DOCSLIB.ORG

UNCORRECTED PROOF by Rocky Outcrops

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNCORRECTED PROOF by Rocky Outcrops @nt_ws10/hling/CLS_journals/GRP_elsevier/JOB_059/DIV_00962 October 6, 2003 11:03:33 ARTICLE IN PRESS 1 Journal of Archaeological SCIENCE Journal of Archaeological Science 00 (2003) 1–19 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas 2 Sealing, whaling and caribou: the skeletal isotope chemistry of 3 Eastern Arctic foragers a b a 4 Joan Brenner Coltrain *, M. Geoffrey Hayes , Dennis H. O’Rourke 5 a Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA 6 b Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th St.-CLSC 507, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 7 Received 9 April 2003; received in revised form 11 June 2003; accepted 17 June 2003 8 Abstract 9 We obtained stable isotope signatures (13C, 15N) and AMS radiocarbon dates for a small set of Dorset remains, Thule-era 10 burials from northwest Hudson Bay and proto-historic burials from Southampton Island to assess the importance of whaling in 11 eastern Canadian Arctic economies. Classic Thule occupation of the Eastern Arctic (ca. AD 1000–1350) coincided with the Medieval 12 Warm Period and was thought to have been facilitated by dog traction and open-sea hunting of bowhead whale. Despite the 13 potential economic importance of whaling, dietary reconstructions for this period are based on the relative frequency of common 14 prey types in midden faunal assemblages and rarely include bowhead whale skeletal elements, which often comprise the 15 superstructure of Classic Thule residential dwellings. Although our findings are constrained by the paucity of Classic Thule burials 16 at sites under study, they provide an empirically derived estimate of reliance on whaling for the Modified Thule, those who post-date 17 AD 1350, indicating whaling accounted for approximately 12% of dietary intake. We also examine the relationship between Thule 18 whaling and indicators of status and identify a Dorset-aged burial and three individuals with European diets among the 19 proto-historic collection from Southampton Island. 20 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 21 Keywords: Stable carbon isotope ratio (13C); Stable nitrogen isotope ratio (15N); Marine reservoir effect; Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus); 22 Dorset; Thule; Sadlermiut; Kamarvik; Silumuit; Southampton Island 23 “The bowhead whale . is a planktivore of the baleen with the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 900–1300/1350 39 24 group of whales adapted to live in the loose edges of [9,23,29,45,121]), which also saw the expansion of 40 25 the north polarUNCORRECTED sea ice. Its annual migration roughly Europeans PROOF into Iceland and Greenland [35,70,71,83]. 41 26 tracks the advance and retreat of the floe edge” Their successful colonization of the central and eastern 42 27 ([26]:235). Canadian Arctic is thought to have been facilitated 43 by dog traction and open-sea hunting of bowhead 44 28 The role of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)in whale. Yet the relative contribution of bowhead whale 45 29 Eastern Arctic economies has been a topic of particular to Thule diets and their importance in later economies 46 30 interest over the past two decades [50,62,64–66,102,104– is the subject of ongoing debate [26,38,50,62,64– 47 31 107]. Although bowheads are rarely included in faunal 66,69,102,104–107]. Here we report the results of 48 32 assemblage counts, their mandibular elements and ribs research to reconstruct Eastern Arctic diets from the 49 33 commonly form the superstructure of Classic Thule bone collagen, stable isotope chemistry of adult Dorset, 50 34 winter houses. The Thule are high latitude foragers who Thule and proto-historic skeletal remains. Thule burials 51 35 migrated east from northern Alaska [53,110] coincident were recovered from Kamarvik and Silumiut on north- 52 west Hudson Bay [61]; the Sadlermiut proto-historic 53 54 36 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-801-581-8366; collection originated at Native Point on Southampton 37 fax: +1-801-581-6252. Island. The temporal affiliation of each individual was 55 38 E-mail address: [email protected] (J.B. Coltrain). established by AMS radiocarbon dating. 56 0305-4403/03/$ - see front matter 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.06.003 2 J.B. Coltrain et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 00 (2003) 1–19 57 1. A brief prehistory of the Eastern Arctic that occupation density may have been greater than 110 58 1.1. Dorset culture Park’s estimates and likely covaried with reliance on 111 whaling. In some cases, houses with a preponderance of 112 59 Dorset culture emerged from a Pre-Dorset tradition whaling gear also contain evidence for high status in the 113 60 between 800–500 BC [34,60,68,79,126] coincident with form of tools slotted for metal blades [63,92,134]. Sites 114 61 the onset of deep permafrost and less stable climatic with large collections of whale bone correspond well 115 62 conditions accompanied by colder winters. Ice creepers with historic bowhead sightings and are surrounded by 116 63 and hand-drawn sleds with bone runners suggest an extensive midden and storage caches indicating repeated 117 64 increase in winter/spring sealing on sea ice. Dogs were overwintering. Dog traction was in use. Heat and 118 65 less prevalent, signaling a reduction in their economic light were furnished by large, crescent-shaped soap- 119 66 utility coincident with a decline in fall/winter exploi- stone lamps. Weaponry consisted of multi-component 120 67 tation of caribou [34,74]. Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) harpoons, lances, spears, throwing boards and the bow 121 68 and seals are the most abundant taxa in faunal assem- and arrow, and cutting tools were commonly fabricated 122 69 blages, the latter taken using ice-edge not breathing hole from slate rather than flint. 123 70 techniques [21]. There is little evidence that whales were 71 hunted and the occasional whalebone implement is 1.3. Modified Thule 124 72 thought to have been worked from scavenged bone. The 73 bow and arrow was less common and it is believed that Modified or Developed Thule material culture 125 74 lances were used to take caribou and muskoxen. Winter appears to indicate a reduction in whaling and increased 126 75 houses were of snow block construction and meals were emphasis on breathing-hole sealing. Land-based winter 127 76 prepared in soapstone vessels over wick and oil heat. villages also decline in number suggesting a demo- 128 77 Early research placed termination of the Dorset graphic collapse driven by environmental deterioration 129 78 cultural complex at ca. AD 1000 with the appearance of and/or epidemic disease [69]. A reduction in the encoun- 130 79 Thule people. However, stylistic similarities between ter rate of whales may have undermined Classic Thule 131 80 Dorset and Thule harpoon heads led some researchers social structure, thought to have been organized under 132 81 to conclude that contact was sustained and the transi- whaling captains, contributing to an overall decrease in 133 82 tion from Dorset to Thule material culture was a lengthy population density. In general, foraging groups were 134 83 process during which the Thule borrowed numer- more mobile and residential sites both more numerous 135 84 ous traits from their declining Dorset neighbors and ephemeral. Modified Thule subsistence patterns 136 85 [14,15,24,47,58,59,128]. This consensus was later rein- were much like those observed at European contact and 137 86 forced by several post-AD 1000 radiocarbon dates from cultural continuity between Modified Thule and historic 138 87 Dorset sites in the Labrador–Ungava Peninsula indicat- Canadian Arctic Inuit populations is well established. 139 88 ing that the Dorset persisted until possibly as late as AD Changes in Thule diet and settlement pattern vary 140 89 1500, forced south and east by expanding Thule popu- regionally [104] but generally coincide with the onset of 141 90 lations. In rebuttal, Park [84] has argued that post- Neo-boreal cooling, culminating in the “little ice age” 142 91 AD 1000 Labrador–Ungava dates cannot be reliably (ca. AD 1550–1850). Canadian glaciers advanced 143 92 assigned to Dorset occupations and ongoing Thule and both winter and summer temperatures decreased. 144 93 contact with Dorset culture was minimal, limited to Accordingly, shore-fast ice formation began earlier in 145 94 salvaging harpoon heads and other artifacts from the fall and broke-up later in the spring. Because bow- 146 95 abandoned Dorset sites. head whales “. tend to follow the retreating ice margin 147 and enter the high arctic channels only when a maxi- 148 96 1.2. Classic Thule mum of open water is available” ([104]:35), an increase 149 UNCORRECTEDin summer PROOF drift-ice may have resulted in fewer whales 150 97 The Classic Thule period extends from ca. AD 1000– and less predictable migrations, reducing their encounter 151 98 1350 and is distinguished from earlier Dorset and later rate. Barren ground caribou also declined in number as 152 99 Modified Thule adaptive strategies by increased winter cooler, drier temperatures reduced Arctic tundra cover 153 100 sedentism, marked investment in residential site struc- [46,120]. Conversely, some evidence exists for an expan- 154 101 ture and a distinctive and rich material culture [60,62]. sion of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) habitats coincident 155 102 Classic Thule sites are located throughout the Canadian with accelerated shore-fast ice formation [46,102]. 156 103 archipelago and along the northwest coast of Hudson 104 Bay and coastal Greenland [60]. Winter villages consist 105 of well-built, sod and stone residential dwellings with 2. Thule whaling 157 106 whale-bone superstructures, paved flagstone floors and 107 raised sleeping platforms.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dukes County Intelligencer
