No.

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs National Earthquake Engineering Research Center

A Study of Seismic Microzoning of the Wilaya of Algiers in the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria

Final Report Volume II Main Report

December 2006

Oyo International Corp. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. G E

JR 06-077 PREFACE

In response to the request from the Government of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the Study on Seismic Microzoning of the Wilaya of Algiers in the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and entrusted the study to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

JICA organized and dispatched a study team headed by Mr. Osamu NISHII of OYO International Corporation and composed of OYO International Corporation and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., to Algeria six times from February 2005 to November 2006. In addition, JICA set up an advisory committee headed by Dr. Kimiro MEGURO, Professor of University of Tokyo, which examined the study from technical point of view.

The study was completed as scheduled with submission of the final report, technical guideline and associated products. The study also included technology transfer of the seismic microzoning to the counterpart agency. We hope that the output of the study will be shared by all the relevant organizations and staffs and utilized as the foundations of earthquake disaster prevention planning.

It is clear that continued endeavors for establishing sound and effective policies and projects on disaster management and for implementing them at national, local and community levels are inevitable to achieve sustainable development of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. We also hope that this study will contribute to the promotion of the future projects and to the enhancement of the friendship between two countries.

Finally, we wish to express our sincere appreciation to the officials concerned in the Government of Algeria for their close cooperation extended to the Study.

December 2006

Ariyuki MATSUMOTO Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Preface Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Photos Abbreviation Page Chapter 1. Introduction...... 1 - 1 1-1 Background ...... 1 - 1 1-2 Scope of the Study...... 1 - 1 1-2-1 Study Objectives...... 1 - 1 1-2-2 Study Concepts...... 1 - 2 1-2-3 Study Area...... 1 - 4 1-2-4 Schedule of the Study ...... 1 - 4 1-2-5 Implementation Organization ...... 1 - 6 1-3 Major Activities of the Study...... 1 - 8

Chapter 2. Data Collection and Gis Database Development ...... 2 - 1 2-1 Design of GIS Database ...... 2 - 1 2-1-1 Design of Geographic Database ...... 2 - 1 2-1-2 Base Map; Topographic Data Arrangement...... 2 - 1 2-1-3 Database for Urban Disaster Management ...... 2 - 5 2-2 Data Collection and Input...... 2 - 6 2-2-1 Topography and Geology...... 2 - 6 2-2-2 Buildings and Important Hazardous Facilities...... 2 - 8 2-2-3 Infrastructure and Lifelines...... 2 -17 2-2-4 Population and Households ...... 2 -23 2-2-5 Land-use and Urban Development ...... 2 -27 2-2-6 Disaster Management Resources...... 2 -44

Chapter 3. Natural Condition for Microzoning ...... 3 - 1 3-1 Seismotectonics and Seismicity of the Region...... 3 - 1 3-1-1 Geodynamic Context ...... 3 - 1 3-1-2 Structural and Tectonic Framework of the Algiers Region...... 3 - 7 3-1-3 Distribution of Seismicity...... 3 -10 3-1-4 Historical Earthquakes in Northern Algeria...... 3 -10 3-2 Geomorphological and Geological Features in the Study Area...... 3 -13 3-2-1 Geomorphology ...... 3 -13 3-2-2 Meteorology and Hydrogeology...... 3 -15 3-2-3 Principal Geological Structure...... 3 -19

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3-3 Supplemental Investigation...... 3 -24 3-3-1 Boring ...... 3 -24 3-3-2 Laboratory Test ...... 3 -27 3-3-3 Geophysical Investigation...... 3 -39 3-4 Properties of Engineering Geology ...... 3 -43

Chapter 4. Urban Condition for Microzoning ...... 4 - 1 4-1 Buildings ...... 4 - 1 4-1-1 Inventory Survey ...... 4 - 1 4-1-2 Building Damage of Past Earthquakes ...... 4 -12 4-2 Infrastructure and Lifelines ...... 4 -24 4-2-1 Roads ...... 4 -24 4-2-2 Bridges...... 4 -30 4-2-3 Port...... 4 -33 4-2-4 Airport...... 4 -36 4-2-5 Water Supply...... 4 -37 4-2-6 Sewerage System ...... 4 -40 4-2-7 Electric Power Supply ...... 4 -42 4-2-8 Gas Supply...... 4 -44 4-2-9 Telecommunications ...... 4 -46 4-3 Population and Dwelling Units ...... 4 -46 4-3-1 Population...... 4 -46 4-3-2 Number of Buildings ...... 4 -46 4-3-3 Dwelling Units...... 4 -46 4-3-4 Summary...... 4 -47

Chapter 5. Earthquake Hazard Assessment...... 5 - 1 5-1 Scenario Earthquakes...... 5 - 1 5-1-1 Identification of Active Faults ...... 5 - 1 5-1-2 Field Analyses...... 5 - 5 5-1-3 Implementation of the Seismotectonic Model ...... 5 - 7 5-1-4 Seismogenic Capabilities of the Faults...... 5 -11 5-2 Ground Modeling...... 5 -19 5-3 Estimation of Ground Motion ...... 5 -28 5-3-1 Bedrock Motion Analysis ...... 5 -28 5-3-2 Subsurface Amplification Analysis...... 5 -32 5-3-3 Evaluation of Earthquake Ground Motion...... 5 -34 5-4 Estimation of Liquefaction Potential...... 5 -38 5-4-1 Methodology...... 5 -38 5-4-2 Preconditions for the Analysis ...... 5 -40 5-4-3 Liquefaction Potential...... 5 -43 5-5 Estimation of Slope Stability...... 5 -45 5-5-1 Expected Slope Hazards ...... 5 -45 5-5-2 Methodology...... 5 -48

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5-5-3 Preconditions for the Analysis ...... 5 -51 5-5-4 Evaluation of Slope Stability ...... 5 -58 5-5-5 Slope Site Inspection ...... 5 -59

Chapter 6. Damage Estimation...... 6 - 1 6-1 Damage to Buildings ...... 6 - 1 6-1-1 Building Categories ...... 6 - 1 6-1-2 Building Damage from the 1980 El Asnam and 2003 Boumerdes Earthquakes ...... 6 - 2 6-1-3 Building Damage Function...... 6 - 5 Appendix Deviation and Damage Function ...... 6 -16 6-1-4 Estimated Damage ...... 6 -17 6-2 Human Casualties...... 6 -23 6-2-1 Methodology...... 6 -23 6-2-2 Damage Estimation...... 6 -26 6-3 Infrastructure and Lifelines ...... 6 -29 6-3-1 Bridges...... 6 -29 6-3-2 Ports ...... 6 -46 6-3-3 Airports...... 6 -49 6-3-4 Water Supply...... 6 -51 6-3-5 Sewerage Pipelines...... 6 -66 6-3-6 Electric Power Supply Cable ...... 6 -69 6-3-7 Gas Supply Pipelines ...... 6 -76 6-3-8 Telecommunications ...... 6 -83 6-4 Summary of Damages Immediately after the Scenario Earthquakes ...... 6 -84

Chapter 7. Existing Social Conditions ...... 7 - 1 7-1 Population and Households ...... 7 - 1 7-1-1 Demography of Algiers...... 7 - 1 7-1-2 Population and household profiles...... 7 - 5 7-1-3 The seismic risk that households face in Algiers...... 7 - 9 7-2 Land-use and Urban Development...... 7 -13 7-2-1 General considerations of Algiers metropolis...... 7 -13 7-2-2 Recent Situation of Urban Planning and Administrative Organization ...... 7 -14 7-2-3 Land-use Development planning and Environment Preservation Planning ...... 7 -18 7-3 Risk Perception and Culture in Algiers - Social Factors of Vulnerability and Resilience...... 7 -20 7-3-1 General considerations...... 7 -20 7-3-2 Viewpoints expressed by the different stakeholders...... 7 -21 7-3-3 Social and community factors of vulnerability and resilience...... 7 -26

Chapter 8. Existing Disaster Management System...... 8 - 1 8-1 Legal Framework for Disaster Management ...... 8 - 1 8-1-1 Introduction...... 8 - 1 8-1-2 Legal framework...... 8 - 3

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8-2 Institutional and Organizational Systems ...... 8 -16 8-2-1 National Level...... 8 -16 8-2-2 Local Level (Wilayas and Communes)...... 8 -24 8-2-3 The Community and NGOs ...... 8 -31 8-3 Disaster Management Plan...... 8 -32 8-3-1 Introduction...... 8 -32 8-3-2 ORSEC plan: Introduction...... 8 -34 8-3-3 ORSEC Plan: Framework and Command Body...... 8 -35 8-3-4 Implementation Mechanism of the ORSEC Plan ...... 8 -36 8-3-5 Organization and Missions of the ORSEC Plan the 14 Modules ...... 8 -37 8-4 Lessons Learnt from Past Disasters...... 8 -39 8-4-1 El Asnam Earthquake (10 October 1980) ...... 8 -39 8-4-2 Bab El Oued Floods (10 November 2001) ...... 8 -41 8-4-3 Boumerdes Earthquake (21 May 2003) ...... 8 -44 8-4-4 Summary...... 8 -49

Chapter 9. Evaluation of Urban Vulnerability...... 9 - 1 9-1 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings...... 9 - 1 9-1-1 Masonry Buildings...... 9 - 1 9-1-2 RC Buildings...... 9 -14 Appendix 1 Seismic Evaluation of a Non-engineered Five Storey Apartment House ... 9 -26 Appendix 2 Earthquake Damage ...... 9 -28 Appendix 3 Correction of Errors for Standard of Seismic Evaluation (English Version) ...... 9 -29 9-2 Urban Vulnerability to Earthquake Disaster...... 9 -30 9-2-1 Urban Vulnerability to Earthquake Disaster ...... 9 -30 9-2-2 Urban Vulnerability within the Study Area...... 9 -30 9-2-3 Identification of “Urban” Areas within the Study Area ...... 9 -31 9-2-4 Population Density...... 9 -32 9-2-5 Building Age...... 9 -33 9-2-6 Economic Value ...... 9 -35 9-2-7 Ground Surface Motion Potential ...... 9 -37 9-2-8 Slope Failure Risk...... 9 -39 9-2-9 Ease of Evacuation/Rescue...... 9 -40 9-2-10 Preparation of Earthquake Vulnerability Charts ...... 9 -47 9-2-11 Earthquake Vulnerability by Sector...... 9 -51 9-2-12 Review of Existing Urban Vulnerability and Micro-zoning Results ...... 9 -55 9-2-13 Comprehensive Evaluation of Urban Vulnerability...... 9 -60 9-2-14 Case Study 1: Evacuation Point Capacity and Other Potential Refuge Sites ...... 9 -63 9-2-15 Case Study 2: Safety of the Regional Evacuation/Rescue Road Network in an Emergency ...... 9 -69 9-2-16 Case Study 3: Possible Methods for Towns to Mitigate the Effects of Earthquake Disasters...... 9 -72 9-3 Earthquake Disaster Scenario...... 9 -80

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Chapter 10. Suggestions for Reduction of Seismic Damage ...... 10- 1 10-1 Clarification of Important Issues ...... 10- 1 10-2 Suggestions concerning Organizations, Systems, and Disaster Management Plans ...... 10-19 10-2-1 Comprehensive Disaster Management ...... 10-19 10-2-2 Recommendations concerning Organizations, Systems, and Disaster Prevention Plans ...... 10-22 10-3 Buildings ...... 10-29 10-3-1 Concept of Seismic Retrofit...... 10-29 10-3-2 Masonry Buildings...... 10-31 10-3-3 RC Buildings...... 10-59 Appendix 1 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and CTSD, and Seismic Intensity and Earthquake Damage ...... 10-75 10-4 Infrastructure and Lifelines ...... 10-77 10-4-1 Infrastructure...... 10-77 10-4-2 Lifelines ...... 10-92

Chapter 11. Database for Urban Disaster Management...... 11- 1 11-1 Database for Urban Disaster Management...... 11- 1 11-2 Development of User Interface System...... 11- 3 11-2-1 Objectives ...... 11- 3 11-2-2 Data Entry Support System...... 11- 3 11-2-3 HTML-Based Module : Map Browsing System...... 11- 6 11-2-4 GIS Data Viewer; ArcExplorer ...... 11- 7 11-3 Operation and Maintenance Plan...... 11- 7

Chapter 12. Technology Transfer of Seismic Microzoning ...... 12- 1 12-1 Scenario Earthquakes...... 12- 1 12-2 Ground Modeling and Natural Hazards (written by N. Mezouer; Geotechnical C/P) ...... 12- 4 12-3 Damage Estimation...... 12- 7 12-3-1 Buildings...... 12- 7 12-3-2 Infrastructure and Lifelines...... 12- 9 12-4 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Buildings...... 12-11 12-4-1 Masonry Buildings...... 12-11 12-4-2 RC Buildings...... 12-13 12-5 GIS Data Development...... 12-16

Appendix Site Inspection of Slope

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List of Figures

Page Figure 1-1 Framework of Earthquake Disaster Management Activities ...... 1 - 3 Figure 1-2 Map of the Study Area...... 1 - 4 Figure 1-3 Overall Schedule...... 1 - 4 Figure 1-4 Work Schedule...... 1 - 5 Figure 1-5 Organization for the Study...... 1 - 6

