LimnologicalLimnic Review water 7 (2007):pollution of selected post-sand water reservoirs of Upper Silesian Region ... 29
Limnic water pollution of selected post-sand water reservoirs of Upper Silesian Region against a background of their economical use
Mariusz Rzętała
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec [email protected]
Abstract: In the Upper Silesian Region within the complex of sandy Quaternary deposits some post-exploitation water reservoirs of more than 1 hm3 in capacity have been originated. To determine the dependence between the water pollution level of selected post- exploitation lakes and the character of use of their catchments and economical function they fulfil, in the years 2002-2006 field and laboratory investigations were carried out (analysis of cartographic materials, hydrological mapping, hydrochemical investigations). e wide spectrum of changeability of pollution degree of waters in post-exploitation water reservoirs was stated – from levels considered to be natural to the state proving the significant degradation of water environment – 7.40-7.97 pH, 180.2-6040.0 µS cm-1, 1.254-5.929 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 mval HCO3 l , 6.0-945.3 mg Na l , 2.2-35.9 mg K l , 14.5-1883.0 mg Cl l , 25.5-422.0 mg SO4 l , 1.3-454.1 mg NO3 l , 0.01-2.85 mg PO4 l-1. Water from Chechło water reservoir can be regarded as the most similar to the level considered to be natural for post-sand water reservoirs. Water of Dziećkowice lake is also devoid of pollution, although it does not origin from natural catchment of the reservoir but mostly from the Carpathian tributaries of the Vistula, taking part in the reservoir supplying by means of water transfer. e pollution of waters of Dzierżno Duże reservoir, functioning under conditions of industrial anthropopression, is documented by higher values of quality indices from some up to several dozen times, and in the case of phosphates even some hundred times. e scale of anthropogenic influences on the purity state of reservoirs located in agriculturally used catchments (Pławniowice lake) and of urban-industrial character (e.g. Dzierżno Małe lake) is documented by at least several times exceeding of accepted hydrogeochemical background, with exception of phosphates stated in waters of these reservoirs in amounts higher than 100 times. e remaining water reservoirs are characterized by indirect levels of quality indices in the given absolute range of fluctuation in their values. Key words: pollution, hydrochemistry, Silesia, lake, anthropopression, land reclamation
Introduction pleistocene and later period. In dependence of the way of cover deposits shaping as well as palaeogeographical Before the Pleistocene the area of presently un- location and the sequence in vertical profile, the genesis derstood Upper Silesian Region, together with the sys- of these deposits is considered to be: coluvial-deluvial, tem of valleys existing till now in the fossil form, was alluvial, proluvial, of reservoir and in the case of direct remodelled by the series of glaciations, which in this glacial material deposition by melting water of glacier region le sedimentary covers of different thickness. – fluvioglacial ones (Lewandowski 1982, Lewandowski South Polish Glaciation (similarly to preglacial) slightly and Kaziuk 1982). Post- Pleistocene relief was addition- marked in the morphology of this area considering ally remodelled during the Holocene landscape-shap- high degree of glacial cover damaging in the Masovian ing cycle, which is mostly documented by fluvial and interglacial (Lewandowski 1982). Next, Middle Polish aeolian deposits. Exactly in such lithologically sandy Glaciation, despite that in its maximum range it includ- complexes of the Quaternary deposits in the Upper ed only edges of the Silesian Upland, le in its morphol- Silesian Region in some past years several post-exploi- ogy the most important traces, because of fluvioglacial tation water reservoirs were originated of more than 1 and till material accumulated in the nearest neighbour- hm3 in capacity. ese water reservoirs occupy excava- hood, which were sedimentologically transformed tions aer sand deposits, which were mostly gained during translocation in the Eemian interglacial, Neo- for the needs of so-called stowing sand in black coal 30 Mariusz Rzętała Limnic water pollution of selected post-sand water reservoirs of Upper Silesian Region ... 31 mines. To the largest post-exploitation lakes in the re- Research aims and methods gion belong reservoirs as follows: Kuźnica Warężyńska, Dziećkowice, Dzierżno Duże, Pławniowice, Pogoria III, e aim of this study is to evaluate the state of Dzierżno Małe, Pogoria I, Chechło, Sosina (Fig. 1 and water pollution in the selected post-exploitation lakes Tab. 1). in the Upper Silesian Region in connection with the
Table 1. e largest post-exploitation water reservoirs in the Upper Silesian Region.
