DOCSLIB.ORG

The University of Manitoba in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The University of Manitoba in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of The A Palaeopathological and Immunogenetic Assessment of Archaeological Canadian Inuit Populations By Morgan Campbell L. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2013 Morgan L. Campbell i Abstract For centuries there has been a disparity in the health of Canadian Aboriginal populations and the colonizers who came to inhabit their territories. In contemporary times, this disparity is translated into a number of growing health concerns that appear at higher rates in circumpolar populations than in many other Canadian communities. Tuberculosis rates in Arctic and circumpolar communities, particularly those with a high Inuit demographic, remain more than 20 times higher than in any other population demographic. Understanding the factors that contribute to the continued prevalence and high incidence of TB in the Arcticcompared to the remainder of Canadian populations demonstrate requires a longitudinal analysis of a number of factors related to overall health. This dissertation explores this disparity through the examination of the immunogenetics and palaeopathology of an archaeological Inuit population. This archaeological cohort was assessed using palaeopathological techniques of to establish the disease burden experienced by the Inuit in the pre‐contact and early contact period. The palaeopathologicual inventory also established individuals with possible TB pathologies as candidates for further molecular analysis. Molecular analyses focused on the establishment of Inuit ancestry and the examination of the presence of four polymorphic sites in the promoter regions of IL‐6, IL‐10, TNFα and IFNγ. Polymorphisms for the Th2 cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐10 are associated with the down regulation of Th1 cytokines activated to combat TB infection, while the Th1 cytokines TNFα and IFNγ are essential for the effective immune response against TB infection. These analyses resulted in the establishment of genotypes and phenotypes detected utilising a novel molecular method and protocols developed specifically for this research. Osteological observations indicated an increase in risk of disease in early contact populations, particularly those associated with infectious disease or the co‐infection of multiple conditions compared to the pre‐contact cohort. In contrast pre‐mortem tooth loss decreased with contact, and degenerative pathologies maintained a relatively balanced presence. TB pathologies were observed in both pre‐contact and contact groups, with an increased level of pathologies observed in contact individuals. Molecular results suggest immunogenetic profiles similar to First Nations groups, with only a single cytokine SNP exhibiting a unique phenotype in comparison. Immunogenetic profiles suggest Inuit have maintained a Th2 immune response for many generations, and this remains unchanged with contact. ii Acknowledgements While ultimately this dissertation is the product of my doctoral research, it is the result of a great deal of emotional, academic and financial support and encouragement. I acknowledge that without that support this thesis would not represent what it does today, the penultimate ending to my graduate career. I therefore wish to acknowledge a number of individuals who helped along the way. Primary support came from my co‐advisors, Dr. Linda Larcombe and Dr. Rob Hoppa, who pushed when needed and allowed me my quiet times to reflect and, usually, rewrite. Thank you for your support and the chance to explore my anthropological knowledge. To Dr. Larcombe, gratitude for teaching me the basics of molecular research (from the anthropological perspective) and providing the opportunity to expand on previous research ideas. Additionally, thanks to my committee members Drs. Stacie Burke and Paul Hackett for help with the overall thesis. The Canadian Museum of Civilization at Gatineau, Quebec opened its collections section and provided a work space during my initial research. Concomitantly, I wish to express heartfelt gratitude to the Inuit Heritage Trust for extending permission to me to examine the archaeological remains of their ancestors. I hope that a continued respectful working relationship with First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities can lead to greater future discoveries about our shared and individual histories. While conducting the molecular analysis portion of my research I had the honour of exploiting the expertise of the Paleo‐DNA Laboratory staff at Lakehead University, particularly Stephen Fratpietro and Ryan Lehto who shared a lab and answered all my questions, sometimes multiple times. Thank you for, what seems like your infinite, patience, while I learned the intricacies of analyzing ancient DNA. With gratitude I acknowledge that funding was provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, Canada Research Chairs Program, National Sanitarium Association, University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship Program and the Faculty of Arts. The greatest support I could receive, came from family and friends, who encouraged me from the beginning, reminded me that there was a light at the end of the tunnel (and that it was getting ever closer) and now, constantly tell me I will find a job doing what I love the most. Thank you to Momma and Da, my brother Curtis and my best friend Amanda Coughlin, without you I may have taken over the bakery! iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................viii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Pathological Conditions and Health Status in the New World: Pre‐contact to Contemporary Populations ............................................................................................................. 