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Discrete Ultrahigh-Pressure Domains in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: Implications for Formation and Exhumation

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Discrete Ultrahigh-Pressure Domains in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: Implications for Formation and Exhumation J. metamorphic Geol., 2005, 23, 45–61 doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00561.x Discrete ultrahigh-pressure domains in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: implications for formation and exhumation D. B. ROOT1 ,B.R.HACKER1 ,P.B.GANS1 ,M.N.DUCEA2 ,E.A.EIDE3 AND J. L. MOSENFELDER4 1Department of Geological Sciences, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA ([email protected]) 2Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA 3Geological Survey of Norway, Leiv Erikssons vei 39, 7491 Trondheim, Norway 4Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA ABSTRACT New eclogite localities and new 40Ar/39Ar ages within the Western Gneiss Region of Norway define three discrete ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) domains that are separated by distinctly lower pressure, eclogite facies rocks. The sizes of the UHP domains range from c. 2500 to 100 km2; if the UHP culminations are part of a continuous sheet at depth, the Western Gneiss Region UHP terrane has minimum dimensions of c. 165 · 50 · 5 km. 40Ar/39Ar mica and K-feldspar ages show that this outcrop pattern is the result of gentle regional-scale folding younger than 380 Ma, and possibly 335 Ma.The UHP and intervening high-pressure (HP) domains are composed of eclogite-bearing orthogneiss basement overlain by eclogite-bearing allochthons. The allochthons are dominated by garnet amphibolite and pelitic schist with minor quartzite, carbonate, calc-silicate, peridotite, and eclogite. Sm/Nd core and rim ages of 992 and 894 Ma from a 15-cm garnet indicate local preservation of Precambrian metamorphism within the allochthons. Metapelites within the allochthons indicate near-isothermal decompression following (U)HP metamorphism: they record upper amphibolite facies recrystallization at 12–17 kbar and c. 750 °C during exhumation from mantle depths, followed by a low-pressure sillimanite + cordierite overprint at c. 5 kbar and c. 750 °C. New 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages of 402 Ma document that this decompression from eclogite-facies conditions at 410–405 Ma to mid-crustal depths occurred in a few million years. The short timescale and consistently high temperatures imply adiabatic exhumation of a UHP body with minimum dimensions of 20–30 km. 40Ar/39Ar muscovite ages of 397–380 Ma show that ) this extreme heat advection was followed by rapid cooling (c. 30 °C Myr 1), perhaps because of continued tectonic unroofing. Key words: 40Ar/39Ar; cordierite; eclogite; Norway; thermobarometry; ultrahigh pressure. chthonous schists and gneisses –including their P–T– INTRODUCTION time paths. Geochronology, petrology and structural The Scandinavian Caledonides, formed during the geology are used to demonstrate that the UHP rocks Silurian continental collision of Baltica and Laurentia, are exposed in three separate antiformal domains, contain one of the world’s largest ultrahigh-pressure separated by high-pressure (HP) rocks, that in aggre- (UHP) terranes in the Western Gneiss Region gate define a UHP terrane with minimum average (WGR) of Norway. Metamorphic pressures in this dimensions of c. 165 · 50 · 5 km. The distribution of c. 50 000 km2 basement culmination in the core of the eclogites suggests that the allochthons and basement Caledonian orogen reached c. 40 kbar, producing were juxtaposed prior to the UHP–HP metamorphism coesite on a regional scale. Understanding the genesis and shared the same subduction and exhumation his- and exhumation of these remarkable rocks sheds light tory. New 40Ar/39Ar ages in conjunction with existing on numerous large-scale geodynamic and geochemical geochronology show that the rocks were exhumed processes, including continental collisions and the from UHP mantle depths to shallow crustal levels in 5– recycling of continental material into the mantle. 10 Myr. This study addresses two important issues regarding the formation and exhumation of the UHP rocks in the NEW UHP ECLOGITES AND THE SIZE AND SHAPE WGR: (i) the size, shape, and structure of the UHP OF THE UHP DOMAINS terrane; and (ii) the structural and petrological rela- tionship between the UHP rocks and overlying allo- The UHP rocks of Norway are exposed in the coastal reaches of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR), Present address: D. B. Root, Department of Mineral Sciences, between Nordfjord in the south to Fjørtoft in the north National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560-0119, (Fig. 1); high-pressure rocks extend over a much USA. greater area to the north, east and south (Cuthbert Ó 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 