Geographical coordinates Putting into Total capacity Maximal area Name of water reservoir Longitude Latitude operation [hm3] [km2] Dzierżno Duże 50˚ 22’ 24’’ N 18˚ 33’ 25’’ E 1964 94.0 6.2 Dzierżno Małe 50˚ 23’ 16’’ N 18˚ 33’ 51’’ E 1938 12.6 1.6 Dziećkowice 50˚ 08’ 07’’ N 19˚ 14’ 07’’ E 1976 52.5 7.1 Kuźnica Warężyńska 50˚ 22’ 38’’ N 19˚ 12’ 06’’ E 2005 51.2 5.6 Pławniowice 50˚ 23’ 29’’ N 18˚ 28’ 08’’ E 1976 29.1 2.4 Pogoria III 50˚ 21’ 13’’ N 19˚ 12’ 05’’ E 1974 12.0 2.1 Pogoria I 50˚ 21’ 27’’ N 19˚ 14’ 15’’ E 1943 3.6 0.7 Chechło 50˚ 28’ 04’’ N 18˚ 54’ 49’’ E 1965 1.5 0.9 Sosina 50˚ 14’ 27’’ N 19˚ 19’ 50’’ E 1977 1.0 0.5
Fig. 1. Location of area investigated: I – more important localities, II – surface streams and canals, III – more important anthropo- genic lakes in excavations aer sand exploitation (1 – Dzierżno Duże, 2 – Dzierżno Małe, 3 – Dziećkowice, 4 – Kuźnica Warężyńska, 5 – Pławniowice, 6 – Pogoria III, 7 – Pogoria I, 8 – Chechło, 9 – Sosina). 30 Mariusz Rzętała Limnic water pollution of selected post-sand water reservoirs of Upper Silesian Region ... 31
way of reservoir use and the character of its catch- of pollution level of stable waters was the qualita- ment. e evaluation was carried out on the base of tive characteristics based on the analysis of some analyses of contemporary cartographical materials basic water properties such as: pH-reaction, salinity, and hydrological mapping. e base of evaluation eutrophication, water aggressiveness, connected with
Fig. 2. Sketch of landscape sections of neighbourhood of selected anthropogenic lakes in the Upper Silesian Region: A – the Przemsza valley in the neighbourhood of Dziećkowice water reservoir, B – Dąbrowa Basin in the neighbourhood of water reservoirs Pogoria, C – the Brynica catchment in the neighbourhood of Chechło water reservoir, D – the Kłodnica valley in the neighbourhood of Dzierżno, E – the Kłodnica valley in the neighbourhood of Pławniowice, 1 – surface waters, 2 – Holocene deposits, 3 – Pleistocene deposits, 4 – Quaternary aeolian deposits, 5 – Tertiary deposits, 6 – Triassic deposits, 7 – dams, 8 – embankments, 9 – plantings and forests, 10 – water-logged meadows, 11 – dry meadows, 12 – roads and railway routs, 13 – built- up area, 14 – industrial plants and terrains, 15 – more important hydrographical objects (1 – Dziećkowice water reservoir, 2 – Pogoria III water reservoir, 3 – Pogoria II water reservoir, 4 – Pogoria I water reservoir, 5 – Chechło water reservoir, 6 – Dzierżno Duże water reservoir, 7 – Pławniowice water reservoir, 8 – Mały Zalew water reservoir, 9 – the Przemsza river, 10 – the Czarna Przemsza river, 11 – Gliwice canal, 12 – other surface streams). 32 Mariusz Rzętała Limnic water pollution of selected post-sand water reservoirs of Upper Silesian Region ... 33 corrosion possibilities of their impact. In the Upper tions and water supply for needs of navigation. Silesian Region these parameters became the essential Water reservoirs Pogoria located in the catch- determinant of investment interest in surface waters. ment of stream of the same name, are located in the e base of consideration was made by results of field eastern part of Upper Silesian Industrial Region and and laboratory investigations carried out in the years they are rather efficiently isolated before the inflow of 2002-2006. pollutants. Water reservoirs Pogoria I and Pogoria III are recreationally used. Water reservoir Pogoria I with Results and discussion two ecological lands in the littoral zone and located in the neighbourhood water reservoir Pogoria II, which Researches on evaluation of pollution of waters as the whole was considered to be ecological land are in post-exploitation lakes as an effect of their catch- important for the nature. Water reservoir Pogoria III ment management with pointing at the possibilities since the beginning of its functioning is treated as a of further water use, were carried out within the reserve water source for industrial needs of the nearby