8 Health in the New World prior to contact ................................................................................. 10 Inuit Health .................................................................................................................................... 15 Contact ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Arctic Contact and the Impact on the Inuit Environment ....................................................... 19 New World Tuberculosis ................................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 3 Human Immunogenetic Diversity Present and Past .................................................. 29 The Human Immune System........................................................................................................... 29 Innate Immune System ............................................................................................................... 32 Adaptive Immune System ........................................................................................................... 34 Th1 vs. Th2 ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Cytokines ................................................................................................................................... 37 Immunity and Tuberculosis ............................................................................................................ 38 Population‐based immunological variation ............................................................................. 41 Cytokine Polymorphisms and Disease ............................................................................................ 48 Analysis of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms .......................................................................... 49 Canadian Aboriginal and Inuit Specific Immune Diversity ............................................................... 53 Ancient DNA and Anthropology ......................................................................................................... 54 Mitochondrial DNA ..................................................................................................................... 59 Haplogroups ............................................................................................................................ 61 Nuclear DNA ................................................................................................................................ 68 Sex Determination .................................................................................................................. 69 iv Analysis of Microbial DNA .....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dukes County Intelligencer
    Journal of History of Martha’s Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands THE DUKES COUNTY INTELLIGENCER VOL. 55, NO. 1 WINTER 2013 Left Behind: George Cleveland, George Fred Tilton & the Last Whaler to Hudson Bay Lagoon Heights Remembrances The Big One: Hurricane of ’38 Membership Dues Student ..........................................$25 Individual .....................................$55 (Does not include spouse) Family............................................$75 Sustaining ...................................$125 Patron ..........................................$250 Benefactor...................................$500 President’s Circle ......................$1000 Memberships are tax deductible. For more information on membership levels and benefits, please visit www.mvmuseum.org To Our Readers his issue of the Dukes County Intelligencer is remarkable in its diver- Tsity. Our lead story comes from frequent contributor Chris Baer, who writes a swashbuckling narrative of two of the Vineyard’s most adventur- ous, daring — and quirky — characters, George Cleveland and George Fred Tilton, whose arctic legacies continue to this day. Our second story came about when Florence Obermann Cross suggested to a gathering of old friends that they write down their childhood memories of shared summers on the Lagoon. The result is a collective recollection of cottages without electricity or water; good neighbors; artistic and intellectual inspiration; sailing, swimming and long-gone open views. This is a slice of Oak Bluffs history beyond the more well-known Cottage City and Campground stories. Finally, the Museum’s chief curator, Bonnie Stacy, has reminded us that 75 years ago the ’38 hurricane, the mother of them all, was unannounced and deadly, even here on Martha’s Vineyard. — Susan Wilson, editor THE DUKES COUNTY INTELLIGENCER VOL. 55, NO. 1 © 2013 WINTER 2013 Left Behind: George Cleveland, George Fred Tilton and the Last Whaler to Hudson Bay by Chris Baer ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Precontact Inuit Gender Complexity and Its