45 46 D. B. ROOT ET AL. o B380 o Fj rtoft H402 Asp y 80 B397 Nordo yane UHP domain K350 Trondheim 70 Enge 10 Flemso ya 62o H403 N B397 K370 20 10 B390 Brattvåg Vigra Bergen 55 M>380 20 60o N 85 65 80 o o Godo ya 5 E 10 E 75 o Rem yholmen K380 30 Runde 25 40 Hareidlandet 60 45 30 M<380 75 25 30 30 50 Soro yane 30 M378 35 M374 35 o 15 Nerlands ya 80 40 Ulsteinvik K345 30 60 10 75 45 15 40 M380 UHP domain 80 40 55 M>380 80 60 K355 60 80 o 60 50 Sands ya 80 85 70 15 60 80 75 55 Kvamso ya M384 Voksa 30 50 50 75 Furo ya 80 M<383 80 80 45 M380 45 10 70 45 30 20 50 65 B375 65 Drage 10 65 30 35 M<380 25 40 M369 line of section 70 25 45 Nordfjord – 80 60 60 Devonian molasse 70 Saltaneset Allochthons 50 Stadlandet 85 o 62 N Flatraket 45 UHP domain Ulsteinvik-area eclogite 5oE Western Gneiss Complex M387 UHP eclogites M389 70 M389 M385 (this study) M385 M401 60 HP eclogites Verpeneset 40 39 M404 M>380 M389 Ar/ Ar age M390 M383 M409 50 (M389 – this study) M409 M>390 0 10 km N SW NE Nordfjord – Stadlandet UHP domain Soro yane UHP domain 5 km 0 km Fig. 1. Map of the study area, showing the ultrahigh-pressure domains exposed in culminations beneath the high-pressure domains. 40Ar/39Ar ages denoted as B, biotite; H, hornblende; K, K-feldspar (from Hacker et al., 2004); M, muscovite; ages from this study are in italics. Other ages from Chauvet & Dallmeyer (1992); Andersen et al. (1998) and Lux (1985). Geology based in part on Tveten et al. (1998a,b) and Krabbendam & Wain (1997). Ó 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd ULTRAHIGH-PRESSURE DOMAINS IN THE WESTERN GNEISS REGION, NORWAY 47 et al., 2000; Walsh & Hacker, 2004). Most of the UHP–HP terrane consists of continental orthogneisses (a) overlain locally by chiefly paragneisses. Dispersed Quartz eclogites blocks that make up only c. 1 vol.% of the terrane contain nearly all the evidence of former ultrahigh pressures, in the form of coesite, diamond and other high-pressure minerals. Both the eclogites and the host gneisses experienced a strong amphibolite facies recrystallization and deformation following the UHP event. Although the eclogites locally survived Coesite this overprint, nearly all UHP minerals and structures that might have existed in the host gneisses were 25 µm obliterated and replaced by amphibolite-facies para- geneses, gently E- and W-plunging lineations, and N- and S-dipping foliations isoclinally folded about shallowly E- and W-plunging axes (Fig. 1). 10 000 It was in the Nordfjord–Stadlandet region where (b) UHP eclogites were first recognized, based on the presence of coesite (Smith, 1984). Since then, c. 30 465 Quartz rim eclogite localities containing either coesite or poly- crystalline quartz pseudomorphs after coesite have 206 been identified, delineating a c. 2500 km2 region named the Nordfjord–Stadlandet UHP domain (Wain, 520 465 1997; Cuthbert et al., 2000). UHP eclogites were sub- Counts 356 270 sequently identified more than 125 km to the north on 205 Coesite Fjørtoft (Terry et al., 2000a) and >50 km to the east (Walsh & Hacker, 2004), suggesting that the Norwe- gian UHP terrane might approach 10 000 km2. To evaluate the size and structure of the UHP ter- 0 rane, this study focused on the Sorøyane (the ÔSouth- 0Raman shift (cm–1) 1000 ern IslandsÕ, from Kvamsøya to Runde), that lie between the Nordfjord–Stadlandet and Fjørtoft UHP Fig. 2. (a) Relict coesite in core of polycrystalline quartz inclusion within garnet, eclogite R9824C, Runde; transmitted, domains (Fig. 1). Eclogites are reasonably widespread plane-polarized light image. (b) Raman spectrum from quartz in the study area, permitting the boundaries of the rim and coesite core of same inclusion; peak at 525 cm)1 is UHP terrane to be mapped on the basis of the presence diagnostic of coesite. or absence of coesite or coesite pseudomorphs. This study identified seven new UHP eclogites (Fig. 1) by the discovery of polycrystalline quartz inclusions c. 100 km2 (Fig. 1). The delineation of these UHP within garnet and omphacite. Relict coesite (Fig. 2) domains based on the observation of coesite or relict was identified in the core of one such inclusion from an coesite in eclogites is limited by two main factors: eclogite on Runde (Fig. 1). Conventional thermobar- eclogites must be present, coesite must have formed, ometry is impossible in most of these eclogites because and it must be preserved. Unfortunately, eclogites are of the absence of phengite and kyanite, but Krogh uncommon in certain rock types and the formation Ravna (in Carswell et al., 2003a) reported a pressure of and preservation of coesite require favourable cir- 32 kbar at 795 °C from eclogite on the nearby island of cumstances that did not always occur. Despite this Furøya (Fig. 1), and the presence of former coesite limitation, the geochronological data presented below requires pressures of at least 28 kbar in all the other show that these three UHP domains are likely con- UHP eclogites.
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