DOCSLIB.ORG

Estimation of the Degree of Polarization in Polarimetric SAR Imagery

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Estimation of the Degree of Polarization in Polarimetric SAR Imagery %NVUEDELOBTENTIONDU %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5² %&506-064& $ÏLIVRÏPAR Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INP Toulouse) $ISCIPLINEOUSPÏCIALITÏ Signal, Image, Acoustique et Optimisation (SIAO) 0RÏSENTÏEETSOUTENUEPAR Reza Shirvany le : 30 octobre 2012 4ITRE Estimation of the Degree of Polarization in Polarimetric SAR Imagery: Principles and Applications %COLEDOCTORALE Mathématiques Informatique Télécommunications (MITT) 5NITÏDERECHERCHE Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT) Rapporteurs : Prof. Gregoire Mercier, Telecom Bretagne Prof. Yannick Berthoumieu, IMS Bordeaux Directeur(s) de thèse : Prof. Jean-Yves Tourneret, INPT-ENSEEIHT, directeur de thèse Prof. Marie Chabert, INPT-ENSEEIHT, co-directeur de thèse MEMBRESDUJURY: Prof. Christine Fernandez-Maloigne, Université de Poitiers, présidente Prof. Gregoire Mercier, Telecom Bretagne, rapporteur Prof. Yannick Berthoumieu, IMS Bordeaux, rapporteur Prof. Jean-Yves Tourneret, INPT-ENSEEIHT, directeur de thèse Prof. Marie Chabert, INPT-ENSEEIHT , co-directeur de thèse Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse University of Toulouse ESTIMATIONOFTHEDEGREEOFPOLARIZATIONIN POLARIMETRICSARIMAGERY:PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS reza shirvany Dissertation submitted to the University of Toulouse for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy . Jury Prof. Christine Fernandez-Maloigne; Université de Poitiers; president Prof. Gregoire Mercier; Telecom Bretagne; rapporteur Prof. Yannick Berthoumieu; IMS Bordeaux; rapporteur Prof. Jean-Yves Tourneret; INPT-ENSEEIHT; advisor Prof. Marie Chabert; INPT-ENSEEIHT; co-advisor – 2012 – Copyright © 2012 by R. Shirvany {[email protected]} All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the prior permission of the author. To My Parents ABSTRACT olarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems have become highly fruitful thanks to their wide area coverage and P day and night all-weather capabilities. Several polarimetric SARs have been flown over the last few decades with a variety of polarimetric SAR imaging modes; traditional ones are linear single- and dual-pol modes. More sophisticated ones are full-pol modes. Other alternative modes, such as hybrid and compact dual-pol, have also been recently proposed for future SAR missions. The discussion is vivid across the remote sensing society about both the utility of such alternative modes, and also the trade-off between dual and full polarimetry. This thesis contributes to that discussion by analyzing and comparing different polarimetric SAR modes in a variety of geoscience applications, with a particular focus on maritime monitoring and surveillance. For our comparisons, we make use of a fundamental, physically related discriminator called the Degree of Polarization (DoP). This scalar parameter has been recognized as one of the most important parameters characterizing a partially polarized electromagnetic wave. Based on a detailed statistical analysis of polari- metric SAR images, we propose efficient estimators of the DoP for both coherent and in-coherent SAR systems. We extend the DoP concept to different hybrid and compact SAR modes and compare the achieved performance with different full-pol methods. We perform a detailed study of vessel detection and oil-spill recog- nition, based on linear and hybrid/compact dual-pol DoP, using recent data from the Deepwater Horizon oil-spill, acquired by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propul- sion Laboratory (JPL) Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR). Extensive experiments are also performed over vari- ous terrain types, such as urban, vegetation, and ocean, using the data acquired by the Canadian RADARSAT-2 and the NASA/JPL Airborne SAR (AirSAR) system. vii RÉSUMÉ es radars à synthèse d'ouverture (RSO) polarimétriques sont devenus incontournables dans le domaine de la télédétec- L tion, grâce à leur zone de couverture étendue, ainsi que leur capacité à acquérir des données dans n'importe quelles conditions atmosphériques de jour comme de nuit. Au cours des trois dernières décennies, plusieurs RSO polarimétriques ont été utilisés portant une variété de modes d'imagerie, tels que la polarisation unique, la polari- sation double et également des modes dits pleinement polarimétriques. Grâce aux recherches récentes, d'autres modes alternatifs, tels que la polarisation hybride et compacte, ont été proposés pour les futures missions RSOs. Toutefois, un débat anime la communauté de la télédétection quant à l'utilité des modes alternatifs et quant au compromis entre la po- larimétrie double et la polarimétrie totale. Cette thèse contribue à ce débat en analysant et comparant ces différents modes d'imagerie RSO dans une variété d'applications, avec un accent particulier sur la surveillance