range of nine water reservoirs of the Upper Silesian metallurgical conglomerate plant. Region. Criterion of selection of investigation objects Water reservoirs Chechło and Sosina fulfil rec- was the capacity of lake bowl not smaller than 1 hm3. reation functions, what is identified with the largest For considering the research problem the essential threats of good ecological state of these lakes, and element was the regarding of catchment management small in area forestry catchments of these reservoirs and the character of use of water reservoirs since the favour retention of pure waters in their bowls. beginning of their functioning. It was assumed that e youngest from post-exploitation lakes the location of reservoir bowls in similar or approxi- investigated is water reservoir Kuźnica Warężyńska, mated lithological complex results in similar chemi- which is fed by surface and river waters from the cal composition of limnic waters and the qualitative catchment of the Czarna Przemsza. It makes an im- changes in reservoir retention follow mostly in result portant link in flood control and water economy in of anthropogenic influences, which differentiation the catchment of the Przemsza, and in the future as generates a different degree of water pollution. a destination it will also function as recreation-rest Apart from small recreation importance water reservoir. Dziećkowice water reservoir is the strategic water Salinity of lake waters in the Upper Silesian reservoir for water supply of Upper Silesian Region, Region is mostly connected with anthropogenic pol- which is delivered here by the system of pipes from lutants. It has also connection with natural salinity of catchments of Beskid tributaries of the Vistula, i.e. underground waters, transported into surface waters Soła and Skawa. by means of mining drainage (draining of black coal Pławniowice water reservoir was formed in the deposits in area of the Silesian Upland), as well as lower course of the Potok Toszecki, which catchment location of these reservoir bowls within locally salt- of slightly more than 100 km2 in area is mainly agri- bearing Tertiary deposits. High degree of limnic water culturally used. is reservoir is used as a recreational salinity- expressed by the level of specific electrical object, and it serves flood control, it makes the source conductivity as well as concentrations of chlorides of water for industrial aims as well as it supplies Gli- and sulphates (Tab. 2) – caused by discharges of saline wice Canal with water. waters originated from drainage of black coal mines Dzierżno Duże water reservoir, located in the for surface waters is characteristic for Dzierżno Duże central part of the Kłodnica valley is fed by strongly water reservoir since the beginning of this reservoir polluted water originated from western part of Kato- functioning. e salinity level of Pławniowice water wice conurbation, therefore the reservoir functions – reservoir – slightly higher than average (natural) sa- apart from flood control and supplying with water for linity of neighbouring surface waters – is the result navigation purposes of Gliwice Canal – come down to of underground alimentation of this lake, in which playing by reservoir the role of specific settling tank. apart form many sources of their salinity described Located on the other size of Gliwice Canal Dzierżno by Rzętała (2000) and Kostecki (2003) equally prob- Małe water reservoir bases on waters from catchments able role is played by anthropogenic salt input from of urban-industrial character, even so it is valued wa- former industrial dumping ground deposed in the ter reservoir used recreationally of flood control func- eastern sector of lake bowl. Indeed water salinity is 32 Mariusz Rzętała Limnic water pollution of selected post-sand water reservoirs of Upper Silesian Region ... 33
Table 2. Some physico-chemical properties of water in selected post-exploitation reservoirs in Upper Silesian Region in the years 2002- 2006.