    Journal of History of Martha’s Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands THE DUKES COUNTY INTELLIGENCER VOL. 55, NO. 1 WINTER 2013 Left Behind: George Cleveland, George Fred Tilton & the Last Whaler to Hudson Bay Lagoon Heights Remembrances The Big One: Hurricane of ’38 Membership Dues Student ..........................................$25 Individual .....................................$55 (Does not include spouse) Family............................................$75 Sustaining ...................................$125 Patron ..........................................$250 Benefactor...................................$500 President’s Circle ......................$1000 Memberships are tax deductible. For more information on membership levels and benefits, please visit www.mvmuseum.org To Our Readers his issue of the Dukes County Intelligencer is remarkable in its diver- Tsity. Our lead story comes from frequent contributor Chris Baer, who writes a swashbuckling narrative of two of the Vineyard’s most adventur- ous, daring — and quirky — characters, George Cleveland and George Fred Tilton, whose arctic legacies continue to this day. Our second story came about when Florence Obermann Cross suggested to a gathering of old friends that they write down their childhood memories of shared summers on the Lagoon. The result is a collective recollection of cottages without electricity or water; good neighbors; artistic and intellectual inspiration; sailing, swimming and long-gone open views. This is a slice of Oak Bluffs history beyond the more well-known Cottage City and Campground stories. Finally, the Museum’s chief curator, Bonnie Stacy, has reminded us that 75 years ago the ’38 hurricane, the mother of them all, was unannounced and deadly, even here on Martha’s Vineyard. — Susan Wilson, editor THE DUKES COUNTY INTELLIGENCER VOL. 55, NO. 1 © 2013 WINTER 2013 Left Behind: George Cleveland, George Fred Tilton and the Last Whaler to Hudson Bay by Chris Baer ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Precontact Inuit Gender Complexity and Its
    EXAMINING PRECONTACT INUIT GENDER COMPLEXITY AND ITS DISCURSIVE POTENTIAL FOR LGBTQ2S+ AND DECOLONIZATION MOVEMENTS by Meghan Walley B.A. McGill University, 2014 A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Archaeology Memorial University of Newfoundland May 2018 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador 0 ABSTRACT Anthropological literature and oral testimony assert that Inuit gender did not traditionally fit within a binary framework. Men’s and women’s social roles were not wholly determined by their bodies, there were mediatory roles between masculine and feminine identities, and role-swapping was—and continues to be—widespread. However, archaeologists have largely neglected Inuit gender diversity as an area of research. This thesis has two primary objectives: 1) to explore the potential impacts of presenting queer narratives of the Inuit past through a series of interviews that were conducted with Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer/Questioning and Two-Spirit (LGBTQ2S+) Inuit and 2) to consider ways in which archaeological materials articulate with and convey a multiplicity of gender expressions specific to pre-contact Inuit identity. This work encourages archaeologists to look beyond categories that have been constructed and naturalized within white settler spheres, and to replace them with ontologically appropriate histories that incorporate a range of Inuit voices. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, qujannamiik/nakummek to all of the Inuit who participated in interviews, spoke to me about my work, and provided me with vital feedback. My research would be nothing without your input. I also wish to thank Safe Alliance for helping me identify interview participants, particularly Denise Cole, one of its founding members, who has provided me with invaluable insights, and who does remarkable work that will continue to motivate and inform my own.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Activity-Induced Pathology in a Canadian Inuit Population, By
    REVIEWS 221 PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY-INDUCED PATHOLOGYIN A CANA- Osteoarthritic changes to the diarthroidialjoints (i.e., those struc- DIAN INUIT POPULATION. By CHARLES F. MERBS. Ottawa: tured to permit substantial movement) were scored“type” by (lipping National Museum of Man MercurySeries, Archaeological Surveyof and/or porosity and/or eburnation) and degree (scored + , + + , or CanadaPaper No. 119,1983. 199p., 80figs., 15 tables. Softbound. + + +) forthe temporomandibular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, (selected) Distributed gratisby Scientific Records Sectionof the Archaeologi- hand, vertebral column (articularfacets), rib (costovertebraljoints on cal Survey of Canada. vertebral bodies), hip, knee,ankle, and (selected)footjoints. Tabulated data are clearly presented according to sex and side groupings, and This monograph is a substantially revised, enhanced, and updated illustrations (both reproduced plates and schematic charts and draw- version of the author’s 1969 doctoral dissertation. Merbs’s study is ings) are generally well choseddesigned. My only serious complaint based upon a seriesof 91 adult Sadlermiut skeletons(41 males and 50 here is that a comprehensive of set visual and descriptive “standards” females) from Native Point, Southampton Island, N.W.T. The series for is scoring degree of severity werenot illustrated.Photographic diachronic,ranging temporally from the group’s tragic extinction reproductionsofwhatconstitutes + , + + ,and + + + scorings would (1902-03) to no more than five centuriesback in time. obviously assist coworkers