maritime (la détection des navires et de marées noires). Pour nos comparaisons, nous considérons un paramètre fondamen- tal, appelé le degré de polarisation (DoP). Ce paramètre scalaire a été reconnu comme l'un des paramètres les plus pertinents pour carac- tériser les ondes électromagnétiques partiellement polarisées. A l'aide d'une analyse statistique détaillée sur les images polarimétriques RSO, nous proposons des estimateurs efficaces du DoP pour les systèmes d'imagerie cohérente et incohérente. Ainsi, nous étendons la notion de DoP aux différents modes d'imagerie polarimétrique hybride et compacte. Cette étude comparative réalisée dans différents contextes d'application dégage des propriétés permettant de guider le choix parmi les différents modes polarimétriques. Les expériences sont effectuées sur les données polarimétriques provenant du satellite Canadian RADARSAT-2 et le RSO aéroporté Améri- cain AirSAR, couvrant divers types de terrains tels que l'urbain, la végétation et l'océan. Par ailleurs nous réalisons une étude détaillée sur les potentiels du DoP pour la détection et la reconnaissance des marées noires basée sur les acquisitions récentes d'UAVSAR, couvrant la catastrophe de Deepwater Horizon dans le golfe du Mexique. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS La reconnaissance est la mémoire du cœur. Gratitude is the memory of the heart. —Jean-Baptiste Massieu, 1743–1818 would like to express my gratitude to the many people who supported and helped me during my Ph.D. studies, making this I time a period I will always cherish. My special thanks go to my advisor and co-adviser, Jean-Yves Tourneret and Marie Chabert, who provided me with an exciting working en- vironment, many opportunities to develop new ideas, and liberty in research, discussion and expression. I would like to thank Florent Chatelain, Nicolas Dobigeon, and Michele Galletti for productive com- ments, emails, and discussions. Special thanks also to the members of the jury who accepted this task with enthusiasm. I am, of course, indebted to professors, colleagues, and members of the University of Toulouse. I especially thank Corinne Mailhes, Marie- Laure Boucheret, Nathalie Thomas, Martial Coulon, Jérôme Severini, and the future doctors, Cécile Bazot and Sokchenda Sreng. I am also thankful to Majid Ahmadpanah, and Michel Doisy for their support and presence. A special thought goes to Henri Bauer with whom I shared the passion for photography and philosophized about life. At this point, I would like to thank my lovely parents, family, and friends for their patience, support, and everlasting fun. This was very important to me. A special thought goes to Yazdan for his helpful advices. Thanks to those, mostly far away, yet very present; Stephen, Kian, Sophia, and Liesa. I acknowledge the financial support of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, which made this work possible. I also acknowledge the following organizations; NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion (NOAA), European Space Agency (ESA), and MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA). xi CONTENTS introduction 1 Chapter Review . 3 Publications . 7 1 9 Chapter 1 Overview 9 1.1 Airborne and Space-Borne Polarimetric SAR systems . 9 1.1.1 Airborne Polarimetric SARs . 10 AirSAR . 10 UAVSAR . 10 1.1.2 Space-Borne Polarimetric SARs . 10 SIR-C/X-SAR . 10 ENVISAT ASAR . 10 ALOS-PALSAR . 11 RADARSAT-2 ................... 11 TerraSAR-X . 11 Sentinel-1 ..................... 12 RCM . 12 1.2 Polarization Characteristics . 12 Jones Vector . 12 Polarimetric Covariance Matrix . 13 Stokes Vector . 13 Degree of Polarization . 14 Degree of Depolarization . 15 Degree of Polarization Uniformity . 15 Degree of Linear Polarization . 15 Degree of Circular Polarization . 15 Circular Polarization Ratio . 15 Linear Polarization Ratio . 15 Modified Stokes Vector . 16 Sinclair Matrix . 16 Scattering Vector . 16 Pauli RGB . 16 Scattering Reciprocity . 17 Barakat Full-Pol DoP . 17 1.3 Speckle Noise . 17 1.4 Theoretical Probability Distributions . 18 1.4.1 Multivariate Complex Gaussian Distribution . 18 1.4.2 Multivariate Complex Wishart Distribution . 18 1.4.3 Multivariate Gamma Distribution . 19 2 21 xiii xiv contents Chapter 2 Polarimetric SAR Imaging Modes & Study Sites 21 2.1 Classical Imaging Modes . 21 Single-Pol . 22 Dual-Pol . 22 Full-Pol . 22 2.2 Hybrid & Compact Polarimetry . 23 2.3 Data and Study Sites . 25 RADARSAT-2 San Francisco . 25 RADARSAT-2 Vancouver . 25 AirSAR San Francisco . 25 AirSAR Flevoland . 26 UAVSAR DWH . 26 3 33 Chapter 3 Statistical Analysis,Theoretical Modeling, and DoPEstimation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kibo HANDBOOK
