation accentuates responses of fly motion-sensitive visual neurons to sudden stimulus changes By R. Kurtz, M. Egelhaaf, H. G. Meyer and R. Kern 3711 Density-dependent impact of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte sex ratio on mosquito infection rates By C. Mitri, I. Thiery, C. Bourgouin and R. E. L. Paul 3721 Filter-feeding bivalves can remove avian influenza viruses from water and reduce infectivity By C. Faust, D. Stallknecht, D. Swayne and J. Brown 3727 no. 1674, 7 November 2009

Review articles Navigational challenges in the oceanic migrations of leatherback sea turtles By A. Sale and P. Luschi 3737

Research articles Lift production in the hovering hummingbird By D. R. Warrick, B. W. Tobalske and D. R. Powers 3747 The smallest avian genomes are found in hummingbirds By T. R. Gregory, C. B. Andrews, J. A. McGuire and C. C. Witt 3753 Protection of Salmonella by ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in the presence of otherwise lethal drug concentrations By M. H. Perlin, D. R. Clark, C. McKenzie, H. Patel, N. Jackson, C. Kormanik, C. Powell, A. Bajorek, D. A. Myers, L. A. Dugatkin and R. M. Atlas 3759 Evidence for regular ongoing introductions of mosquito disease vectors into the Gala´pagos Islands By A. Bataille, A. A. Cunningham, V. Cedenõ, M. Cruz, G. Eastwood, D. M. Fonseca, C. E. Causton, R. Azuero, J. Loayza, J. D. Cruz Martinez and S. J. Goodman 3769 Whether depositing fat or losing weight, fish maintain a balance By O. Brix, R. Gru¨ner, I. Rønnestad and S. Gemballa 3777 Prelife catalysts and replicators By H. Ohtsuki and M. A. Nowak 3783 Longicorn beetle that vectors pinewood nematode carries many Wolbachia genes on an autosome By T. Aikawa, H. Anbutsu, N. Nikoh, T. Kikuchi, F. Shibata and T. Fukatsu 3791 The endosymbiont Wolbachia increases insulin/IGF-like signalling in Drosophila By T. Ikeya, S. Broughton, N. Alic, R. Grandison and L. Partridge 3799 Adaptive basis of geographic variation: genetic, phenotypic and environmental differences among beach mouse populations By L. M. Mullen, S. N. Vignieri, J. A. Gore and H. E. Hoekstra 3809 Behaviour and kinematics of continuous ram filtration in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) By M. Simon, M. Johnson, P. Tyack and P. T. Madsen 3819

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xxiii

Seventy-five-million-year-old tropical tetra-like fish from Canada tracks Cretaceous global warming By M. G. Newbrey, A. M. Murray, M. V. H. Wilson, D. B. Brinkman and A. G. Neuman 3829 Inferring population histories using cultural data By D. S. Rogers, M. W. Feldman and P. R. Ehrlich 3835 Shifting latitudinal clines in avian body size correlate with global warming in Australian passerines By J. L. Gardner, R. Heinsohn and L. Joseph 3845 Coevolution of adaptive technology, maladaptive culture and population size in a producer–scrounger game By L. Lehmann and M. W. Feldman 3853 Cooperative breeding in South American hunter–gatherers By K. Hill and A. M. Hurtado 3863 Does coevolution promote species richness in parasitic cuckoos? By O. Kru¨ger, M. D. Sorenson and N. B. Davies 3871 First record of a pterosaur landing trackway By J.-M. Mazin, J.-P. Billon-Bruyat and K. Padian 3881 Invasive plant integration into native plant–pollinator networks across Europe By M. Vila`, I. Bartomeus, A. C. Dietzsch, T. Petanidou, I. Steffan-Dewenter, J. C. Stout and T. Tscheulin 3887 No intracolonial nepotism during colony fissioning in honey bees By J. Rangel, H. R. Mattila and T. D. Seeley 3895 Determinants of echolocation call frequency variation in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus monoceros) By S.-F. Chen, G. Jones and S. J. Rossiter 3901

