Contributors4 Lawrence G. Potter has been Deputy Director of Gulf/2000, a major research and docu- mentation project on the states, since 1994. He is also Adjunct Associate Pro- fessor of International Affairs at Columbia University, where he has taught since 1996. A graduate of Tufts College, he received an M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and a Ph.D. in History (1992) from Columbia University. He taught in for four years before the revolu- tion. From 1984 to 1992, he was Senior Editor at the Foreign Policy Association (FPA), a national, nonpartisan organization devoted to world affairs education for the general public, and currently serves on the FPA’s Editorial Advisory Committee. He specializes in Iranian history and U.S. policy toward the Middle East. He coedited (with Gary Sick) The Persian Gulf at the Millennium: Essays in Politics, Economy, Security, and Religion (St. Martin’s Press, 1997); Security in the Persian Gulf: Origins, Obstacles, and the Search for Consensus (Palgrave, 2002); and Iran, , and the Legacies of War (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). His most recent article is “The Consolidation of Iran’s Frontier on the Persian Gulf in the Nineteenth Century,” in War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present, ed. Roxane Farmanfarmaian (Routledge, 2008).

* * *

Frederick F. Anscombe is Senior Lecturer in Contemporary History at Birkbeck College, University of London. He previously taught at the American University in Bulgaria (1994–2003). He earned a B.A. in History from Yale University (1984) and a Ph.D. in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University (1994). His research interests lie in the Ottoman Balkans and Middle East. His work on the Gulf includes The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of , and (Columbia University Press, 1997) and “An Anational Society: Eastern Arabia in the Ottoman Period,” in Madawi Al-Rasheed, ed., Transnational Connections: The Arab Gulf and Beyond (Routledge, 2005). He also edited The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830 (Markus Wiener, 2006).

William O. Beeman is Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Minnesota. He was previously Professor of Anthropology at Brown Uni- versity and currently serves as the President of the Middle East Section of the American Anthropological Association. He has lived and worked for more than thirty years in the Middle East, including a number of years in the Gulf region. Author of fourteen books and more than one hundred scholarly articles, his publications include Language, Status and Power in Iran (Indiana University Press, 1986); Culture, Performance and Communication in Iran (Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia & Africa, 1982); and The “Great Satan” vs. the “Mad Mullahs”: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other (University of Chicago Press, 2008). A frequent commentator in the public media 312 Contributors on Middle Eastern affairs, he has also served as a consultant to the U.S. State Department, the U.S. Department of Defense, the United Nations, and the U.S. Congress.

Mohamed Redha Bhacker (M.Sc., Ph.D. Oxon) is an Omani scholar who writes and lectures on the historical, economic, and political development of , the Gulf and the region. He is the author of Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zan- zibar (Routledge, 1992) and coauthor of “Qalhat in Arabian History: Context and Chronicles” (Journal of Oman Studies 13 [2005]). He is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Oman Studies and Journal of Colonial History and is currently working on the Ibadi renaissance in East Africa and Oman and the emergence of modern Oman, its performance and prospects. He is also the founder of Al Mustadaama (Sustainability), a research consultancy that advocates the preservation of Omani culture.

João Teles e Cunha is a member of the teaching staff of the Institute of Oriental Stud- ies, connected with the Catholic University in Lisbon, Portugal. He holds a degree in History from the University of Lisbon and a Master’s degree from the New University of Lisbon. The topic of his master’s thesis is “Economy of an Empire: The Economics of Estado da India in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Seas, 1595–1635.” He is presently completing work on his doctorate on “Goa and the Creation of the Portuguese Inter- Colonial Market, 1660–1750.” Among his publications are articles on the reigning fam- ily of Hormuz between 1565 and 1622, published in Anais de Historia de Alem-Mar 3 (2002), and on the consumption of tea in Portuguese society compared with China. He is on the editorial team of the new series Livros das Monçoes and is writing chapters on the economic history of Estado da India and of Goa from 1497 to 1830.

Touraj Daryaee is Howard Baskerville Professor of History of Iran and the Persianate World and Associate Director of the Dr. Samuel M. Center for Persian Studies and Culture at the University of California, Irvine. His specialty is Ancient Persian and World History. He attended schools in Iran, Greece, and the United States and received his Ph.D. in History from UCLA in 1999. In addition to a number of articles on the Per- sian Gulf in antiquity, he published Shahrestaniha-i Eranshahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic and History, translation and commentary (Mazda, 2002) and Sasanian Iran (224–651 CE): Portrait of a Late Antique Empire (Mazda, 2008).

Willem Floor is an independent scholar of the social and economic history of Iran, having published more than 150 books and articles, including about a dozen on the Persian littoral of the Gulf. Recent major works include The Persian Gulf: A Political and Economic History of Five Port Cities 1500–1730 and The Persian Gulf: The Rise of the Gulf Arabs—The Politics of Trade on the Persian Littoral, 1747–1792 (Mage, 2006 and 2007). He received his Ph.D. from Leiden University in 1971, after having studied sociology, economics, Arabic, Persian, and Islamology at Utrecht University (the ). After serving at the Middle East Desk (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) from 1968 to 1971, he worked in development projects in Africa from 1971 to 1974, before becoming a policy advisor to the Dutch Minister of Development Cooperation (1974–83). From 1983 to 2002 he worked worldwide as an energy specialist for Bank. He now writes about Iran full time.

Rudi Matthee is Unidel Professor of Middle Eastern History at the University of Dela- ware. He holds a B.A. and M.A. in Arabic and and Literature from Utrecht University, and studied in Iran (1976–77) and (1981–83). He gained a Ph.D. in Islamic Studies from UCLA in 1991. Matthee is the author of The Politics of Contributors 313

Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730 (Cambridge University Press, 1999), The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900 (Princeton University Press, 2005), and Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of (I.B. Taurus, 2009). He is coeditor (with Beth Baron) of Iran and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Nikki R. Keddie (Mazda, 2000); and coeditor (with Nikki Keddie) of Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics (University of Washington Press, 2002). He has authored some thirty articles on Safavid and Qajar Iran (16th–19th centuries), dealing with issues of political, socioeconomic and material history.

Shahnaz Razieh Nadjmabadi has been a Research Fellow at the Institut für Historische Ethnologie at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt/Main (Germany) since 2002. She has been a lecturer in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Heidelberg since 1986, as well as teaching at the Freie Universität Berlin and at the University of Maryland/Heidelberg. Dr. Nadjmabadi received a Ph.D. in 1973 in social anthropology from the University of Heidelberg, with a thesis on kinship systems among the nomadic populations of Luristan. After teaching at the University of Zürich, she worked at UNESCO in from 1977 to 1986, where she was a project offi cer in the Department of Social Sciences supervising activities related to Human Settlement and Environment. She was also a member of the working group “Monde Iranien Contemporain” at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que, where she developed a project on the topic of identity among Arab and Iranian populations in the Iranian coastal province of Hormuzgan. She has published a number of articles on questions of identity, migration, and the historical development of the Hormuzgan area.