Figure 2-1 Connections ...... 2 - 3 Figure 2-2 Intersections...... 2 - 3 Figure 2-3 Areas...... 2 - 3 Figure 2-4 Edge Matching...... 2 - 4 Figure 2-5 Conceptual Database Schematic...... 2 - 6 Figure 2-6 Index of Topographic Maps...... 2 - 7 Figure 2-7 Digital Elevation Model ...... 2 - 7 Figure 2-8 Reinforced Concrete Structures...... 2 -10 Figure 2-9 Steel Structures ...... 2 -10 Figure 2-10 Masonry Structures...... 2 -10 Figure 2-11 Hollow Concrete Block Structures ...... 2 -10 Figure 2-12 Topographic Map, Scale = 1:10,000...... 2 -17 Figure 2-13 Schematic Road Map...... 2 -17 Figure 2-14 Annual Passengers Transported...... 2 -18 Figure 2-15 Annual Freight...... 2 -18 Figure 2-16 Example of Digital Data for the Water Supply Pipelines ...... 2 -19 Figure 2-17 Example of Water Tower Location Map...... 2 -19 Figure 2-18 Example of Map of the Sewerage Network...... 2 -20 Figure 2-19 Example of High Voltage Cable Network Map ...... 2 -21 Figure 2-20 Example of Medium Voltage Cable Network Map...... 2 -21 Figure 2-21 Example of the Network Map of High Pressure Gas Pipelines...... 2 -22 Figure 2-22 Example of the Network Map of Medium Pressure Gas Pipelines ...... 2 -22 Figure 2-23 Population of the Wilaya of Algiers over the Past 50 Years ...... 2 -23 Figure 2-24 Population of Communes between the Censuses of 1987 and 1998 ...... 2 -24 Figure 2-25 Change in Population Density between 1987 and 2002 ...... 2 -25 Figure 2-26 Population Pyramid for 1998...... 2 -26 Figure 2-27 Land Cover Condition of the Wilaya of Algiers in 1987 and 2000/2001 ...... 2 -29 Figure 2-28 Comparison between Urbanized Areas in 1987 and 2000/2001...... 2 -32 Figure 2-29 Schematic urban expansion within the Study Area by the early 1960’s ...... 2 -33 Figure 2-30 Percentage of commune urbanization in 1987 and 2000/2001...... 2 -34 Figure 2-31 Relative Density of Built-up Areas (%) within the Study Area...... 2 -35 Figure 2-32 Relative Built Up Area Density and Building Construction Year by Commune...... 2 -36 Figure 2-33 Road Density (km/km2) by Commune and Relative Built Up Area Density...... 2 -38 Figure 2-34 Grand Urban Project for Algiers, the Capital of the 21st Century...... 2 -40

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Figure 2-35 Current status of POS within the Study Area ...... 2 -43 Figure 2-36 Distribution of Disaster Management Resources in BEN AKNOUN and Adjacent Areas ...... 2 -45 Figure 2-37 Photographs of Existing Built-up Areas and Disaster Management Resources ...... 2 -46

Figure 3-1 Topographic and Bathymetric Map of the African (Nubia-Somalia) Neighboring Plates and Their Boundaries, modified from McClusky et al (2003). Black arrows show displacements predicted by the NUVEL-1A model (DeMets et al, 1990, 1994). SG: Straight of Gibraltar; BM: Betic Massif; RM: Rif Massif; AM: Atlas Massif; PM: Palmyrid Massif; CM: Caucasus Massif; B-Z: Bitlis-Zagros Belt; GA: Gulf of Aden...... 3 - 2 Figure 3-2 Schematic Trace of the Africa (Nubia)-Eurasia Plate Boundary, modified from Kiratzi and Papazachos (1995) ...... 3 - 2 Figure 3-3 Africa/Eurasia Relative Displacement and Uncertainty Ellipses (2σ), on a Schematic Plate Boundary between the Azores Triple Junction and Italy, based on rotation pole from McClusky et al (2003). SG: Straight of Gibraltar; BM: Betic Massif; AS: Alboran Sea; RM: Rif Massif; CT: Calabrian Trench; TB: Thyrrhenian Basin...... 3 - 4 Figure 3-4 Location and Depth of Instrumental Seismicity in the Maghreb Region ...... 3 - 5 Figure 3-5 Focal Mechanisms from Instrumental Seismicity in the Maghreb Region...... 3 - 6 Figure 3-6 Schematic Map of Northern Algeria Showing Principal Structural Domains, modified from Bracène and Frizon de Lamotte (2002). Figure numbers refer to cross-sections in the article from Bracène and Frizon de Lamotte (2002)...... 3 - 7 Figure 3-7 Conceptual Model of the Three Stages of the Inversion of the Tellian Margin and Atlas Range on a NW-SE Section, (Bracène and Frizon de Lamotte, 2002)...... 3 - 8 Figure 3-8 Distribution of Historical and Instrumental Seismicity in the Algiers Area ...... 3 -10 Figure 3-9 Recent Significant Earthquakes in the Algiers Area (Saadi, 2005) ...... 3 -11 Figure 3-10 Topographic Map (from Encarta) ...... 3 -13 Figure 3-11 Topography of the Study Area...... 3 -14 Figure 3-12 Distribution of Rivers in the Study Area ...... 3 -15 Figure 3-13 Average Monthly Temperature in Algiers (1913 – 1937)...... 3 -15 Figure 3-14 Precipitation in Algiers (Station Code: 020607) Provided by ANRH ...... 3 -16 Figure 3-15 Map of Groundwater Elevations...... 3 -17 Figure 3-16 Seasonal Variation (River Discharge, Precipitation, Groundwater Depth)...... 3 -18 Figure 3-17 Diagrammatic Map (a) Diagrammatic Structural Map of the Maghrebide Chain, showing the layout of the internal and the external zones, (b) A Simplified Section looking East (Durand-Delga and Fonboté, 1980) ...... 3 -19 Figure 3-18 Pliocene Stratigraphy of Algiers Region (Djediat, 1996) ...... 3 -21 Figure 3-19 Geological Map of the Study Area ...... 3 -23 Figure 3-20 Boring Locations ...... 3 -24 Figure 3-21 Frequency Distribution of Density (p1-f, p2l-f, p2c-f, a2) ...... 3 -35 Figure 3-22 Distribution of Density (ap, a3, q, qt, p2l, p1, mi, mi-f)...... 3 -36 Figure 3-23 Distribution of D50, Fc and Ip...... 3 -37

vii Final Report

Figure 3-24 Distribution of c and φ...... 3 -38 Figure 3-25 Example of S Wave Signals...... 3 -40 Figure 3-26 Distribution of Poisson’s Ratio...... 3 -40 Figure 3-27 Frequency Distribution of S Wave Velocity ...... 3 -41 Figure 3-28 Correlation between S Wave Velocity and N Value...... 3 -42 Figure 3-29 Distribution of N Values ...... 3 -43

Figure 4-1 Flow Chart of Building Inventory Survey ...... 4 - 2 Figure 4-2 Structural Survey Sheet ...... 4 - 3 Figure 4-3 Structural Type of Buildings in Each Commune ...... 4 - 5 Figure 4-4 Year of Construction of the Buildings in Each Commune...... 4 - 6 Figure 4-5 Number of Stories of the Buildings in Each Commune ...... 4 - 6 Figure 4-6 Perspective View of Traditional Houses at CASBAH...... 4 - 8 Figure 4-7 Classification of Damage to Masonry and RC Buildings...... 4 -15 Figure 4-8 Building Damage Map for Wilaya Boumerdes and 3 Communes of the eastern part of Algiers Due to 2003 Boumerdes Earthquake Based on Building Numbers...... 4 -21 Figure 4-9 Building Damage Map for Wilaya Algiers and Wilaya Boumerdes Due to 2003 Boumerdes Earthquake Based on Dwelling Units...... 4 -23 Figure 4-10 Road Networks by Road Class ...... 4 -26 Figure 4-11 Road Network classified by Road Width...... 4 -28 Figure 4-12 Bridge Locations...... 4 -31 Figure 4-13 Characteristics of Bridge Structures ...... 4 -32 Figure 4-14 Bridge Locations and Geological Features...... 4 -33 Figure 4-15 History of Port Development...... 4 -34 Figure 4-16 Number of Ships Operating in Algiers Port...... 4 -35 Figure 4-17 Distribution of Water Supply Pipelines and Location of Elevated Water Tanks...... 4 -39 Figure 4-18 Distribution of Sewerage Pipelines and Location of Pumping Stations...... 4 -41 Figure 4-19 Distribution of Electric Power Supply Cable ...... 4 -43 Figure 4-20 Distribution of Gas Supply Pipelines ...... 4 -45 Figure 4-21 Example of Commune Boundary and Assigned Grid Relationship...... 4 -49

Figure 5-1 Location and Inferred Surface Traces of Faults...... 5 - 1 Figure 5-2 Bathymetric Data from the Maradja Ccuise (eastern part), showing the Zemmouri offshore fault that generated the May 21, 2003 Boumerdes earthquake (modified from Deverchères et al., 2005) ...... 5 - 3 Figure 5-3 Reflection Seismic Data from the Maradja Cruise showing quaternary deposits tilted by displacement along the offshore fault that generated the May 21, 2003 Boumerdes earthquake (modified from Deverchères et al., 2005)...... 5 - 4 Figure 5-4 Bathymetric Data from the MARADJA Cruise (western part), showing the Khair al Din offshore fault north of Khair al Din bank (modified from Domzig et al., submitted) ...... 5 - 4

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Figure 5-5 Topographic Profiles across Oued Beni Messous, showing lack of topographic asymmetry. Active faulting along the Oued would generate asymmetry of its banks in the present-day stress pattern...... 5 - 6 Figure 5-6 View of a Possible Minor E-W-striking North-dipping Reverse Fault Observed Near Bains Romains. This very minor structure would be similar to the fault described in the same area by Saadallah (1981, 1984)...... 5 - 7 Figure 5-7 Block Diagram Showing 3D Geometry of the Proposed Seismotectonic Model...... 5 -11 Figure 5-8 Magnitude vs Mean Return Period ; dashed lines show uncertainties (1σ)...... 5 -18 Figure 5-9 Flowchart of Ground Modeling...... 5 -20 Figure 5-10 Distribution of Two Kinds of Engineering Seismic Bedrock ...... 5 -22 Figure 5-11 Interpolated Depth of Layers...... 5 -23 Figure 5-12 Surface Soil...... 5 -24 Figure 5-13 Typical Cross Section of the Study Area (east-west (Boring No. 6- Boring No. 11))...... 5 -25 Figure 5-14 Typical Cross Section of the Study Area (north-south (Borehole No. 8- Borehole No. 31))...... 5 -26 Figure 5-15 Ground Model Converted from Typical Model ...... 5 -27 Figure 5-16 Location of Strong Motion Observatory that Recorded Boumerdes Earthquake; triangle: observatory, star: epicenter, rectangle: source fault by Delouis et al. (2004) ...... 5 -29 Figure 5-17 Comparison of Observed PGA with Attenuation Formula ...... 5 -30 Figure 5-18 Fault Models of Scenario Earthquakes...... 5 -31 Figure 5-19 Acceleration Distribution at Bedrock ...... 5 -31 Figure 5-20 Non-linear Properties of Soils ...... 5 -33 Figure 5-21 Used Input Waves for Response Analysis ...... 5 -34 Figure 5-22 Peak Ground Acceleration Distribution at Ground Surface...... 5 -35 Figure 5-23 Empirical Relation between PGA and Seismic Intensity in MSK Scale ...... 5 -36 Figure 5-24 Seismic Intensity Distribution in MSK Scale...... 5 -37 Figure 5-25 Correlation between N Value and Effective Overburden Pressure ...... 5 -42 Figure 5-26 Example of Water Level Section near OUED EL HARRACH ...... 5 -43 Figure 5-27 Liquefaction Potential Distribution ...... 5 -44 Figure 5-28 Model of Potential Landslide Mass (Tanaka, 1982)...... 5 -49 Figure 5-29 Typical Section of Slope (Koppula, 1984)...... 5 -49 Figure 5-30 Variation of N1 (min) (Ansal and Siyahi, 1994)...... 5 -50 Figure 5-31 Relationship between Slope Angle and Critical Acceleration ...... 5 -52 Figure 5-32 Slope Gradient Distribution Calculated from INCT DEM...... 5 -53 Figure 5-33 Slope Gradient Distribution Calculated from 1/10,000 Topographic Map...... 5 -53 Figure 5-34 Example of the Frequency Distribution of Slope Angle in the Grid...... 5 -54 Figure 5-35 Actual Slope and DEM Data ...... 5 -54 Figure 5-36 Correction Formula for Slope Angle ...... 5 -55 Figure 5-37 Flowchart of Slope Stability Analysis ...... 5 -57 Figure 5-38 Slope Failure Potential Distribution ...... 5 -58 Figure 5-39 Locations of Inspected Slopes ...... 5 -60