no. 1675, 22 November 2009

Research articles Hosts as ecological traps for the vector of Lyme disease By F. Keesing, J. Brunner, S. Duerr, M. Killilea, K. LoGiudice, K. Schmidt, H. Vuong and R. S. Ostfeld 3911 Competition promotes the evolution of host generalists in obligate parasites By K. P. Johnson, J. R. Malenke and D. H. Clayton 3921 Genetic diversity and connectivity in a brooding reef coral at the limit of its distribution By A. M. E. Noreen, P. L. Harrison and M. J. H. Van Oppen 3927 Evolution and emergence of novel human infections By N. Arinaminpathy and A. R. McLean 3937 Prudent sperm use by leaf-cutter ant queens By S. P. A. den Boer, B. Baer, S. Dreier, S. Aron, D. R. Nash and J. J. Boomsma 3945 Sperm competitiveness in frogs: slow and steady wins the race By M. A. Dziminski, J. D. Roberts, M. Beveridge and L. W. Simmons 3955 Cuttlefish camouflage: context-dependent body pattern use during motion By S. Zylinski, D. Osorio and A. J. Shohet 3963 The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs By R. E. Blanco, W. W. Jones and A. Rinderknecht 3971 Ecological and life-history factors influencing the evolution of maternal antibody allocation: a phylogenetic comparison By B. Addison, K. C. Klasing, W. D. Robinson, S. H. Austin and R. E. Ricklefs 3979 Presence of a conspecific causes divergent changes in resting metabolism, depending on its relative size By K. J. Millidine, N. B. Metcalfe and J. D. Armstrong 3989 The effect of local dominance and reciprocal tolerance on feeding aggregations of ocellated antbirds By J. Chaves-Campos, Y. Araya-Ajoy, C. A. Lizana-Moreno and K. N. Rabenold 3995 Leptin increases maternal investment By S. S. French, T. J. Greives, D. A. Zysling, E. M. Chester and G. E. Demas 4003 Floral symmetry: pollinator-mediated stabilizing selection on flower size in bilateral species By Y.-B. Gong and S.-Q. Huang 4013 Reproductive compensation favours male-killing Wolbachia in a live-bearing host By J. L. Koop, D. W. Zeh, M. M. Bonilla and J. A. Zeh 4021 Sperm length is not influenced by haploid gene expression in the flies Drosophila melanogaster and Scathophaga stercoraria By S. Pitnick, R. Dobler and D. J. Hosken 4029

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xxiv Contents

Termites eavesdrop to avoid competitors By T. A. Evans, R. Inta, J. C. S. Lai, S. Prueger, N. W. Foo, E. W. Fu and M. Lenz 4035 Phospholamban S-nitrosylation modulates Starling response in fish heart By F. Garofalo, M. L. Parisella, D. Amelio, B. Tota and S. Imbrogno 4043 Evidence of a myco-heterotroph in the plant family Ericaceae that lacks mycorrhizal specificity By N. A. Hynson and T. D. Bruns 4053 Deterioration, death and the evolution of reproductive restraint in late life By J. M. McNamara, A. I. Houston, Z. Barta, A. Scheuerlein and L. Fromhage 4061 Father–offspring phenotypic correlations suggest intralocus sexual conflict for a fitness-linked trait in a wild sexually dimorphic mammal By J. Mainguy, S. D. Coˆte´, M. Festa-Bianchet and D. W. Coltman 4067 The first well-preserved Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid dinosaur in Asia By H.-L. You and D.-Q. Li 4077

Corrections Old fossils–young species: evolutionary history of an endemic gastropod assemblage in Lake Malawi By R. Schultheiß, B. Van Bocxlaer, T. Wilke and C. Albrecht 4083 Corrigendum for the paper ‘War and the evolution of belligerence and bravery’ By L. Lehmann and M. W. Feldmann 4083 no. 1676, 7 December 2009

Research articles Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: craniodental evidence By R. Tabuce, L. Marivaux, R. Lebrun, M. Adaci, M. Bensalah, P.-H. Fabre, E. Fara, H. G. Rodrigues, L. Hautier, J.-J. Jaeger, V. Lazzari, F. Mebrouk, S. Peigne´, J. Sudre, P. Tafforeau, X. Valentin and M. Mahboubi 4087 Trophic amplification of climate warming By R. R. Kirby and G. Beaugrand 4095 Impact of small-scale environmental perturbations on local marine food resources: a case study of a predator, the little penguin By Y. Ropert-Coudert, A. Kato and A. Chiaradia 4105 Seasonality and comparative dynamics of six childhood infections in pre-vaccination Copenhagen By C. J. E. Metcalf, O. N. Bjørnstad, B. T. Grenfell and V. Andreasen 4111 Phase-dependent outbreak dynamics of geometrid moth linked to host plant phenology By J. U. Jepsen, S. B. Hagen, S.-R. Karlsen and R. A. Ims 4119 Community monopolization: local adaptation enhances priority effects in an evolving metacommunity By M. C. Urban and L. De Meester 4129 Outbreak and persistence of opportunistic symbiotic dinoflagellates during the 2005 Caribbean mass coral ‘bleaching’ event By T. C. LaJeunesse, R. T. Smith, J. Finney and H. Oxenford 4139 The origin of a selfish B chromosome triggering paternal sex ratio in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma kaykai By J. J. F. A. Van Vugt, H. de Jong and R. Stouthamer 4149 Laterality enhances cognition in Australian parrots By M. Magat and C. Brown 4155 Harvest-induced disruptive selection increases variance in fitness-related traits By E. Edeline, A. Le Rouzic, I. J. Winfield, J. M. Fletcher, J. B. James, N. Chr. Stenseth and L. A. Vøllestad 4163 Flights of fear: a mechanical wing whistle sounds the alarm in a flocking bird By M. Hingee and R. D. Magrath 4173 A neurochemical approach to valuation sensitivity over gains and losses By S. Zhong, S. Israel, H. Xue, P. C. Sham, R. P. Ebstein and S. H. Chew 4181 Parallel evolution and ecological selection: replicated character displacement in spadefoot toads By A. M. Rice, A. R. Leichty and D. W. Pfennig 4189 Taxonomic scale-dependence of habitat niche partitioning and biotic neighbourhood on survival of tropical tree seedlings By S. A. Queenborough, D. F. R. P. Burslem, N. C. Garwood and R. Valencia 4197