J. E. Peterson is an independent historian and author on the and Gulf. He received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University (SAIS) and has held vari- ous teaching and research positions in the United States. Recent positions have included Historian of the Sultan’s Armed Forces in the Offi ce of the Deputy Prime Minister for Security and Defence in the Sultanate of Oman; the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London; and Sir William Luce Fellow at the University of Durham. His most recent books include a Historical Dictionary of Saudi Arabia (Scarecrow Press, 1993, rev. 2003), Historical Muscat: An Illustrated Guide and Gazetteer (Brill, 2007), Oman’s Insurgencies: The Sultanate’s Struggle for Supremacy (Saqi, 2007), and Oman Since 1970 (forthcoming).

Daniel T. Potts is Edwin Cuthbert Hall Professor of Middle Eastern Archaeology at the University of Sydney. He was born in New York and educated at Harvard (A.B., Ph.D.), and taught at the University of Copenhagen (1980–81, 1986–91), the Free University of Berlin (1981–86), and the University of Sydney (since 1991). He is the author of numer- ous books and articles on the archaeology and early history of eastern Arabia, Mesopo- tamia, Iran, and the Persian Gulf. He was the director of excavations at Thaj in Saudi Arabia and ed-Dur, Tell Abraq, Al Sufouh, Jabal Emalah, and Husn Awhala in the UAE. He is currently codirector of a joint Iranian-Australian archaeological research project in the Mamasani district of Fars province, Iran, excavating at Tal-e Nurabad and Tal-e Spid. He is the founding editor in chief of the journal Arabian Archaeology & Epigraphy.

Patricia Risso is Professor of History and chair of the department at the University of New Mexico, where she has taught since 1986. She holds an M.A. and Ph.D. from the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montréal. Her research interests are cultural and economic contacts between India and the Middle East in the early modern 314 Contributors period. In the last several years, she has focused on cross-cultural perceptions of mari- time violence that affected commercial and diplomatic relationships. Her publications include Oman and Masqat: An Early Modern History (Croom Helm, 1986), Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean (Westview Press, 1995), and a multiauthored two-volume text, Sharing the Stage: Biography and Gender in World History (Houghton Miffl in, 2008).

Abdul Sheriff is Executive Director of the Zanzibar Indian Ocean Research Institute. He was Advisor and Principal Curator of the Zanzibar Museums from 1992 to 2005, and prior to that Professor of History at the University of Dar es Salaam from 1969 to 1992. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles, and at SOAS, University of London, from which he holds a Ph.D. He has specialized in the history of Zanzibar, with many publications, including Slaves, Spices, and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873 (Ohio Univer- sity Press, 1987); The History and Conservation of Zanzibar Stone Town (edited) (Ohio University Press, 1995); and Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule (coedited) (Ohio University Press, 1991). Over the past few years his interests have broadened to include the dhow culture of the western Indian Ocean over the longue durée, on which he has published many articles and has completed a book.

Gary Sick served on the U.S. National Security Council staff under presidents Ford, Carter, and Reagan. He was the principal White House aide for Iran during the Iranian Revolution and the hostage crisis and is the author of two books on U.S.-Iranian rela- tions. Mr. Sick is a captain (ret.) in the U.S. Navy, with service in the Persian Gulf, North Africa, and the Mediterranean. He was the Deputy Director for International Affairs at the Ford Foundation from 1982 to 1987, where he was responsible for programs relating to U.S. foreign policy. Mr. Sick has a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University, where he is Senior Research Scholar and Adjunct Professor of International Affairs. He is also a former director of the university’s Middle East Institute (2000–3). He is the Executive Director of Gulf/2000, an international research project on political, economic, and security developments in the Persian Gulf, being conducted at Columbia University with support from a number of major foundations. He is coeditor of three books on the Persian Gulf published by the Gulf/2000 project. Mr. Sick is a member (emeritus) of the board of Human Rights Watch in New York and founding chairman of its Middle East and North Africa advisory committee.

Mohammad Bagher Vosoughi, a native of Lar, is Associate Professor of History at University. He received his Ph.D. there in 2001 with a thesis on “Tarikh-i Muluk-i Hurmuz” (History of the Kings of Hormuz). He previously graduated from Teacher’s College in History (1989) and served in the Literacy Corps. His many pub- lications concerning the Persian Gulf area include Tarikh-i muhajirat-i aqvam dar Khalij-i Fars (The History of the Emigration of Peoples in the Persian Gulf) (Intisharat-i Danishnama-yi Fars, 1380/2002); Jang-nama-yi Kishm by Anonymous and Jirun-nama by Qadri (d.1043 A.H.) (The Conquest of Qishm and the Story of Jirun), ed. with Abd al-Rasul Khairandish (Miras-i Maktub, 1384/2005); Tarikh-i Khalij-i Fars va mamalik-i hamjavar (The History of the Persian Gulf and its Bordering Territories) (Intisharat-i Samt, 1384/2005); and Tarikh-i mufassal-i Laristan (Comprehensive History of Laristan), 2 vols. (Hamsaya, 1385/2006), with Manuchihr Abidi Rad, Sadiq Rahmani, and Kiramat- Allah Taqavi. Contributors 315

Donald Whitcomb has held the position of Research Associate (Associate Professor) at The Oriental Institute and the Middle East Center, University of Chicago, since 1981. He has a Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Chicago, an M.A. from the University of Georgia, and a B.A. in Art History from Emory University. Before this, he was Assistant Curator at the Field Museum of Natural History (1979–81) and has held research fellowships at the Smithsonian Institution (1981–82) and at the Met- ropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1977–79). Whitcomb’s archaeological research includes direction of the excavations at Quseir al-Qadim, a Roman and Mamluk port on the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea (1978–82). Since 1986, he has been director of the Aqaba excavations in Jordan, investigating the early Islamic port of Ayla. Most recently, he has begun excavations at Hadir Qinnasrin, the early Islamic capital of north near Aleppo. His earlier fi eldwork included excavations and surveys in Jordan, Oman, Syria, and Iran. In addition to articles on the archaeology of Arabia, Oman, Iran, and Aden and the Hadhramawt, Whitcomb has published a monograph, Before the Roses and Nightingales: Excavations at Qasr-i Abu Nasr, Old (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985) and coauthored two archaeological reports, Quseir al-Qadim 1980 (Udena Publi- cations, 1982) and Quseir al-Qadim 1978 (American Research Center in Egypt, 1979). More recently, he edited a volume entitled Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam: Archaeological Perspectives, Oriental Institute Seminars 1 (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2004) and collaborated on an exhibition catalogue (with Tanya Treptow), Daily Life Ornamented: The Medieval Persian City of Rayy (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2007). Index