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Figure 6-1 Results of Damage Survey...... 6 - 4 Figure 6-2 Flow Chart for Damage Function (Vulnerability Function) ...... 6 - 5 Figure 6-3 Surveyed Damage Ratio for Four Structural Types and Estimated Seismic Intensity for Three Communes in the Study Area caused by the 2003 Boumerdes Earthquake...... 6 - 6 Figure 6-4 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and Concrete Strength ...... 6 - 8 Figure 6-5 Distribution of Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and Earthquake Damage 1)...... 6 - 8 Figure 6-6 Distribution of Seismic Index of Structure, Is, for Pre-code RC Frame Structures...... 6 - 9 Figure 6-7 Heavily Damaged Ratio shown by the Area of Distribution of Is ...... 6 -10 Figure 6-8 Normalized Ground Motion and Seismic Intensity (Normalized for Seismic Intensity 8) ...... 6 -10 Figure 6-9 Seismic Index of Structure, Seismic Intensity and Heavily Damaged Ratio...... 6 -11 Figure 6-10 Supposed Distribution of Seismic Index of Structure, Is, for each Structural Type...... 6 -13 Figure 6-11 Building Damage Function...... 6 -13 Figure 6-12 Surveyed Damage Ratio caused by the 2003 Boumerdes Earthquake and Damage Function for Four Structural Types ...... 6 -14 Figure 6-13 Surveyed Average Damage Ratios, Estimated Range of Seismic Intensity during the Boumerdes Earthquake and Damage Function ...... 6 -15 Figure 6-A1 Distribution of Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and Deviation...... 6 -16 Figure 6-A2 Damage Function for Different Deviation with Same, Is, of Peak Value of Distribution...... 6 -16 Figure 6-14 Flowchart of building inventory distribution...... 6 -17 Figure 6-15 Example of building polygon and 250 meter grid boundary ...... 6 -17 Figure 6-16 Building Distribution by class ...... 6 -18 Figure 6-17 Number of Heavily Damaged Buildings ...... 6 -21 Figure 6-18 Ratio of Heavily Damaged Buildings...... 6 -22 Figure 6-19 Damage Function to Estimate the Number Killed...... 6 -26 Figure 6-20 Damage Function to Estimate the Number of Injured...... 6 -26 Figure 6-21 Number of Dead ...... 6 -28 Figure 6-22 Flowchart of Stability Analysis of Bridges...... 6 -30 Figure 6-23 View of SEBAO Bridge ...... 6 -34 Figure 6-24 Lateral Ground Movement at a Pier of SEBAO Bridge ...... 6 -35 Figure 6-25 Displacement of a Girder and Lateral Movement of a Pier of SEBAO Bridge ...... 6 -36 Figure 6-26 View of EL HARRACH Bridge ...... 6 -36 Figure 6-27 Displacement of a Girder of EL HARRACH Bridge ...... 6 -38 Figure 6-28 Location Map of Probability of Bridges with Falling girders: Khair al Din ...... 6 -40 Figure 6-29 Location Map of Probability of Bridges with Falling girders: Zemmouri...... 6 -40 Figure 6-30 High and Moderate Probability of Girders Falling off of Bridges: Khair al Din ...... 6 -44 Figure 6-31 High and Moderate Probability of Girders Falling off of Bridges: Zemmouri...... 6 -46 Figure 6-32 Verification of the Damage Function for the Port...... 6 -47 Figure 6-33 Result of Port Damage Estimation ...... 6 -48 Figure 6-34 Relationship between Damage Grade of Airport and PGA ...... 6 -50

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Figure 6-35 Result of Airport Damage Estimation...... 6 -51 Figure 6-36 Relationship between Peak Ground Acceleration and Standard Damage Ratio for buried Pipeline based on the San Fernando Earthquake (1971)...... 6 -52 Figure 6-37 Damage Function Curve for Water Supply Pipeline by each Material...... 6 -53 Figure 6-38 Damage Points of Water Supply Pipeline: Khair al Din...... 6 -54 Figure 6-39 Damage Points of Water Supply Pipeline: Zemmouri...... 6 -54 Figure 6-40 Geo-Hazard Map by PGA and Liquefaction Potential ...... 6 -62 Figure 6-41 Geo-Hazard Map by PGA and Slope Failure Risk ...... 6 -63 Figure 6-42 Qualitative Damage Estimation for Elevated Water Supply Tanks: Khair al Din...... 6 -64 Figure 6-43 Qualitative Damage Estimation for Elevated Water Supply Tanks: Zemmouri ...... 6 -65 Figure 6-44 Qualitatively Damage Estimation for Sewerage Pipelines: Khair al Din...... 6 -67 Figure 6-45 Qualitative Damage Estimation for Sewerage Pipelines: Zemmouri ...... 6 -68 Figure 6-46 Damage Function Curve for Medium Voltage Cables...... 6 -70 Figure 6-47 Damage Length of Medium Voltage Cable: Khair al Din ...... 6 -71 Figure 6-48 Damage Length of Medium Voltage Cable: Zemmouri ...... 6 -71 Figure 6-49 Qualitative Damage Estimation for the High Voltage Cables and Substations: Khair al Din...... 6 -74 Figure 6-50 Qualitative Damage Estimation for the High Voltage Cables and Substations: Zemmouri...... 6 -75 Figure 6-51 Damage Function Curve for Gas Supply Pipelines by each Material ...... 6 -77 Figure 6-52 Damage Points of the Gas Supply Pipeline: Khair al Din ...... 6 -80 Figure 6-53 Damage Points of the Gas Supply Pipeline: Zemmouri ...... 6 -80 Figure 6-54 Qualitative Damage Estimation of High Pressure Gas Pipelines and Substations: Khair al Din...... 6 -82 Figure 6-55 Qualitative Damage Estimation of High Pressure Gas Pipelines and Substations: Zemmouri...... 6 -82 Figure 6-56 Distribution of Damage Ratio for Damage Estimation for the Optic Fiber Cables: Khair al Din ...... 6 -83 Figure 6-57 Distribution of Damage Ratio for Damage Estimation for the Optic Fiber Cables: Zemmouri ...... 6 -83

Figure 7-1 Population of the Wilaya of Algiers over the Past 50 Years ...... 7 - 1 Figure 7-2 Population of Communes in the censuses of 1987 and 1998 ...... 7 - 3 Figure 7-3 Evolution of Population Density from 1987 to 2003...... 7 - 4 Figure 7-4 Population Pyramid ...... 7 - 5 Figure 7-5 Working persons in a household...... 7 - 6 Figure 7-6 Total income of a household...... 7 - 6 Figure 7-7 Number of households with handicapped people...... 7 - 7 Figure 7-8 Number of families in a household...... 7 - 7 Figure 7-9 Number of members in a household...... 7 - 8 Figure 7-10 Area of ground and lot cover percentage...... 7 - 8 Figure 7-11 Available days of piped water per week ...... 7 - 9 Figure 7-12 Capacity of water tank (m3)...... 7 - 9 Figure 7-13 Evaluation of their houses by the householders in collective housing ...... 7 -10 Figure 7-14 Evaluation of a their houses by the householders of detached house...... 7 -10

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Figure 7-15 Householders opinions on physical vulnerability of schools...... 7 -10 Figure 7-16 Dairas and Communes of the Wilaya of AlgiersOriginal document URBANIS completed with the name of Daira ...... 7 -18

Figure 9-1 Unit Weights of Typical Roof and Floor System...... 9 - 5 Figure 9-2 Typical Unit Weight of Each Element (1/2)...... 9 -11 Figure 9-3 Typical Unit Weight of Each Element (2/2)...... 9 -12 Figure 9-4 Result of Seismic Evaluation...... 9 -19 Figure 9-5 Design Drawings ...... 9 -19 Figure 9-6 Structural frame ...... 9 -19 Figure 9-7 Structural Framing Plan and Elevation...... 9 -22 Figure 9-8 Design Drawings ...... 9 -25 Figure 9-A1 Seismic Index of structure, Is, and Concrete Strength...... 9 -27 Figure 9-A2 Typical Framing Plan...... 9 -27 Figure 9-A3 Structural Frame ...... 9 -27 Figure 9-A4 Apartment Houses Damaged by 2003 Boumerdes Earthquake...... 9 -28 Figure 9-A5 Damage to a School by 1994 Mascara Earthquake ...... 9 -28 Figure 9-9 Communes within the Study Area ...... 9 -30 Figure 9-10 Aerial Photo Image Samples of Built-up Areas...... 9 -31 Figure 9-11 Relative Density of Built-up Areas within the Study Area...... 9 -32 Figure 9-12 Relative Population Density within Built-up Areas...... 9 -32 Figure 9-13 Percentage of Buildings Constructed before 1981 in Each Commune...... 9 -34 Figure 9-14 Economically Active Zone in the Study Area...... 9 -35 Figure 9-15 Relative Extent Ratio of the Economically Active Zones within Each Commune ...... 9 -36 Figure 9-16 Distribution of the Ground Amplification Factors within the Study Area...... 9 -37 Figure 9-17 Distribution of Slope Gradients within the Study Area ...... 9 -39 Figure 9-18 Possible Road Network for Evacuation/rescue Activities ...... 9 -41 Figure 9-19 Relative Isolation Potential Due to Road Network Discontinuity within the Study Area ...... 9 -41 Figure 9-20 An Example of Splitting a Road by the Micro-zoning GRID ...... 9 -42 Figure 9-21 Generalized View of a Rank “Ba” Road...... 9 -42 Figure 9-22 Generalized View of a Rank “Bb” Road ...... 9 -43 Figure 9-23 Conceptual View of ‘safe’ Roads and ‘unsafe’ Roads ...... 9 -43 Figure 9-24 Conceptual View of Cell-based Isolation Risk ...... 9 -44 Figure 9-25 Availability of Evacuation Points within the Study Area ...... 9 -44 Figure 9-26 Conceptual View of a 500 m Wide Buffer around a Site, and Its Classification ...... 9 -45 Figure 9-27 Distribution of Accessibility Values in the Study Area...... 9 -46 Figure 9-28 Typical Earthquake Vulnerability Chart for a Commune ...... 9 -48 Figure 9-29 Distribution of Relative Urban Vulnerability for the Study Area ...... 9 -50 Figure 9-30 Distribution of Exposure Vulnerability...... 9 -52 Figure 9-31 Distribution of Seismic Hazard Risk ...... 9 -54 Figure 9-32 Distribution of Evacuation/rescue Difficulty...... 9 -55

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Figure 9-33 Comparison of the Estimated Distribution of Heavily Damaged/collapsed Building Ratios due to the Khair al Din and Zemmouri Models...... 9 -56 Figure 9-34 Comparison of the Distribution of the Death Toll Estimated by the Khair al Din and Zemmouri Models...... 9 -57 Figure 9-35 Comparison of the Distribution of the Estimated Number of Injured Victims due to the Khair al Din and Zemmouri Models...... 9 -58 Figure 9-36 Comparison of the Distribution of the Estimated Number of Homeless vulictims Estimated by the Khair al Din and Zemmouri Models ...... 9 -58 Figure 9-37 Distribution of Commune Groups by Urban Vulnerability Characteristics...... 9 -61 Figure 9-38 Location of Possible Road Cuts on the ‘Autoroute’ (Highway) and National Road R.N.05 between ALGER CENTRE and MOUHAMMADIA...... 9 -70 Figure 9-39 Location of National Road R.N.24 between BORDJ EL KIFFAN and BRODJ EL BAHRI ...... 9 -71 Figure 9-40 Existing Condition of the Selected Area in SIDI M’HAMED and Its Adjacent Communes...... 9 -73 Figure 9-41 Existing Condition of the Selected Area in EL HARRCH and Adjacent Communes...... 9 -77

Figure 10-1 Disaster Prevention Cycle ...... 10-20 Figure 10-2 Concept of Seismic Retrofit for Existing Buildings ...... 10-29 Figure 10-3 Classification of Seismic Upgrading Methods ...... 10-30 Figure 10-4 Elevation showing Installation of Seismic Isolators...... 10-33 Figure 10-5 Lead Rubber Bearing Isolator Plan (Below 1st Floor Level) ...... 10-33 Figure 10-6 Lead Rubber Bearing Isolator Plan (Below Basement Floor Level) ...... 10-34 Figure 10-7 Additional Roof Truss Reinforcing for Existing Steel Arch...... 10-35 Figure 10-8 Plan and Elevation of Additional Roof Truss ...... 10-35 Figure 10-9 Mortar Grouting Method for Existing Bearing Walls...... 10-37 Figure 10-10 Procedure of Mortar Grouting Method...... 10-38 Figure 10-11 Typical details of New RC Connecting Beams and New RC Shear Walls...... 10-43 Figure 10-12 Retrofit Plan for the 1st Floor...... 10-44 Figure 10-13 Retrofit Plan for the Mezzanine Floor...... 10-46 Figure 10-14 Retrofit Plan for the 2nd Floor...... 10-48 Figure 10-15 Retrofit Plan for the 3rd Floor ...... 10-50 Figure 10-16 Retrofit Plan for the 4th Floor ...... 10-52 Figure 10-17 Elevation of the Seismic Isolator Installation...... 10-54 Figure 10-18 Layout of Seismic Isolators ...... 10-55 Figure 10-19 Seismic Index of Strucutre, Is, and CTSD after Retrofit ...... 10-63 Figure 10-20 Ductility Index and Strength Index in X direction of the 1st Storey ...... 10-64 Figure 10-21 Layout of RC Walls for Retrofit at 1st storey to 4th Storey...... 10-64 Figure 10-22 Reinforced Concrete Walls for Retrofit ...... 10-65 Figure 10-23 Typical Detail of Reinforced Concrete Wall for Retrofit...... 10-65 Figure 10-24 Seismic Index of Structure and Strength Index in X direction of 1st Storey...... 10-68 Figure 10-25 Ductility Index and Strength Index in X direction of 1st Storey ...... 10-68 Figure 10-26 Framing Elevation with Walls for Retrofit (Case 2)...... 10-69 Figure 10-27 Typical Details of Reinforced Concrete Wing-wall...... 10-69

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Figure 10-28 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and, CTSD, after the Retrofit using Column Jacketing ...... 10-71 Figure 10-29 Relationship of the Strength Index and Ductility Index in the X direction of the 1st Storey...... 10-72 Figure 10-30 Standard Detail of Column Jacketing ...... 10-72 Figure 10-31 Retrofit Plan at the 1st Storey using 3 Different Methods...... 10-73 Figure 10-A1 Comparison between EMS (MSK) and JMA ...... 10-75 Figure 10-A2 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and Earthquake Damage in Japan ...... 10-75 Figure 10-A3 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and Earthquake Damage...... 10-76 Figure 10-A4 Seismic Index of Structure, Is (2nd Level), and Damage Ratio of Buildings due to ...... 10-76 Figure 10-A5 Seismic Index of Structure (2nd Level), Is, and CTSD and Buildings Damaged by 1995 ...... 10-76 Figure 10-32 Characteristics of Road Damage caused by an Earthquake...... 10-78 Figure 10-33 Relationship between Road Damage and Ground Acceleration...... 10-79 Figure 10-34 Methods of Increasing Seismic Strength of Bridge Structures...... 10-81 Figure 10-35 Typical Samples of “Unseating Prevention System”...... 10-82 Figure 10-36 Effects of Measures in accordance with Various Degrees of Earthquake Intensity ...... 10-83 Figure 10-37 Example of Displacement Controlling by Damper...... 10-84 Figure 10-38 A Seismic Isolation Device (Lead Rubber Bearing)...... 10-84 Figure 10-39 Behavior of Seismic Isolation Device ...... 10-85 Figure 10-40 RC Jacketing Method ...... 10-85 Figure 10-41 Steel Jacketing Method...... 10-86 Figure 10-42 Fiber Jacketing Method ...... 10-86 Figure 10-43 Summary of Measures to reduce or prevent Liquefaction...... 10-87