    Kibo HANDBOOK September 2007 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Human Space Systems and Utilization Program Group Kibo HANDBOOK Contents 1. Background on Development of Kibo ............................................1-1 1.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 International Space Station (ISS) Program ........................................................................ 1-2 1.2.1 Outline.........................................................................................................................1-2 1.3 Background of Kibo Development...................................................................................... 1-4 2. Kibo Elements...................................................................................2-1 2.1 Kibo Elements.................................................................................................................... 2-2 2.1.1 Pressurized Module (PM)............................................................................................ 2-3 2.1.2 Experiment Logistics Module - Pressurized Section (ELM-PS)................................... 2-4 2.1.3 Exposed Facility (EF) .................................................................................................. 2-5 2.1.4 Experiment Logistics Module - Exposed Section (ELM-ES)........................................ 2-6 2.1.5 JEM Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS)............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Call for a New Human Missions Cost Model
    A Call For A New Human Missions Cost Model NASA 2019 Cost and Schedule Analysis Symposium NASA Johnson Space Center, August 13-15, 2019 Joseph Hamaker, PhD Christian Smart, PhD Galorath Human Missions Cost Model Advocates Dr. Joseph Hamaker Dr. Christian Smart Director, NASA and DoD Programs Chief Scientist • Former Director for Cost Analytics • Founding Director of the Cost and Parametric Estimating for the Analysis Division at NASA U.S. Missile Defense Agency Headquarters • Oversaw development of the • Originator of NASA’s NAFCOM NASA/Air Force Cost Model cost model, the NASA QuickCost (NAFCOM) Model, the NASA Cost Analysis • Provides subject matter expertise to Data Requirement and the NASA NASA Headquarters, DARPA, and ONCE database Space Development Agency • Recognized expert on parametrics 2 Agenda Historical human space projects Why consider a new Human Missions Cost Model Database for a Human Missions Cost Model • NASA has over 50 years of Human Space Missions experience • NASA’s International Partners have accomplished additional projects . • There are around 70 projects that can provide cost and schedule data • This talk will explore how that data might be assembled to form the basis for a Human Missions Cost Model WHY A NEW HUMAN MISSIONS COST MODEL? NASA’s Artemis Program plans to Artemis needs cost and schedule land humans on the moon by 2024 estimates Lots of projects: Lunar Gateway, Existing tools have some Orion, landers, SLS, commercially applicability but it seems obvious provided elements (which we may (to us) that a dedicated HMCM is want to independently estimate) needed Some of these elements have And this can be done—all we ongoing cost trajectories (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a History of the Space Shuttle an Annotated Bibliography
    Toward a History of the Space Shuttle An Annotated Bibliography Part 2, 1992–2011 Monographs in Aerospace History, Number 49 TOWARD A HISTORY OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, PART 2 (1992–2011) Compiled by Malinda K. Goodrich Alice R. Buchalter Patrick M. Miller of the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress NASA History Program Office Office of Communications NASA Headquarters Washington, DC Monographs in Aerospace History Number 49 August 2012 NASA SP-2012-4549 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Space Shuttle Annotated Bibliography PREFACE This annotated bibliography is a continuation of Toward a History of the Space Shuttle: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by Roger D. Launius and Aaron K. Gillette, and published by NASA as Monographs in Aerospace History, Number 1 in December 1992 (available online at http://history.nasa.gov/Shuttlebib/contents.html). The Launius/Gillette volume contains those works published between the early days of the United States’ manned spaceflight program in the 1970s through 1991. The articles included in the first volume were judged to be most essential for researchers writing on the Space Shuttle’s history. The current (second) volume is intended as a follow-on to the first volume. It includes key articles, books, hearings, and U.S. government publications published on the Shuttle between 1992 and the end of the Shuttle program in 2011. The material is arranged according to theme, including: general works, precursors to the Shuttle, the decision to build the Space Shuttle, its design and development, operations, and management of the Space Shuttle program. Other topics covered include: the Challenger and Columbia accidents, as well as the use of the Space Shuttle in building and servicing the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station; science on the Space Shuttle; commercial and military uses of the Space Shuttle; and the Space Shuttle’s role in international relations, including its use in connection with the Soviet Mir space station.