Abadan, 75, 108 Arabic language, 2, 131–32, 140, 141, 148, Abbas I, Shah, 89, 99, 113, 189–90, 213, 156, 191 238, 240, 246 Arabistan (Khuzistan), 16, 107, 116 Abbas II, Shah, 242–44 Arabization of geographical names, 131–32 Abbasi (currency), 252 Ata, Khwaja, 99, 210 Abbasid dynasty, 8, 14–15, 72, 151, 179, Aubin, Jean, 14, 92, 108, 207 182, 224, 235, 277 Aurangzeb, Shah, 192–93 Abd-Allah, Muhammed b. (the Prophet Ayaz, Baha al-Din, 92 Muhammad), 61, 169, 194 Aziz, Tariq, 300 Abd-Allah al-Sabah, Shaikh, 268 Abdullah, Thabit, 106 Backer Jacobsz, Willem, 247 , 4, 132, 152, 153 Baghdad Pact, 280 Achaemenid Empire, 37, 38, 43, 58, 168 Adil Shah, Amir Yusuf, 98 Al Khalifa rule of, 11, 265, 283 Afrasiyab dynasty, 106, 113–14, 117, 120–21 archaeological evidence from, 27–28, Ahsa, al-. See Hasa 31–42, 167 Ahwaz, 8, 155, 256, 257 Britain and, 262–67, 271, 281, 283–84, airborne warning and control system 289 (AWACS), 298 Carmathians in, 90 Ajam, region of, 73, 140 creation of, 153 Akbar, Mughal emperor, 189, 191–92 Dutch and, 250 Al Bu Sa‘id, Sultan b. Ahmad, 194, 195 in early Islamic period, 76, 79–81 Al Bu Sa‘id dynasty, 170 Hawala in, 11 Al Khalifa family, 11, 264–65 Iranian government control of, 137 Al Sabah family, 11, 197, 265, 267–70 kings of Hormuz and, 92, 93, 95 Al Thani family, 264–65, 267, 269 Oman and, 248 Al-Ain, 32, 37 pearling in, 10, 216 Albright, Madeleine, 303, 305 Persian spoken in, 2 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 15, 89, 99, 210, Portuguese and, 208, 211–12, 215 212–14, 217, 221, 222, 224 Safavid conquest of, 208, 211, 213, 216 Albuquerque, Pêro de, 213 in Sasanian era, 57, 60, 62, 65 Alexander the Great, 39–41, 42, 43 Shah Abbas’s conquest of, 113 Ali, Y. N., 74 U.S. Navy in, 16 Almeida, Dom Francisco de, 210 water in, 10 Amery, L. S., 9 Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO), 288 Anderson, Benedict R., 147 Baker, James A., III, 302 Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 283, 284, 288 , 5, 7–12, 110, 152 Anjum-Ruz, Abbas, 132, 133 Britain and, 214, 278 Aqa, Yahya, 116 Dutch and, 113–16, 118, 214, 216, aqueduct system (qanat), 10, 64, 65, 78, 79 236–38, 241–49, 252–56 Arab League, 283 Hindus and, 196 Arab Steamer Company (ASC), 198 “hybrid race” and, 184 Arabian-American Oil Company Bandar Rig, 108, 115 (ARAMCO), 288 Bandar Shahpur (Bander Khomeini), 4 318 Index

Banyans, 115, 119, 178, 196, 221, 238–39 Cleuziou, Serge, 167 Baramki, D. C., 64, 80 Clifford, James, 141 Barbosa, Duarte, 95, 98 Clinton, Bill, 302–4, 306 Barros, João de, 93, 179 Codex Casanatense, 220 Barzeus, 221 Cold War, 153, 284, 295–96, 301 Basha, Ali, 113–14, 116 Cole, Juan, 13 Basha, Husain, 116 colonialism, 13, 147–48, 200, 289 Basra Comaroff, Jean, 129 Britain and, 197–98, 256, 278 Comaroff, John, 129 Dutch and, 237, 243, 249–51, 254 Coromandel, 105, 192, 236, 252 in early Islamic period, 73–76, 80–81 Coupland, Reginald, 183 importance of, 105–11 Cox, Percy, 283 India and, 13–14 Cunaeus, Joan, 242 Kuwait and, 263 Curzon, George N., 7, 14, 131–32, 134, 135, late seventeenth century in, 116–20 184, 197, 283, 285–87 as a major port, 4–5 maritime companies and, 114–16 D. Manuel, King, 210, 212, 214, 215, 223 Ottoman, 111–13, 190, 194, 196, 200, da Cruz, Gaspar, 97 209, 211, 263, 267–72, 288 Daibul, 63, 78, 169 prosperity of, 13 Darius I, 15, 38–39 Batavia, 117, 236, 242, 245, 247–48, Daryaee, Touraj, 71, 73 250–53, 255, 257 de Meira, João, 111 Bedouins, 11, 59–60, 106, 109, 118, 120, de Thevenot, Jean, 109, 116 133, 267 Decamp, David, 148 Beg, Bilal Mehmet, 112 Dedel, Jacob, 236 Beg, Mir Ali, 211 Della Valle, Pietro, 108, 113 Beg, Muhammad, 243, 247 Demorgny, Gustave, 132 Beg, Mulayim, 240–41 Dhofar, 7, 297 Beg, Shah Ali, 212 dhow bin Laden, Osama, 200, 306 culture, 184–85 bin Mansur, Banu Khalid Khawl (Yasir), 137 trade, 3, 9–11, 149, 170, 173, 183, 287 Black Sea, 7, 57, 59, 262 people of the, 8–9, 175–79 Borazjan, 38, 76 Dilmun, 12, 31, 33–37, 39, 43, 167 Boudaen, Elias, 115 Dinar, Malik, 91 Braudel, Fernand, 164, 165 Diramku, Muhammad, 89–91 British India Steam Navigation Company Dual Containment, 302–4 (BI), 198, 280 Dubai, 2, 4–5, 8, 10, 12, 64, 148, 151–56, British Petroleum (BP), 284, 290 185, 281 Bush, George W., 301–6 Dubs, Adolph, 298 , 5, 9–13, 63, 137, 140, 151–52, Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) 155, 237, 249–51, 255–56 Bandar Abbas and, 237–38, 250 Bushehr Peninsula, 5, 30, 39, 76 Basra and, 114–19 Buyid dynasty, 72, 78, 79, 81, 180 Dutch-Iranian commercial confl icts and, 240–42, 244–48 camel, domestication of, 34, 35, 40 Dutch-Persian War and, 242–44 Carmathians (Qarmatis), 79–81, 90 end of in the Gulf, 250–51 Carré, Barthélemy, 117 organization of, 236–37 Carter, Jimmy, 298–300 Safavid offi cials and, 15, 238–39, 254–55 Carter Doctrine, 298–300 trade in the Gulf by, 251–55 ceramics industry, 30, 32, 34–35, 74, 79–80 Dutch-Persian Trading Company, 256 Ceylon, 65, 163, 180, 220, 236, 239, 252 Dutch-Persian War, 242–44 Chelebi, Katib, 191, 196 Dutch trade, 251–55. See also Dutch East China, 1, 8, 14, 73, 81, 97, 152, 163, Indies Company (VOC) 169–70, 303 Chittick, Neville, 165 Egypt, 190–91, 194–95, 209–10, 272, 279, Chronicle of Kilwa, 179–81 284, 289 Index 319

