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Long-Term Microbial Community Dynamics in a Pilot-Scale Gas Bioresource Technology 310 (2020) 123425 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioresource Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech Long-term microbial community dynamics in a pilot-scale gas sparged T anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater under seasonal variations ⁎ Arvind Damodara Kannana, Patrick Evansb, Prathap Parameswarana, a Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Fiedler Hall, 1701C Platt Street, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA b CDM Smith, 14432, SE Eastgate Way, Suite 100, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This study evaluates the microbial community development in the suspended sludge within a pilot-scale gas Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) sparged Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) under ambient conditions, as well as understand the infu- Microbial community structure ence of microbial signatures in the infuent municipal wastewater on the bioreactor using amplicon sequence Municipal wastewater analysis. The predominant bacterial phyla comprised of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chlorofexi Ambient operation demonstrated resiliency with ambient temperature operation over a period of 472 days. Acetoclastic Core microbiome Methanosaeta were predominant during most of the AnMBR operation. Beta diversity analysis indicated that the Syntrophy microbial communities present in the infuent wastewater did not afect the AnMBR core microbiome. Syntrophic microbial interactions were evidenced by the presence of the members from Synergistales, Anaerolineales, Clostridiales, and Syntrophobacterales. The proliferation of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) along with sulfate reduction underscored the competition of SRB in the AnMBR. Operational and environmental variables did not greatly alter the core bacterial population based on canonical correspondence analysis. 1. Introduction simultaneous recovery of indirect potable water and nutrients (Harb et al., 2015; Seib et al., 2016b; Lim et al., 2019). AnMBRs combine Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are an engineered en- anaerobic biological treatment and membrane fltration to efectively vironmental biotechnology platform that promise to ofer a sustainable degrade the organic matter, while producing high quality permeate. solution to treat wastewater with its improved energy efciency and The degradation of organic matter is performed by a diverse group of ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Parameswaran). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123425 Received 9 February 2020; Received in revised form 31 March 2020; Accepted 1 April 2020 Available online 21 April 2020 0960-8524/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A. Damodara Kannan, et al. Bioresource Technology 310 (2020) 123425 anaerobic microorganisms (mainly Bacteria and Archaea) within the anaerobic reactors. SRB reduce sulfate in the infuent municipal was- bioreactor to form methane rich biogas (methanogenesis), thereby tewater to form corrosive hydrogen sulfde by competing with metha- contributing to the energy neutrality potential of AnMBR operation. nogens for substrate, impeding methane generation and energy re- Diferent microbial groups anaerobically decompose the organic covery (Giménez et al., 2011). SRB show greater substrate afnity for matter at diferent sequential stages, namely hydrolysis, acidogenesis, both hydrogen and acetate than hydrogenotrophic methanogens and acetogenesis, and methanogenesis wherein bacteria are responsible for acetoclastic methanogens, respectively (Lens et al., 1998). Thus, un- achieving the frst three processes while Archaea alone carry out me- derstanding the population dynamics and interactions of competing thanogenesis (Zinder, 1984). Bacterial phyla such as Chlorofexi, Pro- microbial communities within the AnMBR is essential for long term teobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes are known to be ubiquitous and stable process operation. predominant in full scale anaerobic digesters (Ariesyady et al., 2007). The main challenges impeding AnMBR operation include its ability The presence of methanogenic Archaea in anaerobic digesters are of to operate at low temperatures and treat low strength wastewaters. great importance as methane generation could ofset a signifcant While many bench-scale AnMBR related studies have successfully portion of the energy demand of a wastewater treatment plant treated low strength domestic wastewaters (Lew et al., 2009; Ho and (McCarty et al., 2011). Methane generation in mesophilic anaerobic Sung, 2010; Smith et al., 2013, 2015; Seib et al., 2016b), only a few digesters is mainly contributed by acetolactic methanogenesis including studies have been performed at