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INVASION BIOLOGY COURSE MANUAL INVASION BIOLOGY COURSE MANUAL UNEP-GEF Project (0515): Removing Barriers to Invasive Species Management in Production and Protection Forests in Southeast Asia (FORIS Project) DISCLAIMER This activity was conducted as part of UNEP/GEF Project No. 0515 Removing Barriers to Invasive Species Management in Production & Protection Forests in Southeast Asia (FORIS Project). UNEP is the Project Implementing Agency whereas CABI is the Executing Agency; The Project National Implementing Agency in the Philippines is the Department of Environment & Natural Resources through the Biodiversity Management Bureau. The presentation of material in this document and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of any of the agencies involved, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers of boundaries. PREFERRED WAY TO CITE THIS PUBLICATION Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB). (2016). Course Manual on Invasion Biology. Quezon City: Department of Environment Biodiversity Management Bureau and Natural Resources. pp. i-iv, 1-60. Cover photos (clockwise): rice black bug Scotinophara coarctata (Normandy Barbecho), coronitas Lantana camara (Danilo Tandang), rice field rate Rattus exulans (Maria Josefa Veluz), Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Emerson Sy), variable squirrel Callosciurus finlaysonii (Pola Geneva Bumanglag), African tulip Spathodea campanulata (Danilo Tandang). ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THIS COURSE .............................................................................................................................. 1 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO INVASION BIOLOGY ................................................................................... 2 1. 1 OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE ................................................................................................... 2 1. 2 INVASIVE SPECIES TERMINOLOGY .......................................................................................... 5 1. 3 CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ...................................... 10 UNIT 2: PATHWAYS TO INVASION ........................................................................................................ 17 2. 1 THE INVASION PROCESS ....................................................................................................... 17 2.2. UNDERSTANDING AND PREDICTING INVASIONS ................................................................. 26 UNIT 3: IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT OF IAS ....................................................................................... 36 3. 1 IMPACTS OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES .................................................................................. 36 3. 2 MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES........................................................................ 41 3. 3 GLOBAL AND NATIONAL POLICIES ........................................................................................ 50 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 53 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. A simplified definition of invasive alien species (IAS) ............................................................. 3 Figure 3. Clarias macrocephalus, maximum size 120 cm. Illustration from Rainboth, W.J. 1996 ......... 4 Figure 2. Clarias gariepinus maximum size 170 cm. Photo by Kin Loon taken in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia (FishBase) ................................................................................................................ 4 Figure 4. Golden Apple Snail Pomacea caniculata, Photo taken from www.knowledgebank.irri.org .. 4 Figure 5. The Invasion Process of IAS (Adapted from Casal, 2006) ...................................................... 18 Figure 6. Arachis sp. in bloom, utilized for forage as well as an ornamental plant. ............................ 20 Figure 7. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802) caused the disappearance of some local fishes in Lake Caliraya. Illustration from Eccles 1992......................................................................... 21 Figure 8. The janitor fish Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855) caught in Laguna. Photo by Rodolfo Reyes, Jr. ................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 9. Rhinella marina, an old invasive species in the Philippines. Photo by Arvin C. Diesmos. ..... 23 Figure 10. Ballast water in ships, loading and discharging containing several species from WWF publication. Silent invaders. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Ballast_water_en.svg .............. 24 Figure 11. P. managuensis (Gunther, 1867) is now present in several Philippine waterbodies. Photo by R. B. Reyes, Jr. .................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 12. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. Photo by Danilo N. Tandang .................................... 29 Figure 13. Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Figure from Rainboth, 1996. ................. 30 Figure 14. Impacts of IAS ...................................................................................................................... 36 iii Figure 15. Knifefish Chitala ornata in Laguna de Bay. Photo by Cripsina Muan/ Laguna Lake Development Authority ....................................................................................................... 38 Figure 16. Janitor fish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus. Photo by Don T. Dumale .................................. 38 Figure 17. The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in a rice paddy. Photo by Ravindra Joshi. .. 39 Figure 18. Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala. Photo by Danilo N. Tandang. ........................................... 39 Figure 19. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera female (left) and male (right). Photo by Danilo N. Tandang. .............................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 20. Holistic management of IAS ................................................................................................ 44 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Boundaries between Classical Biology and Invasion Biology .................................................. 5 Table 2. Definition of Terms (modified from Falk-Petersen, 2006) ....................................................... 5 Table 3. Pathways of Invasion of IAS in the Philippines ....................................................................... 25 Table 4. Potential Management Strategies for Invasive Alien Plant Species ....................................... 44 Table 5: Potential Management Strategies for Invasive Alien Animals ............................................... 45 Table 6. Principles of Good Ecological Restoration Practice ................................................................ 48 Table 7: Attributes of Accessing Restoration Programs ...................................................................... 49 LIST OF BOXES Box 1: Introduction of Game Species in the Philippines ...................................................................... 22 Box 2: Examples of Invasive Alien Species ........................................................................................... 29 Box 3: Observed and Projected Climate Changes ................................................................................ 31 Box 4: Climate Change and IAS Affect Biodiversity .............................................................................. 32 Box 5: Ecosystem Services ................................................................................................................... 37 Box 6: Example of an IAS Management Strategy - The Pams Approach ............................................. 46 Box 7. Example of an IAS Management Strategy - Ecological Restoration .......................................... 47 iv ABOUT THIS COURSE Welcome to Invasion Biology: the Study of Invasive Alien Species, an introductory course under the Bachelor of Science degree in Biology, Environmental Science, Agriculture, and other related fields. In this course we will be discussing basic information that every Filipino citizen needs to know about Invasive Alien Species. The course will provide students with information on: What invasive alien species are, characteristics of successful invasive alien species Why were they introduced, intentional and unintentional introductions, vectors of introduction and subsequent spread Impacts (ecological, economic, sociological, health and recreational consequences); Some examples of invasive alien species in the Philippines Invasive species in the context of global climate change – double trouble Invasive species management: prevention, EDRR, control and restoration eradication The first unit will focus on introducing what these species are, while the 2nd unit will focus on the invasion process and explain how the species have moved beyond their natural boundaries. The 3rd unit will focus on the impacts and management of invasive species. 1 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO INVASION BIOLOGY Unit 1: Introduction to Invasion Biology 1.1 Overview of the course 1.2 Invasive species terminology 1.3 Characteristics and Attributes of Invasive Species At the
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