English East India Company (EIC), 3, 15, Hay, Sir Rupert, 2 114–15, 119, 193, 214, 240, 242, 252, Hecataeus, 15, 39 255, 278–80, 291 Hennell, Samuel, 282 Estado da Índia, 208, 215, 216–17, 220, 222, Herodotus, 15, 38, 39 224–25 Hinnebusch, Tom, 181 “Exclusive Agreement” (1892), 152 Hobsbawm, Eric J., 147 Hoogcamer, Jacobus, 119, 246–48 Failaka, 27, 28, 33–38, 40–43 Hormuz, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9–15, 63–64 Fali, Ra’is Ahmad, 214 commerce in, 95–96, 219–21 Fali, Ra’is Nur al-Din, 94, 223 as a cosmopolitan society, 221 Faramarzi, Ahmad, 133 in early Islamic period, 78, 79, 82 Fattah, Hala, 106 economy of, 217–19 Faw, 197, 268, 270, 300 ethnic and religious composition of, 93–94 Field, Henry, 132 fall of, 99, 113, 120, 214, 219, 225, 236, Figueroa, Silva, 93 240, 254, 278 Floor, Willem, 3, 151–52 Indian trade and, 97–98 Frost, David, 302 kings of, 89–99 Fryer, John, 237 merchants in, 96–97 political structure of, 222–24 Gaudereau, Martin, 118 Hormuzgan, 129–31, 135, 136, 139 Gavbandi, 130, 132, 136–40 Hotz, A., 256 Gawan (Gavan), Khwaja Mahmud, 98 Hotz, J. C. P., 256 Glaspie, April, 301 Hotz & Son Company, 256–57 Godinho, Manuel, 116 Hourani, G. F., 8, 14 Goodshaw, Joseph, 119 Husain, Shah Sultan, 107, 245 Great Britain Hussein, Saddam, 4, 297, 301–3, 305–6 India and, 150, 190, 197–98, 264–65, 273, Huwaiza, 107, 116 277–91 hybrid culture of the Gulf region, 2, 5, 7, 15, intervention of, 2, 265 183–84 Iraq and, 197, 263, 271, 273, 281, 283–85, 288–90 Ibadis and Ibadism, 2, 72, 81, 179, 196, 282 Islam and, 197 Ibn Balkhi, 65 Kuwait and, 281, 284, 286–87, 289–90 Ibn Battuta, 9, 93, 165, 177, 180, 219 Mesopotamia and, 197, 200, 281, 283, 288 Ibn al-Mujawir, 90, 100 Muscat and, 7, 279, 281–83, 286–87 Ibn Ruzaiq, 191 Oman and, 153, 264–65, 282–84, 286 Ibn Sa‘ud (Abd al-Aziz b. Abd al-Rahman Al withdrawal of, 2, 281–82, 284, 289, 295 Sa‘ud), 4, 150, 152–53, 263, 270, 272 Gujarat, 34–35, 93–94, 97–98, 191–93, 196, Ibrahim, Yusuf al-, 269 200, 214, 218, 220 Ichthyophagi, 12, 164–65 (GCC), 16, 199 India Gupta, Anirudha, 184 Basra and, 13–14 Gurg, Easa Saleh Al-, 5 Britain and, 150, 190, 197–98, 264–65, Guttman scale, 148 273, 277–91 cultural infl uences of, 154, 178, 181 Hadhramawt, 11, 62, 78, 170, 178 expatriates and, 195–96 Hadithi, Q. A. S., al-, 72 Gulf security and, 13–14, 208 Hajar (Eastern Arabia), 59, 60, 78–81 hajj pilgrims from, 107 Hajar Mountains (Oman), 31 Hormuz and, 97–98, 224 hajj, 107, 200, 270 horses exported to, 13, 96–98, 105, 108, Halbwachs, Maurice, 147 190–92, 213–14 Hamilton, Alexander, 109, 119 hybrid Gulf culture and, 183 Hasa (Al-Ahsa), 41, 78, 80, 165, 212, 216, independence of, 278, 281–83, 289 261–63, 271, 274, 281, 286–87 Iran and, 92, 96–97, 192, 213–15 Hashimi, Faisal al-, 288 migration and, 197 Hawla (Hawala), 11, 249 modern Gulf relations with, 198–200 Hawley, D., 133 monsoons in, 109 320 Index

