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Bahir Dar University College of Agricalture and Enviromental Sciences Graduate Program BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICALTURE AND ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCES GRADUATE PROGRAM PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION AND BREEDING OBJECTIVES OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN ECOTYPES IN THREE DISTRICTS OF NORTH GONDAR ZONE, ETHIOPIA M.Sc. Thesis By Hana Asmamaw Kassie SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING May, 2016 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia i BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES GRADUATE PROGRAM PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION AND BREEDING OBJECTIVES OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN ECOTYPES IN THREE DISTRICTS OF NORTH GONDAR ZONE, ETHIOPIA M.Sc. Thesis By Hana Asmamaw Kassie May, 2016 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia ii THESIS APPROVAL SHEET As member of the Board of Examiners of the Master of Sciences (MSc.) thesis open defense Examination, certifying that we have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by Hana Asmamaw Kassie entitled “PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION AND BREEDING OBJECTIVES OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN ECOTYPES IN THREE DISTRICTS OF NORTH GONDAR ZONE, ETHIOPIA” We here by certify that the thesis be accepted for fulfilling the thesis requirement for the award of the degree of the MSc. in Animal Genetics and Breeding. Board of Examiners ________________________ ___________ _____________ Name of External Examiner Signature Date ________________________ ___________ _____________ Name of Internal Examiner Signature Date ________________________ ___________ _____________ Name of Chair Person Signature Date iii DECLARATION This is to certify that this thesis entitled “PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION AND BREEDING OBJECTIVES OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN ECOTYPES IN THREE DISTRICTS OF NORTH GONDAR ZONE, ETHIOPIA” Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Sciences in Animal Genetics and Breeding to the graduate program of College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University by Hana Asmamaw Kassie ID.No.Re/0602041/06 is a real work carried out by me under our guidance. The matter embodied in this thesis work has not been submitted earlier for award of any degree or diploma to the best of our knowledge and belief. Name of the student Hana Asmamaw Signature and Date: _________________________________ Name of the Advisors 1. Dr. Kefyalew Alemayehu (Major Advisor) Signature and Date: __________________________________ 2. Dr. Solomon Gizaw (Co- Advisor) Signature and Date: ___________________________ 3. Dr. Hailu Mazengia (Co- Advisor) Signature and Date: ____________________ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God for his grace and immeasurable love, giving me strength and patience to bring me out humble piece of work in to light. Special thanks and heartfelt appreciation goes to my major devisor Dr. Kefyalew Alemayehu for his unreserved support and guidance during thesis proposal writing, research work and thesis write up. I am grateful to Dr. Solomon Gizaw and Dr. Hailu Mazengia, my co- advisors for all the effort they made to shape during thesis proposal writing research work and thesis write up. I am also grateful to my place of work: Dembiya District Agricultural Development Office for giving me time off and allowing me to study leave. I would like also to express my sincere gratitude to LIVES-ILRI project for providing the funding tuition fee, research and other expenses. I am indebted to the Department of Animal production and Technology, Graduate Studies of Bahirdar University for their contribution in the process of developing the research proposal and provision of various services and providing me a great opportunity to advance intellectually. Finally, I am also grateful to the Gondar Zuria and Lay Armachiho district office of agricultural development and all staff members for providing necessary baseline data required for this study. I thank also all farmers, village chicken owners, district livestock agricultural office experts, development agents, key informants and other participants who helped me to carry out every activity on this research. v DEDICATION I dedicate this manuscript to my father Mr. Asmamaw Kassie, who passed away without seeing any of my achievements. Let this also stand for a great welcome to my mother Ayaleneshi Shibabaw and my brother Tesfahun Asmamaw who gave me continuous appreciation and encouragement to this work. vi ABBREVIATIONS AnGR Animal Genetic Resource BC Before Christ Cp Crude Protein CSA Central Statistical Agency DA Discriminate Analysis DDAO Dembiya district Agricultural office DZARC Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FGD Farmer Group Discussion FTC Farmer Training Center GLM General Linear Model GDAO Gonder zuria district Agricultural office ILRI International Livestock Research Institute LDAO Lay armacheho district Agricultural office MtDNA Methichonderial Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid NCD Newcastle Disease PA Peasant Association SAS Statistical Analysis System SFS Scavenging Feed Source SLM Sustainable Land Management SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences USAID United States Agency for International Development WADU Wolaita Agricultural Development Unit WB World Bank vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages THESIS APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................... iii DECLARATION............................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. v DEDICATION................................................................................................ vi ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 4 2.1 Origin and Domestication of Chickens ....................................................................... 4 2.2 Chicken Population in Ethiopia ................................................................................... 4 2.3. Poultry Production System in Ethiopia ...................................................................... 5 2.4. Contribution of Chickens to Rural Households in Developing Countries ................. 7 2.5. Village Chicken Breeds and their Characteristics ...................................................... 8 2.6. Production and Reproduction Traits of Ethiopian Indigenous Chickens ................... 9 2.7. Breeding Objectives and Selection Practices for Chicken ....................................... 10 2.8. Constraints of Village Chicken Production .............................................................. 11 2.9. Feeding and Feed Resources .................................................................................... 12 2.10. Housing .................................................................................................................. 13 2.11. Health and Mortality .............................................................................................. 14 2.12 .Disease and Predators ............................................................................................. 15 2.13. Marketing Systems and Practices ........................................................................... 16 2.14. Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Chicken ............................................. 16 CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................ 18 3.1. Description of the Study Area .................................................................................. 18 3.1.1 Lay Armacheho District ............................................................................................................ 18 viii 3.1.2 Dembiya District ....................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.3 Gondar Zuria District ................................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques................................................................ 20 3.3. Data Management and Statistical Analysis .............................................................. 21 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................ 22 4.1 Farming System Characteristics ........................................................................... 22 4.1.1 Household characteristics .............................................................................................................. 22 4.1.2 Flock and family size of the respondents .................................................................................. 23 4.2. Chicken Production System ................................................................................. 24 4.2.1 Feeding practice ........................................................................................................................ 24 4.2.2 Housing ........................................................................................................................................
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