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The American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THEAMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURALHISTORY VOLUME XLV, 1922 59.57,96(67.5) Article I.-ANTS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM CONGO EXPEDITION. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE MYRMECOLOGP OF AFRICA1 BY WILLIAMMORTON WHEELER WITH THE COLLABORATIONOF J. BEQUAERT,I. W. BAILEY,F. SANTSCHI,AND w. M . MANN PLATESI TO XLV, 47 MAPS, AND 103 TEXTFIGURES CONTENTS PAQE INTRODUCTION......................................................... 7 New Species, Subspecies, and Varieties, with Their Type Localities.. .. 10 I.-ONTHE DISTRIBUTIONOF THE ANTS OF THE ETHIOPIANAND MALAQASY REQIONS,BY WM. M. WHEELER.............................. 13 The Peculiarities of the Ethiopian Ant-Fauna.. .................. 13 Table I. General Distribution of the Genera of Ants.. ............ 22 Table 11. Total Number of Genera and Number of Endemic Genera in each Region, also Number of Genera Common to Other Regions 29 Table 111. Total Number of Genera and Number of Endemic Genera in each of the Subfamilies. .................................. 29 Table IV. Number of Species, Subspecies, and Varieties known from each Region in 1911 (Forel). ................................. 30 Table V. Number of Species, Subspecies, and Varieties of each Genus hitherto Recorded from the Ethiopian Region and the Belgian Congo.. ................................................... 31 The Peculiarities of the Malagasy Ant-Fauna. ..................... 33 Table VI. Number of Species, Subspecies, and Varieties of each Genus hitherto Recorded from the Malagasy Region. ................. 37 ~ ~~~ ~~- 'Scientific Results of the American Museum Congo Expedition. Entomology No. 7. 1 2 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XLV PAGE IL-THE ANTS COLLECTEDBY THE AMERICANMUSEEM COXGO EXPEDITION, BY WM. M. WHEE ........... ....... 39 DorylinE, ............... ....................... 39 Dorylus Fabricius. ..................................... 41 Cerapachyinae., ................................................. 51 Cerapachys F. Smith.. ...................................... 52 Phyracaces Emery.. ......................................... 53 ......................................... 56 ............................................. 57 Paltothyreus Mayr. ......................................... 60 Megaponera Mayr.. ................................... 63 Bothroponera Mayr.. ........................................ 69 Phrynoponera Wm. R4. Wheeler.. ............................ 75 Euponera Forel., ......... .......................... 81 Plectroctena F. Smith...... Psalidomyrmex Ern. Andre Leptogenys Roger. ....... Anochetus hlayr. ........ Odontomachus Latreille., ... ............ 99 Pseudomyrminae. ............. Tetraponera F. Smith., ....... ............ 104 Viticicola Rm. M. Wheeler ....... 107 Pachysima Emery. ......... M yrmicina:. ................. Pheidole Westwood.. ....... Myrmicaria W. Saunders.. ............................... Cardiocondyla Emery.. ... Crematogaster Lund.. .... Aeromyrma Forel. ....... Carebara F. Smith.,..................................... Paxialgus Forel. ............................................. 177 Atopoiriyrmex Ern. Andr6. ................................... 180 Meranoplus F Smith.. ...................................... 183 Macromischoides Wm. M. Wheeler. .......................... 187 Tetramorium Mayr. ............................................ 190 Xiphomyrmex Forel.. .... ........... 193 Rhoptromyrmex Mayr., ........................................... 194 Triglyphcthriz Forel.. .. ... 196 Cataulacus F. Smith.,.............................................. 197 Dolichoderinae.................................................. 199 Engramma Forel.. .......................................... 201 Tapinoma Forster. ............................................ 208 Technomyrwex May............ ... .................. 209 Formicin=. ....................................................... 210 Plagiolepis 3laj.r.. ............................. 211 19221 Wheeler, Ants of the Belgian Congo 3 PAGE Acantholepis Mayr.,. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . 214 Prenolepis Mayr., , , , , . , . ........ 216 Pseudolasitis Emery. , , , , . , , . , . 218 03'cophylla F. Smith.. ................................ 224 Campc notus Pvlayr.,. ........................... ...., 232 Phasmomyrmex Stita . , . , . 256 Polvrhachis F. Smith..,. ,. .. , , . , . , 256 III.-THE PREDACEOUSENEMIES OF ANTS,BY J. BEQUAERT.., . 271 Arthropods ..................................................... 273 ..............., 273 Coleoptera. , . , . , . , , . , 275 Neuroptera. , . , . , . ............ 276 Diptera.. , , . , . ......... ............ 277 Hymenoptera. , . ........., 283 285 295 Birds. , , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , 29 7 Mammals. , . 