India (continued) Sasanians and, 57–58, 60 Mughals of, 189, 191–93 Shiism and, 2, 13, 262 Mysore in, 193–95 silk from, 115, 190, 235–36, 241, 244, 251 Persian Gulf identity and, 12–13 trade with, 89, 97–99, 108, 152, 174–75, Portuguese, 208–13, 220, 224 192, 220, 278 religion and, 93–94, 149, 272 tribalism in, 2, 98 textiles from, 105, 108, 111, 114, 115, Twin Pillars policy and, 153 119, 218, 221, 254 United States and, 289, 295–305 trade with, 1, 8, 13, 39–43, 64, 90, 96–98, Zand dynasty in, 132–33, 135, 150, 190 105, 108, 111–19, 166–68, 190, 208, Iranian Revolution of 1978–79, 139, 140, 220, 266 153–54, 298 wood imported from, 10, 15, 31, 63, 216 Iran-Iraq War, 16, 139, 290, 295, 299–300, See also Estado da Índia 301, 303, 305 Indo-European Telegraph Department, 280 Iran- Sanctions Act (ILSA), 304 Indyk, Martin, 302–3 Iranshahr, 57–58, 60 Insoll, T., 80 Iraq Iqtidari, Ahmad, 76, 131–32, 134 Abbasids in, 182 Iran Alexander in, 39 Afghan occupation of, 237, 248–49 Arabic language and, 2 Afsharid, 150, 249–50 archaeological evidence from, 30–31, 41, Alexander in, 39 64, 80, 167, 181 Arab presence in, 11, 91, 129–41, 150 border disputes and, 3 archaeological evidence from, 27–28, 32, Britain and, 197, 263, 271, 273, 281, 34, 37, 40, 42 283–85, 288–90 authors on, 12 Buyids and, 72, 90 Basra and, 107–8, 113–20 early Islamic period, 72–78 border disputes and, 3 India and, 14, 281, 288 climate of, 10 Iraq-i Arab and, 107 control of Bahrain by, 12, 137 Jews in, 41, 272 Dutch commercial confl icts and, 240–42, Kuwait and, 3, 271, 280, 295, 301–3, 244–48 305–6 economy of, 152–53 natural resources in, 29, 284, 288 as element in the Gulf, 14–15 Ottoman Empire and, 106–9, 111, 262, fall of Hormuz to, 113 268, 271–73 geography of, 8 plague and, 118 historians and, 3–4, 15, 90 Portuguese and, 209 housing in, 10 revolution of 1958, 16, 284, 289 Ilkhans and, 92–93, 95 Safavids and, 111 India and, 92, 96–97, 149, 192, 213–15 Second Dynasty of the Sealand in, 35–36 Iron Age, 37 Shatt al-Arab and, 4, 8–9, 15, 27, 74, 108, Mongol attack on, 92 212, 250, 269 navy of, 152, 154 trade routes and, 41–43, 64, 169, 272 oil in, 284, 288 tribalism in, 2 Pahlavi, 4, 150, 152, 154, 190, 152, 282 United States and, 154, 290, 295, 297, Parthians and, 42 299–303, 305–6 Persian Gulf identity and, 14–15, 156 World War II and, 280 Persian language and, 2 See also Basra; Iran-Iraq War ports of, 5, 9, 15, 152, 274. See also Bandar Iraq Mandate (1920), 281, 288 Abbas; Bushehr; Hormuz; Lingeh; Iraq Petroleum Company, 288 Qais (Kish); Siraf Isa, Lashkari b., 91 Qajar, 5, 15, 132, 133, 150, 152, 190, Isfahani, Hamza al-, 62 195, 256, 281 Islam religion and, 13 Abbasids and, 14–15 Safavid, 8, 15, 97, 105, 107, 110–11, archaeological evidence and, 63–64, 78, 118–20, 189–90, 192, 208–17, 181 237–41, 248–49, 255–57, 262 British Raj and, 197 Index 321

early period of, 61, 71–82, 169, 174, Khan, Ibrahim, 215 176, 181 Khan, Imam-Quli, 240 Hinduism and, 196 Khan, Mahmud, 248 migration and, 179, 196 Khan, Mirza Taqi, 249 Mysore and, 193–95, 200 Khan, Shah-Quli, 247 in Pakistan, 199–200 Khan, Shaikh Ali, 244–45 radical, 2, 295 Khan, Tahmasp-Quli, 249 rise of, 169 , 13, 27, 28, 41, 63, 109, 175, Sasanian era and, 63–64, 181 236–37, 250–51, 285 slavery and, 182 Khatami, Sayyid Muhammad, 304–5 social mobility and, 182 Khobar, 10, 64 See also Shi‘is and Shi‘i Islam; Sunnis and Khomeini, Ruhollah, 297–98, 300–301 Sunni Islam; Wahhabis and Wahhabism Khur Musa, 4, 108 Islamic Revolution. See Iranian Revolution of Khurasan, 93, 96 1978–79 Khurramshahr, 4–5, 120. See also Muhammara Islamization, 199–200 Khusrau I, 64, 65 Isma‘il, Shah, 107, 132, 209, 212–14 Khusrau II, 61, 65 Isma‘ilism, 13, 80–81, 92 Khuzistan (Arabistan), 2, 7–8, 16, 32, 41, 75, Israel, 295, 297–302, 304 107, 130, 132, 256 Istakhri, Abu Ishaq al-, 62–63, 65, 78, 81, 174 Khwanirah, 58 Istanbul, 106–7, 111, 116, 194–95, 261–74, Kidd, William, 193 287–88 Kirk, John, 180 Izady, M. R., 12, 184 Kirman, 42, 63, 73, 78, 89, 91–93, 95, 97, 168, 237, 239, 245, 252 Jabal Akhdar, 8 Kish. See Qais Jabbara, Shaikh, 137 Kissinger, Henry, 296, 297 Jahiz, Abu Uthman Amr b. Bahr al-, 174, 182 Knappert, Jan, 181 Jama‘at-i Islami, 199 Krumm, Bernhard, 181 Japan, 16, 170, 199, 236, 281 Kung (Kong), 107, 108, 109, 113, 115, Jarun (later Hormuz) Island, 5, 78, 89, 91– 118–19, 136, 140, 175, 208, 213–17, 93, 213–14, 218, 219 220, 221, 224–25 Jerusalem, 72, 210, 212 Kuwait Jesuits, 209, 221 Al Sabahs and, 197, 264–74 Jidda, 7, 93, 96, 118, 180, 193, 262 archaeological evidence from, 27, 30 Jinab, Muhammad Ali, 135 bay and harbor of, 8–9, 28 Julanda dynasty, 179 Britain and, 281, 284, 286–87, 289–90 Julfar, 5, 79–80, 82, 97 crisis and independence of (1961), 280–81, Justinian, Emperor, 62, 64 289 demographics of, 198 Kaiqubad, Isa b., 91 dhow trade and, 176, 183–84 Kandahar, 217, 248, 256 Failaka in, 34 Kawad I, 60 hybrid culture of, 176, 179, 183 kaymakam (Turkish, “governor”), 266, Iraq and, 3, 271, 280, 295, 301–3, 305–6 268–70 Ottoman Empire and, 261–74, 287 Keall, E. J., 74 migration to and from, 10–11 Kennet, D., 79 United States and, 295, 299–303, 305–6 Kervran, M., 66, 79–81 Ketelaar, Johan Josua, 247–48 Lansdowne, Lord, 288, 298 Keun, Richard, 255–56 Lar, 8, 97–98, 115, 138, 151, 215, 237, 239, Khalaf, Sulayman, 150 250, 253 Khalifa, Isa al-, 264, 269 , 216, 240, 248, 300 Khalifa, Muhammad al-, 264 Laristan, 97–98, 136, 249 Khaliji music, 154 Lashkari, Kaiqubad, 91 Khaliji/Khalijis, 2, 10–14, 17, 147, 149, 150, Lecker, M., 71 154–57 Lewis, Bernard, 182 Khan, Genghis, 191 Li Yüan, 169 322 Index