ambient and psychrophilic tempera- members of Methanosaetaceae family, specifcally Methanosaeta (Nelson tures (Smith et al., 2013, 2015; Gouveia et al., 2015; Seib et al., 2016a). et al., 2011). However, the predominant methanogenesis pathway(s) The current study focuses on microbial community dynamics in one of under psychrophilic conditions or under ambient operation subject to the frst pilot scale AnMBR treatment systems treating 1000 gallons per seasonal temperature swings still remains unclear, although hydro- day of municipal wastewater under ambient temperature fuctuations genotrophic methanogenesis was seen to be predominant under psy- due to seasonal changes over a long duration of operation and having chrophilic temperatures (Bialek et al., 2011). demonstrated successful operation (Lim et al., 2019). Furthermore, The microbial metabolism involved in the anaerobic degradation of evaluating the response of the microbial community within the reactor complex organic substrates are driven by syntrophic interactions be- to operational variables including temperature, pH, organic loading tween fermentative bacteria and methanogens (McInerney et al., 2007). rate (OLR), bioreactor volatile solids, and infuent characteristics is Such microbial interactions are essential to maintain steady state important for successful microbial management for steady state AnMBR anaerobic digestion operations, as primary and secondary syntrophic operation. This study evaluates microbial community development and bacteria degrade organic compounds such as alcohols, volatile fatty its temporal evolution in response to varying operational or environ- acids, and sugars to produce hydrogen. Furthermore, the methanogenic mental parameters including ambient temperature fuctuations, the Archaea consume the hydrogen to produce methane, thereby making impact of microbial groups in infuent wastewater, as well as competing the overall syntrophic interactions thermodynamically favorable under sinks, such as sulfate reduction, in a pilot scale gas sparged AnMBR steady state operation. Identifying the microbial community members treating municipal wastewater. Additionally, bacterial genera per- that facilitate completion of syntrophic processes is essential to un- forming key functional roles were identifed based on relative bacterial derstand the underlying mechanisms of interspecies hydrogen/formate abundances determined from the 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina Miseq transfer or direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) from an AnMBR high throughput sequencing analysis. perspective operated under ambient conditions. Although previous AnMBR studies have reported the microbial 2. Materials and methods composition of the bioflm and suspended sludge within the system (Smith et al., 2013; Xie et al., 2014; Seib et al., 2016a; Cheng et al., 2.1. AnMBR operation and chemical analysis: 2019; Inaba et al., 2020), not much is known about the long term re- sponse of the AnMBR core microbial population to the microbial sig- A pilot scale gas sparged AnMBR system treating municipal waste- natures of real infuent wastewater. Seib et al. (2016a) observed a shift water under ambient conditions was operated at Fort Riley, Kansas, in AnMBR microbial communities when fed with primary efuent USA. The system design and operating conditions are described in detail municipal wastewater. Similarity in bacterial community structures of in a previous publication by Lim et al. (2019). A summary of key op- raw sewage and sludge samples were also observed by Liu et al. (2007) erational parameters is shown in Table 1. in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and WWTPs with Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) systems but suggested that the 2.2. Sampling and DNA extractions dominant bacterial phyla in raw sewage did not play a major role in the treatment process. Following inoculation of the reactor using seed sludge collected Apart from syntrophic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea, sulfate from the Topeka WWTP mesophilic anaerobic digester, representative reducing bacteria (SRB) also compete for the complex substrates within bioreactor samples were collected from the middle sampling port of the Table 1 Key operational and process parameters corresponding to days when biomass samples were collected from the primary bioreactor of the pilot scale gas-sparged AnMBR. Process and operational parameters DNA sampling during diferent stages of AnMBR operation (days) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 0 157 203 222 229 243 257 262 271 384 416 445 472 pH – 7.1 6.95 6.96 6.7 – 6.88 7.49 6.89 6.93 6.84 6.77 6.92 Temperature (°C) 25.2 13.9 16.4 18.9 17.1 15.6 18 17.7 20 26.3 26.5 25.6 20.5 Bioreactor VS (mg/L) – 5820 7069 8667 5531 4337 9931 – 8153 2810 2847 1190 1853 HRT (h) 8.6 13.2 14.3 14.6 12.6 13.5 10.3 10.6
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