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) Contents xxv

Living on the wedge: female control of paternity in a cooperatively polyandrous cichlid By M. Kohda, D. Heg, Y. Makino, T. Takeyama, J. Shibata, K. Watanabe, H. Munehara, M. Hori and S. Awata 4207 Spatial swarm segregation and reproductive isolation between the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae By A. Diabate´, A. Dao, A. S. Yaro, A. Adamou, R. Gonzalez, N. C. Manoukis, S. F. Traore´, R. W. Gwadz and T. Lehmann 4215 Long-term social bonds promote cooperation in the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma By A. St-Pierre, K. Larose and F. Dubois 4223 Variation and covariation in infectivity, virulence and immunodepression in the host–parasite association Gammarus pulex–Pomphorhynchus laevis By S. Cornet, N. Franceschi, L. Bollache, T. Rigaud and G. Sorci 4229 Phylogenetic trait conservatism and the evolution of functional trade-offs in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi By J. R. Powell, J. L. Parrent, M. M. Hart, J. N. Klironomos, M. C. Rillig and H. Maherali 4237 Sex allocation predicts mating rate in a simultaneous hermaphrodite By T. Janicke and L. Scha¨rer 4247 Computer animations stimulate contagious yawning in chimpanzees By M. W. Campbell, J. D. Carter, D. Proctor, M. L. Eisenberg and F. B. M. de Waal 4255

no. 1677, 22 December 2009

Research articles Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods By A. Hejnol, M. Obst, A. Stamatakis, M. Ott, G. W. Rouse, G. D. Edgecombe, P. Martinez, J. Bagunã`, X. Bailly, U. Jondelius, M. Wiens, W. E. G. Mu¨ller, E. Seaver, W. C. Wheeler, M. Q. Martindale, G. Giribet and C. W. Dunn 4261 No post-Cretaceous ecosystem depression in European forests? Rich insect-feeding damage on diverse middle Palaeocene plants, Menat, France By T. Wappler, E. D. Currano, P. Wilf, J. Rust and C. C. Labandeira 4271 The bounce of the body in hopping, running and trotting: different machines with the same motor By G. A. Cavagna and M. A. Legramandi 4279 The Celtic fringe of Britain: insights from small mammal phylogeography By J. B. Searle, P. Kotlı´k, R. V. Rambau, S. Markova´, J. S. Herman and A. D. McDevitt 4287 Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary By N. Wahlberg, J. Leneveu, U. Kodandaramaiah, C. Penã, S. Nylin, A. V. L. Freitas and A. V. Z. Brower 4295 Sauropod dinosaurs evolved moderately sized genomes unrelated to body size By C. L. Organ, S. L. Brusatte and K. Stein 4303 Human odometer is gait-symmetry specific By M. T. Turvey, C. Romaniak-Gross, R. W. Isenhower, R. Arzamarski, S. Harrison and C. Carello 4309 MicroRNAs resolve an apparent conflict between annelid systematics and their fossil record By E. A. Sperling, J. Vinther, V. N. Moy, B. M. Wheeler, M. Se´mon, D. E. G. Briggs and K. J. Peterson 4315 Social learning about egg-laying substrates in fruitflies By S. Sarin and R. Dukas 4323 Evolution of weaponry in female bovids By T. Stankowich and T. Caro 4329 Predicting the direction of ornament evolution in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) By D. J. Kemp, D. N. Reznick, G. F. Grether and J. A. Endler 4335 Life history influences rates of climatic niche evolution in flowering plants By S. A. Smith and J. M. Beaulieu 4345 Noise improves collective decision-making by ants in dynamic environments By A. Dussutour, M. Beekman, S. C. Nicolis and B. Meyer 4353 Environment, but not migration rate, influences extinction risk in experimental metapopulations By B. D. Griffen and J. M. Drake 4363 Flexible task allocation and the organization of work in ants By E. J. H. Robinson, O. Feinerman and N. R. Franks 4373 High stimulus specificity characterizes anti-predator habituation under natural conditions By J. M. Hemmi and T. Merkle 4381

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) xxvi Contents

No evidence for competition between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-1 infection By H. R. Fryer, A. Scherer, A. Oxenius, R. Phillips and A. R. McLean 4389 The costs of hemispheric specialization in a ﬁsh By M. Dadda, E. Zandona`, C. Agrillo and A. Bisazza 4399 Reproduction is adapted to survival characteristics across geographically isolated medﬂy populations By H.-G. Mu¨ller, S. Wu, A. D. Diamantidis, N. T. Papadopoulos and J. R. Carey 4409 Network cohesion, group size and neocortex size in female-bonded Old World primates By J. Lehmann and R. I. M. Dunbar 4417 Polymorphic social organization in an ant By R. J. Gill, A. Arce, L. Keller and R. L. Hammond 4423

Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) RSPB_276_1677_Cover.qxd 10/29/09 12:02 PM Page 2

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