Lienhardt, Peter, 4, 10 Murphey, Rhoads, 120 Lingeh, Bandar, 5, 7–12, 63, 130–33, Musaddiq, Muhammad, 284, 289, 297, 305 135–36, 140–41, 150–52, 154, 175, 196 Muscat Lodhi, Abdulaziz, 181 Britain and, 7, 279, 281–83, 286–87 longue durée, 8, 165, 170, 173, 175, 184–85 climate of, 7 Lorimer, John G., 7, 131, 132, 183, 196 Dutch and, 244 Luce, William, 282 harbor of, 9 hybrid culture of, 2 Macaré, Pieter, Jr., 247 independence of, 281 Magan, 12, 15, 31–34, 36–39, 167 India and, 194–96, 285–86 Mahdali dynasty, 180 Ottoman Empire and, 211–12 Mahmud, Shahab al-Din, 91–92 Portuguese and, 109–10, 113, 208, Mahmud Qalhati, Rukn al-Din, 92 213–21, 240, 278 Malcolm, John, 282, 285 in Sasanian era, 64 Marcellinus, Ammianus, 62 slave trade and, 175, 184 Mason, R., 74 trade and, 4, 5, 64, 117–18, 169, 175, 225 Mas‘udi, Abd al-Husain al-, 165, 174, 181 music, 12, 132, 154, 185, 238 Mazdak and Mazdakites, 60–61 Mutrah, 196 Mazkur, Shaikh, 137 Muvahhid, M. A., 132–35 Mazrui, Ali A., 182 Mysore, 193–95, 200, 285 Meade, Colonel M. J., 269–70 Mecca, 58, 60–62, 81, 107, 169, 179, 190, Nabipour, Iraj, 9 192–93, 211–12, 262 Nadir Shah, 11, 15, 132–33, 168, 237, Mesopotamia 249–50 archaeological evidence from, 27–35, 39, Nadjmabadi, Shahnaz, 154, 157 167–68 Najd, 60–61, 64, 107, 132–33, 137, 263, Ardashir I and, 59 270, 273, 274, 281, 285, 288 Britain and, 197, 200, 281, 283, 288 Naji, Abd al-Jabbar, 74 epidemics in, 109 Napoleon Bonaparte, 195 Gulf coastline known as “Sealand” in, 8, 12 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 16, 283 Gulf identity and, 1 Natanzi, Mu‘in al-Din, 90–92 Ottoman Empire and, 190 nationalism, 16, 283–84, 289 “Persian Gulf” name and, 15 Nearchos, 164 Safavids and, 107 Niebuhr, Carsten, 11, 131, 196 trade interests and, 43, 62 Nikitin, Athanasius, 218 World War I and, 13, 197, 200, 281, 283 Nixon, Richard, 296–97 Metcalf, Barbara, 199 Nurbakhsh, Husain, 132, 133 Metcalf, Thomas R., 14 Nurse, Derek, 181 migrant workers, 141, 197, 199–200 Miles, Samuel, 166, 282–83 oil Minto, Lord, 285–86 discovery of, 11 Mir Muhanna, 250–51 as a historical phase, 16–17 Mirzai, Behnaz, 184 oil companies, 283–84, 288, 290 Mongols, 5, 90, 92, 93, 97, 191, 209 Oman monsoons, 7, 8, 109, 164–66, 168, 173, archaeological evidence from, 27, 29, 31– 175–77, 179, 185 32, 34–35, 37–38, 42, 64, 167 Mubarak, Shaikh, 10 Ardashir I in, 59 Mughal Empire, 13, 189–96, 200, 217, 279 Bedouins in, 133 Mughamis, Rashid b., 111 Britain and, 153, 264–65, 282–84, 286 Mughamis, Shaikh Mani‘ b., 118, 119 creation of, 153 Muhammad, Prophet, 61, 169, 194 demographics of, 198–99 Muhammara, 4, 13, 120. See also Dutch and, 248, 254 Khurramshahr in early Islamic period, 78–81 Mukha, 105, 115, 236 geography of, 8, 10 Muqaddasi, Muhammad b. Ahmad al-, 7, Ibadism in, 2, 81, 90 72–82 India and, 194–96, 199 Index 323

languages spoken in, 180, 184–85 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 15, 41, migration from, 11, 179 164–66, 173–74 migration to, 132–33, 184 Persian Bank Mining Rights Corporation, 256 natural resources in, 62 Persian Gulf, early history period of insecurity in, 90–91 Achaemenid Empire, 37, 38, 43, 58, 168 Persia and, 168, 180 Alexander, 39–41 Portuguese and, 192–93, 209, 216–17, 224 archaeological evidence, 27–31 Sasanian era and, 58, 64–65 Assyrian Empire, 36–37 shipbuilding in, 167–68 ceramic industry, 32 trade and, 5, 169–70 Dilmun, 33–37 United States and, 298 earliest occupation, 29 Wadi Suq period in, 34–35 earliest populations, 28–29 See also Muscat; Qalhat; Suhar Elamites, 35–36 Onley, James, 13, 150 four major regions, 27 Operation Desert Storm, 296, 303, 305 Hafi t tombs, 31–32 Ottoman Empire Iron Age, 36–37 Basra and, 111–13, 190, 194, 196, 200, Kassite rule, 35–36 209, 211, 263, 267–72, 288 Magan, 32 eras of rule in eastern Arabia, 262–63 Neo-Babylonian period, 37 “Gulf of Basra” and, 14 Palmyrene trade, 43 infl uence on political change, 263–65 Parthian Empire, 41–42, 57, 59, 65 Iraq and, 106–9, 111, 262, 268, 271–73 Seleucids, 39–42 Kuwait and, 261–74, 287 Ubaid sherds, 30 overview of, 261–62, 273–74 Umm an-Nar culture, 32 pearling and, 266, 270 Wadi Suq period, 34–35 Portuguese and, 211–12 Persian Gulf, early Islamic history Qatar and, 265–67 agriculture, 75 social change and, 271–73 Ahsa (Hasa), -al, 80–81 and, 112 archaeological evidence, 73–74, 76, 82 “Outer Gulf,” 217 Basra, 73–75 Overschie, Nicolaas, 242 Buyids, 72, 78, 79, 81 Emirates, 79–80 Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 4, 150, 154 Fars, 73–75 Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 4, 150, 152, 190, 282 Hajar, 78, 80–81 Pahlavi regime, 4, 190 Hormuz, 78 Pakistan, 152, 179, 197–200, 298, 300 Iraq, 73–75 Palestine, 40, 61, 80, 288, 289, 296 Julfar, 79–80 pan-Arabism, 15–16, 283, 284 manufacturing, 74–76 Pasha, Midhat, 263, 266, 268 mercantile society, 81 pearling Muqaddasi, 81–82 in Bahrain, 93, 97, 212, 216 Oman, 78–80 in Basra, 118 Qarmatis (Carmathians), 79–81, 90 British withdrawal’s effect on, 153 Siraf, 75–78 brokerage, 219 social archaeology, 81–82 decline of, 153, 216, 265 Suhar, 78–79 duty payments on, 133, 138 Umayyads, 71–72, 76, 80 early written records of, 39 Persian Gulf, identity of Marco Polo on, 96 bilingualism, 2 music and, 12 communication, 5 as natural resource, 17, 43, 62 countries, 1 Ottomans and, 266, 270 cultural infl uences, 148–49 in the premodern era, 1 exports, 13 slavery and, 7, 183 geography, 9 working conditions and, 9, 11 housing, 10 Pelly, Lewis, 7, 131, 132, 134, 151, 155, 157, hybrid culture, 5, 7 282 India, 13 324 Index