Reaction SEC HCO Na K Cl SO NO PO Reservoir 3 4 3 4 pH µS cm-1 mval l-1 mg l-1 Dzierżno Duże 7.86 6040.0 5.929 945.3 35.9 1883 422 454.1 2.85 Dzierżno Małe 7.87 702.3 3.743 22.6 6.5 52.9 96.3 23.9 0.43 Dziećkowice 7.93 236.0 2.078 9.4 2.7 24.6 25.5 1.3 0.01 Kuźnica Warężyńska 1) 7.97 513.0 3.508 14.5 4.0 35.0 49.1 19.9 0.00 Pławniowice 7.93 581.1 2.667 30.8 5.5 93.6 56.6 4.1 0.48 Pogoria III 7.68 585.8 3.787 14.7 4.4 34.7 54.8 18.6 0.21 Pogoria I 7.88 589.0 2.443 19.0 4.4 66.3 93.9 6.4 0.04 Chechło 7.40 180.2 1.254 6.0 2.2 14.5 30.6 1.3 0.01 Sosina 7.78 521.9 1.696 24.8 7.1 30.6 114.7 10.5 0.03 1) data from 2006 year.
not a factor deciding of character of post-exploitation Pławniowice, Pogoria I, Sosina. Relatively rarely it is reservoirs use, although it is oen regarded in consid- possible to meet reservoirs devoid of this corrosivity, erations on possibilities of undesired changes induc- e.g. Kuźnica Warężyńska, Pogoria II. Similarly, there is ing in lake ecosystems. the small number of reservoirs, which water is char- From the point of view of reservoirs users acterised by periodical strong corrosive properties the increase in eutrophication of their waters is of (e.g. Chechło). Detailed archival data betoken clear essential importance (Jankowski and Rzętała 2000, seasonal changeability with more intensive corrosivity Machowski et al. 2006). Mass development of phy- in the periods of winter half-year, although episodic toplankton causes many obstructions in proper ex- changes, caused by anthropogenic changes in water ploitation of these reservoirs; independently on the quality, cannot be excluded. erefore it is possible to fact if the given object functions as supplier of water judge, that the state and range of aggressive influence intended for consumption by people and economical of waters on concrete elements of shore in many cases needs, if it is recreationally used. Water blooms can makes the essential exploitation problem and besides be even considered to be attractive considering the widely understood damages it should be generally landscape (effective green colour of waters), but it is connected with processes of mechanical weathering difficult to expect that their presence will cause gen- and destabilising of shores in result of waving. erating of incomes connected with recreational use of eutrophicated reservoirs, especially that in reservoirs Recapitulation of Upper Silesian Region with eutrophication are con- nected further transformations of these ecosystems e connection between the state of lake waters with accompanying them oxygen deficit in waters pollution and the way of their catchments use as well of hypolimnion and over oxygenation of epilimnion as the function the lakes fulfil is readable in the light waters. of results of determination of sizes of basic physico- Very essential problem connected with use of chemical parameters. is connection is reflected in discussed post-exploitation water reservoirs is water very wide spectrum of variety in pollution levels in corrosivity. One should remember it at estimating of waters of lakes formed in depressions aer sand ex- exploitation costs of e.g. concrete elements of hydrau- ploitation – from the levels considered to be natural lic structures. In the evaluation of corrosive properties to the state stating the degradation of water environ- of water the diagram of carbonate aggressiveness of ment. For the most similar to the level considered to waters in relation to cement and concrete (Just and be natural for post-sand water reservoirs, can be clas- Hermanowicz 1964) is relatively simple in use. e sified waters of the Chechło water reservoir. Consider- majority of investigated water reservoirs in the Upper ing quality the water from Dziećkowice water reser- Silesian Region is characterized by so-called possible voir can be similarly classified. Against a background corrosivity. e examples are as follows: Dziećkowice, of them the pollution of water of Dzierżno Duże water 34 Mariusz Rzętała reservoir, functioning under conditions of industrial ervoirs making the source of water supply, among anthropopression, is documented by higher values of others intended as drinking water for people quality indices (from some up to several dozen times, (Dziećkowice lake); and in the case of phosphates even some hundred – small recreation interest