Figure 11-1 Conceptual Diagram for the Urban Disaster Management Database ...... 11- 3 Figure 11-2 Conceptual Flow of Data Entry Supporting System...... 11- 5 Figure 11-3 Basic Functions and Flow of the Data Entry Support System...... 11- 6 Figure 11-4 Image of Data Entry Support System and Map Browsing System...... 11- 7 Figure 11-5 Conceptual Flow of Operation and Maintenance ...... 11- 8

Figure 12-1 Examples of Overestimate and Underestimate of Long-term Slip-rate (straight line) when extrapolated from a limited number of seismic events (stepped line)...... 12- 3 Figure 12-2 Preliminary Estimates of Slip rate from Elevation of Marine Terraces Corrected for Sea Level Variations. Two hypotheses have been considered for age of terraces...... 12- 3 Figure 12-3 Flow of Information for Creating a GIS Database ...... 12-18

xiv Table of Contents

List of Tables

Page Table 1-1 Major Activities of the Study...... 1 - 8

Table 2-1 Summary of Design Loads for Buildings in Algiers by Seismic Codes...... 2 -14 Table 2-2 Example of Summary of the Sewerage Pipeline Attributes (extract from the list) ...... 2 -20 Table 2-3 Estimate of the Population of the Wilaya of Algiers, as of December 31, 2002...... 2 -24 Table 2-4 Work Activity of Residents in the Wilaya of Algiers...... 2 -26 Table 2-5 Population and Number of Households by Commune within the Study Area ...... 2 -27 Table 2-6 Generalized Land Cover Classes...... 2 -28 Table 2-7 Comparison of Land Cover in 1987 and 2000/2001...... 2 -28 Table 2-8 Ratio (%) of Building Construction Periods by Commune ...... 2 -37 Table 2-9 Road Density (km/km2) by Commune...... 2 -39 Table 2-10 Disaster Management Resources within the Study Area ...... 2 -44 Table 2-11 Summary of Existing Disaster Management Resources by Sector within the Micro-zoning Area...... 2 -45

Table 3-1 Azimuth and Velocity of Africa Relative to Eurasia, calculated at the location of Algiers (lat. 36.75°N, long. 3.05°E) from different plate kinematic models ...... 3 - 5 Table 3-2 Evolution and Chronology of Strain Regimes in the Tellian Range during Post-Nappes Neogene and Quaternary Periods (Meghraoui, 1982) ...... 3 - 9 Table 3-3 Major Historical and Instrumental Earthquakes Recorded in Northern Algeria (Saadi, 2005)...... 3 -11 Table 3-4 Precipitation in Algiers (Station Code: 020607) Provided by ANRH ...... 3 -16 Table 3-5 Observed Groundwater Level...... 3 -17 Table 3-6 Geological Chronology of the Mediterranean; Neocene and Quaternary (Maouche, 2000). : The numbers in this table are geological age in Ma...... 3 -22 Table 3-7 Boring Data...... 3 -25 Table 3-8 Engineering Classification of Geological Units ...... 3 -27 Table 3-9 Summary of Laboratory Tests Conducted in the Study ...... 3 -28 Table 3-10 Summary of Existing Laboratory Test Data ...... 3 -33 Table 3-11 Estimated Density...... 3 -36 Table 3-12 Estimated D50 Fc and Ip ...... 3 -37 Table 3-13 Estimated c and φ...... 3 -38 Table 3-14 PS Logging ...... 3 -39 Table 3-15 S Wave Velocity of Geological Layers (1)...... 3 -41 Table 3-16 S wave Velocity of Geological Layers (2)...... 3 -43 Table 3-17 Properties of Engineering Geology ...... 3 -44

Table 4-1 Result of Building Inventory Survey...... 4 - 7 Table 4-2 Comparison between Result of Building and Facility Inventory Survey ...... 4 - 9 Table 4-3 Number of Important and Hazardous Facilities Surveyed in Each Commune...... 4 -10 Table 4-5 Disaster Report of El Asnam Earthquake on 10 October, 1980 by C.T.C ...... 4 -13

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Table 4-6 The Number of Damaged Buildings Investigated in Wilaya Algiers due to Boumedes Earthquake ...... 4 -16 Table 4-7 The Number of Damaged Buildings Investigated in Wilaya Boumerdes (located in out of Study Area) due to Boumedes Earthquake...... 4 -17 Table 4-8 Summary of Damage by Dwelling Unit in Communes in the Study Area Due to 2003 Boumerdes Earthquake ...... 4 -22 Table 4-9 Classification of Damage by Dwelling Unit in Algiers Due to 2003 Boumerdes Earthquake...... 4 -23 Table 4-10 Road Length by Road Class for Each Commune ...... 4 -27 Table 4-11 Road Length by Road Width for Each Commune ...... 4 -29 Table 4-12 Number and type of Bridges by Commune ...... 4 -30 Table 4-13 Facility of Algiers Airport Area ...... 4 -36 Table 4-14 Summary of Water Supply Pipeline Materials...... 4 -37 Table 4-15 Cross Tabulation between Pipeline Material and Diameter...... 4 -37 Table 4-16 Summary of Damage to Water Supply System...... 4 -40 Table 4-17 Sewerage Pipeline Length by Status...... 4 -40 Table 4-18 Cross Tabulation between Voltage and Distribution Cable Type...... 4 -42 Table 4-19 Length of Gas Supply Pipeline by Pressure...... 4 -44 Table 4-20 Number of Buildings and Dwelling Units in each Commune ...... 4 -48

Table 5-1 Seismic Capability (Magnitude of MCE) of Regional Active Faults ...... 5 -14 Table 5-2 Regional b-values Proposed in the Literature for Northern Algeria...... 5 -15 Table 5-3 Magnitudes Associated with 475 Year Return Period for Critical Seismogenic Sources in the Algiers Area ...... 5 -17 Table 5-4 Classification of Soils for Engineering Geology ...... 5 -22 Table 5-5 Ground Model for Response Analysis at Strong Motion Observatory ...... 5 -30 Table 5-6 Summary of Geotechnical Properties for Liquefaction Analysis ...... 5 -41 Table 5-7 Criterion for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential...... 5 -43 Table 5-8 c and φ of geotechnical properties ...... 5 -51 Table 5-9 Considering the Slope Angle Correction ...... 5 -55 Table 5-10 DEM Slope Angle and Corrected DEM Slope Angle...... 5 -56 Table 5-11 Site Slope Inspection Sheet ...... 5 -60 Table 5-12 Example of Slope Inspection Procedures in Japan ...... 5 -61 Table 5-13 Summary of Site Slope Inspection ...... 5 -62

Table 6-1 Building Categories for Damage Estimation...... 6 - 1 Table 6-2 Ratio of Structural Type of Buildings in each Commune...... 6 - 2 Table 6-3 Estimated Seismic Intensity caused by the Boumerdes Earthquake...... 6 - 7 Table 6-4 Estimated Damage Ratio for Pre-code RC Frame Structures and Low-code RC Frame Structures and Surveyed Damage Ratio...... 6 -10 Table 6-5 Estimated Damage Ratio of each Structural Type and Surveyed Damage Ratio ...... 6 -12 Table 6-6 Building Damage Data Outside of the Study Area for the Boumerdes Earthquake...... 6 -15 Table 6-7 Building Damage...... 6 -20 Table 6-8 Casualties and Damage of Buildings by Past Earthquakes in Algeria...... 6 -25

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Table 6-9 Human Casualties...... 6 -27 Table 6-10 Score Chart for Stability Analysis of Bridges...... 6 -31 Table 6-11 Definition of Damage Grade of Bridges...... 6 -32 Table 6-12 Summary of Verification of Katayama’s Method ...... 6 -33 Table 6-13 Structure of SEBAO Bridge for Katayama’s Method...... 6 -34 Table 6-14 Geological and Seismic Condition of SEBAO Bridge for Katayama’s Method ...... 6 -35 Table 6-15 Structure of EL HARRACH Bridge for Katayama’s Method ...... 6 -37 Table 6-16 Geological and Seismic Condition of EL HARRACH Bridge for Katayama’s Method ...... 6 -37 Table 6-17 Summary of Bridge Damage Estimation...... 6 -38 Table 6-18 Summary of Total Score of Class “A” and “B”...... 6 -39 Table 6-19 Damage to Ports due to Past Earthquakes ...... 6 -46 Table 6-20 Records of Damage to Airports due to Earthquakes...... 6 -49 Table 6-21 Relationship between Damage Grade and Peak Ground Acceleration...... 6 -50 Table 6-22 Summary of Damage Points to the Water Supply Pipeline by Commune...... 6 -55 Table 6-23 Summary of Damage Points to the Water Supply Pipeline by Pipe Material - Diameter ...... 6 -57 Table 6-24 PGA Score and Number of Grids of each Score...... 6 -59 Table 6-25 Definition of Grade by PGA and Summary of Number of Grids of each Grade/Score ...... 6 -60 Table 6-26 Definition of Risk Grade by Combination of PGA and Liquefaction Potential / Slope Failure Risk ...... 6 -61 Table 6-27 Summary of Number of Grids classified by Risk Grade...... 6 -61 Table 6-28 Areas Evaluated as Relatively High Risk and High Risk for the Sewerage Pipelines:Khair al Din ...... 6 -66 Table 6-29 Areas Evaluated as Relatively High Risk and High Risk for the Sewerage Pipelines: Zemmouri...... 6 -66 Table 6-30 Summary of Damage Length of Medium Voltage Cable by Commune...... 6 -72 Table 6-31 Areas Evaluated as Relatively High Risk and High Risk for the High Voltage Cables and Substations: Khair al Din...... 6 -73 Table 6-32 Areas Evaluated as Relatively High Risk and High Risk for the High Voltage Cables and Substations: Zemmouri ...... 6 -74 Table 6-33 Summary of Damage Condition of Electric Facilities from the Boumerdes Earthquake...... 6 -75 Table 6-34 Summary of Damage Points of Gas Supply Pipeline by Commune...... 6 -78 Table 6-35 Summary of Damage Points of the Gas Supply Pipelines by Pipe Material ...... 6 -79 Table 6-36 Areas Evaluated as Relatively High Risk and High Risk for the High Pressure Gas Pipelines and Substations: Khair al Din...... 6 -81 Table 6-37 Areas Evaluated as Relatively High Risk and High Risk for the High Pressure Gas Pipelines and Substations: Zemmouri...... 6 -81 Table 6-38 Summary of Damage Condition of Telecommunication Facilities...... 6 -84 Table 6-39 (a) Summary of Damage in Each Commune ...... 6 -85 Table 6-39 (b) Summary of Damage in Each Commune ...... 6 -86 Table 6-39 (c) Summary of Damage in Each Commune ...... 6 -87 Table 6-39 (d) Summary of Damage in Each Commune ...... 6 -88

xvii Final Report

Table 7-1 Estimate of the Population of Algiers Wilaya as of December 31, 2002...... 7 - 2 Table 7-2 Pattern of the population of Algiers by age brackets...... 7 - 5 Table 7-3 Figures on Work Activity of Inhabitants in the Wilaya of Algiers...... 7 - 6 Table 7-4 Head-count of handicapped persons in the Wilaya Algiers (Census 1998)...... 7 - 7 Table 7-5 Specific risks by householders...... 7 - 9 Table 7-6 Order of importance of facilities as rated by householders ...... 7 -11 Table 7-7 Popular media of surveyed household...... 7 -11 Table 7-8 Desired means of learning about risk reduction ...... 7 -11 Table 7-9 Conceivable reaction at the time of an earthquake...... 7 -12 Table 7-10 Possible sharing of food, water and shelter with others ...... 7 -12 Table 7-11 Evolution of city planning and risk reduction in Algiers...... 7 -15 Table 7-12 Dairas and Communes in the Wilaya of Algiers...... 7 -17 Table 7-13 Chiefs of Administrative Units ...... 7 -17

Table 8-1 Major Historic and Hazardous Earthquakes in Algeria ...... 8 - 2 Table 8-2 Powers of the Three Branches of the Algerian Government ...... 8 -13 Table 8-3 Authorities and Missions of the ORSEC Plan Modules of the Wilaya of Algiers ...... 8 -38 Table 8-4 Summary of Crisis Management for Boumerdes Earthquake ...... 8 -47

Table 9-1 Collected Detailed Data for Seismic Evaluation of Buildings...... 9 - 1 Table 9-2 Total Load of the Old Palace and the New Palace...... 9 - 6 Table 9-3 Wall Sectional Area of the Old Palace and the New Palace ...... 9 - 6 Table 9-4 The Seismic Evaluation for Le PALAIS...... 9 - 8 Table 9-5 Total Load of Le SENAT...... 9 -13 Table 9-6 Wall Sectional Area of Le SENAT ...... 9 -13 Table 9-7 The Seismic Evaluation for Le SENAT...... 9 -14 Table 9-8 Seismic Index of Structure, Is (X, Y direction) ...... 9 -18 Table 9-9 Summary of Seismic Evaluation ...... 9 -21 Table 9-10 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and CTSD (2nd Level) ...... 9 -24 Table 9-A1 A List of Corrigenda for the Standard of Seismic Evaluation (English Version)...... 9 -29 Table 9-11 Relative Population Density ...... 9 -33 Table 9-12 Percentage of Buildings Constructed before 1981 ...... 9 -34 Table 9-13 Percentage of the Economically Active Zone Area within Each Commune ...... 9 -36 Table 9-14 Average Ground Amplification Factor in Built-up Areas within Each Commune...... 9 -38 Table 9-15 Average Slope Gradient of Built-up Areas within Each Commune ...... 9 -39 Table 9-16 Accessibility Value for Each Commune ...... 9 -46 Table 9-17 Vulnerability Criteria and Rating...... 9 -48 Table 9-18 Re-classification of Ratings for Each of the Six (6) Vulnerability Criteria...... 9 -51 Table 9-19 Categories of Exposure Vulnerability for Communes...... 9 -51 Table 9-20 Categories of Seismic Hazard Risk for Communes...... 9 -53 Table 9-21 Categories of the Evacuation/rescue Difficulty for Communes ...... 9 -54 Table 9-22 Comparison of Current Urban Vulnerability and Estimated Damage ...... 9 -59 Table 9-23 Commune Groups by Urban Vulnerability Characteristics ...... 9 -60 Table 9-24 Capacity of Evacuation Points for Homeless Victims ...... 9 -65