Persian Gulf, identity of (continued) port cities, 4–5 Indian Ocean, 3 port-hinterland relations, 5 international trade route, 1, 8 ports, free, 11 Iran, 14–15 Portuguese languages, 2 Bahrain and, 208, 211–12, 215 linguistics, 148 cosmopolitanism and, 221 maritime culture, 1 economy and, 217–19 mercantilism, 12 India and, 208–13, 220, 224 migration, 10–11 Indian Ocean and, 213–15 monsoons, 8 Iraq, 209 music, 12 Mediterranean and, 212 name of, 15–16 Muscat and, 109–10, 113, 208, 213–21, oceans, 7 240, 278 oil, 16–17 Oman and, 192–93, 209, 216–17, 224 pearling industry, 9, 11, 17 Ottoman Empire and, 211–12 physical boundaries, 1, 8 “Outer Gulf” and, 217 physical environment, 9, 12 overview of presence in the Gulf, 208–9, piracy, 3 224–25 port cities, 4–5 policy of, 209–11, 215–16 port-hinterland relations, 5 political structure and, 221–24 religious history, 2 settlement and trade in the Gulf, 219–21 slavery, 7 Potts, Daniel, 1, 15, 62 trading seasons, 8–9 Procopius, 64 tribalism, 2 “unimagined community,” as an, 148 qadi, 268 water shortage, 9 Qais (Kish), 5, 12, 14, 15, 27, 78, 82, wood shortage, 9 91–93, 95, 154–55, 176, 180, 207 written histories, 3–4 Qajar dynasty, 5, 15, 132, 133, 150, 152, Persian Gulf, pre-Islamic history (Sasanian era) 190, 195, 256, 281 archaeological evidence, 57, 60, 63, Qalhat, 5, 12, 92, 93, 95, 96, 168 65–66 qanat (aqueduct) system, 10, 64, 65, Ardashir I, 42–43, 57, 59–60, 62–63 78, 79 economics, 61–65 Qarmati, Abu Tahir al-, 76 Justinian, 62, 64 Qarmatis (Carmathians), 79–81, 90 natural resources, 64–65 Qasim, Abd al-Karim, 16 qanat system, 64, 65 Qasimi, Mohammad al-, 151 religio-political perspective, 58–59 Qasimi family, 154 Sanatruq, 42, 57 Qatar, 10–11, 28, 29–30, 64, 80, 140, 153, Shahpur I, 58–60 198, 261–74, 281, 286–87 Shahpur II, 60, 63 Qawasim, 5, 11–12, 14, 130, 132–35, Silk Road, 57, 62 150–52, 285–86 “Wall of the Arabs,” 59–60 Qishm, 8, 9, 27, 38, 94, 114, 133, 175, 239, Yemen, 60–62, 65 242, 245, 248, 286 Zoroastrianism, 58, 63, 64 Quraish, 61, 78 Persian language, 2, 134, 139, 141, 148, 156, Quran, 182 191 Persian Trading Company (PHV), 256 Ra’is, Mubarak, 138 Peterson, J. E., 193 Ra’isi family, 132, 137–38 Piacentini, V. Fiorani, 71 Ras al-Jinz, 32, 165, 167–68 “Pimenteiro” (illicit trade), 216, 220 Ras al-Khaimah, 4, 5, 11, 12, 30, 64, 79, 132, piracy, 3, 13, 135, 151, 165, 170, 193, 208, 133, 151, 285–86 214, 250, 279, 285–86 Ravanipur, Moniru, 12 Pires, Tomé, 96–98, 218 Reagan, Ronald, 299–300 Pliny, 39, 165 recognitie goederen (treaty goods), 246, 248, Polo, Marco, 9, 96 252 port, defi nition of, 9 religious refugees, 179 Index 325 religious tolerance, 2, 94, 99, 221 Shiraz Ricks, Thomas Miller, 131–34 Arab migration to, 71 Rishahr, 5, 39, 40, 76, 212, 214 cultural capital of, 154 Rizvi, S. A., 180 English factories in, 278 Rowton, M. B., 109 foundation of, 76 Royal Dutch Shell, 290 mercantilism in, 63, 72, 113, 114, 217, Rubin, Z., 61 237, 239, 252, 253 Rumaihi, Muhammad, 16 migration from, 91, 141, 180–81 summering in, 7, 154 Sabah, Abd-Allah al-, 268 transportation and trade routes to, 5, 63, Sabah, Mubarak, al-, 264, 268–74 72, 76, 97, 113, 114, 148 Sadid al-Saltana, Muhammad Ali Khan, 133 VOC and, 237 Safavi, Sultan Husain, 132, 133 wine from, 237, 252 Safavid dynasty, 8, 15, 97, 105, 107, 110–11, Shirazi tradition on Swahili coast, 180–81 118–20, 189–90, 192, 208–17, 237–41, Siddiq, Abd al-Razzaq Muhammad, 136 248–49, 255–57, 262 Sidis, 193 Safi I, Shah, 241 Silk Road, 41, 57, 62 Sa‘idi, Ghulam-Husain, 12 silk trade, 64, 115, 169, 190, 192, 235–36, SALT II treaty, 298 239–46, 249–53 Samarqandi, Abd al-Razzaq, 94, 96, 98 Siraf, 4, 5, 10, 15, 27, 63–64, 72, 75–82, Samarra, 73, 79, 80 90–91, 133, 174–76, 180–81 Sarcerius, Dirck, 243 Sirri, 11, 132, 152 Sasanian Empire, 5, 14, 27, 43, 57–66, slavery, 7, 13, 97, 98, 149, 164, 174, 175, 71–82, 131, 168–69, 181 182–84, 193, 197 Sa‘ud, Abd-al-Aziz, see Ibn Sa‘ud Sons of Sinbad (Villiers), 8, 175, 178 Saudi Arabia Spice Islands, 235 Ahsa (Hasa) in, 80 spice trade, 96–97, 105, 108–9, 111, archaeological evidence from, 27–31, 33, 209–11, 220–21, 225, 251, 253–54, 257 40, 42 Sprachbund, 148 consolidation of, 152–53 Standard Oil of California (SOCAL), 288 land use and settlement of, 77 Suez Canal, 262, 280, 296 oil wealth and, 200 Suhar, 5, 7, 14, 64, 77–80, 90–91, 133, 169, Ottoman infl uence on, 271 180, 217. See also Oman Pakistan and, 199 Sulaiman, Shah, 119, 244–45 travel to, 150 Suleyman, Sultan, 190, 262 United States and, 153, 288–89, 295–96, Sunnis and Sunni Islam, 2, 8, 11, 90, 94, 130, 298–300, 304, 306 139–40, 155, 157, 179–80, 194, 200, Wahhabism in, 2, 200 249, 262, 272, 288 Sauvaget, J., 90 Swahili, 169, 179, 181, 184–85 Savory, Roger, 132 Swahili coast, 173, 178–85, 213, 216 Schwartzkopf, Norman, 302 Sweet, Louise, 150, 155 “Sealand” (southern Iraq), 8, 12, 35–36 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 288 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 290 Syria, 34–37, 41, 76, 80, 111, 182, 190, 272, Seven Years’ War, 195 279, 288 Shabankara’i, 90–92 Shahnama-yi Turanshahi, 42, 90, 93 Tabari, 42, 60 Shahpur I, 58, 60 Tahamtan, Qutb al-Din, 93 Shahpur II, 63 Taki, Mirza Muhammad, 196 Shahpur district, 76 Taliban, 200 Shahriyar, Buzurg b., 174, 183 Taqi, Mirza, 239, 242 Shatt al-Arab, 4, 8–9, 15, 27, 74, 108, 212, Teixeira, Pedro, 207, 217, 225 250, 269 terradas, 9, 94, 216 Sherley, Robert, 235 Texas Company (TEXACO), 288 Shi‘is and Shi‘i Islam, 2, 13, 81, 94, 107, thalassocracy, 14, 208, 211, 214–15, 218 139–40, 157, 179, 180, 196, 213, 262, Thani, Muhammad al-, 265, 267 272, 302, 306 Thani, Qasim al-, 264, 269–71, 273 326 Index