    EXAMINING PRECONTACT INUIT GENDER COMPLEXITY AND ITS DISCURSIVE POTENTIAL FOR LGBTQ2S+ AND DECOLONIZATION MOVEMENTS by Meghan Walley B.A. McGill University, 2014 A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Archaeology Memorial University of Newfoundland May 2018 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador 0 ABSTRACT Anthropological literature and oral testimony assert that Inuit gender did not traditionally fit within a binary framework. Men’s and women’s social roles were not wholly determined by their bodies, there were mediatory roles between masculine and feminine identities, and role-swapping was—and continues to be—widespread. However, archaeologists have largely neglected Inuit gender diversity as an area of research. This thesis has two primary objectives: 1) to explore the potential impacts of presenting queer narratives of the Inuit past through a series of interviews that were conducted with Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer/Questioning and Two-Spirit (LGBTQ2S+) Inuit and 2) to consider ways in which archaeological materials articulate with and convey a multiplicity of gender expressions specific to pre-contact Inuit identity. This work encourages archaeologists to look beyond categories that have been constructed and naturalized within white settler spheres, and to replace them with ontologically appropriate histories that incorporate a range of Inuit voices. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, qujannamiik/nakummek to all of the Inuit who participated in interviews, spoke to me about my work, and provided me with vital feedback. My research would be nothing without your input. I also wish to thank Safe Alliance for helping me identify interview participants, particularly Denise Cole, one of its founding members, who has provided me with invaluable insights, and who does remarkable work that will continue to motivate and inform my own.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Activity-Induced Pathology in a Canadian Inuit Population, By
    REVIEWS 221 PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY-INDUCED PATHOLOGYIN A CANA- Osteoarthritic changes to the diarthroidialjoints (i.e., those struc- DIAN INUIT POPULATION. By CHARLES F. MERBS. Ottawa: tured to permit substantial movement) were scored“type” by (lipping National Museum of Man MercurySeries, Archaeological Surveyof and/or porosity and/or eburnation) and degree (scored + , + + , or CanadaPaper No. 119,1983. 199p., 80figs., 15 tables. Softbound. + + +) forthe temporomandibular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, (selected) Distributed gratisby Scientific Records Sectionof the Archaeologi- hand, vertebral column (articularfacets), rib (costovertebraljoints on cal Survey of Canada. vertebral bodies), hip, knee,ankle, and (selected)footjoints. Tabulated data are clearly presented according to sex and side groupings, and This monograph is a substantially revised, enhanced, and updated illustrations (both reproduced plates and schematic charts and draw- version of the author’s 1969 doctoral dissertation. Merbs’s study is ings) are generally well choseddesigned. My only serious complaint based upon a seriesof 91 adult Sadlermiut skeletons(41 males and 50 here is that a comprehensive of set visual and descriptive “standards” females) from Native Point, Southampton Island, N.W.T. The series for is scoring degree of severity werenot illustrated.Photographic diachronic,ranging temporally from the group’s tragic extinction reproductionsofwhatconstitutes + , + + ,and + + + scorings would (1902-03) to no more than five centuriesback in time. obviously assist coworkers
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Inuit Responses to the Changing Nature of the Built Environment PETER C
    ARCTIC VOL. 48, NO. 1 (MARCH 1995) P.71–80 “Unsympathetic Users”: An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Inuit Responses to the Changing Nature of the Built Environment PETER C. DAWSON1 (Received 10 June 1994; accepted in revised form 5 December 1994) ABSTRACT. Recent trends in modern architectural theory stress the dynamic relationship that exists between culture and the built environment. Such theories hold that because different cultures are characterized by distinctive types of economic, social, and ideological relationships, they require different forms of spatial order to sustain them. Through the adoption of such a perspective, this paper examines the effects of Euro-Canadian prefabricated housing on modern Inuit groups in the central and eastern Canadian Arctic. Preliminary results suggest that the “alien” spatial environments of the southern-style prefabricated house may have contributed to increasing gender asymmetry, a transformation of social relations through the delayed resolution of interpersonal conflicts, confusion over how, when, and where to conduct various household activities, and a loss of cultural identity among contemporary Inuit. Key words: human spatial behaviour, government housing, Inuit, gender, acculturation, northern communities RÉSUMÉ. Les tendances récentes dans la théorie de l’architecture moderne insistent sur le rapport dynamique existant entre la culture et le cadre bâti. De telles théories soutiennent que, vu que différentes cultures se caractérisent par des types distincts de rapports économiques, sociaux et idéologiques, elles ont besoin pour se maintenir de différentes formes d’aménagement des volumes et des espaces. En adoptant une telle perspective, cet article examine les effets des habitations eurocanadiennes préfabriquées, sur les groupes inuits modernes du centre et de l’est de l’Arctique canadien.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut
    An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut by Natalie Symchych A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto c Copyright 2016 by Natalie Symchych Abstract An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut Natalie Symchych Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2016 This thesis explores growth status and body proportion development in past North Amer- ican Arctic populations. Living in one of the most extreme environments on the planet, Arctic foragers provide an opportunity to explore how human morphological variation is shaped by growth and climate. The study focuses on the Sadlermiut Inuit, who lived on Southampton Island in Hudson Bay, Nunavut. This main sample is comprised of 111 juveniles and 160 adults (62 F, 52 M, 46 und). Comparative samples are derived from Northwest Hudson Bay, Point Hope (Alaska), and Greenland, and are comprised of 106 juveniles and 151 adults (76 F, 75 M). Growth status in four long bones is assessed by comparing the samples' tempo of growth to normative values from a modern North American sample. Body proportion development is assessed by calculating brachial index, crural index, and limb length relative to skeletal trunk height. Plots of index values versus dental age are assessed visually, and compared to results from the literature. Sadlermiut individuals who died as juveniles show a predominant pattern of growth faltering as compared to the North American tempo of growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Osteological, Archaeological, And
    What about the children? Incorporating osteological, archaeological, and ethnographic data to understand Sadlermiut childhood by Emily J. Holland A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Anthropology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2007 by Emily J. Holland ABSTRACT Skeletal remains have long been used by physical anthropologists in order to understand the health and lives of past peoples. The purpose of this research is to better understand the lives of the Sadlermiut children from Native Point Southampton Island, Nunavut. To do so, a three-fold methodology integrating archaeological and ethnographic evidence of children and childhood with an osteological analysis of growth and development is utilized. This is the first study to concentrate on the skeletal remains of those less than 18 years of age from the Sadlermiut archaeological sample. This research suggests a high prevalence of infant mortality among the Sadlermiut, the largest proportion of which were female. The growth of the Sadlermiut is comparable to that of the Eskimo and Aleut from Alaska, yet less than that of modern children of European descent, and other Aboriginal archaeological populations from North America. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I must extend my sincerest thanks to my advisor Dr. Robert Hoppa (my own Shelley) for accepting me as his student. I thank him for his incredible patience and constant belief in my abilities regardless of the time of day. His advice, support and encouragement have helped me to succeed as a Master’s student and will continue to motivate me as I pursue my career.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-Related Ethnic Group with Significant Ancient North Eurasian Ancestry
    Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry Pavel Flegontov1,2,3*, Piya Changmai1,§, Anastassiya Zidkova1,§, Maria D. Logacheva2,4, Olga Flegontova3, Mikhail S. Gelfand2,4, Evgeny S. Gerasimov2,4, Ekaterina E. Khrameeva5,2, Olga P. Konovalova4, Tatiana Neretina4, Yuri V. Nikolsky6,11, George Starostin7,8, Vita V. Stepanova5,2, Igor V. Travinsky#, Martin Tříska9, Petr Tříska10, Tatiana V. Tatarinova2,9,12* 1 Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic 2 A.A.Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation 3 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic 4 Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation 5 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation 6 Biomedical Cluster, Skolkovo Foundation, Skolkovo, Russian Federation 7 Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation 8 Russian Presidential Academy (RANEPA), Moscow, Russian Federation 9 Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 10 Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal 11 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA 12 Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA *corresponding authors: P.F., email [email protected]; T.V.T., email [email protected] § the authors contributed equally # retired, former affiliation: Central Siberian National Nature Reserve, Bor, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian Federation. Abstract The Kets, an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia, are considered the last nomadic hunter-gatherers of Siberia, and Ket language has no transparent affiliation with any language family.
