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Service Delivery-Related Unrest in South Africa

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The New Struggle: Service delivery-related 2007 NO 1 unrest in South Africa The New Struggle: Service delivery-related unrest in South Africa By Lucius Botes Molefi Lenka Lochner Marais Zacheus Matebesi (Dept of Sociology, UFS) Kholisa Sigenu With contributions from Doreen Atkinson Sempe Mosothoane (Sektor Consultants) For Centre for Development Support (IB 100) University of the Free State PO Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa www.ufs.ac.za/cds This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Centre for Development Support at the University of the Free State and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. Please reference as: Centre for Development Support (CDS). 2007. The New Struggle: Service delivery-related unrest in South Africa. CDS Research Report, Social Development and Poverty Issues, 2007 (1). Bloemfontein: University of the Free State (UFS). Contents Municipal protest in Phomolong (Hennenman) 2 “Our government is playing Lotto with us – the people have had enough”: Service-related conflict in Nelson Mandela Bay (Port Elizabeth) 62 1 Municipal protest in Phomolong (Hennenman) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 2. An overview of municipal unrest in the Free State ................................................... 7 3. Socio-economic profile of Matjhabeng and Phomolong (Hennenman) .................... 8 3.1 Historical and geographical perspective ........................................................... 8 3.2 Economic growth and economic potential ........................................................ 8 3.3 The Human Development Index (HDI) ......................................................... 12 3.4 Demographic change...................................................................................... 12 3.5 Indicators in respect of infrastructure ............................................................. 14 3.6 The Matjhabeng IDP ...................................................................................... 15 4. The narrative tale of the unrest in Phomolong ........................................................ 16 4.1 Prior to the protest.......................................................................................... 16 4.2 A description of the protest ............................................................................ 17 4.3 An overview of the grievances of the protesters ............................................. 20 4.3.1 Allegations against Councillor Tshabangu .............................................. 20 4.3.2 Service delivery issues ........................................................................... 22 4.3.3 Issues about housing delivery ................................................................. 23 4.3.4 Issues of economic development and employment .................................. 23 4.3.5 Regional identity .................................................................................... 24 4.3.6 Ward committees ................................................................................... 24 4.3.7 IDP processes ......................................................................................... 25 4.3.8 Differing perspectives in Phomolong ...................................................... 25 4.4 Reaction of provincial government ................................................................. 25 4.5 Reactions from opposition parties .................................................................. 26 4.6 Reaction of the South African Police Service (SAPS) .................................... 27 4.7 Impacts of the unrest ...................................................................................... 29 4.8 Descriptions of the protesters ......................................................................... 31 4.9 Early warning signals ..................................................................................... 31 4.10 The lack of mediation .................................................................................... 31 4.11 The role of the media ..................................................................................... 32 5. Assessing the reasons for the unrest in Phomolong ................................................ 33 5.1 The role of Councillor Tshabangu .................................................................. 33 5.2 Concerns around housing delivery ................................................................. 35 5.3 Overall service delivery at the time of the protest ........................................... 38 5.4 Intergovernmental relations ............................................................................ 41 5.5 Political power plays ...................................................................................... 42 5.6 Communication and managing ward committees............................................ 42 5.7 Unfulfilled promises ...................................................................................... 44 5.8 How leaders reacted ....................................................................................... 44 5.9 Economic participation and youth issues ........................................................ 45 5.10 Regional identity ............................................................................................ 45 5.11 Complaint management systems .................................................................... 47 5.12 Client interface .............................................................................................. 47 5.13 Billing and accounting ................................................................................... 48 6. The consequences of the protest ............................................................................. 49 6.1 Improvement in payment rates and the financial situation .............................. 49 6.2 Restraint with respect to salaries .................................................................... 49 6.3 Improved service delivery .............................................................................. 49 6.4 New elections ................................................................................................ 51 6.5 Preventing future protest ................................................................................ 51 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 53 References ..................................................................................................................... 54 4 1. Introduction A series of local protests (also commonly referred to as service-related protests) erupted in a number of municipalities in South Africa during 2004 and 2005. Some of these disruptions continued into 2006, with renewed protests occurring in 2007. 1 The Free State was the province with the largest number of municipalities where unrest occurred, although protest action in North West Province also became significant in early 2007. One of the protests that turned violent took place in Phomolong near Hennenman on the Free State Goldfields early in 2005. This report aims to analyse the protests in Phomolong. 2 The case study is one in a series of four. 3 The analysis is also conducted in the light of a brief overview of the generalised protest that featured in the Free State during 2004 and 2005. After contextualising the protests within the Free State, the paper provides a socio-economic profile of Matjhabeng, and more specifically of Phomolong, so as to inform the events that marked the Phomolong protests. Media reports were used in constructing a timeline of the events. In addition, the protest memorandum handed to the Matjhabeng Council is analysed in depth, while the impact of the protests and the reactions of the various role players are also assessed. After reconstructing the narrative course of the protest, the report reflects on the role of various factors in fomenting the unrest. Finally, the report attempts to determine what has since changed in respect of service delivery, and government public relations. The three main reasons for the protests should be stated at the outset: • Firstly, there is a group of people who claim that the protest was directed against one specific councillor – Councillor Tshabangu. There is no unanimity concerning the allegations made against this councillor however, and some of the interviewees maintained that he did nothing wrong. In fact, very little hard evidence of misdemeanor could be found. These individuals also felt that the allegations were nothing more than a ploy to get rid of Councillor Tshabangu and that the protesters were envious of him. For their part however, the protesters were of the opinion that the councillor had lost touch with the community and that he was corrupt. 4 The gist of these allegations was confirmed during the focus-group interviews in Phomolong. As it so happened, many of the protesters were in fact former allies of Councillor Tshabangu. • A second group of people suggested that the protests had not only been against Tshabangu, but also arose due to problems with service delivery. This view had it that Tshabangu had stood in the way of service delivery, and that because he proved to be unapproachable, the
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