    [Show full text]
  • HTV-1 Mission Press Kit
    HTV-1 Mission Press Kit September 9, 2009 Rev.A Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Revision History No. Date Page revised Reason for the revision NC 2009.9.2 － A 2009.9.9 P.2-2, P.2-3, ・ Launch time was rescheduled P.2-9 to P.2-16 ・ HTV’s flight timeline was changed P.2-23 to P.2-25 ・ Small changes in descriptions of SMILES and HREP Contents 1. H-II Transfer Vehicle Overview............................................................................1-1 1.1 Summary ..........................................................................................................1-1 1.1.1 Objectives and Significance.................................................................... 1-2 1.1.2 Features................................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 HTV Component..............................................................................................1-4 1.2.1 Pressurized Logistic Carrier (PLC)........................................................ 1-7 1.2.2 Unpressurized Logistic Carrier (ULC)................................................. 1-11 1.2.3 Exposed Pallet (EP) .............................................................................. 1-13 1.2.4 Avionics Module.................................................................................... 1-16 1.2.5 Propulsion Module................................................................................ 1-19 1.2.6 Proximity Communication System （PROX）....................................... 1-21 1.2.7 Laser Rader Reflector
    [Show full text]
  • Download Documents
    2013 : Epsilon Launch Vehicle 2009 : International Space Station 1997 : M-V Launch Vehicle 1955 : The First Launched Pencil Rocket Corporate Profile Looking Ahead to Future Progress IHI Aerospace (IA) is carrying out the development, manufacture, and sales of rocket projectiles, and has been contributing in a big way to the indigenous space development in Japan. We started research on rocket projectiles in 1953. Now we have become a leading comprehensive manufacturer carrying out development and manufacture of rocket projectiles in Japan, and are active in a large number of fields such as rockets for scientific observation, rockets for launching practical satellites, and defense-related systems, etc. In the space science field, we cooperate with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to develop and manufacture various types of observational rockets named K (Kappa), L (Lambda), and S (Sounding), and the M (Mu) rockets. With the M rockets, we have contributed to the launch of many scientific satellites. In 2013, efforts resulted in the successful launch of an Epsilon Rocket prototype, a next-generation solid rocket which inherited the 2 technologies of all the aforementioned rockets. In the practical satellite booster rocket field, We cooperates with the JAXA and has responsibilities in the solid propellant field including rocket boosters, upper-stage motors in development of the N, H-I, H-II, and H-IIA H-IIB rockets. We have also achieved excellent results in development of rockets for material experiments and recovery systems, as well as the development of equipment for use in a space environment or experimentation. In the defense field, we have developed and manufactured a variety of rocket systems and rocket motors for guided missiles, playing an important role in Japanese defense.