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Table 9-25 Balance of Capacity of Evacuation Points for Homeless Victims...... 9 -66 Table 9-26 Communes Needing to use Evacuation Points in Adjacent Communes...... 9 -67 Table 9-27 Communes Needing to use Evacuation Points in the General Vicinity...... 9 -68 Table 9-28 Potential Land Area Available for Future Utilization, by Commune...... 9 -69 Table 9-29 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -81 Table 9-30 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -82 Table 9-31 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -83 Table 9-32 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -84 Table 9-33 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -85 Table 9-34 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -86 Table 9-35 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -87 Table 9-36 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -88 Table 9-37 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -89 Table 9-38 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -90 Table 9-39 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -91 Table 9-40 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -92 Table 9-41 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -93 Table 9-42 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -94 Table 9-43 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -95 Table 9-44 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -96 Table 9-45 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -97 Table 9-46 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -98 Table 9-47 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -99 Table 9-48 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -100

xix Final Report

Table 9-49 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -101 Table 9-50 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -102 Table 9-51 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -103 Table 9-52 Consequence Scenario (the worst case, improved case, and necessary measures) Khair al Din Scenario Earthquake at 8 PM ...... 9 -104 Table 9-53 Selection of matters to be promoted for emergency response, based on consequence scenario ...... 9 -106

Table 10-1 Important Issues extracted from Assessment on the Present Situation on Preventive Activities...... 10- 4 Table 10-2 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (1) Citizens ...... 10- 5 Table 10-3 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (2) Policy and Planning ...... 10- 6 Table 10-4 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (3) Institution and organization (1/3)...... 10- 6 Table 10-5 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (3) Institution and organization (2/3)...... 10- 7 Table 10-6 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (3) Institution and organization (3/3)...... 10- 8 Table 10-7 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (4) Disaster management resources ...... 10- 8 Table 10-8 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (5) Information and communication...... 10- 9 Table 10-9 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (6) Public awareness...... 10- 10 Table 10-10 Assessment of the Present Situation on Preventive Activities and Measures (7) Education and training ...... 10- 10 Table 10-11 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (1) Preparedness (1/2)...... 10- 11 Table 10-12 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (1) Preparedness (2/2)...... 10- 12 Table 10-13 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (2) Mitigation (1/2) ...... 10- 13 Table 10-14 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (2) Mitigation (2/2) ...... 10- 14 Table 10-15 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (3) Emergency response (1/2)...... 10- 15 Table 10-16 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (3) Emergency response (2/2)...... 10- 16 Table 10-17 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (4) Rehabilitation and reconstruction (1/2)...... 10- 17

xx Table of Contents

Table 10-18 Clarification of Important Issues, based on Cycle and Bodies of Disaster Management (4) Rehabilitation and reconstruction (2/2)...... 10- 18 Table 10-19 Summary of Current Legal Framework on Disaster Management...... 10- 23 Table 10-20 Recommended Retrofit Methods for Masonry Buildings...... 10- 31 Table 10-21 The Lead Rubber Bearing Isolator ...... 10- 39 Table 10-22 Calculated Load Supported by the Isolators and Number of Isolators Required...... 10- 39 Table 10-23 Required Sectional Area of New Grouting Mortar...... 10- 41 Table 10-24 Required Sectional Area of New RC Shear Walls ...... 10- 58 Table 10-25 The Lead Rubber Bearing Isolators...... 10- 59 Table 10-26 Calculated Supporting Load by Isolator and Designed Isolator ...... 10- 59 Table 10-27 Seismic index of Structure, Is, and CTSD after Retrofit ...... 10- 63 Table 10-28 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and CTSD after Retrofit ...... 10- 67 Table 10-29 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and CTSD after Retrofit ...... 10- 68 Table 10-30 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and CTSD after Retrofit (Case 2)...... 10- 71 Table 10-31 Seismic Index of Structure, Is, and CTSD after the Retrofit (Case 3)...... 10- 71 Table 10-32 Summary of Damage Estimation for Bridges...... 10- 79 Table 10-33 Effects of Earthquake Damage to Water Supply Facilities...... 10- 92 Table 10-34 Summary of Damage Estimation for Water Supply Pipelines...... 10- 93 Table 10-35 Effects of Earthquake Damage to Sewerage Systems ...... 10- 93 Table 10-36 Effects of Earthquake Damage to Electric Power Supply Systems...... 10- 94 Table 10-37 Effects of Earthquake Damage to Gas Supply Facilities...... 10- 95 Table 10-38 Effects of Earthquake Damage to Telecommunications...... 10- 96

Table 11-1 Disaster Management Resources...... 11- 1

Table 12-1 Schedule and Contents of Technology Transfer for Scenario Earthquakes...... 12- 1 Table 12-2 Schedule and Contents of Technology Transfer for Ground Modeling and Natural Hazards ...... 12- 4 Table 12-3 Schedule and Contents of Technology Transfer for Damage Function of Buildings ...... 12- 8 Table 12-4 Schedule and Contents of Technology Transfer for Infrastructure and Lifeline...... 12- 9 Table 12-5 Schedule and Contents of Technology Transfer for Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Masonry Buildings...... 12-12 Table 12-6 Schedule and Contents of Technology Transfer for Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of RC Buildings...... 12-14 Table 12-7 List of Technical Documents Provided to the Algerian Side...... 12-15 Table 12-8 List of Technical Documents Provided from the Algerian Side ...... 12-16 Table 12-9 Schedule and Contents of Technology Transfer for GIS Data Development ...... 12-16 Table 12-10 List of Attending Counterpart Personnel ...... 12-17

xxi Final Report

List of Photos

Page Photo 4-1 General view of CASBAH ...... 4 - 8

Photo 5-1 Shallow Landslide ...... 5 -46 Photo 5-2 Houses at the Edge of Cutting ...... 5 -46 Photo 5-3 Slope Including Rock in the Wall ...... 5 -46 Photo 5-4 Dip Slope Structure...... 5 -46 Photo 5-5 Weak Layer within 2 m...... 5 -46 Photo 5-6 Weak Layer within 2m...... 5 -46 Photo 5-7 Window Broken by Landslide ...... 5 -46 Photo 5-8 Wall Broken by Landslide ...... 5 -46 Photo 5-9 Wall Broken by Landslide ...... 5 -47 Photo 5-10 Typically Gentle Slope ...... 5 -47 Photo 5-11 House on a Gentle Slope ...... 5 -47 Photo 5-12 Gentle Slope, Marine Terrace ...... 5 -47 Photo 5-13 Unstable Soils along the River ...... 5 -47 Photo 5-14 Debris Flow 2001(provided by Assia) ...... 5 -47 Photo 5-15 Slope along the Highway...... 5 -47 Photo 5-16 Trace of Flow without Rock Crushing ...... 5 -47

Photo 9-1 Entrance of Old and New Palace Building ...... 9 - 3 Photo 9-2 New Palace: Back Side View...... 9 - 3 Photo 9-3 Old Palace: Court Space in the Room ...... 9 - 4 Photo 9-4 New Palace: Main Hall on 2nd Floor ...... 9 - 4 Photo 9-5 Old Palace: Entrance Corridor on 2nd Floor ...... 9 - 4 Photo 9-6 New Palace: Asbestos Roof for Main Hall ...... 9 - 4 Photo 9-7 Front View and Front Road ...... 9 -10 Photo 9-8 Back (West) Side Façade...... 9 -10 Photo 9-9 Top Light and Ceiling at Assembly Hall ...... 9 -10 Photo 9-10 Lounge on 2nd Floor and Wall Painting...... 9 -10 Photo 9-11 Gallery Space in Assembly Hall...... 9 -10 Photo 9-12 Center Court with Wall Painting...... 9 -10 Photo 9-13 General View of Mustapha Hospital...... 9 -17

Photo 10-1 Flyover damaged by Strong Motion ...... 10-80 Photo 10-2 Settlement behind a Quay Wall ...... 10-88 Photo 10-3 Collapsed Gantry Crane...... 10-89 Photo 10-4 Northwest End of Main Runway (bottom) and Adjacent Taxiway (top) at Oakland International Airport...... 10-91

xxii Abbreviation

Abbreviation

Organizations

ADE Algerian Water Agency ANRH National Agency for Hydraulic Resources APC Popular Communal Assembly ASAL Algerian Space Agency ATC Applied Technology Council ATM Algerian Telecom CCO Operational Coordination Centre CDMG California Division of Mines and Geology CENEAC National Coordination Center CGS National Research Center for Earthquake Engineering CNAD National Operational Center for Decision Support CNERU Public Consultant Agency in Urbanism CNIG National Council of Geographic Information CNSPR National Centre of Safety and Road Prevention CNTS National Centre of Space Techniques COM.EN.A Commissariat for Atomic Energy COMEDOR Greater Algiers Permanent Study and Organization Committee CRA The Algerian Red Crescent CRAAG National Center for Research in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Geophysics CTC Technical Control of Construction CTTP National Technical Control Center of Public Works DGF General Direction of Forests DGPC Civil Protection General Directorate DHW Direction of Hydraulic of Wilaya DL Direction of Housing DNRM National Delegation for Major Risk DOCS Direction of Rescue Organization and Coordination DPAT Direction of Planification and Regional Development DPC Direction of Civil Protection DRAG Director of Regulatory and General Affairs DT Transport Direction DTP Public Works Direction DTPW Public Works Direction of Wilaya DU Alger Direction of Urban affairs of Algiers' Wilaya DUC Direction of Urbanism and Construction EGSA Establishment of Management of the Airport Services EPAL Algiers Port Enterprise FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

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INCT National Institute of Geography and Remote Sensing INPV National Institute of Vegetable Protection ISSMGE Iinternational Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JMA Japan Meteorological Agency LCTP Central Laboratory of Public Works LEM Maritimes Studies Laboratory LNHC National Laboratory of Housing and Construction MATE Ministry of Ground Planning and Environment MHU Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs MICL Ministry of Interior and Local Collectivities MPT Ministry of Post and Telecommunications MPTIC Ministry of Post and Technologies of Information and Communication MRE Ministry of Water Resources MT Ministry of Transportation MTP Ministry of Public Works ONG/NGO Non Governmental Organization ONM National Meteorology Office ONS National Office of Statistic ORGM Office for Geological and Mining Research PC Civil Protection PCF Fixed Command Post PCO Operational Command Post SNTF National Railway Transportation Company SONATRACH National Company for Search, Production, Transportation, Processing and Commercialization of hydrocarbons SONELGAZ National Company of Electricity and Gas UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNII Intervention Instruction National Unit UNO United Nations Organization UPPC Civil Protection Principal Unit URBANIS Planning and Urbanism Agency of Algiers Wilaya USGS United States Geological Survey

Technical Terms

CA Administrative Unit CPT Cone Penetration Test EMS European Macroseismic Scale GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System DEM Digital Elevation Model

xxiv Abbreviation

DIG Disaster Imagination Game MMI Modified Mercalli Seismic Intensity MSK Medvedev Sponheuer Karnik Seismic Intensity ORSEC Plan Plan of Organization of Intervention and Assistance PDAU Urban Planning Master Plan PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PGV Peak Ground Velocity POI Intervention Organization Plan POS Ground Use Plan PPI Intervention Particular Plan RC Reinforced Concrete Sa Spectral Acceleration SAR (MDN) Search and Rescue (air/mer) SPT Standard Penetration Test SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission UTM Universal Transverse Mercator Vs S Wave Velocity

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 : Introduction

Chapter 1. Introduction

1-1 Background

A large earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 struck Algeria at 19:44 on 21 May 2003 (local time). The epicenter was located below the seabed, seven kilometers north of the Commune of Zemmuri in the Wilaya of Boumerdes. The tremor destroyed more than 20,000 buildings while the number of dead and injured reached 2,278 and 10,000, respectively. Some 180,000 were also left homeless.

The northern coast of Algeria abuts the Mediterranean Sea. In this area, the African and Eurasian plates push against each other resulting in increased seismic activity. As a result, the area has historically suffered from repeated earthquakes. For example, over 20,000 deaths were recorded in a major earthquake in Algiers in 1716. More recent earthquakes that have resulted in substantial damage include: - September 9, 1954, magnitude 6.7, death toll of 1,200 with 20,000 houses destroyed. - October 10, 1980, magnitude 7.23, death toll of 2,640 with more than 20,000 houses and buildings destroyed.

These earthquakes resulted from the activities of the two plates as mentioned above and it is estimated that similar or much larger earthquakes will occur in the future in this area.

Over seventy percent of the national population is concentrated in the northern part of the country, particularly in big cities such as Algiers, resulting in an over-populated urban environment. Furthermore, old cities developed before independence of the Democratic and People's Republic of Algeria, are characterized as having vulnerable urban conditions with congested buildings, steep local topography and narrow road systems. Political functions, economic activities and social activities are concentrated in the Wilaya of Algiers. If a large earthquake were to occur immediately below the Wilaya of Algiers, central areas of the city will be severely damaged and the national function will be severely impacted for a long period. Therefore, immediate countermeasures against possible earthquake damage should be implemented.