    [Show full text]
  • Inferring Population Continuity Versus Replacement with Adna: a Cautionary Tale from the Aleutian Islands Author(S): Silvia E
    Inferring Population Continuity Versus Replacement with aDNA: A Cautionary Tale from the Aleutian Islands Author(s): Silvia E. Smith, M. Geoffrey Hayes, Graciela S. Cabana, Chad Huff, Joan Brenner Coltrain, and Dennis H. O'Rourke Source: Human Biology, 81(4):407-426. Published By: Wayne State University Press DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3378/027.081.0402 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3378/027.081.0402 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Inferring Population Continuity Versus Replacement with aDNA: A Cautionary Tale from the Aleutian Islands Silvia E. Smith,1 M. Geoffrey Hayes,2 Graciela S. Cabana,3 Chad Huff,4 Joan Brenner Coltrain,1 and Dennis H. O’Rourke1 Abstract In The Aleutian and Commander Islands and Their Inhabitants (Philadelphia: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1945), Hrdlicˇka pro- posed a population replacement event in the Aleutian Islands approximately 1,000 years ago based on a perceived temporal shift in cranial morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Comparison of Thule Harpoon Heads Through Thick and Thin
    REGIONAL COMPARISON OF THULE HARPOON HEADS THROUGH THICK AND THIN: A REGIONAL COMPARISON OF HARPOON HEADS FROM THULE SITES IN NUNAVUT, CANADA By Mary Jo Megginson, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University August, 2000 McMASTER UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MASTER OF ARTS (2000) McMaster University (Anthropology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Through Thick and Thin: A Regional Comparison of Harpoon Heads from Thule Sites in Nunavut, Canada AUTHOR: Mary 10 Megginson, B.A. (McGill University) SUPERVISOR: Professor P. G. Ramsden NUMBER OF PAGES: viii + 132 11 Abstract In 1969170 Robert McGhee first suggested the existence of regional social groups in Thule culture. Under the assumption that such social groupings would be reflected in the distribution of material culture, this study aims to investigate McGhee's hypothesis using one artifact class of Thule culture: harpoon heads. The study looks at harpoon heads from all published Thule sites from across the territory of Nunavut, in arctic Canada. The harpoon heads are broken down into individual attributes, and the regional distribution of each attribute is considered in an attempt to find patterning across space. Rather than confirming the existence of regional social groupings, the patterns discovered suggest a culture continuum moving from west to east across the Canadian arctic. This research is preliminary in nature, and opens a new forum for debate in Canadian arctic archaeology. 111 Acknowledgements Thanks to my committee: Laura Finsten, Trudy Nicks, and especially my supervisor Peter Ramsden for their undying patience and constructive criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • Thule Paleopathology: the Health Concerns of an Arctic Lifestyle
    TOTEM 50 Thule Paleopathology: The Health shows they still had a moderate degree of Concerns of an Arctic Lifestyle logistical mobility that was seasonally-based (Buikstra 1976; Stenton 1991). Many semi- Katherine Bishop subterranean dwellings have been recorded at suspected large winter settlements along Introduction the coast, while smaller, more temporary, Though “many people may think of tent-dwellings have been found at proposed the skeleton as merely a framework to which summer settlements in the interior the more important soft tissues, those (McCartney and Savelle 1985). The Thule allowing for maintenance of life and expanded from coastal and interior Alaska personally identifiable characteristics, are (including the Aleutian Islands) along the attached and protected” (Jerkic 1993:214), coast of the central Arctic, extending as far the human skeleton can provide a vast array east as the Eastern Canadian coast and of knowledge once these soft tissues break Greenland prior to European contact. down. Examining the skeletal remains for Cultural variations have been documented at pathological markers, ante mortem stresses settlements across this vast range; however, and other anomalies is the study of disease there are many characteristics of the Thule in ancient populations called Human lifestyle that were consistent, and this Paleopathology (Aufderheide et al. 1998). general lifestyle will be applied to the These “osteobiographies” can be related to skeletal and mummified human remains the specific environment, diet and lifestyle discussed in this paper. The general environ- of individuals (Lovell and Dublenko 1999). ment, diet and habitual lifestyle of Thule While the osteological record for Thule is will be used to explore issues concerning scarce, I hope to demonstrate that the Thule health.