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIENCES 2021 Table of Contents
    NUNAVUT EXPERIENCES 2021 Table of Contents Arts & Culture Alianait Arts Festival Qaggiavuut! Toonik Tyme Festival Uasau Soap Nunavut Development Corporation Nunatta Sunakkutaangit Museum Malikkaat Carvings Nunavut Aqsarniit Hotel And Conference Centre Adventure Arctic Bay Adventures Adventure Canada Arctic Kingdom Bathurst Inlet Lodge Black Feather Eagle-Eye Tours The Great Canadian Travel Group Igloo Tourism & Outfitting Hakongak Outfitting Inukpak Outfitting North Winds Expeditions Parks Canada Arctic Wilderness Guiding and Outfitting Tikippugut Kool Runnings Quark Expeditions Nunavut Brewing Company Kivalliq Wildlife Adventures Inc. Illu B&B Eyos Expeditions Baffin Safari About Nunavut Airlines Canadian North Calm Air Travel Agents Far Horizons Anderson Vacations Top of the World Travel p uit O erat In ed Iᓇᓄᕗᑦ *denotes an n u q u ju Inuit operated nn tau ut Aula company About Nunavut Nunavut “Our Land” 2021 marks the 22nd anniversary of Nunavut becoming Canada’s newest territory. The word “Nunavut” means “Our Land” in Inuktut, the language of the Inuit, who represent 85 per cent of Nunavut’s resident’s. The creation of Nunavut as Canada’s third territory had its origins in a desire by Inuit got more say in their future. The first formal presentation of the idea – The Nunavut Proposal – was made to Ottawa in 1976. More than two decades later, in February 1999, Nunavut’s first 19 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) were elected to a five year term. Shortly after, those MLAs chose one of their own, lawyer Paul Okalik, to be the first Premier. The resulting government is a public one; all may vote - Inuit and non-Inuit, but the outcomes reflect Inuit values.
    [Show full text]
  • Dorset Site Variation on the Southeast Coast of Baffin Island
    ARCTIC VOL. 33, NO. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1980). P. 505-516 Dorset Site Variation onthe Southeast Coast of Baffin Island MOREAU S. MAXWELL’ ABSTRACT. The wide variation in Dorset residence structures may indicate seasonal site differences greater than a simple summer/ winter dichotomy. This is further suggested by a comparison of selected stone tool frequencies from Dorset sites near Lake Harbour, N.W.T. Here manufacturing activities appear to differ from springto summer to winter. The evidence also suggests that in this region Late Dorset winter settlements were located on the fast sea ice. RÉSUMÉ. La grande variation de structure dans les residences d’age Dorset, peut indiquer les différences de site saisonier plus importantes que celles du passage de l’hiverà l’été. Cela est de loin suggbré par une comparaison dans la frequénce d’outils en pierre sélectionés, provenant de sites d’age Dorset aux alentours de Lake Harbour - N.W.T. Là, les activites artisanales apparaissent changer du printemps à l’été puisàl’hiver. Dans cette region, il parait evident que les colonies hivernales d’age Dorset terminal se placaient sur la glace de mer immobilisée. Traduit par Alain de Vendegies, Aquitaine Company of Canada Ltd. INTRODUCTION Through the past 52 years of Dorset studies less attention has been paid to settlement systems than to inter-site comparisons of artifact complexes. This is partly due to the general nature of Dorset artifacts. They differ distinctively from those of other Arctic cultural periods and within specific categories theyto tend be stylistically similarover a broadarea. Artifact styles appear to conform nearly simultaneously at specific points in time.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Heritage Resources Report
    NTI IIBA for Phase I Draft: Conservation Cultural Heritage Areas Resources Report Cultural Heritage Area: Akpait and and Interpretative Qaqulluit National Wildlife Materials Study Areas Prepared for Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. 1 May 2011 This report is part of a set of studies and a database produced for Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. as part of the project: NTI IIBA for Conservation Areas, Cultural Resources Inventory and Interpretative Materials Study Inquiries concerning this project and the report should be addressed to: David Kunuk Director of Implementation Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. 3rd Floor, Igluvut Bldg. P.O. Box 638 Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0 E: [email protected] T: (867) 975‐4900 Project Manager, Consulting Team: Julie Harris Contentworks Inc. 137 Second Avenue, Suite 1 Ottawa, ON K1S 2H4 Tel: (613) 730‐4059 Email: [email protected] Report Authors: Philip Goldring, Consultant: Historian and Heritage/Place Names Specialist Julie Harris, Contentworks Inc.: Heritage Specialist and Historian Nicole Brandon, Consultant: Archaeologist Note on Place Names: The current official names of places are used here except in direct quotations from historical documents. Throughout the document “Qikiqtarjuaq” refers to the settlement established in the 1950s and previously known as Broughton Island. Except when used in a direct quotation, the term “Broughton Island” in the report refers to the geographic feature (the island) on which the community of Qikiqtarjuaq is located. Names of places that do not have official names will appear as they are found in