Under such circumstances and in response to a request by the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, the Government of Japan has decided to conduct “A Study of Seismic Microzoning of the Wilaya of Algiers, People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria” (hereinafter referred to as “the Study”).

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter referred to as “JICA”), the official agency responsible for the implementation of technical cooperation programs of the Government of Japan, will undertake the Study in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in force in Japan.

1-2 Scope of the Study

1-2-1 Study Objectives

Objectives of the Study are as follows: - To prepare seismic microzoning maps in the Wilaya of Algiers, which will be used to evaluate likely human casualties and loss of properties due to earthquakes; - To suggest an earthquake disaster management system for the Wilaya of Algiers; and

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- To pursue technology transfer to the Counterpart personnel throughout the course of the Study.

1-2-2 Study Concepts

(1) Microzoning

Results of the microzoning study, including the estimation of a detailed distribution of seismic ground motion (hazard) and foreseeable damage caused by the hazard, should be utilized to improve planning and capacity building for earthquake disaster management. The study therefore consists of the following six (6) steps. Step 1 : Collection, analysis and evaluation of existing data on topography, geology, soil condition, population, buildings, disaster-related facilities, etc. Step 2 : Investigation of ground and building conditions. Step 3 : Database development and analysis based on GIS. Step 4 : Analysis of earthquake motion for estimation of ground motion in each grid cell, after establishing earthquake models and parameters through examination on historical earthquake activities, records of recent earthquake activities, and location of active faults. Step 5 : Estimation of seismic hazards (seismic ground motion) and damage (building damage, casualty, liquefaction, slope failure, etc.) in each grid cell. Step 6 : Compilation of hazard and damage maps.

(2) Proposals for vulnerability analysis and retrofitting of strategic buildings

The Study Team and Counterpart personnel, together with related agencies, will hold discussions and compile a proposal for seismic retrofitting of buildings based on the following five (5) steps. Step 1 : Collection and analysis of existing data, achievements Existing achievements of the National Earthquake Engineering Research Center (CGS) will be collected and studied. Results of a seismic performance study of existing buildings will also be fully utilized. Step 2 : Building inventory survey The results will be applied directly to assist in damage estimation of buildings. Typical building types will be classified into model areas. Step 3 : Selection of buildings for seismic evaluation Typical building types will be selected for seismic evaluation and their related information will be collected and analyzed together. Step 4 : Seismic evaluation, design of retrofitting Procedures of retrofitting of vulnerable building will be examined based on results of seismic evaluation. The Study Team will support CGS’s initiatives through the course of these processes.

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Step 5 : Proposal for seismic retrofitting of buildings Procedures on improvement of seismic performance of buildings, which are applicable to various types and scales of buildings in the Wilaya of Algiers, will be proposed. Finally, these procedures will be compiled as recommendations to achieve a safe and earthquake-resistant urban condition.

(3) Proposals for Disaster Management Plan

Key issues to achieve enhancement disaster management capability are as follows: - To construct a framework for a disaster management system. This will consist of a vertical inter-administrative system (central government, provincial government of the Wilaya of Algiers, Communes, communities, and others) and horizontal inter-organizational system (related national departments and agencies, organizations and research institutes, and others). - To define those functions and responsibilities.

Figure 1-1 shows the framework of earthquake disaster management activities together with the disaster management cycle. There are three (3) components, namely: 1) emergency response and relief; 2) rehabilitation and reconstruction; and 3) mitigation and preparedness. These shall be examined in detail and balanced to define a functional disaster management plan. In particular, regional characteristics of the Wilaya of Algiers will be considered in the plan.

Mitigation and Preparedness: Emergency Response and Relief: Activities to reduce the impact of an Actions immediately after an earthquake before it strikes, e.g. earthquake which address the emergency needs of the community, - Public awareness raising e.g. - Improving seismic building code - Strengthening existing structures Immediately after - Search and rescue of buried victims - Planning and training for emergency an earthquake - Emergency medical care response activities - Fire suppression - Research on earthquakes - Shelter for homeless victims - Supplies of food, water, and necessary materials

Before an earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction: The long-term process of rebuilding a whole community after an earthquake, e.g. Long-term after an earthquake - Rebuilding houses and buildings - Financing for retrofitting & rebuilding - Repair of roads, bridges, water system, etc. - Psychological counseling

Figure 1-1 Framework of Earthquake Disaster Management Activities

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Therefore, this study consists of two (2) components. One is the study of current disaster management capacity and the other is a proposal for enhancement of disaster management capacity. The former includes evaluation of disaster management resources, strategies, legal frameworks, existing plans, institutional frameworks, materials and previous activities at central and local government levels as well as at the community level. The disaster management cycle and cooperation among all levels should be considered as key elements in the proposal.

1-2-3 Study Area

The study area covers the Wilaya of Algiers and the microzoning mapping covers a total of approximately 225 km2, including the surrounding urbanized area, as shown in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2 Map of the Study Area

1-2-4 Schedule of the Study

The Study comprises three phases as follows; the overall schedule is shown in Figure 1-3. 1st Phase : Data collection (February 2005 to August 2005, 7 months) 2nd Phase : Data analysis (September 2005 to March 2006) 3rd Phase : Preparation of microzoning maps and evaluation of vulnerability (April 2006 to December 2006)

Year 2005 2006 2007 Month 234567891011121234567891011121 Phase 1st Phase 2nd Phase 3rd Phase

in Algeria 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

Work in Japan 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Report Inception Report Progress Report Interim Report Draft Final Report Final Report Workshop and Seminars 1st Seminar 2nd Seminar Workshop 3rd Seminar Figure 1-3 Overall Schedule

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Figure 1-4 outlines the work items (Tasks) in the three phases. In August 2005, a Progress Report describing the work performed in the 1st Phase was submitted. In March 2006, a Interim Report summarizing the work in the 1st and 2nd Phase was submitted as scheduled.

Seminar / Report Year Month Phase Work Flow Workshop [1]Collection, [2]Confirmation of Study [3]Preparation and Arrangement and Basic Concept, Contents Submission of Inception Feb. Analysis of Existing Data and Method Report

[4]Explanation and Discussion of Inception Report [5]Seminar (1) IC/R Mar. Seminar [7]Site (1) Inspection (1) [8]Designing [9]Selection of [10]Defining Contents of Apr. Investigation Contents Microzonation Area Technical Transfer

[6] May Data [11] [14] Collection Compilation [13] Investigation and of Base of Important [18]

Phase 1 Investigation Evaluation Map and [15] [17] Survey of Jun. [12] of Building Investigation of Institutions, Geological Inventory Hazardous Survey of Facilities Infrastructure Activities and Investigation Disaster Legal Systems Inventory Management [16] Resource 2005 Jul. Social Inventory Survey

Aug. [19]Preparation and Submission of Progress Report PR/R Sep.

[20]Explanation and Discussion of Progress Report [21]Seminar (2) Oct. [23] [29] [22] Determination [24] [26] Seminar [25] Evaluation of [27] [28]Collection of Urban GIS of Scenario Analysis of Disaster (2) Database Earthquake Ground Analysis of Hazards and Determination Detailed Data for Nov. Development Condition Earthquake Compilation of Damage Seismic Evaluation of Management Ground Motion of Hazard Maps Function Buildings Database Dec. Phase 2 Jan. [30]Preparation and Submission of Interim Report Feb.

Mar. IT/R [31]Explanation and Discussion of Interim Report

Apr.

May [32] Earthquake [35]Site [34]Assessment Damage Inspection [36] [37] of Regional (2) Jun. Estimation / Preparation of Case Study [38] [33] Vulnerability and [39] [41] Damage Map Earthquake (Compilation of Seismic Evaluation Disaster Proposal for Reduction [40] Workshop Development of Management 2006 Compilation Damage Scenario Regional Map on User Interface and Design of of Vulnerabilities to Compilation for Disaster Management Retrofitting of Capability Earthquake Disasters of Technical Technical System for GIS Buildings Transfer Jul. Resources) Database Guideline Workshop

Aug.

Phase 3 [42]Preparation of Draft Final Report Sep.

Oct.

[43]Submission, Explanation and Discussion of Draft Final Report [44]Seminar (3) DF/R Nov. Seminar (3) [45]Preparation of Final Report Dec. F/R

IC/R : Inception Report, PR/R : Progress Report : Work in Algeria : Work in Japan IT/R : Interim Report, DF/R : Draft Final Report F/R : Final Report Figure 1-4 Work Schedule

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1-2-5 Implementation Organization

The Study has been conducted through the joint efforts of the JICA Study Team and Algerian counterparts, which together have formed a study implementing body as shown in Figure 1-5.

Government of Algeria Government of Japan

Steering Committee and JICA Advisory Committee Technical Committee

Study Implementing Body

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs JICA Study Team National Earthquake Engineering Research Center

Figure 1-5 Organization for the Study

The members of the implementing body are as follows:

JICA Study Team Name Specialization Mr. Osamu NISHII Team Leader / Damage Estimation Mr. Kenji YANO Deputy Team Leader / Administration for Disaster Prevention Dr. Pierre MOUROUX Organization / Institution Dr. Thierry WINTER Seismology 1 Dr. Guillaume BERTLAND Seismology 2 Mr. Jun MATSUO Geology Mr. Shukyo SEGAWA Geotechnics Mr. Hideo KAGAWA Building Evaluation 1 (Earthquake resistance / Reinforcement) Mr. Akira INOUE Building Evaluation 2 Mr. Ryo MIYAZAKI Infrastructure Evaluation Mr. Kenichi TANAKA Urban Prevention / Regional Planning Dr. Philippe MASURE Urban Prevention / Social Aspect Mr. Daisaku KIYOTA GIS / Database Mr. Norihiko IGUCHI Interpreter (Japanese/French) Mr. Chihiro NISHIWAKI Operational Coordination

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Counterparts Name Organization Dr. Mohamed FARSI CGS Mr. Djamel MACHANE CGS Mr. Youcef BOUHADAD CGS Mr. Hamou DJELLIT CRAAG Mrs. AIT BENAMEUR CGS Mr. Noureddine MEZOUER CGS Mr. Mourad AIT AMER CGS Mr. Abderrahmane KIBBOUA CGS Mr. Mehdi HADAD INCT Ms. Samira SADDI CGS Mr. Mehdi BOUKRI CGS Mr. M’Rizek KEFFOUS DGPC Ms. Rachida DOUAR URBANIS Mr. Youcef MEHANI CGS Mr. Abdelkader REMAS CGS Mr. Kamel NASRI MHU Mr. Mohamed AMRANE DUC

For guidance and advice to the Study, JICA formulated an advisory committee comprising three members. In Algeria, a steering/technical committee has been organized to provide guidance/advice, assist in data collection, and to discuss earthquake disaster management.

JICA Advisory Committee Name Occupation University of Tokyo, Institute of Industrial Science Dr. Kimiro MEGURO International Center for Urban Safety Engineering Division Head, Evaluation System Division, Research Center for Land and Construction Management, National Institute for Land Mr. Mizuo INUKAI and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Mr. Kenji KOSHIYAMA Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution

Steering/Technical Committee Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MHU) National Earthquake Engineering Research Center (CGS) Ministry of Interior and Local Collectives Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Land Management and Environment Ministry of Finance Local Government of Algiers Wilaya National Center for Research in Astronomy Astrophysics and Geophysics (CRAAG) National Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing (INCT) Civil Defense General Directorate (DGPC) National Council for Geographical Information (CNIG)

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1-3 Major Activities of the Study

The major topics included in the Study are summarized in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 Major Activities of the Study Date Activity 26th February 2005 Commencement of the Study in Algeria 26th and 27th 1st steering committee meeting on Inception Report February 2005 1st March 2005 Exchange M/M on Inception Report Early March Commencement of data collection 15th March 2005 Determination of the Study Area 17th March 2005 1st Seminar in MHU Auditorium Objectives: Introduction of microzoning technology, analysis procedure and its application Contents: Explanation on basic concepts of microzoning Introduction of microzoning study in other cities 25th March 2005 Completion of 1st work in Algeria 22nd May 2005 Commencement of 2nd work in Algeria Early June 2005 Commencement of various site investigations Geological investigation Building inventory Important and hazardous facilities inventory Investigation of infrastructure Social survey Disaster management resource inventory Institutions and legal systems 27th July 2005 2nd steering committee meeting on the progress of the Study 29th July 2005 Completion of 2nd work in Algeria 17th September 2005 Commencement of 3rd work in Algeria 3rd October 2005 2nd Seminar in Hotel El Aurassy Objectives: Develop understanding of microzoning technology, analysis procedure and its application Contents: Explanation of study results for the first stage survey Objective and procedures of microzoning study Early November Completion of various site investigations 13th November 2005 Completion of 3rd work in Algeria 18th March 2006 Commencement of 4th work in Algeria 19th March 2006 3rd steering committee meeting on the Interim Report of the Study 22nd March 2006 Completion of 4th work in Algeria 12th May 2006 Commencement of 5th work in Algeria 4th June 2006 4th steering committee meeting on technology transfer 12th June 2006 1st workshop (DIG) 20th June 2006 2nd workshop (DIG) 8th July 2006 Submission of revised Interim Report 9th July 2006 Completion of 5th work in Algeria

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CHAPTER 2 DATA COLLECTION AND GIS DATABASE DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2 : Data Collection and GIS Database Development

Chapter 2. Data Collection and GIS Database Development

2-1 Design of GIS Database

An earthquake is an unpredictable natural disaster which destroys buildings, roads and other infrastructure, and can cause the loss of city functions and human life in an instant. Although it is virtually impossible to predict the exact time when the hazard will happen, we can determine the relative probability of the occurrence of an earthquake. Thus, proper preparation is essential in earthquake zones like Algeria and Japan.

To reduce the risk of seismic hazard, it is very important to have realistic images of the hazard so that it is possible to make suitable preparations and take appropriate actions when the hazard happens.

Being aware of the possible consequences of a seismic hazard will drive people to prepare properly.