314 329 IV.-ANTS IN THEIR DIVERSEREL.4TIOK.B TO THE PLAKT WORLD BY J BEQUAERT... , . , . 323 1. Various Relations between Ants and Vegetation 334 334 349 351 ................ 355 358 364 . 369 375 384 401 403 408 408 Euphorbiacee. , . , . , . , , , . , , . , , 409 Macaranga DuPetit-Thouars . , . , 409 Ecology of Macaranga saccijera . 41 2 414 414 417 419 422 423 424 432 439 4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XLV PAGE Apocynaceae., ................................................ 441 Epifaberna K . Schumann ....... ........... Verbenace ae ............................................. Clerodendron Linnsus................................ Vitex Linnsus .......................................... 444 Ecology of Vatex StawZtii ................. .............. 447 Rubiaceae.................. ......... 452 Uncaria Schreber .......................................... 453 Ecology of Uncaria africana . 458 Sarcocephalus Afzelius .................. ........ 459 Ecology of Sarcocephalus Species ...................... 460 Randia Houston .......................................... 461 Ecology of Randia Lujz ........................... Ecology of Randia myrmecophyla .................... Ecology of Randia physophylla .......................... 467 Plectronia Linnaeus ...................................... 468 Ecology of Plectronia Laurentii ........................ Ecology of Unidentified African Species of Plectronia Cuviera de Candolle ................................... Ecology of Cuviera in the Belgian Congo ............... 488 3 . Synopsis of Recorded Myrmecophytes ......................... 494 Pteridophyta ............................................... 497 Polypodiacee ............................................ 497 Monocotyledone z ................................... Palmae .......................................... Orchidacea ..................................... Dicotyledonere ............................................... 501 hloracez ................................................ 501 Polygonaceae.............................................. 505 Myristicace ze ........................................... 508 Monimiace ae ............................................ 509 Lauracere ................................................ 509 Nepenthacese ............................................ 510 ......................................... 510 ........................................... 510 Meliacea ................................................. 514 Euphorbiacez ............................................. 515 Sterculiacez.............................................. 517 Flacourtiacez .............................................. 517 Melastomatacez ......................................... 517 Loganiacez ................................................ 519 ................................... 520 Asclepiadacez .................................... Borraginaceze........................................... 521 Verbenacez ............................................. 522 Rubiacez ...... .............................. 522 4 . Bibliography of the tions between Ants and Plants ...... 530 19221 Wheeler, Ants of the Belgian Congo 5 PAGE V.-THE ANATOMYOF CERTAIN PLANT^^ FROM THE BELGIANCONGO, WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO MYRMECOPHYTISM,BY I. W. BAILEY.., . 585 Introduction .......................... Minute Anatomy of African Myrmecophy Viter Staudtii Guerke.. ............ Cuviera ........ ..................................... 593 ............. 597 Pkctwnia Laurentii De Wildeman., ........................... 598 Barteria jistulosa Masters and B. Dewewei De Wildeman and Sarcorephalus Species.. Salient Features of African ........... Bibliography. .............. ......................... 619 VI.-KOTES ON A COLLECTIONOF WEST AFRICANMYRMECOPHILES, BY WM. M. MANN............. ..... .............. 623 VI1.-KEYS TO THE GENERAAND S NTS, BY WM.M. WHEELER... 631 Key to the Subfamilies.,. , ......................... 631 Dorylina Leach.. ................................. Cerapachyinae Forel and Ponerinae Lepeletier. , , , , , , , , Pseudomyrminae Emery. ........................... Myrmicine Lepeletier. .............................. Dolichoderins Forel.. ............................... Formicinre Lepeletier ...................................... 691 VIIL-A SYNOXYMICLIST OF THE AKTSOF THE ETHIOPIANREGION, BY WM.M. WHEELER.,................................................... 711 Approximate Location of African Localities, Rivers, Mountains, Lakes, etc., Mentioned in the Catalogue of Ethiopian Ants and Elsewhere in the Paper.. ........ .............. 714 Doryline Leach., ...... Cerapachyinae Forel.. .. Ponerinae Lepeletier., . , . Pseudomyrminae Emery Myrmicinae Lepeletier.. Dolichoderinze Forel., . ..................................... 921 Formicine Lepeletier.. 1X.-A SYNONYMICLIST OF THE ANTS OF THE
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