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeological View of the Thule / Inuit Occupation of Labrador
    AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE THULE / INUIT OCCUPATION OF LABRADOR Lisa K. Rankin Memorial University May 2009 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE THULE/INUIT OCCUPATION OF LABRADOR Lisa K. Rankin Memorial University May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1 II. BACKGROUND .........................................................................................................................3 1. The Thule of the Canadian Arctic ......................................................................................3 2. A History of Thule/Inuit Archaeology in Labrador............................................................6 III. UPDATING LABRADOR THULE/INUIT RESEARCH ...................................................15 1. The Date and Origin of the Thule Movement into Labrador ...........................................17 2. The Chronology and Nature of the Southward Expansion...............................................20 3. Dorset-Thule Contact .......................................................................................................28 4. The Adoption of Communal Houses................................................................................31 5. The Internal Dynamics of Change in Inuit Society..........................................................34 IV. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................37 V. BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • The Dorset Culture
    The Dorset Culture Presently, the Arctic regions of Canada are ________ by the Inuit people, but ______ their appearance, a different group of individuals, known as the Dorset people, dominating the icy lands of the north.(구조상 어색한 곳은?) They thrived in that region from approximately 500 B.C. to 1000 A.D., but then they gradually went into ________ for several reasons. Although the Dorset people lived in the area for more than a millennium, the first evidence ________ their existence was not covered until the early twentieth century.(구조상 어색한 곳은?) At an archaeological site at Cape Dorset on Baffin Island, numerous strange artifacts clearly from a group of people older than the Inuit were ___________. In 1925, Canadian anthropologist Diamond Jenness named this newfound culture for the place where the artifacts had been discovered. The Dorset people were descendants of a group of Arctic ________ known to contemporary archaeologists as Palaeo-Eskimo cultures. The individuals in these cultures lived during a time when the weather was much warmer than today, so they could hunt in the ______ parts of the Arctic. Then, around 500 B.C., the Arctic climate changed and became much colder. The Dorset people survived since they managed to adapt / adopt to the frigid weather by developing _______________ to hunt on ice. For instance, knowing that seals surfaced in holes in the ice to breathe oxygen, they would wait patiently by ice holes for their ________ prey to break the water’s surface. They additionally made large _________ that they utilized to spear walruses living on the shore as well as small whales they attacked from the edge of the ice.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Inuit Responses to the Changing Nature of the Built Environment PETER C
    ARCTIC VOL. 48, NO. 1 (MARCH 1995) P.71–80 “Unsympathetic Users”: An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Inuit Responses to the Changing Nature of the Built Environment PETER C. DAWSON1 (Received 10 June 1994; accepted in revised form 5 December 1994) ABSTRACT. Recent trends in modern architectural theory stress the dynamic relationship that exists between culture and the built environment. Such theories hold that because different cultures are characterized by distinctive types of economic, social, and ideological relationships, they require different forms of spatial order to sustain them. Through the adoption of such a perspective, this paper examines the effects of Euro-Canadian prefabricated housing on modern Inuit groups in the central and eastern Canadian Arctic. Preliminary results suggest that the “alien” spatial environments of the southern-style prefabricated house may have contributed to increasing gender asymmetry, a transformation of social relations through the delayed resolution of interpersonal conflicts, confusion over how, when, and where to conduct various household activities, and a loss of cultural identity among contemporary Inuit. Key words: human spatial behaviour, government housing, Inuit, gender, acculturation, northern communities RÉSUMÉ. Les tendances récentes dans la théorie de l’architecture moderne insistent sur le rapport dynamique existant entre la culture et le cadre bâti. De telles théories soutiennent que, vu que différentes cultures se caractérisent par des types distincts de rapports économiques, sociaux et idéologiques, elles ont besoin pour se maintenir de différentes formes d’aménagement des volumes et des espaces. En adoptant une telle perspective, cet article examine les effets des habitations eurocanadiennes préfabriquées, sur les groupes inuits modernes du centre et de l’est de l’Arctique canadien.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut
    An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut by Natalie Symchych A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto c Copyright 2016 by Natalie Symchych Abstract An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut Natalie Symchych Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2016 This thesis explores growth status and body proportion development in past North Amer- ican Arctic populations. Living in one of the most extreme environments on the planet, Arctic foragers provide an opportunity to explore how human morphological variation is shaped by growth and climate. The study focuses on the Sadlermiut Inuit, who lived on Southampton Island in Hudson Bay, Nunavut. This main sample is comprised of 111 juveniles and 160 adults (62 F, 52 M, 46 und). Comparative samples are derived from Northwest Hudson Bay, Point Hope (Alaska), and Greenland, and are comprised of 106 juveniles and 151 adults (76 F, 75 M). Growth status in four long bones is assessed by comparing the samples' tempo of growth to normative values from a modern North American sample. Body proportion development is assessed by calculating brachial index, crural index, and limb length relative to skeletal trunk height. Plots of index values versus dental age are assessed visually, and compared to results from the literature. Sadlermiut individuals who died as juveniles show a predominant pattern of growth faltering as compared to the North American tempo of growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Osteological, Archaeological, And
    What about the children? Incorporating osteological, archaeological, and ethnographic data to understand Sadlermiut childhood by Emily J. Holland A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Anthropology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2007 by Emily J. Holland ABSTRACT Skeletal remains have long been used by physical anthropologists in order to understand the health and lives of past peoples. The purpose of this research is to better understand the lives of the Sadlermiut children from Native Point Southampton Island, Nunavut. To do so, a three-fold methodology integrating archaeological and ethnographic evidence of children and childhood with an osteological analysis of growth and development is utilized. This is the first study to concentrate on the skeletal remains of those less than 18 years of age from the Sadlermiut archaeological sample. This research suggests a high prevalence of infant mortality among the Sadlermiut, the largest proportion of which were female. The growth of the Sadlermiut is comparable to that of the Eskimo and Aleut from Alaska, yet less than that of modern children of European descent, and other Aboriginal archaeological populations from North America. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I must extend my sincerest thanks to my advisor Dr. Robert Hoppa (my own Shelley) for accepting me as his student. I thank him for his incredible patience and constant belief in my abilities regardless of the time of day. His advice, support and encouragement have helped me to succeed as a Master’s student and will continue to motivate me as I pursue my career.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-Related Ethnic Group with Significant Ancient North Eurasian Ancestry
    Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry Pavel Flegontov1,2,3*, Piya Changmai1,§, Anastassiya Zidkova1,§, Maria D. Logacheva2,4, Olga Flegontova3, Mikhail S. Gelfand2,4, Evgeny S. Gerasimov2,4, Ekaterina E. Khrameeva5,2, Olga P. Konovalova4, Tatiana Neretina4, Yuri V. Nikolsky6,11, George Starostin7,8, Vita V. Stepanova5,2, Igor V. Travinsky#, Martin Tříska9, Petr Tříska10, Tatiana V. Tatarinova2,9,12* 1 Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic 2 A.A.Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation 3 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic 4 Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation 5 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation 6 Biomedical Cluster, Skolkovo Foundation, Skolkovo, Russian Federation 7 Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation 8 Russian Presidential Academy (RANEPA), Moscow, Russian Federation 9 Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 10 Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal 11 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA 12 Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA *corresponding authors: P.F., email [email protected]; T.V.T., email [email protected] § the authors contributed equally # retired, former affiliation: Central Siberian National Nature Reserve, Bor, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian Federation. Abstract The Kets, an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia, are considered the last nomadic hunter-gatherers of Siberia, and Ket language has no transparent affiliation with any language family.
    [Show full text]