    [Show full text]
  • “Hearts in Harmony” Astronaut Koichi Wakata Emphasizes the Importance of Teamwork on ISS Long-Duration Missions
    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency April 2014 No. 08 ins pk o H M ke ik i ha M i l Ty u r in o i h c c a r O t s l a e g M K d r o t a o h v c i R K o i c h i y W k s a n k a a z t a a y R y e g r e S “Hearts in Harmony” Astronaut Koichi Wakata emphasizes the importance of teamwork on ISS long-duration missions JAXA TODAY vol8.indd c1 2014/03/24 17:34 Contents No. 08 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 1−5 Epsilon Launch Vehicle Ushers in a New Era for Space Development Welcome to JAXA TODAY On September 14, 2013, Epsilon-1 was The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) works to realize its successfully launched, realizing a simplifi ed launch system for solid-fuel rockets. Epsilon vision of contributing to a safe and prosperous society through the Rocket Project Manager Professor Yasuhiro pursuit of research and development in the aerospace fi eld to deepen Morita discusses the innovative nature and importance of this new rocket and system. humankind’s understanding of the universe. JAXA’s activities cover a broad spectrum of the space and aeronautical fi elds, including satellite 6-7 development and operation, astronomical observation, planetary ex- Our First 10 Years—All of Japan ploration, participation in the International Space Station (ISS) project Becomes a Part of JAXA and the development of new rockets and next-generation aeronautical Three space-related organizations merged in technology.
    [Show full text]
  • VH-RODA and CEOS SAR 2019 Workshop Summary
    VH-RODA and CEOS SAR 2019 Workshop Summary Issue: 1.0 DRAFT VH-RODA and CEOS SAR 2019 Workshop Summary Author(s): Alessandro Piro Task [6] Lead Clement Albinet Accepted: EOP-GMQ EDAP Technical Officer Kevin Halsall Distribution: EDAP Project Manager EDAP.REP.018 Issue: 1.0 draft 17/01/20 Page 1 of 44 VH-RODA and CEOS SAR 2019 Workshop Summary Issue: 1.0 DRAFT AMENDMENT RECORD SHEET The Amendment Record Sheet below records the history and issue status of this document. ISSUE DATE REASON 1.0 17/01/2020 First issue_draft TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3 Workshop Topics .................................................................................................................. 3 SUMMARY OF SAR SESSIONS .............................................................................................. 6 SUMMARY OF OPTICAL SESSIONS .................................................................................... 16 SUMMARY OF PANEL DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 23 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 29 Highlights ............................................................................................................................. 29 Actions ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mr. Koji Yamanaka Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan, [email protected]
    62nd International Astronautical Congress 2011 Paper ID: 11625 oral SPACE OPERATIONS SYMPOSIUM (B6) Human Spaceflight Operations Concepts (1) Author: Mr. Koji Yamanaka Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan, [email protected] Mr. Kota Tanabe Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan, [email protected] Mr. Takashi Uchiyama Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan, [email protected] Mr. Tsutomu Fukatsu Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan, [email protected] Mr. Hiroshi Sasaki Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan, [email protected] HTV FLIGHT OPERATION RESULTS Abstract The H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) \KOUNOTORI" is a Japanese unmanned space vehicle developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for International Space Station (ISS) re-supply and waste cargo disposal. The HTV-1 was launched on September 10, 2009 (GMT) by H-IIB Launch Vehicle from the Tanegashima Space Center, captured by the ISS robotic arm (SSRMS) on September 17. After completion of all plannedr mission HTV-1 departed from the ISS on October 31, then successfully re- entered the atmosphere on November 2. HTV-2 was launched on January 22, 2011, and the rendezvous operation was successfully completed on January 27, 2011. The ISS and HTV use capture and berthing technique instead of docking. Capture can maintain distance (approximately 10m for ISS-HTV case) and zero relative velocity, also it allows large cargo transfer. The difficult part of this new capture and berthing technique is not only required high control accuracy but also that all participants, both the capturing side and the captured side, both onboard and ground personnel, need to work in synchronized harmony, specifically the ISS, HTV, ISS Crew, MCC-H and HTVOCS must work cooperatively and organically across the pacific ocean and space.