Thucydides, 14 Visnich, Huybert, 236, 240–41 Tibi, Malik al-Islam, 95 von Kniphausen, Tido, 250 Tosi, Maurizio, 167 Vosmer, Tom, 167 trading companies. See Dutch East Indies Company; English East India Company Wahhabis and Wahhabism, 2, 15, 150, 200, tribalism, 2 262, 272, 274, 200 Trump, Donald, 154 “Wall of the Arabs,” 59–60 Tunb Islands, 4, 132, 152, 153 Warden, F., 131, 134 Turan Shah, 93 water, 9–10 Turan Shah III, 96 Wellesley, Lord, 282, 285 Turan Shah IV, 211, 213–15, 219 Westerwolt, Adam, 242 Turkey, 109, 190, 280, 298, 302 Wheatley, Paul, 72 Twin Pillars policy, 153, 296–98, 303 Whitehouse, David, 76, 181 Tylos (Bahrain), 39–40, 60, 65 Wigen, Kären, 7 Wilkinson, John C., 11, 79, 81, 179, 180 UAE (), 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, Wilkinson, T. J., 79 27–30, 33, 34, 36, 133, 135, 139–40, Williamson, A. G., 78, 79 147, 149, 153, 155, 156, 198–99 Wilson, Arnold, 9, 131, 283 Ubaid sherds, 30 Wilson, Woodrow, 197 Ubulla, 4, 74–75, 81, 176 windcatcher (badgir), 10 Umayyads, 5, 71–72, 76, 80, 179 Wink, André, 4 United Nations wood, lack of, 9–10 Security Council Resolution 598, 300–301 World War I, 13, 190, 197, 271, 273, 274, Security Council Resolution 687, 303 280, 281, 283–84, 287–88 Special Commission (UNSCOM), 303 World War II, 8, 13, 153, 198, 199, 277, 279, United States 280, 283–85, 289, 291, 295, 296, 300 Central Intelligence Agency, 303 intervention of, 2, 14 Ya‘rubi dynasty, 10, 170, 209, 212–16 Iran and, 289, 295–305 Yemen, 173, 178–80, 190–91, 211, 263, 281, Iraq and, 154, 290, 295, 297, 299–303, 284, 289, 298 305–6 mercantilism in, 175, 178 Kuwait and, 295, 299–303, 305–6 natural resources in, 62, 65 Middle East Command, 296 Ottomans and, 112 Middle East policy, 295 in pre-Islamic period, 60–62, 65 Oman and, 298 Yusuf, Hajjaj b., 179 Saudi Arabia and, 153, 288–89, 295–96, 298–300, 304, 306 Zadok, Ran, 36 See also Operation Desert Storm; Twin Zand, Karim Khan, 133, 190, 250 Pillars policy Zand dynasty, 132–33, 135, 150, 190 Zanj, 174, 179–80 Van Leene, Johan, 245 Zanj Rebellion, 182–83 Van Leur, J. C., 175 Zanzibar, 63, 91, 163, 166, 170, 174–85, Velten, Carl, 180 191, 197, 271 Victoria, Queen, 277 Zoroastrianism, 2, 13, 43, 58, 63, 64, 272 Villiers, Alan, 8, 10, 12, 175–79, 183–84 Zubara, 11, 266