of inhabitants of other re- times). e scale of anthropogenic influences on res- gions of Poland; ervoirs located in catchments which are agriculturally – perceiving of lakes by inhabitants of the region as (Pławniowice lake) and of urban-industrial character places of exclusively Saturday-Sunday recreation; (e.g. Dzierżno Małe lake), is documented at least by – complicated process of changes in management of some times exceeding of defined hydrogeochemical near-shore zones started in the period of political background, excluding phosphates stated in waters of system-economical transformation; these lakes in amounts more than 100 times higher. – stereotype in perceiving of Upper Silesian Region On water purity state depend socio-economi- as ecologically contaminated. cal use of water reservoirs. It is possible to state the clear connection between state of catchment and Scientific study financed from funds for science lake neighbourhood management and the shaping of in the years 2006-2008 as research project No N306 demand for services connected with reservoir. ese 029 31/1796. objects, which have pure or polluted to as mall degree waters and are considered to be desired and valuable References elements of landscape architecture (intentional and aesthetic in respect of spatial and economical shap- Jankowski A.T., 1986, Antropogeniczne zmiany stosunków ing of human neighbourhood), are the subject of in- wodnych na obszarze uprzemysłowionym i urbanizo- vestment insertions within the range of service offer wanym (na przykładzie Rybnickiego Okręgu Węglowe- go), Prace Naukowe UŚ nr 868, Wyd. UŚ, Katowice. widening, e.g. touristic-recreational. e examples are Jankowski A.T., Rzętała M., 2000, Wyżyna Śląska i jej obrze- as follows: Sosina reservoir in Jaworzno and Chechło ża – stan i antropogeniczne zmiany jakości wód po- in Miasteczko Śląskie. Good examples are also wa- wierzchniowych (Silesian Upland and its borders – con- ter reservoirs Pogoria II, Pogoria III and Kuźnica dition and anthropogenic changes in the quality of sur- Warężyńska, located in the area of Dąbrowa Górnicza. face waters), [in:] Burchard J. (ed.), Stan i antropoge- Along these reservoirs alleys for pedestrian and bicy- niczne zmiany jakości wód w Polsce (State and anthro- cle traffic were made, the rational waste management pogenic changes of water quality in Poland), Wyd. UŁ, is carried out, obstruction referring to calm zones are Łódź: 143-154. Just J., Hermanowicz W., 1964, Fizyczne i chemiczne ba- executed, parking places are marked, clear descrip- dania wody do picia i potrzeb gospodarczych, PZWL, tions of places considered to be ecological lands – as Warszawa. legal forms of nature protection are placed, reservoirs Kostecki M., 2003, Alokacja i przemiany wybranych zanie- are promoted in the region paying the special atten- czyszczeń w zbiornikach zaporowych hydrowęzła rzeki tion to the development of: sailing, fishing, diving, etc. Kłodnicy i Kanale Gliwickim, Prace i Studia IPIŚ PAN In the case of water reservoirs excessively loaded by 57, Zabrze. agricultural and industrial pollution, the process of Lewandowski J., 1982, Zasięg lądolodu zlodowacenia środ- objects adaptation to recreation is significantly slower kowopolskiego na Wyżynie Śląskiej, Biul. IG 337, War- szawa. and it depends on the liquidation of anthropopression Lewandowski J., Kaziuk H., 1982, Ewolucja kopalnej sieci forms, which are arduous for the environment. rzecznej regionu śląsko-krakowskiego, Kwartalnik Geo- e management of post-exploitation water logiczny 26(1): 177-190. reservoirs in the Upper Silesian Region follows unu- Machowski R., Ruman M., Rzętała M., 2006, Abiotic mani- sually dynamically considering the large number of festations of eutrophication of water reservoirs in ca- potential users and interest resulting from settlement ses extreme agricultural and industrial anthropopresu- attractiveness of lakes neighbourhood, and the larg- re, Limnol. Rev. 6: 179-186. Rzętała M., 2000, Bilans wodny oraz dynamika zmian wy- est limitations of optimisation in reservoir using are branych zanieczyszczeń zbiornika Dzierżno Duże w identified with: warunkach silnej antropopresji, Prace Naukowe UŚ nr – improper water quality, 1913, Wyd. UŚ, Katowice. – legal prohibition or limitation of economical activ- ity in the neighbourhood of some objects, e.g. res-