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Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) De La Mesopota- Mia Argentina

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Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) De La Mesopota- Mia Argentina Temas de la Biodiversidad del Litoral III INSUGEO, Miscelánea, 17(2): 447-466 HF.G.ORMIGAS Aceñolaza DE (Coordinador-Editor) LA MESOPOTAMIA ARGENTINA Tucumán, 2008 - ISSN 1514-4836 - ISSN on-line 1668-3242447 Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de la Mesopota- mia Argentina Fernando VITTAR1 Abstract: ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) OF THE ARGENTINE MESOPOTAMIA.- This study describes the diversity of ants from Argentinean Mesopotamia and their geographic distribution. Ant group is characterized by its high biomass, diversity, numerical dominance and ecological importance. The objective of this work is to carry out an updated list of the family Formicidae for the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Misiones, based on bibliographical available material. As a result, a total of 329 taxa was obtained for the four provinces. For Santa Fe, 162 species are mentioned, for Entre Rios 73, for Corrientes 71 and for Misiones 178 species. The analysis of similarity showed that Entre Ríos and Corrientes are more similar to each other than to Santa Fe, and in turn, these three provinces differ from Misiones. This could be explained by differences in ecoregions they include. Additionally, seven functional groups are commented, detailing species belonging. In general terms, information on the region mymecofauna is scarce. It is recom- mended to address more field-work studies that could improve systematical, ecological and zoogeographical researches, considering also functional groups. Resumen: HORMIGAS (HYMENOPTERA: FROMICIDAE) DE LA MESOPOTAMIA ARGENTINA.- Este estudio describe la diversidad de hormigas de la Mesopotamia Argentina y su distribución geográfica. El grupo de las hormigas se destaca por su alta biomasa, diversidad, dominancia numérica e importancia ecológica. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un listado actualizado de la familia Formicidae para las provincias de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Corrientes y Misiones, basándose en el material bibliográfico existente. Como resultado, se obtuvo un total de 329 taxa para las cuatro provincias. Para Santa Fe se citan 162 especies, para Entre Ríos 73, para Corrientes 71 y para Misiones 178 especies. El análisis de similitud mostró que Entre Ríos y Corrientes son más similares entre sí que respecto de Santa Fe y a su vez, estas tres provincias difieren de Misiones. Esto puede explicarse por diferencias entre las ecorregiones que incluyen. Adicionalmente, se comentan los siete grupos funcionales indicando la asignación de cada especie. En términos generales, el conocimiento que existe sobre la mirmecofauna en la región es escaso. Se recomienda realizar más trabajos de campo que amplíen los estudios sistemáticos, ecológicos y zoogeográficos, abordando también los grupos funcionales. Key words: Biological diversity, Formicidae, Functional groups, Argentina. Palabras claves: Diversidad biológica, Formicidae, Grupos funcionales, Argentina. Introducción La diversidad biológica es un término usado para describir la variedad de las formas de vida sobre la tierra (Wilson, 2000). Asociado a ésto, el estudio de la distribución de especies proporciona información sobre el estado ambiental de una región. La biodiversidad puede ser medida de muchas maneras, y la forma más frecuente es en términos de riqueza de especies; es relevante asimismo considerar la mayor cantidad de grupos biológicos posibles (Moreno et al., 2001; Alonso y Agosti, 2000). Los insectos son un grupo taxonómico de suma importancia ya que representan la mayor parte de la biodiversidad terrestre. Dentro del mismo, se destacan las hormigas por su alta biomasa, diversidad, dominancia numérica e importancia ecológica (Wilson, 1994; Alonso y Agosti, 2000). Por esta alta diversidad y dominancia, este grupo ha podido colonizar un amplio rango de nichos de alimentación en el suelo y la vegetación (Hölldobler y Wilson, 1990), estando 1 CICyTTP-CONICET, Materi y España (3105) Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] 448 MISCELÁNEA INSUGEO Nº 17 (2) presentes en casi todos los ambientes terrestres. Se encuentran desde el Ecuador y hasta latitudes de 50º, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 3.000 m de altura (Brandão, 2001), desde desiertos hasta bosques húmedos tropicales, y desde más de dos metros de profundidad hasta la copa de los árboles (Cuezzo, 1998). Entre los aspectos biológicos más relevantes se puede considerar el carácter social de todas las especies de la familia Formicidae y las importantes funciones que cumplen en los ecosistemas. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que el impacto de las hormigas en los ambientes terrestres es considerable en relación a su tamaño. Por ejemplo, según Beattie et al. (1985), el 35 % de las semillas de las plantas herbáceas es dispersado por este grupo. En tanto, Hölldobler y Wilson (1990) comprobaron que en la mayoría de los hábitats terrestres las hormigas se encuentran entre los principales depredadores de otros insectos y pequeños vertebrados. Si bien algunos autores han demostrado su importante papel como agentes de control natural de fitófagos plaga (Valenzuela-González et al., 1994), algunas hormigas cortadoras son consideradas los herbívoros más destructivos y los principales insectos plagas a escala mundial (Zunino, 1971) y en particular en Centro y Sudamérica (Hölldobler y Wilson, 1990). Las hormigas también alteran su medio físico, dado que son eficientes agentes de remoción y aireación del suelo (Fragoso y Rojas- Fernández, 1994; Hawksworth, 1991). Por ejemplo, en los bosques tropicales, remueven más cantidad de suelo que las lombrices (Hölldobler y Wilson, 1990); Adicionalmente, algunas inves- tigaciones han revelado que en el suelo donde las hormigas nidifican, el nivel de nutrientes dispo- nible para las plantas es mayor que en el suelo de zonas adyacentes a los hormigueros (Haines, 1978). Fernandez y Sendoya (2004) afirman que dentro del grupo se han realizado muchos esfuer- zos para poder ofrecer agrupaciones coherentes con los estudios filogenéticos (ej. Brown 2000; Bolton 1995, 2003; Agosti y Johnson 2003). En este trabajo el esquema de clasificación taxonómica que se utiliza es el propuesto por Bolton (2003) y para la agrupación de los géneros dentro de los grupos funcionales se toma el listado de Brown (2000). A escala mundial se estima que existen alrededor de 21.000 especies de hormigas, distribuidas en 20 subfamilias; sólo 11.500 especies han sido descriptas hasta el momento (Fernandez y Sendoya, 2004). En la región Neotropical, existen unas 3.100 especies descritas en 14 subfamilias y 120 géneros (Fernandez y Sendoya, 2004), que representarían un 30% de la mirmecofauna mundial; 65 géneros son endémicos para el neotrópico (Cuezzo, 1998). Incluso a una escala local, la diversidad de hormigas excede significativamente a la de otros insectos (Hölldobler y Wilson, 1990). La Argentina, por su ubicación geográfica particular, ofrece una amplia gama de nichos sus- ceptibles de ser ocupados por estos insectos, favoreciendo así su diversidad específica (Cuezzo, 1998). Se conocen 71 géneros, que representan el 24% de los géneros mundiales de hormigas y casi el 60 % de la mirmecofauna neotropical (Fernandez et al., 1996). Los géneros Atta y Acromyrmex, por su actividad depredadora y por la importancia de los daños que ocasionan, han concitado la mayor atención de los investigadores de nuestro país (Bonetto, 1959; Farji Brener y Ruggiero, 1994). Contrastando con esta situación, es poco lo que se conoce acerca de los otros géneros presentes en la Argentina. La región litoral no deja de estar exenta de esta falta de conocimiento mirmecológico, existiendo provincias en las cuales la riqueza de especies está totalmente subesti- mada. Teniendo en cuenta el avance de las fronteras agrícolas y la perdida de bosque nativo es prioritario realizar estudios de biodiversidad en el grupo. Los estudios más recientes citan 162 taxa para la provincia de Santa Fe (Vittar y Cuezzo, 2008), 69 para Entre Ríos, 48 para Corrientes y 173 para Misiones (Cuezzo, 1998). La información biológica sobre estas especies es escasa; sin embargo, se pueden nombrar algunos estudios, teniendo en cuenta algunos géneros perjudicia- les. Dos ejemplos destacados son el trabajo de Bonetto (1959), que proporciona información sobre los géneros Atta y Acromyrmex, considerando especialmente los rasgos peculiares de sus HORMIGAS DE LA MESOPOTAMIA ARGENTINA 449 nidos, actividad, costumbres y hábitos alimenticios, y el estudio de Cordo et al. (2004), donde se compila bibliografía sobre las relaciones alimentarias entre insectos y plantas, incluyendo géne- ros de hormigas de importancia agrícola. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un listado actualizado de la familia Formicidae para las provincias de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Corrientes y Misiones, basándose en el material bibliográ- fico existente y material recolectado a campo por el autor. Además, pretende ser un punto de partida para profundizar en el conocimiento de la mirmecofauna regional, constituyendo una lista de base. Resultados y discusión A continuación se presenta un listado actualizado de especies para las cuatro provincias del litoral fluvial argentino (Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Corrientes y Misiones), incluyendo un total de 329 taxa (anexo). Basado en Farji Brener y Ruggiero (1994); Cuezzo (1998); Arbino y Godoy (2002); Coll (2003); Arbino y Rubio (2005); Folgarait et al. (2005); Cirignoli (2006) y Vittar y Cuezzo (2008) Para Santa Fe se citan 162 especies (141 especies nominales y 61 subespecies). Los taxa están distribuidos por subfamilias
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