    [Show full text]
  • STS-120 Press
    STS-117 Press Kit STS-117 Press Kit CONTENTS Section Page STS-120 MISSION OVERVIEW................................................................................................ 1 TIMELINE OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................. 7 MISSION PROFILE................................................................................................................... 11 MISSION PRIORITIES............................................................................................................. 13 MISSION PERSONNEL............................................................................................................. 15 STS-120 DISCOVERY CREW................................................................................................... 17 PAYLOAD OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 27 HARMONY (NODE 2) ............................................................................................................................ 27 STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES........................................................................................ 33 PORT 6 SOLAR ARRAYS RELOCATION.................................................................................................. 33 PRESSURIZED MATING ADAPTER-2 (PMA-2) RELOCATION.................................................................. 42 RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing of Snow Cover Using Spaceborne SAR: a Review
    remote sensing Review Remote Sensing of Snow Cover Using Spaceborne SAR: A Review Ya-Lun S. Tsai 1,* , Andreas Dietz 1, Natascha Oppelt 2 and Claudia Kuenzer 1 1 German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, D-82234 Wessling, Germany; [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (C.K.) 2 Department of Geography, Earth Observation and Modelling, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 April 2019; Accepted: 14 June 2019; Published: 19 June 2019 Abstract: The importance of snow cover extent (SCE) has been proven to strongly link with various natural phenomenon and human activities; consequently, monitoring snow cover is one the most critical topics in studying and understanding the cryosphere. As snow cover can vary significantly within short time spans and often extends over vast areas, spaceborne remote sensing constitutes an efficient observation technique to track it continuously. However, as optical imagery is limited by cloud cover and polar darkness, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) attracted more attention for its ability to sense day-and-night under any cloud and weather condition. In addition to widely applied backscattering-based method, thanks to the advancements of spaceborne SAR sensors and image processing techniques, many new approaches based on interferometric SAR (InSAR) and polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) have been developed since the launch of ERS-1 in 1991 to monitor snow cover under both dry and wet snow conditions. Critical auxiliary data including DEM, land cover information, and local meteorological data have also been explored to aid the snow cover analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Scouting and Space Exploration
    Scouting and Space Exploration The BSA launched the Space Exploration merit badge in 1965. • Since then, over 420,000 badges have been earned by Scouts. • The requirements for earning this badge may include: o building, launching, and recovering a model rocket F o designing an earth-orbiting space station o learning how satellites stay in orbit o and more…(See www.scouting.org for exact requirements.) A NASA provides students, particularly Scouts, with many opportunities. • Ideas and information for Cub Scout achievements can be found at: http://spaceplace. jpl.nasa.gov/en/kids/cubscouts • Ideas and information for Boy Scout achievements can be found at: C http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/product/community/scout_overview.html The National Aeronautic and Space Administration selected the first group of T astronauts in 1959. • Of the 320 pilots and scientists selected since 1959, 181 were in Scouting. • Of the 12 men to walk on the moon, 11 were Scouts. Alphabetical Listing of Astronauts Who Were Scouts Includes highest rank earned, NASA flight experience, and hometown. (c, current astronaut; f, former astronaut; d, deceased) S Source: NASA 2005 Fact Book James C. Adamson, f Buzz Aldrin, Ph.D., f Andrew M. Allen, f Eagle Scout Scout Tenderfoot Cub Scout H STS-28, STS-43 Gemini 12, Apollo 11 STS-46, STS-62, STS-75 Woodbine, Maryland Montclair, New York Titusville, Florida Joseph P. Allen, Ph.D., f Scott D. Altman, c William A. Anders, f E First Class Scout Second Class Scout Life Scout STS-5, STS-51A STS-90, STS-106, Apollo 8 Crawfordsville, Indiana STS-109, STS-125 Lemon Grove, California E Pekin, Illinois Clayton C.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Station Achieves Permanent Harmony 14 November 2007
    Space station achieves permanent Harmony 14 November 2007 month, and Japan's Kibo experiment module, to become a part of the International Space Station next year. Source: NASA Canadarm2, under the control of Flight Engineer Dan Tani, moves the Harmony module into position. Image credit: NASA TV The new Harmony node is now in position to receive the European and Japanese modules to be added to the International Space Station. Station crew members moved Harmony from its temporary location on the left side of the Unity node to its new home on the front of the U.S. laboratory Destiny Wednesday morning. Disengagement of the first set of bolts holding Harmony to Unity began at 3:58 a.m. EST. Flight Engineer Dan Tani operated the station's robotic arm. Commander Peggy Whitson operated the common berthing mechanisms, first to free Harmony after Tani had grappled it with the arm, and later to drive bolts firmly securing it to the front of Destiny. Driving of the final bolts to attach Harmony to its new home was completed at 5:45 a.m. After its Wednesday move, Harmony is in position to welcome visiting space shuttles. It also will offer docking ports to the European Space Agency's Columbus laboratory, scheduled to arrive next 1 / 2 APA citation: Space station achieves permanent Harmony (2007, November 14) retrieved 25 September 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2007-11-space-station-permanent-harmony.html This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission.
    [Show full text]