Hence, GIS is the most appropriate of tools to perform the things mentioned above and suitable designing of the contents of the GIS database is essential for the system itself.

2-1-1 Design of Geographic Database

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a kind of database system which links various types of information using geographically referenced electronic maps as the key interface. It helps us to understand what is happening in the real world by compiling scattered, unlinked information together, which requires a great deal of time and expertise to do without GIS.

A GIS database has a large volume of data and requires a specific structure; thus, the architecture and data modeling have an enormous influence on its performance, maneuverability and functionality.

2-1-2 Base Map; Topographic Data Arrangement

The topographic information resources we have utilized for the basis of this study are as follows: 1) 1:7,500 topographic maps covering part of the study area (7 sheets) 2) 1:10,000 topographic maps covering part of the study area (14 sheets) 3) 1:25,000 topographic maps covering the study area (13 sheets) 4) SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; NASA) height information covering the study area 5) LANDSAT (NASA; supplied by the USGS) images covering the study area 6) Administrative boundary information (MapInfo data format) supplied by INCT & URBANIS

To create the base map for this study, rectification and georeferencing of the scanned topographic maps and digitization of the administrative boundaries with the interpretation and compilation of the supplied information have been carried out. SRTM and LANDSAT images have also been georeferenced and transformed to “North Sahara 1959 Datum”, which is adopted in

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Algeria. For the slope and height information, a digital elevation model (DEM) covering the study area is scheduled by INCT.

(1) Items to be Constructed for This Study

For this study, the study team planed to construct the following items for the GIS database as the foundation of analysis while considering the necessity and the availability of the existing resources.

Items: 1) Municipality (Commune boundaries) 2) Geology 3) Resources for disaster prevention 4) Slope (height and slopes of the surface) 5) Buildings 6) Road Networks 7) Rail Roads 8) Power Lines (electric power) 9) Gas Pipes 10) Water Supply System 11) Sewage System 12) Phones (fixed-lines, mobile bases)

(2) Issues Solved

Designing the GIS database required proper understanding of the difference between the way between human beings and the GIS interpret cartographic elements as geographic objects. From this stand point, collected information had been assessed and the following measures had been implemented for maximum utilization.

1) Missing Information

The most important and beneficial function of the GIS is its ability to form the platform for many kinds of information that helps us understanding scattered, differently shaped information. To have this functionality, it is essential to have the basic descriptive information, like conditions, as the information acquired, geographic projection, criteria of acquiring geographic objects and so on.

Those are essential; however, not enough information could be obtained from the existing material for this project. After a precise assessment of the information supplied, the study team decided to use the orthophoto data supplied by INCT as the key map for this project because of its consistency with other information supplied. Yet, absolute coordinates can not be derived from this because of the deficiency of information described above and inconsistent deviations in the coordinates can be seen between it and the USGS supplied LANDSAT ETM (mosaic, 2002) image.

2) Topology

The common issue of designing and constructing a GIS database is the requirement for the particular data model “Topology”, while the human brain can interpret the simple cartographic elements properly with analogical reasoning based on its own experience.

2-2 Chapter 2 : Data Collection and GIS Database Development

(A) Recognizing Connections

In a case like that shown below, a person will recognize that the two lines are connected, but the computer can not make this interpretation unless nodes and arcs are properly attached.

Figure 2-1 Connections

(B) Recognizing Intersections

In a case like that shown below, a person will recognize that the two lines intersect each other, but the computer can not make this interpretation unless nodes and arcs are properly attached.

Figure 2-2 Intersections

(C) Recognizing Areas

In a case like that shown below, a person will recognize that the figure represents an area, but the computer can not make this interpretation unless nodes and arcs are properly attached.

Figure 2-3 Areas

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3) Different Criteria

Interpretation of the geographic objects should follow certain criteria such as the type of geographic objects that should be acquired and their format, for each project. However, no descriptive materials can be obtained and irregularities can be seen in the collected material especially between communes.

(3) Data Collection and Creation

1) Buildings

Shared building walls is an exceptional characteristic in the study area. First, the boundary of a collective body of buildings was constructed from the information supplied and lines were added afterward for partitioning each building as in the following figure with no topologic information. Therefore, the study team performed the following corrections. - Closing areas by adjusting the starting point and endpoint and adding nodes. - Adding nodes for the lines which represent the boundaries of building units.

2) Road Network

The edge of the road boundary is composed of the edge of several geographic objects and the combination of this is irregular and no documentation has been obtained. Manual extraction of the related edges and modification was performed for the creation of the road polygons which enabled us to construct the road center lines. Calculation of the center line has been performed where the deviation of width was relatively small. In other areas where the deviation cannot be ignored, or cross section, we performed manual modification and calculation of the width.

3) Edge Matching

Digitization has been performed frame to frame in most cases. Thus perfect consistency between frames could not be secured. Hence, edge matching has been performed to secure consistency of the GIS database for this project as depicted following. Then, the topology was reconfigured to update the connecting relations of adjacent figures, while the attribute data of the figures were also automatically updated.

Figure 2-4 Edge Matching

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2-1-3 Database for Urban Disaster Management

The GIS database for this study aimed to be the platform for various types of information, with the ability to compile, update and better utilize information. For this stage of the study, we have carried out the georeferrencing and transforming of corrected information to unify the separately created information. To create a solid basis for this platform, we have used the following parameters: North Sahara 1959 UTM Zone 31N Projection: Transverse Mercator Project Easting: 500000.000000 Project Northing: 0.000000 Central Meridian: 3.000000 Scale Factor: 0.999600 Latitude of Origin: 0.000000 Angular Units: Degrees (0.017453292519943299) Prime Meridian: Greenwich (0.000000000000000000) Datum: North Sahara 1959 Spheroid: Clarke 1880 RGS Semimajor Axis: 6378249.144999999600000000 Semiminor Axis: 6356514.869549775500000000 Inverse Flattening: 293.464999999999970000

The outline of the created GIS database items in this stage is described as follows: Administrative Boundary Microzonation (Grid data) Slopes Geology Buildings Road Network Rail Roads Infrastructure networks (power lines, water supply, sewage, gas lines, and phone lines) Water bodies

Furthermore, the conceptual architecture of this database is described as follows:

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Figure 2-5 Conceptual Database Schematic

2-2 Data Collection and Input

2-2-1 Topography and Geology

(1) Topography

INCT publishes topographic maps at several scales. The Study Team purchased 1:10,000 and 1:25,000 scale maps:

1) 1:10,000 Scale - year published: unknown (probably older than 1:25,000 scale map) - contour interval: 5 m or 2.5 m - area: 4 maps cover about 70% of the study area

2) 1:25,000 Scale - years published: 1986, 1987 - contour interval: 5 m - area: 8 maps cover all of the study area

Figure 2-6 is an index of these maps.

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Figure 2-6 Index of Topographic Maps

The Study team digitized the contour lines of the 1:10,000 scale maps and created DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data.

(2) Elevations

The 5-m interval of the DEM data (Figure 2-7) was provided from INCT in the middle of May 2006. Since some errors were found in the data—such as artificial noise, building elevation instead of ground elevation, negative elevations in coastal areas, etc.—the elevation obtained from the 1:10,000 topographic maps was used alongside the DEM from INCT in the hazard analysis.

Figure 2-7 Digital Elevation Model

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(3) Geology

The following 1:50,000 scale printed maps cover the study area; however, some of them are very old: - No.20 CHERAGA, published in 1963 - No.21 ALGER, published in 1964 - No.22 MENERVILLE, published in 1895 - No.40 KOLEA, published in 1901 - No.41 ARBA, published in 1935 - No.42 PALESTRO, published in 1895

Of these, “CHERAGA” and “ALGER” are available in printed maps and only low resolution copies are available for the other very old maps. The definitions of the geological classifications are not uniform within these maps and many geological boundaries show large discrepancies at the boundaries of these maps. Based on the literature and discussions with geologists in CGS, the study team interpreted these maps and created total geological classifications and distributions in the study area. The unified geological map was digitized and GIS data was created. The resulting geological map is shown in Figure 3-19.

2-2-2 Buildings and Important Hazardous Facilities

(1) Buildings

1) Classification of Buildings

Buildings in Algiers are classified by structural type, year of construction and other aspects as outlined below.

(A) Structural Type

Masonry structures prevailed for buildings in ALGER CENTRE, CASBAH and adjacent areas during the first half of the 20th century. Reinforced concrete structures with un-reinforced hollow brick walls became more typical post-1960 in Algiers.

Most existing buildings in Algiers are reinforced concrete or masonry structures. Steel structures are less numerous but it is noted that a few high-rise housing complexes with approximately 15 stories were constructed in the 1950s.

a) Reinforced Concrete (RC) Moment Frames

Reinforced concrete moment frame structures consisting of columns and beams are one of the typical structures. Un-reinforced hollow brick work is usually used for external and internal walls. This structure was limited to 6 stories and 20 m in height in Algiers after 1999, and has been further limited to 2 stories and 8 m in height in Algiers since 2003.

b) Reinforced Concrete (RC) Moment Frames with RC Shear Walls

Reinforced concrete shear walls are provided with reinforced concrete moment frames. It is requested that RC moment frames be adopted for

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buildings of 3 stories and more than 8 m in height in Algiers on and after 2003. Concrete core, dual systems and box systems are included in this type of structure. c) Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls without Moment Frames

This is one of the typical structure types used for medium height housing. d) Steel Moment Frames

Steel moment frame structures consist of steel columns and beams. Some buildings are constructed using this structural system. Some medium to high-rise houses are constructed using this structural system with steel columns and beams being encased with concrete without reinforcing bars for fire resistance and durability. e) Steel Moment Frames with Bracing

Steel moment frames with bracing are constructed to carry horizontal loads. f) Masonry Structures

Masonry structures consist of stone or brick and mortar for walls and columns. Steel or timber floor beams are generally used to support the floor. This type of structure has a long history, and was a typical structural type before the seismic code was introduced in 1955. Existing masonry buildings still commonly serve as governmental office buildings, private housing and for other uses. A construction of tied (confined) masonry was limited to 4 stories in Algiers before 2003, and 3 stories in Algiers 2003 and after. g) Others (Hollow Concrete Block and Wooden Frame)

A few buildings are constructed based on a hollow concrete block structure or wooden frames; a seismic design code is generally not applied.

Examples of each structure are shown in Figures 2-8 to 2-11.

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(1) Housing with Crawl Space (2) Commercial and Housing (3) School Figure 2-8 Reinforced Concrete Structures

(1) Housing (2) Office (3) Under Construction Figure 2-9 Steel Structures

(1) Commercial and Housing (2) Housing (3) Housing Figure 2-10 Masonry Structures

(1) Barrack Housing Figure 2-11 Hollow Concrete Block Structures

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(B) Year of Construction

Buildings are classified by their year of construction and based on the particular period that a new seismic design code and a related regulation was introduced and applied in Algeria.

Year of construction for existing buildings are divided into five periods, namely on and before 1955, 1956 ~1980, 1981 ~ 1999, 2000 ~ 2002 and 2003 and after. This category has been simplified into three periods, 1980 and before, 1981 ~ 2002, and 2003 and after.

(C) Other Aspects

Existing buildings in Algiers are not necessarily engineered buildings with respect to the application of a seismic code or quality control during construction. It was determined that most private buildings are non-engineered buildings, and seismic capacity is relatively low even for those built in 1981 or after.

a) Application of seismic design codes

It is said that difficulties were faced in implementing the seismic design code, particularly for buildings of private owners. All buildings constructed before 1981 and the majority of buildings by private owners after 1980 were not based on a seismic-resistant design. The seismic design code (RPA2003) is an obligation applying to buildings of private owners from 2003. These private buildings are mainly reinforced concrete structures, and buildings constructed before 2003 are generally evaluated as non-engineered buildings.

b) Quality control during construction

It is generally understood that the seismic quality of a building depends on seismic design, structural materials and workmanship. Buildings without quality control during construction are also generally evaluated as non-engineered buildings. It is noted that low strength of concrete and inadequate re-bar arrangement were observed in the field survey following the 2003 Boumerdes earthquake. A review of completeness of design documents and inspection during construction by CTC has been requested to maintain the structural quality for public buildings built in 1981 and after, and also for private buildings built since the beginning of 2003.

c) Irregularities

Buildings with irregularities reduce their seismic capacity. For example, there are some buildings with a crawl space, which is approximately 1 m high under the 1st floor for maintenance of plumbing (Mechanical & Electrical piping) works. These buildings have short reinforced concrete columns in the crawl space, and are evaluated as having low seismic capacity due to shear failure.

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2) Seismic Design Codes for Buildings

A brief history and the contents of seismic design codes to date that were obtained through a review of seismic design codes and an interview with Counterparts is presented below.

There was no official seismic design code in Algeria before 1955.

AS55 was introduced in 1955 and PS62 to PS69 were introduced in 1962 and 1969 respectively. These were guidelines and recommendations only; they were not a requirement for the design of buildings.

The first code of Algerian Earthquake Design Requirements (RPA) appeared as RPA81 in 1981 after the earthquake disaster of El Asnam on October 10 1980. This was revised in 1983 as RPA83. RPA81 and RPA83 and were requirements for public buildings but not for private buildings.

RPA99 was introduced in 1999. ‘Elastic behavior of a structure while facing a relatively frequent moderate seismic event’ and ‘no collapse or loss of stability while facing a rare major seismic event’ were outlined as the objectives of the code. Seismic design code RPA99 was revised as RPA2003 through changes in seismic zones, with higher design accelerations in Algiers after the earthquake disaster of Boumerdes on May 21 2003.