    [Show full text]
  • Documentary Art Project
    Key Artists Images in the Documentary Art Project • First • Eskimaux men of Between 1818 and 1851, Commander Communication Igloolik (Lyon) John Ross of the Royal Navy made several (Sackheouse) • Eskimaux women expeditions to the Canadian Arctic in the • HBC Ships Prince of Igloolik (Lyon) search of the Northwest Passage. He was one of Wales and • An Eskimaux of the few Arctic explorers who learned about Eddystone Grave (Lyon) Inuit survival. Ross and his crew were able to (Hood) • Eskimaux children survive for four consecutive years with the • Great Danger of dancing, Igloolik help of traditional Inuit food, furs and the ship (Lyon) clothing. Portrait of two Esquimaux Interpreters - Wellington… • Eskimaux man and Engraving; Sir George Back, 1823 Sackheouse, called Sackhouse by the British (Rindisbacher) woman of Savage sailors, came from southern Greenland to • Portraits of two Island (Lyon) work for the Royal Navy when he stowed away Esquimaux • Esquimaux of the on a whaling ship that was set for England. Interpreters Inlet called the There he learned drawing, and became a naval (Back) Clyde River artist. • The Manner in (Beechey and which the Hoppner) ART CENTURY George Back served on two expeditions to Esquimaux Women • Interview with the the Arctic between 1819 and 1827. His are Tattooed Eskimaux of the ughthe art of 19th century Europeanmariners sketches, drawings and writings document the extraordinary landscape of the Arctic, as well (Lyon) Thleweechodezeth TH as the wildlife, vegetation and people of the • Sadlermiut man (Back) area. paddling an inflated • Group of walrus skin boat Eskimaux at Robert Hood travelled to the Arctic only (Anonymous) Igloolik (Lyon) 1st Communication with the once, but left a number of beautiful • North Hendon.
    [Show full text]
  • A Pilot Adna Study of Genetic History on the Alaska Peninsula and the Eastern Aleutians Author(S): Jennifer Raff, Justin Tackney, and Dennis H
    South from Alaska: A Pilot aDNA Study of Genetic History on the Alaska Peninsula and the Eastern Aleutians Author(s): Jennifer Raff, Justin Tackney, and Dennis H. O'Rourke Source: Human Biology, 82(5/6):677-693. Published By: Wayne State University Press URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3378/027.082.0510 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/ page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non- commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. South from Alaska: A Pilot aDNA Study of Genetic History on the Alaska Peninsula and the Eastern Aleutians Jennifer Raff,1 Justin Tackney,1 and Dennis H. O’Rourke1 Abstract The Aleutian Islands were colonized, perhaps several times, from the Alaskan mainland. Earlier work documented transitions in the relative fre- quencies of mtDNA haplogroups over time, but little is known about potential source populations for prehistoric Aleut migrants. As part of a pilot investiga- tion, we sequenced the mtDNA first hypervariable region (HVRI) in samples from two archaeological sites on the Alaska Peninsula (the Hot Springs site near Port Moller, Alaska; and samples from a cluster of sites in the Brooks River area near Katmai National Park and Preserve) and one site from Prince William Sound (Mink Island).
    [Show full text]