～1955 : There was no seismic design code in Algeria. Some buildings were constructed utilizing the seismic design code of France. 1956～1980 : AS55 was introduced in 1955, and seismic load was shown as a static horizontal load (dead load x coefficient). PS69 was introduced in 1969; however, this was not obligatory and was not applied to ordinary buildings. Most buildings were constructed without seismic design. 1981～1999 : El Asnam earthquake occurred on October 10 1980. After the earthquake, RPA81 (revised in 1983) and RPA88 were introduced. There were three seismic zones, namely zone I (low seismicity), zone II (moderate seismicity), and zone III (high seismicity). Wilaya Algiers was located in zone II. There were three groups for zone acceleration coefficients, group 3 (0.10, low importance), group 2 (0.15, moderate importance) and group 1 (0.25, high importance) in zone II; the importance factor is included in the zone acceleration coefficient. These design standards were obligatory for all public buildings but not for private buildings. Inspections of building construction for public buildings were performed by CTC (Organization for Construction Technology Control) established in 1971. 2000～2002 : RPA99 was introduced. Seismic load was increased. The number of groups for zone acceleration coefficients was increased from three to four and included group 3 (0.10, low importance), group 2 (0.15, moderate importance), group 1B (0.20, high importance), and

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group 1A (0.25, vital importance). The zone acceleration coefficient in Algiers is 0.15 in the case of a moderately important building. Dynamic Amplification Factor D was revised (increased) from 2.0 to 2.5. However, RPA99 was not obligatory for private buildings, and inspections of building construction by CTC for private buildings were not generally done. 2003～ : The Boumerdes earthquake occurred on May 21 2003. A revision of RPA99 was introduced as RPA2003 soon after the earthquake. It was obligatory for private buildings for the first time. The seismic zone of Algiers was changed from II to III, and the zone acceleration coefficients were also revised to: group 3 (0.18), group 2 (0.25), group 1B (0.30), and group 1A (0.40). In the case of moderately important buildings, the zone acceleration coefficient in Algiers was increased from 0.15 (RPA99) to 0.25 (RPA2003). All private housing units were required to proceed with seismic design in order to obtain building insurance in September 1 2004.

Seismic design loads for buildings in Algiers by seismic design codes RPA81 (revised in 1983), RPA88, RPA99 and RPA2003 are summarized in Table 2-1. The details of AS55 and PS69 were not provided.

Peak ground acceleration (PGA) for design is 0.15G for RPA83, RPA88 and RPA99, and 0.25G for RPA2003. This PGA for design is not the same as the static seismic design load coefficient for buildings.

For example, the lower limit static seismic design load (base shear) coefficient in the case of 3 to 4 storey reinforced concrete moment frames with moderate importance, which seems to be a typical building, is calculated as 0.075 (RPA83), 0.075 (RPA88), 0.11 (RPA99) and 0.16 (RPA2003).

The seismic design load coefficients by PS69 of buildings similar to the above are calculated to be approximately 0.08 to 0.12. These changes depend on building foundation type, according to the JICA Study Team Report for the 1980 El Asnam Earthquake (in Japanese) dated October 1981.

It is noted that the expected ductility is relatively high for reinforced concrete moment frames, since a required ductility factor μ of more than eight is necessary where a Behavior Factor R of 4 (RPA99) or Structural Component Factor 1/4 (RPA83) is used (as calculated by Newmark’s formula R = √(2μ-1)). It is generally estimated that static the seismic design load coefficient for buildings with moderate importance in each code is too small in comparison to the intended design load corresponding to the value of design PGA in each code.

In terms of the requirements for reinforced concrete structures, a) 25 cm was specified as the minimum size of columns in Algiers in RPA83, and was revised to 30 cm in RPA2003 through the change of zoning from II to III for Algiers, b) RPA83 specified that main reinforcing bars must make up a minimum of 1% of the total cross sectional area of columns. This was revised to 0.8% in RPA88, and to 0.9% in RPA2003 through the change of zoning from II to III for Algiers, c) 15 cm was specified as the minimum

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interval of hoop reinforcing at the top and bottom of columns for Algiers in RPA83, and was revised to 10 cm in RPA2003 through the change of zoning from II to III for Algiers, d) the axial force ratio for columns can not be greater than 0.30 against seismic load to provide ductility according to RPA99.

Regarding the seismic joint condition, the minimum width of seismic joints for two adjacent buildings, d ≥ H1/300 and 2 cm (H1: building height) was specified in RPA83, and d =15 mm+δ1+δ2 ≥ 40 mm (δ1, δ2: maximum displacements of two blocks) was specified in RPA99 for reinforced concrete structures.

As far as the requirements for tied masonry structures in RPA2003, a) Sections of bearing walls can not be less than 4% of floor area in both directions, b) Walls must have a minimum thickness of 20 cm and maximum distance is 6 m in zone III (Algiers), c) Minimum mortar compression strength is 5 Mpa (51 kgf/cm2), d) Horizontal and vertical wall ties are required.

Table 2-1 Summary of Design Loads for Buildings in Algiers by Seismic Codes Zone Dynamic Static Seismic Quality Behavior Factor: R Application of Code Acceleration Amplification Factor: Load: V Factor: Q Structural Component factor: B Code Coefficient: A D RPA2003 V=(ADQ/R)xW ZoneⅢ（Ａｌｇｉｅｒｓ） 2.5 1～1.35 RC Frame 1a: 5(2 stories or 8m) Public and Group1A: 0.40 in case: 0

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(2) Important and Hazardous Facilities

The important facilities will be functioning strategic base buildings required for rescue and relief activities following an earthquake, and these facilities should not be vulnerable to fire or accidents after such an event. Accordingly, a survey of these must be performed to provide a statistical database for the evaluation of vulnerability in the microzoning study. The surveyor was selected based on quotations from three parties and the local subcontractor, URBANIS was proposed based on cost and ability.

CGS and the Study Team discussed and then defined the inventory survey plan for important and hazardous facilities. The result was outlined in the following Section 1). The distribution procedure is described in Section 2).

1) Plan of Important and Hazardous Facilities Inventory Survey

Based on discussions between CGS and JST, 530 of the following facilities, selected at random, were surveyed as a part of the building inventory survey.

(A) Important and Hazardous Facilities

Some 14 important and hazardous facilities in the 34 communes have a strategic disaster management function. The contents of the surveyed items are the same as those in the Building Inventory Survey, for which a total of 476 samples (facilities) were surveyed. The surveyed facilities will include: - Headquarters of APC “Communal Popular Assembly”: 1 no. - Primary Schools: 2 nos. - Fundamental School: 1 no. - High School: 1 no. - Urban Safety Department: 1 no. - Police box: 1 no. - Medical Center: 1 no. - Sports Hall: 1 no. - Mosque: 1 no. - Cultural Center: 1 no. - Gas Stations: 2 nos. - Fire Station: 1 no.

The inventory survey form is the same as the building inventory survey. Refer to Chapter 2-2-2 (1).

(B) Particular (Important and Hazardous) Facilities

Some 54 important and hazardous facilities in special communes have a strategic disaster management function and are should not be vulnerable to fire and accidents during an earthquake. As for 1), the contents of surveyed items are basically the same as in the Building Inventory Survey, with additional items on the survey form including hazardous material and its storage conditions and volume. The particular (important and hazardous) facilities in the special communes include:

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- Palace of the Government: 1 no. - Prefectural Office of the WILAYA ALGIERS: 1 no. - Headquarters of DAIRA (for each DAIRA): 8 nos. - Safety Department of the DAIRA (for each DAIRA): 8 nos. - Civil Protection: 3 nos. PORT OF ALGIERS, SCHOOL OF EL HAMIZ and HIDRA HEADQUARTERS - Hospitals: 10 nos. MUSTAPHA, MAILLOT, PARNET, BENI MASSOUS, BIRTRARIA, KOUBA, ZMIRLI, El KETTAR, AIT IDIR and BAINEM - Universities: 11 nos. BAB EZZOUAR, EPAU, INA, RNS, ENA, ENTP, ENP, BOUZAREAH, FAC CENTRALE, COMMERCE TAFOURA and ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF CARROUBIER - Central telephone center of AISSAT IDIR Place of 1st MAI: 1 no. - Central Rail Station “SNTF” (national company for railways) Algiers: 1 no. - “HOUARI BOUMEDIENE” Airport: 1 no. - Algiers Port: 1 no. - SENATE: 1 no. - APN (National Popular Assembly): 1 no. - Court of justice of Algiers: 1 no. - Church of “NORTRE DAME D’AFRIQUE”: 1 no. - Prison of “EL HARRACH”: 1 no. - Museum of EL HAMMA: 1 no. - SONATRACH of CARROUSIER (gas and oil company): 1 no. - Mosque “KETCHAOUA” in CASBAH: 1 no.

2) Distribution of Important and Hazardous Facilities

An assessment of the distribution of important and hazardous facilities was undertaken based on discussions within the team (CGS, the Study Team and URBANIS). This process involved: a) Selection of 14 important and hazardous facilities based on their strategic disaster management function. b) These selected facilities are distributed across all (34) communes. c) All facilities in each commune are assigned a number in the digital mapping system. d) The target facilities were decided randomly.

3) Distribution of Particular (Important and Hazardous) Facilities

As noted in Section 1) (B), 54 important and hazardous facilities were selected based on strategic disaster management function.

Despite the fact that detailed census data on population and residential buildings was obtained, the total number of non-residential buildings i.e. governmental offices, offices, hospitals, schools and so on, are unknown. Therefore, the distribution of buildings was determined based on the coefficient of population in each commune.

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2-2-3 Infrastructure and Lifelines

(1) Infrastructure

1) Roads

The road network information was compiled using the URBANIS data, topographic maps (1:10,000 and 1:25,000, see Figure 2-12) issued by INCT, and a schematic road map provided by DTP (see Figure 2-13). The road width and length information for the national roads and the Wilaya roads was provided by MTP. The digitized map is shown in Chapter 6.

Source: INCT

Figure 2-12 Topographic Map, Scale = 1:10,000

Source: DTP

Figure 2-13 Schematic Road Map

Bridge data were compiled using the results of the bridge inventory survey conducted by a local contractor under the JST and the counterpart.

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2) Railways

The length of the railway network in the Wilaya of Algiers totals 61 km. It is a double railroad with a reinforced rail type UIC 54.

The annual number of passengers transported and quantity of freight (grains, fuel and so on) by train are shown in Figure 2-14 and Figure 2-15, respectively.

25,000,000 Note: 2005 data is as of 30 Sep.

20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000 Passengers (persons) 5,000,000

0 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20,355,279 20,743,752 21,145,391 20,548,048 19,367,543 13,019,723 Passengers Source: SNTF

Figure 2-14 Annual Passengers Transported

1,000,000 Note: 2005 data is as of 30 Sep. 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 Freight (tons) 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 871,062 661,182 866,042 738,912 890,269 689,160 Freight Source: SNTF

Figure 2-15 Annual Freight

A summary of the railway damage due to the Boumerdes Earthquake according to SNTF is outlined below. - The railway network and bridges did not suffer heavy damage. - The shelters of the platforms and footbridges of some railway stations were affected by cracks in some of their supporting columns and so on (Oued-smar, Bab-ezzouar, Dar-el-Beida, Rouiba, industrial zone of Rouiba, Reghaia) - Repair works on the railway were completed within 8 hours.

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- Emergency works to allow the recommencement of railway traffic on the bridges were begun within 24 hours and were completed within 2 days. - The final reinforcing works were completed within 6 months. - The railway did not stop for a long period due to earthquake damage, and was only closed during the nights of 21 and 22 May 2003 to allow inspection of the railway network and bridges.

3) Ports and Airport

The layouts of the Algiers port and airport were obtained based on the URBANIS data.

(2) Lifelines

1) Water Supply

DHW provided the JST with digital data on the water supply pipelines (see Figure 2-16) and a hard copy of the water tower locations (see Figure 2-17).

Source: DHW

Figure 2-16 Example of Digital Data for the Water Supply Pipelines

Source: DHW

Figure 2-17 Example of Water Tower Location Map

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(2) Sewerage

DHW provided the JST with hard copies of the sewerage network layout (see Figure 2-18) and a summary of its components (see Table 2-2). However, the network map and the components table did not contain all information.

Source: DHW

Figure 2-18 Example of Map of the Sewerage Network

Table 2-2 Example of Summary of the Sewerage Pipeline Attributes (extract from the list)

Pipeline Year Area Sewerage pipeline Length Diameter Service (m) (mm) Began Collecteur champs de tir 3,200 800, 1000, 1,200 (Zeralda) Collecteur Littoral Ouest ZERALDA 5,600 600, 700, 1,000 2004 (deuxième tranche) Collecteur Oued Laghar 1,000 2,000 2005 (Zeralda) Collecteur Site El Djillalli 2,000 800 1990 STAOUELI Collecteur Staoueli 1,000 1.2 x 0.8 m Ancient Collecteur Oued Boukraa 3,000 800, 1,000, 2,000 2002 - 2003 Collecteur Dely Brahim 6,000 700, 800 1997 (Dely Brahim) Collecteur Cheraga I CHÉRAGA 5,000 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 Ancient (Cheraga) Collecteur Bouchbouk 1,200 800 2001 (Cheraga)

Source: DHW

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3) Electricity

Sonelgaz electricity division provided the JST with the digital data for the high voltage (220,000V or 60,000V) cable network (see Figure 2-19) and hard copies of the medium voltage (30,000V for rural areas or 10,000V for urban areas) cable network (see Figure 2-20).

Source: Sonelgaz

Figure 2-19 Example of High Voltage Cable Network Map

Red line: buried cables, Blue line: aerial cables Source: Sonelgaz

Figure 2-20 Example of Medium Voltage Cable Network Map

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4) Gas

Sonelgaz gas division provided the JST with hard copies of the high pressure gas pipeline (20 bar to 70 bar) (see Figure 2-21) and medium pressure gas pipeline (4 bar to 5 bar) (see Figure 2-22).

Source: Sonelgaz

Figure 2-21 Example of the Network Map of High Pressure Gas Pipelines

Source: Sonelgaz

Figure 2-22 Example of the Network Map of Medium Pressure Gas Pipelines

5) Telecommunications

The telecommunication cable network layout (optic fiber cable) was not available in map form for the study area.

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